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Cables to Go CDM-570L, CDM-570 User Manual

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Vipersat CDM-570/570L
Satellite Network Modem Router
User Guide
Part Number 22125 Revision 2.0
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Page 3
Vipersat CDM-570/570L
Version 1.5.3
User Guide
Document Revision 2.0
Firmware Version 1.5.3
May 12, 2006
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Comtech VIPERSAT Networks, Inc.
3215 Skyway Court Fremont, CA 94539 USA
Phone: (510) 252-1462 Fax: (510) 252-1695 www.vipersat.com
Part Number 22125 Manual Revision 2.0
Firmware Version 1.5.3
©2006 by Comtech VIPERSAT Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be copied or reproduced without prior written permission of Comtech VIPERSAT Networks, Inc.
All products, names, and services are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
Printed in the United States of America
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Document Revision Status

Document Revision
Rev. 1.0 10/06/05 Initial release of document N/A
Rev. 2.0 5/12/06 Modifications for Firmware version 1.5.3 All
Date Description Affected Pages
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice or obligation. Although CVNI has made every effort to verify the content of this document, CVNI assumes no responsibility for liability due to errors that may appear in this document.
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{ This Page Intentionally Blank }
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Table of Contents

General
How to Use This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Manual Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Chapter 1 — General . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Chapter 2 — Quick Start Configuration 1-1 Chapter 3 — Using the Command Line
Interface (CLI) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Appendix A — Network Addressing . . 1-2 Appendix B — Automatic Switching . . 1-2 Appendix C — Dynamic Power Control1-2 Appendix D — Network Migration . . . 1-2
Conventions and References . . . . . . . . 1-2
Product Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Modem Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Router Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Network and Bandwidth Management . . 1-5
Dynamic SCPC (dSCPC) . . . . . . . . 1-5
Turbo Product Coding . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Header Compression . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Payload Compression . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Data Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
New in this Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
1.5.3 Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
New Redundancy Features . . . . . . 1-7
New QoS Features . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Burst Fast Acquisition Timing (BFAT). 1-7
STDMA Slot Quantization . . . . . . . 1-7
RTP Inactivity Timeout. . . . . . . . . 1-7
Parameter File Consolidation . . . . . 1-7
Vipersat File Streaming (VFS) . . . . 1-8
Automatic Home State Control (Remote
Unit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
ECM User Defined Switch Type . . . . 1-8
Customer Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Return Material Authorization . . . . . . 1-9
Reader Comments / Corrections . . . . 1-9
Quick Start Configuration
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Initial Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Terminal Connection. . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Network Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Setting Vipersat CDM-570/570L Operating
Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Set the Feature Configuration. . . . . . 2-4
Set the IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Configure the Route Table . . . . . . . 2-8
Routing in a Vipersat Network. . . . . 2-8
Creating the Routes . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Set the Satellite Modem Configuration 2-10
Set the Vipersat Configuration . . . . 2-11
Using the Command Line Interface
(CLI)
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Common Screen Commands . . . . . . . . 3-1
Save Parameters to Permanent Storage 3-1
Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Telnet Logout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Menu Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Main menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Feature Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Vipersat Feature Codes menu . . . . . 3-5
Vipersat Management . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Vipersat STDMA . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Vipersat Auto Switching . . . . . . . . 3-6
Vipersat File Streamer . . . . . . . . 3-6
Vipersat Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
STDMA Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
STDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
STDMA Tx Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Hub Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
1 -- Fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
2 -- Dynamic Slot . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
3 -- Dynamic Cycle . . . . . . . . . 3-10
4 -- GIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
5 -- Entry Channel . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Group ID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Low Data Rate Fast Acquisition . . . . 3-11
Burstmap Multicast IP . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Outbound IP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Cycles Per Burst Map . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Slot Guardband . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Slot Preamble Length . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Slot Data Length . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Slot Cycle Length . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
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Slot Start in Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Set Remotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Adding a Remote to the STDMA Group .
3-15
Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
Remote Count . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Set Remote Policies . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Delete Remote. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
Enable/Disable Remote . . . . . . . 3-19
View Remote(s) . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
Remove Timeout . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
Remove Retry Timeout . . . . . . . 3-20
STDMA Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
Show Hub Statistics . . . . . . . . . . 3-22
STDMA/SCPC Automatic Switching. . . . 3-23
Auto Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
Current WAN Transmit Mode . . . . . 3-24
Voice & Video Application Switching . 3-24
Voice Switch Detection . . . . . . . 3-25
Video Switch Detection . . . . . . . 3-25
ToS Switch Detection . . . . . . . . . 3-25
QoS Switch Detection . . . . . . . . . 3-26
Enable Quality of Service (QoS) Feature
3-27
Configure QoS Rules . . . . . . . . 3-27
Configure QoS Rules Based Switching .
3-28 Enable QoS Switch Detection Feature .
3-29
Load Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29
STDMA Slot Capacity . . . . . . . . 3-30
STDMA Switch Delay . . . . . . . . 3-30
Percent Allocation . . . . . . . . . . 3-31
SCPC Step Up Threshold . . . . . . 3-31
SCPC Step Down Threshold . . . . 3-31
SCPC Step Delay . . . . . . . . . . 3-32
SCPC Step Up Excess . . . . . . . 3-32
ToS Switching Parameters. . . . . . . 3-32
ToS Switching Entry . . . . . . . . . 3-33
Delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-34
View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-34
Unit Role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35
Expansion Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35
Network ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36
Unit Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36
Receive Multicast Address . . . . . . . . 3-36
Managing IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37
Primary Heart Beat . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37
Home State Revert . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-38
Dynamic Power Control Configuration . . 3-38
DPC Enabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39
Calibrated Data Rate . . . . . . . . . 3-40
Nominal Power Level . . . . . . . . . 3-40
Max Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40
Min Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40
Max Step Down Power . . . . . . . . 3-41
Max Step Up Power . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
Target EbNo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
Target Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
Speed Up EbNo . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
Target DPC Address . . . . . . . . . 3-43
Set Home State Parameters . . . . . . . 3-43
Set Current Configuration as Home State. .
3-44
Force Modem to Home State . . . . . 3-45
STDMA State . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45
Transmit Frequency . . . . . . . . . . 3-45
Transmit Data Rate . . . . . . . . . . 3-45
Transmit FEC Type . . . . . . . . . . 3-46
Transmit Coding Rate . . . . . . . . . 3-46
Transmit Modulation Type. . . . . . . 3-47
Transmit Power Level . . . . . . . . . 3-47
Transmit Enable . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47
Receive Frequency . . . . . . . . . . 3-47
Receive Data Rate . . . . . . . . . . 3-48
Receive FEC Type . . . . . . . . . . 3-48
Receive Coding Rate . . . . . . . . . 3-48
Receive Modulation Type . . . . . . . 3-49
Vipersat Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49
Vipersat Migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50
Network Addressing
The OSI Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Layers 1 – 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Binary Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
IP Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
IP Address Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
Private Network IP Addresses . . . . . A-8
Network Address Translation (NAT). . . A-8
Subnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-8
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9
Network Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . A-10
Default Gateways . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11
MAC Addresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11
Automatic Switching
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Bandwidth Allocation and Load Switching . B-1
ii Vipersat CDM-570/570L User Guide
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Load Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
Bandwidth Allocation and Load Switching by
the STDMA Controller:. . . . . . . . .B-2
Load Switching Process . . . . . . . . .B-6
Load Switching by a Remote . . . . . .B-6
Determining Need-for-Change. . . . . .B-7
Load Switch Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-8
Reduced data flow in switched mode
(SCPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10
Application switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-11
Type of Service (ToS) Switching . . . . . . . B-13
Entry Channel Mode (ECM) Switching . . . . B-14
Applications Switching. . . . . . . . . . . B-14
Dynamic Power Control
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-1
Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-2
Adjustment for Data Rate . . . . . . .C-3
DPC Scaling Function . . . . . . . . .C-4
Network Migration
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1
Firmware Upgrade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3
Upgrade Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3
Required Support Utilities and Firmware D-3
Basic Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3
Migration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4
Getting Information with VLOAD . . . . D-4
Upgrade Router to v1.5.3 . . . . . . . . D-6
Save and Reboot to Latest . . . . . . . D-7
Get Information for Router v1.5.3 . . . . D-8
Upgrade Base Modem to v1.5.1 . . . . D-9
Upgrade Image 1 on Base Modem to
v1.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-9
Upgrade Image 1 on Base Modem to
v1.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10
Download Base Modem v1.5.1 to Image 2 .
D-11
Download Router v1.5.3 to Image 2. . D-12
Completing Migration . . . . . . . . . . . D-12
Picking Up Straggler/Offline Remotes. D-12 Setting v1.5.2 Compatibility in Hub Modems
D-13
Glossary
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iv Vipersat CDM-570/570L User Guide
Page 11

List of Figures

Chapter 2 Figures
Figure 2-1 Main Menu screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Figure 2-2 Administration screen . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Figure 2-3 Feature Configuration screen . . . . . 2-6
Figure 2-4 Feature and Unlock Code dialog. . . 2-6
Figure 2-5 Working Mode dialog . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Figure 2-6 Configuring the Route Table screen 2-9
Figure 2-7 Tx Configuration screen . . . . . . . . 2-10
Figure 2-8 Vipersat Configuration screen (Hub). .
2-11
Chapter 3 Figures
Figure 3-1 Main Menu screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Figure 3-2 Administration screen . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Figure 3-3 Feature Configuration screen . . . . . 3-4
Figure 3-4 Feature and unlock code dialog . . . 3-5 Figure 3-5 Vipersat Configuration screen (Hub)3-7 Figure 3-6 STDMA screen (Hub, Dynamic Cycle
type). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Figure 3-7 STDMA screen (Remote) . . . . . . . . 3-8
Figure 3-8 Hub Type prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Figure 3-9 Group ID prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Figure 3-10 Burstmap Multicast IP prompt . . . 3-12
Figure 3-11 Outbound IP prompt . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Figure 3-12 Cycles per Burst Map prompt . . . 3-13
Figure 3-13 Slot Guardband prompt. . . . . . . . 3-13
Figure 3-14 Slot Preamble Length prompt . . . 3-13
Figure 3-15 Slot Data Length (Nominal). . . . . 3-14
Figure 3-16 STDMA Remotes Menu screen . 3-15 Figure 3-17 Adding a Remote to the STDMA group
3-16
Figure 3-18 Modifying Remote Display Base . 3-16 Figure 3-19 STDMA Remote Policies screen (GIR
Hub) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Figure 3-20 GIR Remote Policies prompt. . . . 3-17
Figure 3-21 Entry Channel Switch Rates screen .
3-18
Figure 3-22 Remote SCPC Data Rate and Switch
Type prompt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
Figure 3-23 Global SCPC Data Rate prompt . 3-18
Figure 3-24 Global Switch Type prompt . . . . . 3-19
Figure 3-25 Delete Remote prompt . . . . . . . . 3-19
Figure 3-26 Enable/Disable Remote prompt .3-19
Figure 3-27 View Remote(s) screen . . . . . . . .3-20
Figure 3-28 Remove Timeout prompt. . . . . . . 3-20
Figure 3-29 Remove Retry Timeout prompt . .3-21 Figure 3-30 STDMA Statistics screen (Hub). . 3-21 Figure 3-31 STDMA Statistics screen (Remote). .
3-22
Figure 3-32 Hub Statistics screen. . . . . . . . . . 3-22
Figure 3-33 STDMA/SCPC Auto Switching screen
(Hub) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23
Figure 3-34 STDMA/SCPC Auto Switching screen
(Remote) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-24
Figure 3-35 QoS Configuration screen . . . . . . 3-28
Figure 3-36 QoS Rules Configuration screen . 3-28 Figure 3-37 QoS Rules Based Switching screen .
3-29 Figure 3-38 STDMA Slot Capacity prompt . . .3-30 Figure 3-39 STDMA Switch Delay prompt . . . 3-31
Figure 3-40 Percent Allocation prompt . . . . . .3-31
Figure 3-41 ToS Switching Control screen . . . 3-33
Figure 3-42 ToS Switching Entry dialog . . . . .3-33
Figure 3-43 ToS Delete prompt . . . . . . . . . . .3-34
Figure 3-44 ToS View screen . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-34
Figure 3-45 Unit Role prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-35
Figure 3-46 Expansion Unit prompt . . . . . . . .3-35
Figure 3-47 Network ID prompt . . . . . . . . . . .3-36
Figure 3-48 Unit Name prompt . . . . . . . . . . . .3-36
Figure 3-49 Receive Multicast IP Address prompt
3-37
Figure 3-50 Managing IP address menu . . . .3-37
Figure 3-51 DPC Configuration screen (STDMA
mode). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-39
Figure 3-52 DPC Configuration screen (SCPC
mode). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-39
Figure 3-53 Maximum Power Level prompt (CDM-
570L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-40
Figure 3-54 Minimum Power Level prompt (CDM-
570L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-41
Figure 3-55 Maximum Step Down Power prompt.
3-41 Figure 3-56 Maximum Step Up Power prompt 3-41
Figure 3-57 Target EbNo prompt . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
Figure 3-58 Target Range prompt . . . . . . . . .3-42
Figure 3-59 Speed Up EbNo prompt . . . . . . .3-43
Figure 3-60 Target DPC Address prompt . . . .3-43
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Figure 3-61 Home State Configuration screen3-44 Figure 3-62 Force Modem to Home State warning
3-45
Figure 3-63 Transmit Frequency prompt . . . . 3-45
Figure 3-64 Transmit Data Rate prompt. . . . . 3-46
Figure 3-65 Transmit FEC Type prompt. . . . . 3-46
Figure 3-66 Transmit Coding Rate prompt . . . 3-46 Figure 3-67 Transmit Modulation Type prompt3-47 Figure 3-68 Transmit Power Level prompt . . . 3-47
Figure 3-69 Receive Frequency prompt . . . . . 3-47
Figure 3-70 Receive Data Rate prompt . . . . . 3-48
Figure 3-71 Receive FEC Type prompt . . . . . 3-48
Figure 3-72 Receive Coding Rate prompt . . . 3-49 Figure 3-73 Receive Modulation Type prompt3-49
Figure 3-74 Vipersat Summary screen. . . . . . 3-50
Figure 3-75 Vipersat Migration prompt . . . . . . 3-51
Appendix A Figures
Figure A-1 The Seven OSI Protocol Layers . . .A-2
Figure A-2 Bits and Bytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-4
Figure A-3 Binary to Decimal Conversion . . . .A-4
Figure A-4 IP Address Classes A, B, C . . . . . .A-7
Figure A-5 NAT Router Example . . . . . . . . . . .A-8
Figure A-6 Default Subnet Masks for IP Classes .
A-9 Figure A-7 ANDing an IP address and a subnet
mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-10
Figure A-8 Network Segments . . . . . . . . . . . .A-10
Figure A-9 Router as Default Gateway. . . . . .A-11
Figure A-10 Network Node MAC Addresses .A-12
Appendix B Figures
Figure B-1 Hub autoswitching menu . . . . . . . .B-5
Figure B-2 Autoswitching menu for a remote . B-7
Figure B-3 Load switching diagram . . . . . . . . .B-8
Figure B-4 Application switching diagram. . . B-11 Figure B-5 ECM switch recovery < 3 minutes B-15 Figure B-6 ECM switch recovery > 3 minutes B-16
Appendix C Figures
Figure C-1 DPC Scaling Function. . . . . . . . . . C-4
Appendix D Figures
Figure D-1 Firmware Migration Stages . . . . . . D-4
Figure D-2 Initial Vload screen . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5
Figure D-3 Add All dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5
Figure D-4 Get Information for IP Address . . . D-6 Figure D-5 Put Application screen (Consecutive
Load) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7
Figure D-6 Hard Reset screen . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7
Figure D-7 Unit Information screen (Router) . D-8
Figure D-8 Select Configuration screen . . . . . D-8
Figure D-9 Configuration File Text . . . . . . . . . D-9
Figure D-10 Browse for Firmware File . . . . . . D-9
Figure D-11 Download v1.4.5 and Hard Reset
screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10
Figure D-12 Unit Information screen (Base Modem
Image 1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10
Figure D-13 Download v1.5.1 and Hard Reset
screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-11
Figure D-14 Unit Information screen (Base Modem
Image 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-11
Figure D-15 Unit Information screen (Base Modem
v1.5.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-12
Figure D-16 Unit Information screen (final status)
D-12
Figure D-17 Main Menu screen, CLI. . . . . . . D-13
Figure D-18 Vipersat Configuration screen . D-14
Figure D-19 Vipersat Migration prompt. . . . . D-14
vi Vipersat CDM-570/570L User Guide
Page 13

GENERAL

How to Use This Manual

This manual documents the enhanced Vipersat features and functions of the CDM-570/570L Satellite Network Modem Router, and guides the user in how to configure this product for use in a Vipersat network. The material covered addresses only those areas specific to a CDM-570/570L running in Vipersat mode, and complements the universal features and functions described in the CDM-570/570L Installation and Operation Manual.
C
HAPTER
Earth station engineers, technicians, and operators responsible for the configu­ration and maintenance of the CDM-570/570L are the intended audience for this document.

Manual Organization

This User Guide is organized into the following sections:
Chapter 1 — General
Contains CDM-570/570L product description, customer support information, and manual conventions and references.
Chapter 2 — Quick Start Configuration
Covers the initial basic steps that are necessary for configuring the CDM-570/ 570L from a factory default state to a functional network element.
Chapter 1 - General 1-1
Page 14
How to Use This Manual
Chapter 3 — Using the Command Line Interface (CLI)
Describes the use of the CLI for configuring and monitoring the CDM-570/ 570L in a Vipersat network. Each CLI screen is presented along with a detailed description and related commands.
Appendix A — Network Addressing
Supplemental reference information on binary math and network addressing to assist with integrating the CDM-570/570L into a Vipersat network.
Appendix B — Automatic Switching
Supplemental reference information on the Vipersat feature that provides load switching (response to network traffic load), application switching (response to traffic type) functions, and Entry Channel Mode switching functions.
Appendix C — Dynamic Power Control
A description of Vipersat’s DPC and its relationship to a CDM-570/570L configuration.
Appendix D — Network Migration
Procedural instructions on upgrading a network of CDM-570/CDD-564 series modems to firmware version 1.5.3.

Conventions and References

The following conventions are utilized in this manual to assist the reader:
NOTE
1-2 Vipersat CDM-570/570L User Guide
Note: Provides important information relevant to the accompanying
text.
Tip: Provides complementary information that facilitates the
associated actions or instructions.
Caution: Explanatory text that notifies the reader of possible
consequences of an action that they should be aware of.
Page 15
How to Use This Manual
The following documents are referenced in this manual, and provide supple­mentary information for the reader:
• CDM-570/570L Modem Installation and Operation Manual (Part Number
MN/CDM570L.IOM)
• Vipersat Management System User Guide (Part Number 22156)
Chapter 1 - General 1-3
Page 16

Product Description

Product Description

Introduction

The Vipersat CDM-570 and CDM-570L (L-band) Satellite Network Modem Routers offer state of the art performance and reliability in a sophisticated and cost-effective 1RU package. The CDM-570/570L integrates router functionality into the modem, completely eliminating external serial port cabling, and allow­ing connection of a 10/100 Base-T LAN/WAN directly to the modem.
The CDM-570/570L integrated modem/router and communications controller operates as a Hub or Remote utilizing TDM/STDMA, SCPC, and IP circuit switched management, offering flexibility and control of private satellite networks. The CDM-570/570L is designed to connect low- to high-speed data link connections between Ethernet LAN to WAN networks, providing a variety of communications services to Operators, Service Providers, and Enterprise Users. The benefit of this architecture yields seamless bandwidth management­on-demand, while simplifying network capacity needs.

Modem Features

• 50–90 MHz or 100–180 MHz IF Range (CDM-570)
950–1950 MHz IF Range (CDM-570L)
• BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, 8-PSK, 8-QAM, or 16-QAM Operation
• Data Rate Range from 2.4 kbps up to 9.98 Mbps, depending on
modulation and FEC used (with FAST feature upgrade)
• Turbo Product Coding (TPC) FEC
• Fast Acquisition Demodulator
• Variable Bit Rate (to 1 bps)
• Programmable TDM/STDMA or dSCPC (dynamic SCPC) Access Control
• BUC 10 MHz Reference and FSK Communications, and optional BUC
Power Supplies (CDM-570L)
• LNB Power Supply and 10 MHz Reference (CDM-570L)
• 1:1 Remote, and N:M Hub Modem Redundancy Schemes

Router Features

• Fully Integrated Network Management using Vipersat Management
System (VMS)
• Single Hop On Demand (SHOD) Functions
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Product Description
• Multi-Transponder Mode (MTM) Functions
• Dynamic Power Control (DPC) for Environment or Mesh Links
• Upstream Bandwidth Management Switching for Application, Load,
Scheduled, Manual, or VESP
• Dynamic SCPC (dSCPC) Bandwidth-On-Demand
• 10/100BaseT Ethernet LAN/WAN Interface
• Per Route IP Filtering
• Multi-Protocol Support
• Built-In Header and Payload Compression for Improved Satellite
Bandwidth Efficiencies
• Built-In Quality of Service (QoS) Functions for Traffic Prioritization
• Software Version Management via FTP or VLoad
• 3xDES Decryption

Network and Bandwidth Management

The Vipersat network solution integrates this advanced modem/router with the powerful network management tool, the Vipersat Management System (VMS). The VMS provides for traditional monitor and control of the CDM-570/570L modem, but more than just an M&C package, the VMS allows these units to share bandwidth, and when needed, switch automatically to a dedicated SCPC channel.

Dynamic SCPC (dSCPC)

The VMS allows for dynamic point-to-point mesh connections to be established between remotes. Traffic inbounds from remotes can be switched: manually or automatically, application or load triggered, or scheduled, from shared STDMA (burst) mode, to a dedicated SCPC connection. Once the session is completed, the remote is automatically switched back to shared mode.
While in SCPC mode, the VMS provides for dynamic bandwidth allocation, automatically altering the bandwidth based on traffic conditions. This effec­tively enables the network to better handle connection oriented applications and reduce network congestion, jitter, and latency.
The result is an economical and flexible network with bandwidth shared and directed where it is needed for any mix of IP voice, video, and data traffic.
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Product Description

Turbo Product Coding

The Comtech Vipersat CDM-570/570L incorporates a Turbo Product Codec (TPC). TPC is a FEC technique that delivers significant performance improve­ment when compared to Viterbi with concatenated Reed-Solomon. TPC simul­taneously offers increased coding gain, lower decoding delay, and significant bandwidth savings.

Header Compression

Configurable on a per route basis, Header Compression reduces the required Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) bandwidth by as much as 60%. Example: a G.729 voice codec operating at 8 kbps will occupy 32 kbps once encapsulated into IP framing on a LAN. Using IP/UDP/RTP Header Compression, the same traffic only needs 10.8 kbps total WAN satellite bandwidth to cross the link. Normal Web/HTTP traffic can be reduced by an additional 10% via IP/TCP Header Compression.

Payload Compression

Compressing Payload condenses the size of data frames and reduces the satellite bandwidth required to transmit across the link. Configurable on a per route basis, Payload Compression optimizes traffic and reduces bandwidth up to 40%.

Quality of Service

The CDM-570/570L supports multi-level QoS that minimizes jitter and latency for real time traffic, provides priority treatment to mission critical applications, and allows non-critical traffic to use the remaining bandwidth. Three modes are available: Max/Priority, Min/Max, and Diff Serv.

Data Encryption

The CDM-570/570L provides 3xDES data encryption to prevent unauthorized access to data over the satellite link. Encryption is configurable on a per route basis

New in this Release

The following firmware versions incorporate a number of additional features and enhancements.
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Product Description
1.5.3 Release
New Redundancy Features
Redundancy Heartbeat Message for Primary Hub Units
Provides the option for a periodic communications check message to be sent from the Hub modem to the VMS for backup recovery in N:M redundancy (protected) configurations. This feature allows the message interval to be speci­fied by the administrator, and can be enabled through either the CLI or the VMS.
New QoS Features
Dynamic Buffering
Reduction of overall system latency is now optimized in the Vipersat network by dynamic buffering enhancements that provide a minimum buffer size of 2 MB, with a user-specified latency period (five second maximum).
QoS Rule Switching
With QoS Rule Switching, an STDMA to SCPC switch can be initiated based upon any type of IP traffic flow that matches a defined QoS queue.
Burst Fast Acquisition Timing (BFAT)
The BFAT feature provides dramatic reduction in data acquisition times for Vipersat modems operating in STDMA (burst) mode at low data rates (64 kbps to 256 kbps). Preamble size is automatically recalculated and adjusted by the modem for optimum performance. This feature can be enabled in modems oper­ating at 3/4 QPSK.
STDMA Slot Quantization
Utilizing Turbo FEC Block mode, Vipersat STDMA Slot Quantization automat­ically sizes the data slot to hold an integral number of FEC blocks, based on the current data rate. This results in increased STDMA efficiency.
RTP Inactivity Timeout
The timeout period for Real-time Transfer Protocol (e.g., voice, video) data flows is now set for 10 seconds of inactivity to reduce the wait period until the next switch state occurs, thus increasing SCPC bandwidth utilization.
Parameter File Consolidation
Configuration parameters for the entire CDM-570/570L modem (base modem plus IP router module) are now stored in one common parameter file. All
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Product Description
modem parameters are now preserved across firmware upgrades and reboots, eliminating a potential cause of communications failure.
Vipersat File Streaming (VFS)
The Vipersat File Streaming feature option allows data files to be streamed over the Vipersat network at high transmission rates between PC hosts running the VFS application.
Automatic Home State Control (Remote Unit)
VMS communications management of Remote units is now improved with the Home State Revert feature. By configuring a time value (in minutes) in the VMS for each Remote in the network, resource recovery is performed on SCPC connections when a communications failure occurs between the VMS and a Remote, such as a rain fade condition, a Remote unit power down, or a hard­ware failure. Should communications be lost for more than the selected time period, the Remote will automatically revert to its Home State settings and the VMS will remove all allocated resources (bandwidth, demod(s)), freeing them for use by any other Remotes in the network.
ECM User Defined Switch Type
New SCPC switching flexibility is provided by the Entry Channel Mode (ECM) user-defined policy switch type feature. The STDMA Remote Policies can be set for the desired SCPC data rate (kbps) and the Switch Type (0=Load, 64-255 range is user-defined).
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Customer Support

Contact Information

Contact Comtech Vipersat Networks Customer Support for information or assistance with product support, service, or training on any Vipersat product.
Mail: 3215 Skyway Court
Fremont, CA 94539 USA
Phone: 1+510-252-1462
Fax: 1+510-252-1695
Email: support@vipersat.com

Return Material Authorization

Any equipment returned to Vipersat must have a Return Material Authorization (RMA) issued prior to return. To return a Comtech Vipersat Networks product for repair or replacement:
Customer Support
• Obtain an RMA number from Vipersat Customer Support.
• Be prepared to supply the product model number and serial number of the
unit.
• To ensure safe shipping of the product, pack the equipment in the original
shipping carton.

Reader Comments / Corrections

If the reader would like to submit any comments or corrections regarding this manual and its contents, please forward them to a Vipersat Customer Support representative. All input is appreciated.
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Customer Support
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C
HAPTER
QUICK START CONFIGURATION

Introduction

This chapter describes the minimum configuration of a Vipersat CDM-570/ 570L Modem/Router that is necessary in order for the equipment to function in a Vipersat network.
The Vipersat CDM-570/570L stores its configuration in an ASCII file named the PARAM file. Equipment configuration is typically performed through the use of the Command Line Interface (CLI), particularly the initial configuration. Once the equipment is functioning in the network, additional configuration can be performed via the VMS.
Refer to Chapter 3, “Using the Command Line Interface,” for a detailed descrip­tion on the usage of this feature.
This manual covers the configuration specifics of the CDM-570/570L when used in a Vipersat network. Refer to the CDM-570/570L Installation and Oper- ation Manual (Part Number MN/CDM570L.IOM) for general instruction on setting up, installing and configuring this equipment.
NOTE

Chapter 2 - Quick Start Configuration 2-1

Note: Before attempting to configure a CDM-570/570L to be used in a Vipersat
network, make certain it has the Vipersat option installed and enabled.
Caution: Do not connect the TX cable until the modem is properly configured,
and the Home State is verified and Saved.
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Introduction
Caution: Do not connect the TX and RX cables to test equipment without the
use of a DC voltage block. If BUC or LNB power is disabled through the CLI, the setting must be Saved to prevent accidental re-enabling during modem reboot or power-cycle.
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Initial Configuration

Initial Configuration
NOTE
Note: Many of the settings required for equipment configuration are based on
the LAN/WAN and Satellite network design, and should be obtained from the network administrator.

Terminal Connection

These procedures are performed using the CLI from a workstation connected to the modem/router either via a direct connection to the Console port (a console cable is shipped with each unit), or via a telnet connection to the Traffic 100 port. Alternatively, HyperTerminal or any of the other connection methods described in the CDM-570/570L Installation and Operation Manual may be used.
Make a terminal connection to the target CDM-570/570L modem/router. If connecting via the Traffic 100 Ethernet port (do not use the M&C port), enter the IP address of the unit. The factory default IP address is 192.168.1.1. Config­ure the terminal for VT-100 emulation mode. Once a terminal connection has been made, the CDM-570/570L will respond with a Login prompt. The factory defaults are:
Login: comtech Password: comtech
Once the operator has logged in, the Main Menu shown in figure 2-1 is displayed.

Network Role

The first and most important step prior to configuring the CDM-570/570L is to define its network role.
The CDM-570/570L is a flexible network component able to perform different functions depending on how it is used in a network. The role that is defined for each CDM-570/570L will determine what functions are available for each unit to fill its role. Refer to the section “Unit Role” on page 3-35 for details on setting a CDM-570/570L’s network role. Table 2-1 lists the network roles and the corresponding network functions for which the CDM-570/570L can be configured.
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Initial Configuration
Table 2-1
Hub Burst Controller providing STDMA Timing Maps X
Hub Point-to-Point SCPC Modem X
Hub Switched Demodulator X X
Remote STDMA Modem X
Remote Point-to-Point SCPC Modem X
Remote Mesh Demodulator X X
CDM-570/570L Network Roles and Functions
CDM-570/570L Network Role/Function Hub Remote Expansion
Setting Vipersat CDM-570/570L Operating Parameters
The following is an example of using the CLI to bring a Vipersat CDM-570/ 570L with factory default settings to the configuration which allows the Viper­sat functions to be accessible.
When the parameter file (param image) of the CDM-570/570L has either been reset to or still has the factory default configuration, all Vipersat feature and unlock codes in the CDM-570/570L are deleted and all configurations are reset, disabling the Vipersat feature set.
Set the Feature Configuration
The operating parameters that will be configured in the target CDM-570/570L are, in part, determined by the role the CDM-570/570L is to fill in the network, as shown in table 2-1 and table 2-2.
Use the following procedure to configure a CDM-570/570L to the network role it is to fill in a Vipersat network.
1. From the Main Menu shown in figure 2-1, select the Administration
command by entering A at the command prompt.
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Initial Configuration
Figure 2-1
Main Menu screen
2. From the Administration screen shown in figure 2-2, select the Features Configuration command by entering F at the command prompt.
Figure 2-2
Administration screen
3. From the Feature Configuration menu shown in figure 2-3, verify whether or not the Vipersat Feature Codes appear as shown in the figure. These codes are entered prior to shipment from the factory; however, if the unit has been reset, the codes will have to be re-entered. If the feature codes are not displayed in the menu, enter F at the command prompt, then enter the 3 digit Feature Code followed by the Unlock Code, as shown in figure 2-4.
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Initial Configuration
Figure 2-3
Figure 2-4
Tip: The network administrator will have the feature and unlock codes. These
Feature Configuration screen
Feature and Unlock Code dialog
are stored by the MAC address for the target CDM-570/570L. The target unit’s MAC address can be found by entering an I and then an E from the Main Menu shown in figure 2-1.
4. After entering the feature and unlock codes, return to the Feature Config­uration menu, shown in figure 2-3, and enter V to toggle the Vipersat
Management menu item to Enabled. The unit will automatically reboot in order to implement the change for this setting.
5. When the reboot is completed, return to the Feature Configuration menu and configure the settings for Vipersat STDMA and Auto Switching according to the table below.
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Initial Configuration
Table 2-2
Hub Enabled (optional) Enabled (optional) Enabled
Hub Expansion Enabled Disabled Disabled
Remote Enabled (optional) Enabled (optional) Enabled
Remote Expansion Enabled Disabled Disabled
CDM-570/570L Network Roles and Features
Unit Role Vipersat STDMA Auto Switching
6. Save the settings to flash by entering S at the command prompt.
7. Enter X at the command prompt to exit the Feature Configuration menu and return to the Administration screen.
8. Ensure that the Working Mode is set to Router-Vipersat.
If it is not, enter C and change the setting by selecting 4, as shown in figure 2-5. The unit will automatically reboot in order to implement the change for this setting.
Figure 2-5
Working Mode dialog
Set the IP Address
1. From the Main Menu, enter I to access the Interface Configuration menu
screen, then enter E to access the Ethernet Interface screen.
2. Enter I at the command prompt, and enter the designated IP address for
this unit.
3. Save the settings to flash by entering S at the command prompt.
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Initial Configuration
Configure the Route Table
Routing in a Vipersat Network
CDM-570/570L modem/routers operating in Vipersat mode do not use the small or large network described in the CDM-570/570L Installation and Opera- tion Manual. There is no HDLC address in a Vipersat network; instead, the CDM-570/570L role designation — Hub or Remote, Expansion unit or not — determines routing rules that prevent multicast loops. This simplifies the config­uration of a Vipersat network.
Because satellite networks are often used as extensions for access to services such as the Internet or the PSTN, they lend themselves quite readily to private addressing. For example, to provide Internet access to the satellite network, only the Hub requires a public IP address in order for the entire satellite network that is controlled by the Hub to have access to the Internet backbone. Utilizing Network Address Translation (NAT), the administrator can effectively address the network using a minimum number of static route statements.
Example:
The IP address 172.16.0.0 is the private address network number for class B networks. If there is a router at the Hub with a connection to the Internet, the operator can define the local network as a class B. If the operator splits the Class B in half and points the upper half toward the satellite there will be over 16000 usable addresses at the Hub as well as at the Remotes. For details on IP address­ing, refer to Appendix A, "Network Addressing".
By putting the one route statement “Remotes 172.16.128.0/17 Wan to Sat” in the TDM Hub modem, and by using the route statement “GW 0.0.0.0/0 Wan to Sat” at each of the remote modems, the network will successfully route packets. The remotes can then be sub-netted as class C networks or below. Additional routers at the remotes can be added for unusually large sites, allowing an addi­tional layer of NAT without requiring any more explicit routing within the Vipersat Modem/Routers.
Refer to the CDM-570/570L Installation and Operation Manual for additional information on entering routes.
Creating the Routes
The following procedure outlines the basic route structure that the target CDM-570/570L will require for its role in the network. One of the key routes
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Initial Configuration
that must be created is a gateway address for routing the data traffic that is received by the unit.
1. From the Main Menu shown in figure 2-1, select Route Table by entering
R at the command prompt.
2. From the Configuring the Route Table screen shown in figure 2-6, enter 1 at the command prompt to set the first route that will define the default
gateway.
Figure 2-6
Configuring the Route Table screen
In a Hub configuration, the default route will typically point to a router on the same LAN as the CDM-570/570L Hub unit.
In a Remote configuration, the default route will typically point to the satellite modem used for communications back to the Hub.
3. When prompted, enter the Route Name (GW), the IP Address, the Number of Bits in the subnet mask, the Route Interface (Ethernet or Sat-
ellite), and the Next Hop address. The system administrator can supply this information, if necessary.
In a Hub role, for example, enter the name of the route (e.g., DFG), enter
0.0.0.0 for the destination IP address and 0 for the mask, enter E for Ethernet interface, then enter the IP address of the appropriate router or modem for the next hop.
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Initial Configuration
If this Hub unit is providing the TDM outbound, a route statement or state­ments defining satellite communications with the Remote units must be entered as well. One recommended option is to enter a single super-route that will handle satellite communications with all of the remote subnets; an example of this is shown as Route002 in figure 2-6, above.
4. Enter S at the command prompt in figure 2-6 to save the settings to flash.
Set the Satellite Modem Configuration
1. Enter M from the Main Menu, then enter C from the Satellite Modem
menu to access the Configuration screen.
2. Enter T to access the Tx Configuration screen shown in figure 2-7. Set the Tx parameters for Frequency, Data Rate, FEC, Code Rate, and Modulation as specified by the network administrator.
Note that only Turbo Product Coding is acceptable for FEC when the CDM-570/570L is running in Vipersat mode.
Figure 2-7
Tx Configuration screen
3. Enter R to access the Rx Configuration screen, and set the Rx parameters as specified by the network administrator.
4. Save the settings to flash by entering S at the command prompt.
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Initial Configuration
Set the Vipersat Configuration
1. Enter V at the Main Menu command prompt shown in figure 2-1 to select
the Vipersat Configuration menu shown in figure 2-8.
Figure 2-8
Vipersat Configuration screen (Hub)
2. Enter R at the command prompt to toggle the Unit Role to either Hub or Remote.
This parameter will determine the role the target CDM-570/570L will per­form in the network and what type of commands and functions it will receive from the VMS.
3. Enter E to set the Expansion Unit value (Yes or No). When configured as an expansion unit, either as a hub (switched) or as a remote (mesh), the CDM-570/570L is set up so that the demod is in SCPC mode and available as a resource for dedicated communications with the other end of the satellite link.
4. Enter B at the command prompt to set the Network ID. The Network ID that is assigned to the unit defines to what network the target CDM-570/570L will belong. All units used in a network will have the same Network ID. This parameter is used by the VMS to identify units common to a network and allows the VMS to manage multiple networks, each with its own unique network ID number.
5. Enter N at the command prompt to set the Unit Name.
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Initial Configuration
6. Enter V at the command prompt to set the Receive Multicast Address. The Receive Multicast Address is the multicast IP address assigned to the VMS and to all units in the network. The Hub modem transmits the multi­cast to this IP address, and the Remotes receive the multicast on this address.
7. Enter I at the command prompt to set the Managing IP Address. The Managing IP Address is the IP address of the VMS server.
8. Enter H to go to the Home State Configuration menu screen, then enter W to set the current configuration as the home state.
9. Save the settings to flash by entering S at the command prompt.
This completes the initial configuration of a CDM-570/570L from the factory default settings to a functioning, Vipersat-enabled unit. Additional configura­tion parameters must be set depending on the network requirements for a specific application.
Refer to Chapter 3, “Using the Command Line Interface,” for additional details on configuring the target Vipersat CDM-570/570L.
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C
USING THE COMMAND LINE I
NTERFACE (CLI)

General

This chapter describes the use of the CLI for configuring and monitoring the CDM-570/570L Modem Router in a Vipersat network. Each CLI screen related to a CDM-570/570L operating in Vipersat mode is presented, along with a detailed description of the available commands. For descriptions of all other screens, refer to the CDM-570/570L Installation and Operation Manual.
HAPTER
Access to the CLI is provided through either the Console port (local, RS-232) or the 10/100BaseT Ethernet Traffic port (Telnet, IP). Access via Telnet requires login with password, Console access does not require login. The screens presented in this document are as they appear when the CDM-570/570L is accessed using Telnet.

Common Screen Commands

The following commands appear on each of the menu screens:
Save Parameters to Permanent Storage
To Save the current parameter settings to permanent storage, enter S at the command prompt. This command saves all data that has been entered from any of the CLI screens since the last save was executed. Exiting a screen without saving after parameters have been changed does not mean that the changes are

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General
not applied. However, if these changes are not saved prior to a system reset or power cycle, they will be lost.
Exit
To Exit the current menu screen and return to the previous screen in the menu tree, enter X at the command prompt.
Telnet Logout
Enter L at the command prompt to Logout of the Telnet session. This command appears only when connected via Telnet.
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Menu Descriptions

This section details the CLI command menus and briefly discusses the function of each of the commands available on each menu.

Main menu

The Main Menu, shown in figure 3-1, allows configuring both the modem and router functions of the target CDM-570/570L.
Note: The entry Vipersat Configuration shown in figure 3-1 will only
NOTE
be displayed if the target CDM-570/570L has had the Vipersat option enabled as described in the section “Setting Vipersat CDM-570/570L Operating Parameters” on page 2-4.
Menu Descriptions
Figure 3-1
A Vipersat CDM-570/570L is normally shipped with the Vipersat option enabled. You can verify the CDM-570/570L configuration by checking that the command line Vipersat Configuration is displayed on the menu as shown in Figure 3-1.
Main Menu screen
Administration
The Administration Menu also contains Vipersat CDM-570/570L commands. Entering an A at the prompt in the Main Menu, shown in figure 3-1 displays the Administration screen shown in figure 3-2.
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Menu Descriptions
Figure 3-2
Administration screen
Enter an F at the prompt to display the Feature Configuration screen shown in figure 3-3.

Feature Configuration

Figure 3-3
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Feature Configuration screen
Page 39
NOTE
Menu Descriptions
The Feature Configuration screen shown in figure 3-3 allows enabling and disabling CDM-570/570L features.
Use this menu to enable and disable Vipersat features such as:
• Vipersat STDMA
• Vipersat Auto Switching
• Vipersat File Streamer
Note: You must enable and disable these Vipersat features using this
screen. They cannot be enabled or disabled from the Vipersat Configuration screen.
Vipersat Feature Codes menu
The Vipersat feature codes can be entered as three hexidecimal digits at the command prompt as shown figure 3-4 and determine which Vipersat features have been purchased for the target CDM-570/570L and are available for use.
Figure 3-4
Feature and unlock code dialog
Similarly, unlock codes determine which CDM-570/570L features have been purchased and are available for use on the target CDM-570/570L.
Tip: You may find it more convenient to use the Vipersat Vload utility to
manage feature and unlock codes.
Vipersat Management
This item is an information only display and indicates whether Vipersat Management is enabled or disabled in the target Vipersat CDM-570/570L. Acti­vation of the Vipersat Feature Code automatically enables the Vipersat Manage­ment feature.
Caution: This command must be enabled in order to use any of the
Vipersat capabilities of the CDM-570/570L.
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Menu Descriptions
Vipersat STDMA
In order to utilize the Vipersat STDMA feature in the target Vipersat CDM-570/ 570L, this feature must be enabled. Enter A at the command prompt to toggle on or off.
Vipersat Auto Switching
In order to utilize the auto switching capabilities of the target Vipersat CDM-570/570L, toggle the auto switch command to enabled by entering W at the command prompt. Vipersat Auto Switching must be enabled for networks requiring Load or Application switching to SCPC connections.
Vipersat File Streamer
Vipersat File Streamer (VPS) is an optional feature that allows rapid file trans­fers over the satellite network between host PCs that are running the client VPS application. To activate the Vipersat File Streaming capabilities of the target Vipersat CDM-570/570L, toggle this command to enabled by entering R at the command prompt.
Once the parameters on the Feature Configuration screen have been set as desired, return to the Main Menu shown in figure 3-1 and enter the V command to display the Vipersat Configuration screen shown in figure 3-5.
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Vipersat Configuration

Enter V at the command prompt from the CDM-570/570L Main Menu shown in figure 3-1 to display the Vipersat Configuration screen shown in figure 3-5.
Vipersat Configuration
Figure 3-5
This menu lists the available commands for configuring a Vipersat CDM-570/ 570L. Note that for the Hub modem only, the command Primary Heart Beat is displayed in the Vipersat Configuration screen. For the Remote modem only, the status of the Home State Revert setting is displayed.
Each of these commands is explained in the following sections.
Vipersat Configuration screen (Hub)

STDMA Mode

The items in the STDMA menu will vary depending on the function the target CDM-570/570L performs in the network. The CDM-570/570L STDMA menu shown in figure 3-6 is from a CDM-570/570L serving as a Hub in the network.
For comparison, the STDMA Mode menu for a CDM-570/570L operating as a Remote unit is shown in figure 3-7. Note that some of the command items differ between these two screens, and most of the items on the Remote screen are information-only display.
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Vipersat Configuration
Figure 3-6
STDMA screen (Hub, Dynamic Cycle type)
Figure 3-7
STDMA screen (Remote)
STDMA
This menu item is read-only and shows the current state of STDMA in the CDM-570/570L. In order to change the STDMA state in the CDM-570/570L, refer to the section “Feature Configuration” on page 3-4.
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Vipersat Configuration
STDMA Tx Rate
This menu item shows the STDMA transmit rate in bps. This item is read-only and cannot be modified in this menu.
Hub Type
This menu item is only displayed if the CDM-570/570L is being used as a Hub in the network. Vipersat STDMA has five modes of operation:
• Fixed - All remotes get the same size slot, regardless of each remote’s
activity
• Dynamic Slot - Slot size is adjusted each cycle depending on activity
during the previous cycle
• Dynamic Cycle - A dynamic cycle allows changing the cycle time, and
corresponding latency, as loads change always providing minimum latency for the current traffic load.
• GIR - Guaranteed Information Rate allows assigning a guaranteed data
rate to a channel.
• Entry Channel - Entry channel mode provides an on-demand channel for
applications such as a mobile remote.
Figure 3-8
Hub Type prompt
Entering a number from 1 to 5 at the command prompt determines the band­width allocation mode for the Hub CDM-570/570L.
Note: If the selected Hub STDMA mode is GIR (Guaranteed Information
NOTE
Rate) or Entry Channel, normal load switching is automatically disabled. In GIR mode, the Remote is switched to SCPC as soon as the GIR threshold is reached, if there is a switch rate defined. In Entry Channel mode, the Remote is switched to SCPC as soon as the Hub receives the first transmission from the Remote.
Refer to Appendix B, "Automatic Switching" for details on how each of the bandwidth allocation modes functions and the parameters and processes used to calculate the commands for each mode.
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1 -- Fixed
In the Fixed mode, all remotes have the same slot size regardless of type of traf­fic or load.
2 -- Dynamic Slot
In the Dynamic Slot mode, the slot size for each remote is computed based on the time (at the current data rate) needed to transmit all the Bytes in Queue. If the result is less than the minimum slot size or more than the maximum slot size, the slot is adjusted accordingly.
3 -- Dynamic Cycle
In the Dynamic Cycle bandwidth allocation method, available bandwidth is allocated to remotes proportionally based on their current bandwidth needs. The bandwidth requirements are determined by the number of bytes in queue for each remote divided by the total number of bytes in queue for all remotes to determine the percentage of bandwidth to allocate for each remote.
4 -- GIR
In the GIR mode, the initial computed slot size value is the same as the Dynamic Cycle mode except there is no maximum limit. After all remotes have been assigned slots, the burst map is checked to see if the total cycle length exceeds 1 second. If not, then all requirements are satisfied and the burst map is complete. However, if the cycle is greater than one second, then the slots are adjusted proportionally so that all remotes receive at least their guaranteed rate plus whatever excess is still available.
In this software version, when the 1 second restriction is exceeded, remotes without a specified GIR are reduced to the global minimum slot size and the remaining bandwidth is distributed to remotes that have been assigned a GIR rate. Remotes assigned a GIR are given available excess bandwidth when needed.
Note: GIR allocations are restricted so that assigned GIR totals cannot
NOTE
exceed the available bandwidth to insure proper bandwidth allo­cation when the network is overloaded.
5 -- Entry Channel
The Entry Channel mode is the same as Dynamic Cycle mode, except that as soon as the hub receives an STDMA ACK, it initiates a switch to SCPC mode based on the policy set for that remote.
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This mode is designed to accommodate the needs of a remote which will not be continuously connected to the network, but which has the need to be able to make an on-demand connection when required, such as a mobile remote.
Note that the switch occurs as soon as the hub receives an STDMA ACK even though there may not be traffic at that time. The persistence of the link will be determined by the unit’s flag settings.
Refer to Appendix B, "Automatic Switching" for details on this switching mode.
Group ID
The STDMA group ID number defines a group of equipment which will respond to the output of the burst controller. This group is addressable within a network which, in turn, is defined by the network ID number assigned to the CDM-570/570L.
Note: The STDMA group number and the network ID are independent.
There can be multiple STDMA groups within a single network.
Figure 3-9
Group ID prompt
The target CDM-570/570L group ID can be modified by entering an I at the command prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-9.
Low Data Rate Fast Acquisition
This menu item is a toggle used to enable or disable the Vipersat Burst Fast Acquisition Timing (BFAT) feature that functions at low data rates (64 kbps to
256 kbps). Entering A at the command prompt will toggle this feature On or Off.
This feature requires Base Modem firmware version 1.5.2 or later, together with Router firmware version 1.5.3 or later.
Burstmap Multicast IP
This menu item is used to define the IP address for the Burstmap Multicast that is sent out by the STDMA burst controller at the Hub to all of the associated remotes in that group. This address must be the same for all members of the
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group. The burstmap is a proprietary message sent from the Hub to all remotes, at regular intervals, specifying the relative start time and duration for each terminal to transmit.
To change the current address, enter N at the command prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-10.
Figure 3-10
Burstmap Multicast IP prompt
Outbound IP
This menu item, which appears for all Hub configurations, displays the current Outbound IP address. This specifies the Hub device that is supplying the TDM outbound to the satellite (typically a CDM-570/570L). Specifying this address is necessary when configuring a Hub that utilizes a burst controller that is a sepa­rate device from the TDM modem.
To change the target address of the TDM outbound for DPC messages for the STDMA controller, enter O at the command prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-11.
Figure 3-11
Outbound IP prompt
Cycles Per Burst Map
This menu item, which appears for all Hub types except Dynamic Cycle and GIR, displays the number of spin cycles that occur prior to each broadcast of the burstmap. This parameter can be modified from the Hub CDM-570/570L by entering a C at the command prompt as shown in figure 3-12. For Dynamic Cycle and GIR configurations, the number of cycles is automatically set to one in order to ensure optimum performance for these Hub types.
On Remote units, this menu item is an information-only display.
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NOTE
Figure 3-12
Cycles per Burst Map prompt
Slot Guardband
This menu item displays the current length of the slot guardband in milli­seconds and the size of the guardband in bytes for the target CDM-570/570L.
Figure 3-13
Slot Guardband prompt
On a Hub unit, this value can be modified by entering G at the command prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-13 and entering a new value.
On Remote units, this menu item is an information-only display.
Note: Note that the value you enter at the command line in figure 3-13
is in milliseconds. The corresponding value expressed in bytes is calculated by the CDM-570/570L based on the STDMA transmit bit rate as shown in the menu in figure 3-6.
Slot Preamble Length
This menu item displays the current slot preamble size in milli-seconds and bytes for the target CDM-570/570L.
Figure 3-14
Slot Preamble Length prompt
On a Hub unit, entering P at the command prompt allows changing the pream­ble duration in milliseconds.
On Remote units, this menu item is an information-only display.
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Note: Refer to the Viper Calculator for determining preamble length
NOTE
values to enter at the command prompt. If you not have a copy of the latest Viper Calculator, contact your Comtech Vipersat Networks representative to inquire about a copy.
Slot Data Length
This menu item displays the Slot Data Length in milli-seconds and bytes for the target CDM-570/570L, and represents the amount of data that can be transmit­ted or received in one spin of the STDMA cycle by each of the Remotes belong­ing to that group.
Depending on the Hub type that is defined for the modem, the appearance of this parameter will vary:
• Fixed – Slot Data Length
• Dynamic Slot – Nominal Data Length, Minimum Data Length
• Dynamic Cycle – Maximum Data Length, Minimum Data Length
• ECM & GIR – Minimum Data Length
On a Hub unit, entering B and M at the command prompt brings up the dialogs for specifying the data length in milli-seconds for the target CDM-570/570L, as shown in figure 3-15.
On Remote units, this menu item is an information-only display.
Figure 3-15
Slot Data Length (Nominal)
Slot Cycle Length
This menu item is for information only and displays the slot cycle length in milli-seconds and bytes for the target CDM-570/570L. This value represents the total amount of time (preamble, data length, and guardband) allocated to the remote modem during one spin cycle.
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Slot Start in Cycle
This menu item is an information-only display for Remote modems, and indi­cates how much time passes from the start of the spin cycle until this Remote is provided a time slot. In the example shown in figure 3-7, the Remote is provided the first slot in the cycle (0 mSec).
Set Remotes
This menu item appears in the STDMA screen when the Unit Role is Hub.
From a Hub CDM-570/570L, entering R at the command prompt displays the STDMA Remotes Menu.
Figure 3-16
The menu shown in figure 3-16 is used to define and make modifications to the Remotes that belong to the STDMA group for the Hub modem, as well as to display each Remote’s burstmap status information.
Adding a Remote to the STDMA Group
Entering the item number for the Remote modem/router brings up the dialog shown in figure 3-17. A prompt to enter the Name for the Remote unit appears, followed by a prompt to enter the IP Address.
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STDMA Remotes Menu screen
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Figure 3-17
Adding a Remote to the STDMA group
Once a Remote has been added to the group, its Status in the group is displayed by the use of the following letters:
• U = Used – This Remote is being used in the burstmap
Once a remote has been added to the STDMA group, this status will always be displayed.
• B = Burstmap – This Remote is currently in the burstmap
This status will be displayed unless the remote has been removed (R), disabled (D), or switched (S) out of the STDMA burstmap.
• R = Removed – This Remote is currently removed from the burstmap.
When displayed, this status indicates that the Hub has removed this remote from the burstmap due to a communications fault.
• D = Disabled – This Remote is currently disabled and is not in the
burstmap. This status will be displayed when a remote is manually disabled by the operator or administrator.
• S = Switched – This Remote is currently switched into SCPC mode.
When displayed, this status indicates that the VMS has automatically switched the remote out of the burstmap and into SCPC operation.
Base
Entering a B at the command prompt in figure 3-16 allows entering the Remote number to start displaying remotes in this menu screen. Entering the number 1, as shown in figure 3-16, displays nine remotes, 1 through 9. If the number 4 had been entered, the display would show the nine remotes starting with remote 4 (i.e., remotes 4 through 12).
Figure 3-18
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Modifying Remote Display Base
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Remote Count
The Remote Count menu item in figure 3-16 is an information only display showing the total number of Remotes that currently belong to the STDMA group for this Hub modem.
Set Remote Policies
This menu item, which appears for GIR and Entry Channel Hub types, allows each Remote to be configured for specific data switching conditions. Entering P at the STDMA Remotes Menu command prompt displays the Remote Policies screens shown in either figure 3-19 (GIR Hub) or figure 3-21 (Entry Channel Hub).
Figure 3-19
STDMA Remote Policies screen (GIR Hub)
Entering the Remote number at the command prompt in figure 3-19 allows the Guaranteed Information Rate and the Automatic Load Switch Rate for that Remote to be set, as shown in figure 3-20. Note that the Available Bandwidth is displayed for reference in this screen to assist with entering the appropriate rates. The cycle length for GIR is limited to a maximum of one second.
Figure 3-20
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GIR Remote Policies prompt
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The Remote Policies screen for an Entry Channel Hub type allows the SCPC data rates and switch types to be specified for when a Remote will switch and the desired starting point for communications.
Figure 3-21
Entry Channel Switch Rates screen
Entering the Remote number at the command prompt in figure 3-21 allows the SCPC Data Rate and the Switch Type for that Remote to be set, as shown in figure 3-22. Switch type 0 corresponds to Load Switching; switch types 64 through 255 are user-defined, and must match VMS policies.
Figure 3-22
Remote SCPC Data Rate and Switch Type prompt
The Global SCPC Rate command can be used to set the data rate for all or a majority of the Remotes. This allows the rate to be entered just once instead of entering the rate for each remote individually. Enter G at the command prompt.
Figure 3-23
Global SCPC Data Rate prompt
Similarly, the Global Switch Type command can be used to set the switch type for all or a majority of the Remotes. Enter H at the command prompt.
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Figure 3-24
Global Switch Type prompt
Delete Remote
Entering D at the command prompt shown in figure 3-16 brings up the Delete Remote dialog shown in figure 3-25.
Figure 3-25
Delete Remote prompt
Enter the number of the Remote CDM-570/570L at the command prompt to delete it from the STDMA group for this Hub modem.
Enable/Disable Remote
Enter E at the command prompt in figure 3-16 to display the dialog shown in figure 3-26. The Remotes in the STDMA group are displayed, indicating whether each is currently Enabled (E) or Disabled.
Figure 3-26
Enable/Disable Remote prompt
Enter the number of the Remote at the command prompt to toggle the Remote from its current Enable/Disable configuration.
View Remote(s)
Entering V at the command prompt shown in figure 3-16 will display the listing of Remote(s) that belong to the STDMA group for this Hub modem, as shown in figure 3-27.
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Figure 3-27
View Remote(s) screen
The display is for information only and pressing any key will return you to the menu shown in figure 3-16.
Remove Timeout
Entering R at the command prompt shown in figure 3-16 will display the Remove Timeout dialog shown in figure 3-28. Note that the menu item shown
in figure 3-16 shows the current setting (in seconds) for this parameter.
Figure 3-28
Remove Timeout prompt
The value entered at the command prompt in figure 3-28 defines the amount of time (in seconds) with no communication from a Remote to the Hub before that Remote is removed from the Burstmap. This feature is useful, for example, in an SNG application where a mobile remote has finished its assignment and has shut down.
If communications are lost for this period of time, the Remote is removed from the STDMA group, and the bandwidth resources it had been allocated are then made available for use by the other remotes remaining in the group.
Remove Retry Timeout
Entering T at the command prompt in figure 3-16 will display the Remove Retry Timeout dialog shown in figure 3-29.
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Figure 3-29
Remove Retry Timeout prompt
When a Remote is removed from the STDMA group, as described in the section “Remove Timeout” above, entering a value in the Remove Retry Timeout dialog above defines the amount of time (in seconds) that is allowed to pass before a retry attempt is made to return the removed Remote to the group.
This allows, again using a mobile remote as an example, shutting down the remote at one location, moving it to a new location, and then automatically re­establishing a connection to the satellite network.
STDMA Statistics
Entering V at the command prompt on the STDMA screen displays the STDMA Statistics as shown in either figure 3-30 (Hub) or figure 3-31
(Remote). These screens provide information for the number of Bursts (Remote only), number of Burst Maps, and the current STDMA Cycle Length.
Because the Remote modem bursts back to the Hub once every cycle, the number of Bursts displayed should be a multiple of the number of Burst Maps displayed, with this multiple determined by the number of cycles per burst map (1, 2, or more) that has been defined at the Hub. For the example shown in figure 3-31 (Dynamic Cycle), the number of cycles per burst map is one, and therefore the number of Bursts equals the number of Burst Maps.
Figure 3-30
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STDMA Statistics screen (Hub)
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Figure 3-31
STDMA Statistics screen (Remote)
The window of time that is used to average the accumulation of statistics can be set by entering W at the command prompt in the Hub screen, then entering the number of seconds (from 1 to 20).
To clear (reset to 0) these statistics, enter C at the command prompt.
Show Hub Statistics
Entering a W at the command prompt in the STDMA screen (figure 3-6) displays the current statistics for the target CDM-570/570L Hub, as shown in figure 3-32.
Figure 3-32
Hub Statistics screen
The Burst Controller monitors statistics in the received ACK from each Remote. The statistics report the fill status of the STDMA buffers. The Burst Controller builds a table of the group and calculates the relative buffer fill for each Remote. It then calculates the length of the Data Slot for each Remote based on the Mini­mum Slot Size plus a percentage of the Available Bandwidth. Idle remotes would receive a Data Slot equal to the Minimum Slot Size.
In the figure 3-32, Remote 1 with IP address 10.1.128.1 had activity during the averaging period. It captured 37.8% of the total slot time and had an average slot length of 283 ms. Remotes 2, 3, and 4 had 41.5%, 18.1%, and 7.6% respec­tively. The dynamic range of STDMA is a function of the difference between
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the Nominal Data Slot Size and the Minimum Data Slot Size parameters. These parameters are operator selectable. The speed with which STDMA reacts to changes in dynamic load is a function of the Statistics Accumulation Window parameter and the Cycles per Burst Map parameter, both of which are also oper­ator selectable.

STDMA/SCPC Automatic Switching

One of the most powerful features of the Vipersat CDM-570/570L is the capa­bility to perform automatic switching between STDMA mode and SCPC mode based on bandwidth demand. The configuration options that are available to meet customer-specific requirements are extensive, and include switching based on Load, Application (Voice and Video RTP), ToS, and QoS.
Note: Care must be taken when configuring the Auto Switching features
of the Vipersat system to ensure that there is no duplication or overlap of switching functions between Application, ToS, and QoS for a particular traffic flow. Only one of these switching meth­ods should be utilized for any one flow requirement.
The functions available for configuring the switching operations depend on whether the target CDM-570/570L is a Hub unit or if it is a Remote unit.
In order for the target CDM-570/570L to be automatically switched between SDTMA and SCPC modes, the Auto Switching feature must be enabled as described in the section “Feature Configuration” on page 3-4.
Selecting Automatic Switching from the Vipersat Configuration screen shown in figure 3-5 will display the STDMA/SCPC Auto Switching screen shown in either figure 3-33 (Hub modem) or figure 3-34 (Remote modem).
Figure 3-33
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STDMA/SCPC Auto Switching screen (Hub)
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Figure 3-34
STDMA/SCPC Auto Switching screen (Remote)
Auto Switching
The Auto Switching item is for information only and shows the current config­uration of the target CDM-570/570L. This feature is Enabled and Disabled as described in section “Feature Configuration” on page 3-4. Auto Switching must be Enabled in order to utilize any of the related features/commands in this menu.
Current WAN Transmit Mode
The Current WAN Transmit Mode item is for information only and reflects the current status of the CDM-570/570L. If the CDM-570/570L is functioning as a Hub in the network, this item will always read Continuous as shown in figure 3-33. If the CDM-570/570L is functioning as a Remote in the network and STDMA is enabled on the target CDM-570/570L, this item will show STDMA (Burst) as shown in figure 3-34.
Tip: This menu item is useful for determining whether a Remote modem is
currently operating in STDMA or SCPC mode.
Voice & Video Application Switching
One of the four automatic switching functions that the Vipersat CDM-570/570L is able to perform is Application Switching. The Vipersat CDM-570/570L provides application switching for non-encrypted SIP and/or H.323 traffic that is detected on the satellite network. When encryption prevents the detection of this type of traffic, an alternate means of SCPC switching can be configured using the ToS auto switching feature.
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Detection of the voice and video traffic occurs in the Remote modem classifier, which looks at traffic that is passed in both directions (Hub-to-Remote and Remote-to-Hub). Once the Voice and Video Switch Detection features are enabled, the Remote modem will send an Automatic Switch Request (ASR) to the VMS when an SIP and/or H.323 call is detected. The ASR contains the destination IP address of the RTP packets. If available hardware and bandwidth exist, the VMS will establish the SCPC carrier automatically.
Note: Application switching (voice and video) must be enabled for each
CDM-570/570L in a network that is going to perform application switching in order for the VMS to dynamically optimize network circuit parameters to accommodate these applications.
Load switching by the VMS is not affected by this setting.
Voice Switch Detection
This menu item appears for Remote modems only.
Voice Switch Detection is one of the Application switching commands that provides for a dedicated SCPC connection when an SIP and/or H.323 voice call is made over the satellite network.
Entering O at the command prompt toggles the Voice Switch Detection command for the CDM-570/570L between Enabled and Disabled. When enabled, a voice data-stream will be detected, causing the CDM-570/570L to send a switch request to the VMS to switch from STDMA to SCPC mode.
Video Switch Detection
This menu item appears for Remote modems only.
Video Switch Detection is one of the Application switching commands that provides for a dedicated SCPC connection when an H.323 video call is made over the satellite network.
Entering I at the command prompt toggles the Video Switch Detection command for the CDM-570/570L between Enabled and Disabled. When enabled, a video data-stream will be detected, causing the CDM-570/570L to send a switch request to the VMS to switch from STDMA to SCPC mode.
ToS Switch Detection
This menu item appears for Remote modems only.
One of the four automatic switching functions that the Vipersat CDM-570/570L is able to perform is ToS (Type of Service) Switching. ToS is defined by an eight bit field within an IP packet header that is used to set up per-hop-based QoS rules for prioritizing packets. Because the ToS field remains untouched by
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most encryption methods, ToS switching provides an alternative means of SCPC switching when encryption prevents the detection of SIP and H.323 protocols.
ToS detection occurs in the Remote modem classifier which only looks at traffic that is passed in the LAN-to-SAT (Remote to Hub) direction. Once the ToS Switch Detection feature is enabled, the Remote modem will send an ASR to the VMS when a packet stamped with the ToS is detected. The ASR contains the destination IP address of the ToS stamped packet, the desired SCPC rate, and the VMS Switch Type (policy #). If available hardware and bandwidth exist, the VMS will establish the SCPC carrier automatically.
Entering T at the command prompt in figure 3-34 toggles the TOS Switch Detection command for the CDM-570/570L between Enabled and Disabled. When enabling ToS switching, the ToS switching control parameters must be defined as described in the section “ToS Switching Parameters” on page 3-32.
Applying a ToS value to an application (VoIP, IPVC, or priority data) through either preservation or classification packet stamping allows the Vipersat switch­ing system to function in an encrypted network. Normally in a non-encrypted Vipersat network, packets are classified by the Remote CDM-570/570L using protocol classification detection and the results are forwarded to VMS via VESP (Vipersat External Switching Protocol) or, in legacy VMS systems, via an ASR (Automatic Switch Request) message. The VMS switch detector service then applies the required or requested bandwidth using policies which have been pre-configured in the VMS. Refer to the VMS User’s Guide for details.
For example, if in a non-encrypted network a voice application service connec­tion is started, the CDM-570/570L’s classifier analyzes signaling and data protocols (H.323, SIP, & Data RTP) being routed through the CDM-570/570L. After connection detection, the process waits for data (RTP). Data is normally sent after the receiving party answers, which then triggers the system to process an ASR. Using the ToS classification, the detection function allows application­based switching in encrypted networks where the signaling protocols are encrypted or effectively hidden.
NOTE
Note: Load switching by the VMS is not affected by enabling ToS detec-
tion.
QoS Switch Detection
This menu item appears for Remote modems only.
One of the four automatic switching functions that the Vipersat CDM-570/570L is able to perform is QoS (Quality of Service) Switching. With this feature, an STDMA to SCPC switch can be initiated based upon any type of IP traffic flow that matches a defined QoS queue. QoS detection occurs in the Remote modem
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classifier, which looks at traffic that is passed in both directions (Hub-to­Remote and Remote-to-Hub). When an IP packet matches a defined QoS rule, the Remote modem sends an ASR to the VMS that contains the destination address of the detected packet, the defined bit rate, and the policy type. If avail­able hardware and bandwidth exist, the VMS will establish the SCPC carrier automatically.
Enable Quality of Service (QoS) Feature
The Remote must have the QoS FAST feature code, and the QoS feature must be enabled in order for the QoS Switch Detection feature to function. The QoS feature is Enabled/Disabled from the Feature Configuration screen (see figure 2-3).
Configure QoS Rules
The Vipersat CDM-570/570L is capable of performing automatic switching based on the QoS rules for a Remote modem. QoS rules can be assigned to different flow types that are user-defined by any combination of traffic type protocol (FTP, UDP, RTP, etc.), source/destination IP (specific or range), and/ or Layer 3 source/destination port.
The Vipersat QoS Switching feature is designed to manage single, specific sessions or flow types, such as a UDP video stream targeted to a specific port. When defining QoS rules for QoS based switching, it is best to make them as specific as possible so as to avoid unintended or multiple sessions/flows being generated with that rule. A QoS rule that creates multiple flows will result in poor switching performance. With voice traffic, for example, prioritize by using the VOCE protocol rather than prioritizing with RTP or UDP.
From the Main Menu for the Remote modem, enter Q to access the QoS Configuration screen, as shown in figure 3-35.
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Figure 3-35
QoS Configuration screen
Enter Q at the command prompt in figure 3-35 to access the QoS Rules Config- uration screen, as shown in figure 3-36.
Figure 3-36
QoS Rules Configuration screen
Configure the desired number of rules that are necessary for the applications to be used for this network. Refer to the CDM-570/570L Installation and Opera- tion Manual for details on configuring QoS Rules for the CDM-570/570L.
Configure QoS Rules Based Switching
Enter V at the command prompt in figure 3-35 to access the QoS Rules Based Switching screen for the Remote modem, as shown in figure 3-37
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Figure 3-37
QoS Rules Based Switching screen
Determine which QoS rules will be used as a basis for performing SCPC switching, then configure the VMS policy type, the SCPC switch rate, and the timeout value to be associated with each rule. Assigning a 0 (zero) value means that no SCPC switch will occur for that rule.
Enable QoS Switch Detection Feature
Once QoS has been enabled and configured as described above, the last step in implementing QoS switching is to Enable the QoS Switch Detection feature. Entering Q at the command prompt in figure 3-34 toggles the QoS Switch Detection feature between Enabled and Disabled.
Load Switching
One of the four automatic switching functions that the Vipersat CDM-570/570L is able to perform is Load Switching. The system will detect variations in data rate and can be configured to switch from STDMA to SCPC based on band­width requirements.
The initial switch for a Remote CDM-570/570L from STDMA mode to SCPC mode is determined by the Hub Burst Controller. Once the Remote is switched into SCPC, any requests to meet additional switching requirments within SCPC (Step Up or Step Down) are made by the Remote modem.
The Load Switching command on the Auto Switching menu is a toggle that
Enables and Disables Load Switching on the target CDM-570/570L. Entering L at the command prompt will toggle between these two states. Refer to Appen-
dix B, Automatic Switching, in this document for additional information on Load Switching.
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NOTE
Note: Load Switching must be enabled for each CDM-570/570L in a
network that is going to perform Load Switching in order for the VMS to dynamically optimize network performance as load condi­tions change on these circuits.
Application switching by the VMS, such as for Voice and/or Video, is not affected by this setting. However, using Load Switching for real-time applications is not recommended.
STDMA Slot Capacity
This menu item appears for Hub modems only.
The STDMA Slot Capacity command allows setting the threshold or level of slot capacity at which the Burst Controller sends a switch request to the VMS to switch the Remote from STDMA mode to SCPC mode.
Typically the default settings will be optimum, but there may be unique network configurations that require modifying the STDMA slot capacity value. To change this setting, enter U at the command prompt in figure 3-33 to display the screen shown in figure 3-38.
Figure 3-38
STDMA Slot Capacity prompt
STDMA Switch Delay
This menu item appears for Hub modems only.
In order to minimize unnecessary switching from STDMA to SCPC due to tran­sient conditions, such as a temporary spike in network traffic for example, a switch delay parameter is provided.
Typically the default values will be optimum, but this value can be changed to accommodate a unique network configuration or application. To change this setting, enter W at the command prompt in figure 3-33 to display the screen shown in figure 3-39.
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Figure 3-39
STDMA Switch Delay prompt
Percent Allocation
The Percent Allocation menu item allows adding a fixed percentage to the channel bandwidth request to accommodate additional bandwidth requirements which may occur after the switch is made from STDMA to SCPC mode.
Typically the default value will be optimum, but if there may be a larger band­width requirement after the switch, the percent allocation value can be increased. In choosing a value for this allocation, future bandwidth require­ments for the channel must be balanced against efficient bandwidth utilization.
To change this setting, enter E at the command prompt in figure 3-33 to display the screen shown in figure 3-40.
Figure 3-40
Percent Allocation prompt
SCPC Step Up Threshold
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.
The SCPC Step Up Threshold establishes the percentage of bandwidth use that will trigger a switch up from the present SCPC rate to a higher rate to ensure that there is sufficient bandwidth available for current conditions.
Typically the default value will be optimum, but if a different threshold is desired, an alternate value can be specified by entering U at the command prompt in figure 3-34. Note that this value must be greater than the value speci­fied for the SCPC Step Down Threshold.
SCPC Step Down Threshold
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.
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The SCPC Step Down Threshold establishes the percentage of bandwidth use that will trigger a switch down from the present SCPC rate to a lower rate to ensure efficient bandwidth usage.
Typically the default value will be optimum, but if a different threshold is desired, an alternate value can be specified by entering D at the command prompt in figure 3-34. Note that this value must be less than the value specified for the SCPC Step Up Threshold.
SCPC Step Delay
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.
The SCPC Step Delay feature provides a switching delay period to ensure that a premature switch up or down in the SCPC rate does not occur due to a tempo­rary rise or fall in traffic.
A default value (in seconds) is provided, but this parameter can be modified by entering W at the command prompt in figure 3-34.
SCPC Step Up Excess
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.
During each SCPC Step Up switch, the excess capacity data rate value entered by this command is added to the new SCPC data rate. This excess is added each time an SCPC Step Up switch occurs. This setting makes additional bandwidth available for when the demand arises while minimizing step up switching events.
A default percentage value is provided, but this parameter can be modified by entering E at the command prompt in figure 3-34.
ToS Switching Parameters
This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.
When ToS switching is enabled on a CDM-570/570L, the parameters for ToS switching must be defined by entering P from the STDMA/SCPC Auto Switch­ing screen (see figure 3-34). The TOS Switching Control menu shown in figure 3-41 is displayed, allowing parameter entry for the desired ToS service to be applied.
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Figure 3-41
ToS Switching Control screen
ToS Switching Entry
After determining what ToS value to use, either application or router classifier, select a ToS entry from the list for configuration or edit. The screen will prompt for inputs to the list of range-checked values, as shown in the sample dialog in figure 3-42 that displays the entries for TOS 03.
Figure 3-42
ToS Switching Entry dialog
• Enter Name for TOS ID [ ] - At the prompt, enter a user-defined text
label for circuit identification.
• Enter the TOS ID - Enter an integer value in the range of 1 to 63.
Entering a value of 0 will result in no switch.
• Enter the Switch Type - Enter an integer value in the range of 64 to 254
at the prompt to inform the VMS what switching policy to use. Entering a value of 0 will result in no switch.
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Vipersat Configuration
• Enter the TOS SCPC Switch Data Rate - Enter the desired data rate for
this service type. Valid entries are from 0 to 10,000 Kbps. This setting will override the VMS set policy value.
• Enter the TOS SCPC Timeout - This timer monitors the defined packet
flow. Once data stops for the duration of the timer setting, the link state will be restored to the home state condition. Valid entries are from 1 to 60 seconds.
After entering the timeout value, pressing the Enter key will update the TOS Switching Control menu with the changes.
Delete
Enter D at the command prompt in figure 3-41 to Delete a ToS entry, as shown in figure 3-43.
Figure 3-43
Note: The value shown in the TOS Value column is the TOS ID associ-
NOTE
ated with the ToS entry to be deleted.
ToS Delete prompt
View
Entering a V at the command prompt will display the Internal TOS Table for active entries as shown in figure 3-44.
Note that, due to binary conversion, the ID value is a multiple of 4 and the Timout value is a multiple of 2.
Figure 3-44
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ToS View screen
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Vipersat Configuration

Unit Role

The Unit Role configuration determines whether the target CDM-570/570L is to function as a Remote or as a Hub in the Vipersat satellite network. From the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5), enter R to display the dialog shown in figure 3-45.
Figure 3-45
Unit Role prompt
The choice made in this command will determine the role the target CDM-570/ 570L will perform in the network and what type of commands and functions it will receive from the VMS.

Expansion Unit

The Expansion Unit menu item in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5) defines whether the target CDM-570/570L is to function as an Expansion Unit (the demod configured to operate in SCPC mode) or not. Enter­ing E at the command prompt will display the dialog shown in figure 3-46.
Figure 3-46
The VMS uses this data when monitoring and controlling the network to deter­mine the target CDM-570/570L’s function. When configured as an expansion unit, either as a Hub (switched) or as a Remote (mesh), the CDM-570/570L is set up so that the demod is in SCPC mode and available as a resource for dedi­cated communications with the other end of the satellite link.
Expansion Unit prompt
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Network ID
The Network ID that is assigned to the unit defines to what network the target CDM-570/570L will belong. All units used in a network will have the same Network ID. Enter B at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5) to display the dialog shown in figure 3-47.
Figure 3-47
The Network ID is used by the VMS to identify units that are common to a network and allows the VMS to manage multiple networks, each with its own unique Network ID number.
Network ID prompt

Unit Name

The Unit Name command in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5) is used to assign a name to the target CDM-570/570L. Enter N at the command prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-48. Any name, up to 16 charac­ters, can be entered for the unit.
Figure 3-48
This name is displayed by the VMS and identifies the unit in the graphical network display.
Unit Name prompt

Receive Multicast Address

The Receive Multicast Address is the multitcast IP address assigned to the VMS and and all CDM-570/570L units in the network. When the CDM-570/ 570L receives a multicast from the VMS server, it receives the server’s IP address and responds to the VMS server with a unicast containing its current
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configuration data, including the CDM-570/570L’s IP address. When the VMS receives the unicast response, it registers the CDM-570/570L on the network.
Enter V at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5) to display the dialog shown in figure 3-49.
Figure 3-49
Receive Multicast IP Address prompt
Switch requests can be unicast to the VMS server and unicast switch commands received from the VMS by the CDM-570/570L. For more information on this process, refer to the VMS User Guide.

Managing IP Address

The Managing IP Address command in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5) allows the IP address for the server running VMS to be entered. Enter I at the command prompt to display the dialog shown in figure 3-50.
Figure 3-50
If available, this is the IP address to which the CDM-570/570L sends a unicast registration request every 60 seconds when requesting initial registration on the VMS network. Later the CDM-570/570L uses this address to send switch requests, network health messages, etc. to the managing VMS server.
Managing IP address menu

Primary Heart Beat

This menu item appears for the Hub modem only.
The Primary Heart Beat feature is a redundancy heart beat message for primary Hub units that provides the option for a periodic communications check message to be sent from the Hub modem to the VMS for backup recovery in
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N:M redundancy (protected) configurations. The message interval can be speci­fied by the administrator through the VMS.
Enter P at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5) to toggle this feature between Enabled and Disabled.

Home State Revert

This menu item appears for the Remote modem only.
The Home State Revert feature allows automatic resource recovery to be performed on SCPC connections when a communications failure occurs between the VMS and a Remote, such as a rain fade condition, a Remote unit power down, or a hardware failure. The period of time (in minutes) for a failure is configured in the VMS for each Remote in the network. Should communica­tions be lost for more than the specified time period, the Remote will automati­cally revert to its Home State settings and the VMS will remove all allocated resources (bandwidth, demod(s)), freeing them for use by any other Remote in the network.
Because this feature is configured in the VMS, the status (Enabled or Disabled) appears as an information-only display in the Vipersat Configuration menu (figure 3-5).

Dynamic Power Control Configuration

Dynamic Power Control (DPC) is a Vipersat feature that acts to regulate the transmit power of the Vipersat satellite modem, such that the specified receive signal level (Eb/No) is met for the receiving Vipersat units in the group. DPC is driven by the receiver demod, which notifies the transmitting modem of the current Eb/No value.
Refer to Appendix C, Dynamic Power Control, in this document for additional information on the DPC feature.
The Dynamic Power Control Configuration screen (enter C in the Vipersat Configuration menu) allows for setting the parameters for the CDM-570/570L power levels. The information and commands in the menu will vary depending on the function that the target CDM-570/570L performs in the network. The screen shown in figure 3-51 is for a Hub or Remote operating in STDMA mode. For comparison, the DPC Config screen for a unit operating as a Hub or Remote with Expansion (SCPC mode) is shown in figure 3-52. Note that only the appli­cable settings appear in this screen.
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Figure 3-51
Figure 3-52
Note: The following descriptions will refer to the CDM-570/570L as
NOTE
either modulator or demodulator for simplicity and understanding.
DPC Configuration screen (STDMA mode)
DPC Configuration screen (SCPC mode)
Before enabling DPC, the operator should verify that a demodulator at another terminal is receiving from this modulator, and that there is a working communi­cations channel from that receiving station back to the modulator terminal (inband communications). Additionally, since DPC controls potentially the full power range of the modulator’s output power, it is recommended that the termi­nal be commissioned and calibrated before usage.
DPC Enabled
The DPC Enabled command (enter E) is a toggle that allows the DPC feature to be either Enabled or Disabled. The CDM-570/570L is shipped with the DPC Enabled menu item turned off (Disabled) to allow entrance link levels calibra­tion during terminal setup.
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Calibrated Data Rate
This menu item is for information only and displays the Calibrated Data Rate in Kbps for the target CDM-570/570L.
There is a proportional relationship between data rate and power level; as the data rate increases, there is a corresponding increase in transmit power level, and vice versa.
Nominal Power Level
This menu item is for information only and displays the Nominal Power Level in dB for the modulator. This power level will vary as the data rate varies.
Max Power
The commissioning of a satellite terminal must comply with the calculated link budget that is conducted before terminal installation. Using these calculations, the maximum transmit power level permitted for the modulator(s) based on link/satellite parameters can be configured. This is the value set by the Max Power command in the DPC Configuration menu. Enter A at the command prompt to display the Max Power dialog shown in figure 3-53.
Figure 3-53
If more than one modulator is used at this location, that must also be taken into consideration and applied to this value set point. The value entered sets the maximum power level allowed by all SCPC modulators.
Maximum Power Level prompt (CDM-570L)
Min Power
The Minimum Power level setting corresponds to the lowest transmit power level permitted based on link/satellite parameters. Min Power typically can be set to the lowest default value (-25.0 dBm for the CDM-570, -40.0 dBm for the CDM-570L). There is generally no problem in allowing the modulator(s) to reduce power levels when link conditions improve. Enter I at the command prompt to display the Min Power dialog shown in figure 3-54.
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Figure 3-54
Minimum Power Level prompt (CDM-570L)
The value entered sets the minimum power level allowed by all SCPC modula­tors.
Max Step Down Power
The Maximum Step Down Power value sets the largest step reduction in trans­mit power permitted when the DPC is adjusting the power downward to achieve the target set point. The default value for this parameter is 3 dB.
Enter D at the command prompt to display the Max Step Down Power dialog shown in figure 3-55.
Figure 3-55
Maximum Step Down Power prompt
Max Step Up Power
The Maximum Step Up Power value sets the largest step increase in transmit power permitted when the DPC is adjusting the power upward to achieve the target set point. The default value for this parameter is 3 dB.
Enter U at the command prompt to display the Max Step Up Power dialog shown in figure 3-56.
Figure 3-56
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Maximum Step Up Power prompt
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Vipersat Configuration
Target EbNo
The Target EbNo is the desired operating receive level for closed loop servo control. This is the value used by the receiving CDM-570/570L for comparison with the actual received Eb/No. This information is sent back to the transmitting terminal for output power level adjustment as necessary.
Enter T at the command prompt in the DPC Configuration screen to display the Target EbNo dialog shown in figure 3-57. The default value for this parame­ter is 10 dB.
Figure 3-57
Target EbNo prompt
Target Ra nge
The Target Range command sets the range on either side of the Target EbNo value, plus or minus, where the received level at the demodulator is acceptable and no adjustment to the output power of the transmitting terminal is necessary.
Enter R at the command prompt in the DPC Configuration screen to display the Target Range dialog shown in figure 3-58. The default value for this param­eter is 0.2 dB.
Figure 3-58
Target Range prompt
Speed Up EbNo
Normally, the PLDM (Path Loss Data Multicast) is sent every 60 seconds from each terminal in the network. If the received Eb/No level at the demodulator drops below the Speed Up EbNo set value, the corresponding terminal increases its PLDM send rate to every 15 seconds until the receive level is greater than the set value. This provides a loop speed up to rapidly regain link quality.
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Enter Q at the command prompt in the DPC Configuration screen to display the Speed Up EbNo dialog shown in figure 3-59. The default value for this parameter is 5 dB.
Figure 3-59
Speed Up EbNo prompt
Target DPC Address
The Target DPC Address identifies the modem that is transmitting to this CDM-570/570L, and will be receiving the PLDM messages that provide the current Eb/No value for this CDM-570/570L. Typically, all Remotes will spec­ify the Hub modem that is supplying the TDM outbound. The Outbound IP address is sent out to all STDMA Remotes via the Burst Map, and the DPC Target for these Remotes is automatically mapped to that address. When operat­ing in a dedicated SCPC mode, the Remote’s Target DPC Address is configured manually with this command.
Enter 1 at the command prompt to display the Target DPC Address dialog shown in figure 3-60.
Figure 3-60
The STDMA Burst Controller is not permitted to specify a DPC Target because the demodulator is receiving multiple bursts very rapidly from all Remotes in the group and is unable to utilize DPC to control the transmit power of the remote modems.
Target DPC Address prompt

Set Home State Parameters

A CDM-570/570L’s Home State are those parameters which the CDM-570/ 570L will return to when it is power cycled or reset. Enter H at the command
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prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen to display the Home State Configuration screen shown in figure 3-61.
The parameters entered using this menu define the settings the target CDM-570/ 570L will go to when it returns to its Home State, either as the result of a command by the VMS, or as it comes back on line from a reset or a power cycle. A CDM-570/570L’s Home State settings are typically selected so that it goes to a configuration which is optimum for its function in the network.
Figure 3-61
Home State Configuration screen
Note that each of these Transmit and Receive parameters are the same as found in the Tx Configuration and the Rx Configuration screens that are in the Satellite Modem Configuration menu.
Set Current Configuration as Home State
This command sets the CDM-570/570L’s current configuration as its Home State settings. Assuming the modem has been properly configured using the
Satellite Modem Configuration menu (Tx and Rx parameters) and the Feature Configuration menu (Vipersat STDMA setting), these parameter
values will be copied into the Home State configuration. Rather than entering each of these values individually, this command can be used as a shortcut for establishing the Home State settings.
Enter W at the command prompt in the Home State Configuration screen to execute this command. Once saved, the modem will be configured with the Home State settings at boot time and when manually reset with the Force Modem to Home State command.
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Tip: This command is useful when a CDM-570/570L’s initial set up is
completed and the unit is functioning as desired in a network.
Force Modem to Home State
If at any time it is desired to have a CDM-570/570L return to its Home State, this command (enter Y) can be executed. The Home State parameter values are “forced” into the Base Modem configuration so that they match. The Base Modem parameters will be updated to reflect any modifications that have been made from this menu.
A warning message is displayed as shown in figure 3-62, requiring the command to be confirmed before it is executed.
Figure 3-62
Force Modem to Home State warning
STDMA State
This command (enter T) toggles the setting of STDMA in the target CDM-570/ 570L’s home state between Enabled and Disabled. This is the same feature that is set from the Feature Configuration menu screen shown in figure 3-3.
Transmit Frequency
Enter A at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in figure 3-63 to set the Transmit Frequency for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.
Figure 3-63
Note that this screen dialog example displays the frequency range for the CDM­570L L-Band modem. For the CDM-570, the range displayed will be either 50 to 90 MHz or 100 to 180 MHz.
Transmit Frequency prompt
Transmit Data Rate
Enter B at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in figure 3-64 to set the Transmit Data Rate for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.
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Figure 3-64
Transmit Data Rate prompt
Note that the valid range for this parameter will vary depending on the modula­tion type, coding rate, and FAST feature data rate.
Transmit FEC Type
Enter C at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-65 to enter the FEC Coding Type for the CDM-570/570L’s home state. Turbo must be selected when operating in Vipersat mode.
Figure 3-65
Transmit FEC Type prompt
Transmit Coding Rate
Enter D at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in figure 3-66 to set the Transmit Coding Rate for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.
Note that Coding Rates 3 (1/2), 4 (2/3), and 8 (1/1) are not valid selections when operating in Vipersat mode with Turbo Product Coding.
Figure 3-66
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Transmit Coding Rate prompt
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Vipersat Configuration
Transmit Modulation Type
Entering E at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in figure 3-67 to set the Transmit Modulation Type for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.
Figure 3-67
Transmit Modulation Type prompt
Transmit Power Level
Enter F at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-68 to set the Transmit Power Level for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.
Figure 3-68
Transmit Power Level prompt
Transmit Enable
The modem transmitter can be Enabled or Disabled with this command. Enter G at the command prompt to toggle the Transmit Enable for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state between On and Off.
Receive Frequency
Enter M at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-69 to set the Receive Frequency for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.
Figure 3-69
Chapter 3 - Using the Command Line Interface (CLI) 3-47
Receive Frequency prompt
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Vipersat Configuration
Note that this screen dialog example displays the frequency range for the CDM­570L L-Band modem. For the CDM-570, the range displayed will be either 50 to 90 MHz or 100 to 180 MHz.
Receive Data Rate
Enter N at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-70 to set the Receive Data Rate for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.
Figure 3-70
Receive Data Rate prompt
Note that the valid range for this parameter will vary depending on the modula­tion type, coding rate, and FAST feature data rate.
Receive FEC Type
Enter O at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in figure 3-71 to set the Receive FEC Type for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state. Turbo must be
selected when operating in Vipersat mode.
Figure 3-71
Receive FEC Type prompt
Receive Coding Rate
Enter P at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-72 to set the Receive Coding Rate for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.
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Figure 3-72
Receive Coding Rate prompt
Note that Coding Rates 3 (1/2), 4 (2/3), and 8 (1/1) are not valid selections when operating in Vipersat mode with Turbo Product Coding.
Receive Modulation Type
Enter Q at the command prompt to use the dialog shown in Figure 3-73 to set the Receive Modulation Type for the target CDM-570/570L’s home state.
Figure 3-73
Receive Modulation Type prompt

Vipersat Summary

The Vipersat Summary screen can be viewed by entering D at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen (figure 3-5).
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Vipersat Configuration
Figure 3-74
Vipersat Summary screen
The Node ID number that appears in this screen verifies that the unit is regis­tered with the VMS and is active in the network. This number is automatically assigned by the VMS.
The two frequency listings are for the modulator (0) and the demodulator (1) for the CDM-570/570L. The IF values represent the Intermediate Frequency (Hz) that this unit is currently using. The AF values represent Adjusted Frequency (Hz), a translation of the IF that is used by the VMS for internal tracking of switching commands.
The DPC target entry is the IP address of the modulator that is to receive the DPC messages from this unit.
The Primary Heart Beat Interval represents the time period between the communication check message that is sent from the primary Hub modem to the VMS in an N:M redundancy configuration. This interval is specified in the VMS.

Vipersat Migration

The Vipersat Migration command is used to set the compatibility mode for the Hub Burst Controller when conducting a firmware upgrade on the associated CDM-570/570L Remotes. Although this command appears in the menu for both the Hub modem and the Remote modem, it only applies to STDMA Controllers and TDM Outbound modems at the Hub.
Enter M at the command prompt in the Vipersat Configuration screen to display the Vipersat Migration dialog shown in figure 3-75.
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Figure 3-75
Vipersat Migration prompt
Refer to Appendix D, Firmware Installation, in this document for additional information on the use of this command.
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Vipersat Configuration
{ This Page is Intentionally Blank }
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NETWORK ADDRESSING

This Appendix is an overview of network addressing and how it applies to configuring the CDM-570/570L for use in Vipersat Networks. The subjects covered are:
• OSI Model
• Binary Math
• IP Addressing
A
PPENDIX
• Network Address Translation
• Subnets
• Network Segments
• Default Gateways
• MAC Addresses
Appendix A - Network Addressing A-1
Page 88

The OSI Reference Model

The OSI Reference Model
OSI is an acronym for Open Systems Interconnection. This is a network model created by ISO (the International Standardization Organization.) The OSI model is the basic standard which forms the basis for all networking protocols.
Figure A-1
The OSI model defines the building blocks used to construct a working network protocol as shown in Figure A-1. The blocks on the right show the individual layers which make up the OSI model and the blocks on the left show the layer’s functional grouping.
Each layer, as defined by the OSI model, is only aware of the layers directly above and below it.
The Seven OSI Protocol Layers

Layers 1 – 3

Layer 1 / Physical – Layer 1 defines the physical means by which actual bits are sent and received. This layer, for example, is where connectors, cable lengths, and signaling specifications are defined.
Layer 2 / Data Link – Layer 2 consist of two sub-layers:
• Logical Link Control (LLC) – The LLC packages bytes received from the
MAC into a format readable by the Network Layer above it.
• Media Access Control (MAC) – The MAC is concerned with obtaining
access to the network at an appropriate time; i.e., when no other machines are communicating or when permission has been granted.
Together, these two sub-layer protocols are responsible for moving packets on and off the network.
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The OSI Reference Model
Layer 3 / Network Layer – Layer 3 is responsible for routing packets through multiple networks. The Layer 3 protocol operates without regard to the underly­ing protocols in use. For example, routers operate at Layer 3.
Appendix A - Network Addressing A-3
Page 90

Binary Math

Binary Math
Network devices communicate using BITS, where a bit is a single digit repre­sented by a 1 or a 0, or by using BYTEs, where a byte is made up of eight bits in any combination of 1’s or 0’s. A byte is also referred to as an octet.
Figure A-2
Bits and Bytes
An octet can be converted to or from binary using the technique shown in the decimal conversion chart in Figure A-3. The conversion chart also shows the decimal equivalent of the binary number.
1
Figure A-3
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
101 100 01 = 165
11 10 0 0 0 0 = 194
111111 11=255
128 32
4 1
_____
165
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Bits containing a 1 in Figure A-3 determine which decimal values should be added. These decimal values, when added together, determine the decimal equivalent for the binary number.
This is an example of changing a number expressed in binary (base 2) to its decimal equivalent (base 10). The numeric value is the same, you have only changed the numbering base (radix.) All digital processes are done in binary.
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Binary Math
The conversion to decimal is done whenever binary values need to be read or entered by humans as their decimal equivalents.
Appendix A - Network Addressing A-5
Page 92

IP Addressing

IP Addressing
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique set of numbers assigned to a device on a network to uniquely identify that device (by its IP address).
An IP address is a unique number composed of four octets, with each octet separated by a dot. This notation style is called dotted decimal notation.
Each IP address can be broken down into two parts, as shown in the example below:
Example:
128.121.188.201
The first two octets are the network ID: The second two octets are the host ID:
128.121
188.201
• Network ID - In this example, the 128.121 portion of the IP address
defines the network that a host belongs to, and is equivalent to a street name in a mailing address.
• Host ID - The 188.201 portion of the IP address specifies a unique number
assigned to the host on the network, and is equivalent to a house number in a mailing address.

IP Address Classes

IP addresses are assigned to classes according the schedule shown in Figure A-4. IP address classes are assigned as follows:
Class A
• 1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x (0 and 127 are reserved)
• 126 Class As exist
• Can have 16,777,214 hosts on each Class A
• 8-bit network number
• 24-bit node number
Class B
• 128.0.x.x to 191.254.x.x
• 16,384 Class Bs exist
• Can have 65,354 hosts on each Class B
• 16-bit network number
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• 16-bit node number
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C
Address
Address Class
Class
High-
High­Order-Bits
Order-Bits
st
st
Octet
Octet
1
1 Decimal Range
Decimal Range
1-126.x.y.z
1-126.x.y.z
128-191.x.y.z
128-191.x.y.z
192-223.x.y.z
192-223.x.y.z
Networks
Networks Available
Available
126
126
16,384
16,384
2,097,152
2,097,152
IP Addressing
Hosts
Hosts Available
Available
16,777,2140Class A
16,777,2140Class A
65,53410Class B
65,53410Class B
254110 Class C
254110 Class C
Figure A-4
IP Address Classes A, B, C
Class C
• 192.0.1.x to 223.255.254.x
• 2,097,152 Class Cs exist
• Can have 254 hosts on each Class C
• 24-bit network number
• 8-bit node number
Class D
• 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
• Reserved for Multicast (messages sent to many hosts).
Class E
• 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
• Reserved for experimental use and limited broadcast
Appendix A - Network Addressing A-7
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IP Addressing
Private Network IP Addresses
RFC 1918 defines blocks of addresses for use on private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Private networks can only connect to the public Internet by using a Network Address Translation (NAT) device (a router, for example) or a proxy server which has been assigned a public IP address. These network devices use a public IP address to request information from the Internet on behalf of the private IP addressed devices on the associated private network.
Host 1
192.168.0.2
Host 2
192.168.0.3
Figure A-5
NAT Router Example
192.168.0.1 Public IP
Ethernet
Internet
NAT Router
This use of private addresses helps to conserve public IP addresses.

Subnets

Subnets can be defined as the further segmentation of the InterNIC assigned Network ID IP address. The amount and type of subnetting performed by the organization is determined by the network layout.
In the process of subnetting, bits are borrowed from the host ID portion of an IP address and are then given to the network ID. Then a “Subnet Mask” gets assigned to the host along with the IP address.
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IP Addressing
Subnetting is required if the network is segmented.

Subnet Mask

The Subnet Mask is used by the host to determine if a destination IP address is on the local or on a remote network segment. The table in Figure A-6 shows the default subnet mask used for each class of IP address.
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C
Mask Binary ValueMask Decimal ValueAddress Class
Mask Binary ValueMask Decimal ValueAddress Class
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000255.0.0.0Class A
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000255.0.0.0Class A
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000255.255.0.0Class B
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000255.255.0.0Class B
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000255.255.255.0Class C
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000255.255.255.0Class C
Figure A-6
Default Subnet Masks for IP Classes
The IP address and subnet mask work with each other to identify a network element or device. The subnet mask, like an IP address, contains 4 octets sepa­rated by a dot (.) and looks similar to an IP address.
The subnet mask determines what bits in the IP address are being used to deter­mine the network ID by using the Boolean math operator and in a process called anding. Anding compares each bit value in the IP address with the bit value in the subnet mask. The result of the anding process determines which subnet the IP address is on. The Boolean and operator works as follows:
0 and 0 = 0 1 and 0 = 0 1 and 1 = 1
The table shown in Figure A-7 shows the anding of two binary values and the corresponding decimal equivalents for each of the values.
Appendix A - Network Addressing A-9
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IP Addressing
IP Address
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask
ANDing Result
ANDing Result
Dotted Decimal
Dotted Decimal Address
Address
Binary Values
Binary Values
11000000.10101000.00000010.01000010192.168.2.66
11000000.10101000.00000010.01000010192.168.2.66
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000255.255.255.0
11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000192.168.2.0
11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000192.168.2.0
Figure A-7
ANDing an IP address and a subnet mask
A calculator, available from SolarWinds, performs these IP and subnet mask calculations and can be found at:
http://support.solarwinds.net/updates/SelectProgramFree.cfm

Network Segments

A “Network Segment” is a portion of a network that is bordered by two router interfaces as shown in Figure A-8.
Figure A-8
Network Segments
Each network segment must either be on a different network or a different subnet. For example, if you have a single IP address available, you can change the default mask from 255.255.255.0 to 255.255.255.192. The resulting calcula­tion yields four subnets:
• 192.168.100.0
• 192.168.100.64
• 192.168.100.128
• 192.168.100.192
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IP Addressing
Each of the four subnets can, in turn, support 64 members.
The example subnet used above yielded 4 subnets, but you can use a different mask to meet the specific requirements of your network.

Default Gateways

A default gateway is a network device, usually a router, that is responsible for routing data packets out of the local network segment.
The address of the gateway is entered into the devices on the local network, providing them with a location to send data that is destined for another segment.
Figure A-9
Router as Default Gateway

MAC Addresses

A MAC address is a physical hardware address that gets assigned to the inter­face of a networking device. This address is typically created and burned into a device’s ROM during the manufacturing process. MAC addresses are unique to the device and are not typically user-assignable.
The MAC address is used for Layer 2 (Data Link) communications between networking devices, and consists of 12 alpha-numeric characters as shown in the example below:
Example: 00-3f-bf-00-01-45
Appendix A - Network Addressing A-11
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IP Addressing
• The first six characters are issued to the organization.
• The second six characters are assigned to the hardware interface by
manufacturing.
Figure A-10
Network Node MAC Addresses
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AUTOMATIC SWITCHING

General

Automatic switching is a feature of VMS which allows dynamically changing network configuration in response to changes in either traffic type (application switching) or network traffic loads (load switching.)
The following discussions apply to the Vipersat CDM-570/570L, CDD-564L, and CDM-600. Throughout the following discussion, these units are referred to as modem/routers.
A
PPENDIX

Bandwidth Allocation and Load Switching

Load Switching is the mechanism by which the Vipersat network switches a remote terminal from STDMA to SCPC mode based on traffic levels at the remote. There are two components of load switching in a Vipersat system: VMS (network management) and CDM (Comtech Data Modem). The VMS compo­nent receives switch requests from the CDM, and based on policy settings and available resources, either grants or denies the request. Within the CDM compo­nent, load switching is managed at either the Hub or the Remote, based on the current mode of operation. When a remote is in STDMA mode, load switching for that remote is managed by the Hub STDMA controller. After a Remote has been switched to SCPC mode it manages its own switching (or Step Up / Step Down) requests.
The basic concept for all load switching is that a running average of current utilization is maintained, and when that utilization exceeds a pre-set threshold, a switch is initiated. The data rate for the switch is computed by determining the current bandwidth requirement of the remote and adding some percentage of
Appendix B - Automatic Switching B-1
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Load Switching

excess margin. The main difference between switching from STDMA to SCPC and adjusting within SCPC is that in STDMA mode, the current available band­width is constantly changing while in SCPC mode it is constant between switches. Furthermore, switches from STDMA to SCPC mode are always caused by the traffic level exceeding the switch threshold. Within SCPC mode, switches can be caused by traffic exceeding an upper threshold or dropping below a lower threshold. However, in both cases the new data rate is based on the actual traffic requirements adjusted up by the margin percentage. Also, based on policies set in the VMS, if a remote requests less than some threshold amount of bandwidth, the remote in put back into STDMA mode.
Note: If the Hub STDMA mode is GIR (Guaranteed Information Rate) or
NOTE
Entry Channel, normal load switching is automatically disabled. In GIR mode, the remote is switched to SCPC as soon as the GIR threshold is reached, if there is a switch rate defined. In Entry Channel mode, the remote is switched to SCPC as soon as the hub receives the first transmission from the remote.
Load Switching
The next sections describe the principles behind Load Switching and Rate Adjustment (Step Up / Step Down).

Bandwidth Allocation and Load Switching by the STDMA Controller:

As part of normal STDMA processing, the hub monitors the traffic levels from each of the remotes for which it is allocating bandwidth. This is done using the STDMA ACK management message (Table 1) which is transmitted at the beginning of each burst from the remote. The STDMA ACK contains two metrics that are used by the hub:
1. The number of bytes received for transmission (Queued Bytes) since the last
cycle.
2. The number of bytes currently waiting to be transmitted (Bytes In Queue).
These metrics are used by the hub for 3 purposes:
1. Determine the amount of STDMA bandwidth (slot size) to allocate in the
next cycle.
2. Provide statistics of the amount of activity at each remote (Average Bytes
Received).
B-2 Vipersat CDM-570/570L User Guide
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