EUser´s Manual
Bedienungsanleitung
T1950
D
Version 1.0 December 1998
®
MAGICIAN
www.behringer.de
1
EC-Declaration of Conformity
acc. to the Directives
89/336/EWG and 73/23/EWG
We, BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL GmbH
Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Straße 36-38
D - 47877 Willich
Name and address of the manufacturer or the introducer of the product on the market who is established in the EC
herewith take the sole responsibility to confirm that the product:
MAGICIAN T1950
Type designation and article-No (if applicable)
INTERNATIONAL GmbH
to which this declaration refers, is in accordance with the following standards or standardized documents:
x EN 60065 x EN 61000-3-2
x EN 55020 x EN 61000-3-3
x EN 55013
The following operation conditions and installation arrangements have to be presumed:
acc. to Operating Manual
B. Nier, President
Name, address, date and legally binding signature of the person responsible
Willich, 01.12.1998
2
SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
CAUTION: To reduce the risk of electrical shock, do not remove
the cover (or back). No user serviceable parts inside;
refer servicing to qualified personnel.
WARNING: To reduce the risk of fire or electrical shock, do not
expose this appliance to rain or moisture.
This symbol, wherever it appears, alerts
you to the presence of uninsulated
dangerous voltage inside the enclosure
- voltage that may be sufficient to constitute a risk of shock.
DETAILED SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS:
All the safety and operation instructions should be read before the appliance is operated.
Retain Instructions:
The safety and operating instructions should be retained for future reference.
Heed Warnings:
All warnings on the appliance and in the operating instructions should be adhered to.
Follow instructions:
All operation and user instructions should be followed.
Water and Moisture:
The appliance should not be used near water (e.g. near a bathtub, washbowl, kitchen sink, laundry tub, in a wet
basement, or near a swimming pool etc.).
Ventilation:
The appliance should be situated so that its location or position does not interfere with its proper ventilation.
For example, the appliance should not be situated on a bed, sofa rug, or similar surface that may block the
ventilation openings, or placed in a built-in installation, such as a bookcase or cabinet that may impede the
flow of air through the ventilation openings.
Heat:
The appliance should be situated away from heat sources such as radiators, heat registers, stoves, or other
appliance (including amplifiers) that produce heat.
Power Source:
The appliance should be connected to a power supply only of the type described in the operating instructions
or as marked on the appliance.
Grounding or Polarization:
Precautions should be taken so that the grounding or polarization means of an appliance is not defeated.
Power-Cord Protection:
Power supply cords should be routed so that they are not likely to be walked on or pinched by items placed
upon or against them, paying particular attention to cords and plugs, convenience receptacles and the point
where they exit from the appliance.
Cleaning:
The appliance should be cleaned only as recommended by the manufacturer.
Non-use Periods:
The power cord of the appliance should be unplugged from the outlet when left unused for a long period of time.
Object and Liquid Entry:
Care should be taken so that objects do not fall and liquids are not spilled into the enclosure through openings.
Damage Requiring Service:
The appliance should be serviced by qualified service personnel when:
- The power supply cord or the plug has been damaged; or
- Objects have fallen, or liquid has been spilled into the appliance; or
- The appliance has been exposed to rain; or
- The appliance does not appear to operate normally or exhibits a marked change in performance; or
- The appliance has been dropped, or the enclosure damaged.
Servicing:
The user should not attempt to service the appliance beyond that is described in the Operating Instructions. All
other servicing should be referred to qualified service personnel.
This symbol, wherever it appears, alerts
you to important operating and maintenance instructions in the accompanying
literature. Read the manual.
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3
MAGICIAN
Professional multi-purpose 8-channel Tube Interface for high-end studio and stage applications
T1950
s
Our new ULTRA-TUBE circuitry warms up your music without unwanted noise
s
A special Warmth control lets you add the amount of tube sound you want
s
Selected 12AX7 tubes for outstanding, ultra-musical tube sound
s
Gives your music that extra sparkle and definition
s
Releases untapped resources and additional details for any program material
s
Allows analog signals to mantain all their warmth into a digital recorder
s
Brings additional warmth and texture to your vocal tracks
s
Provides vintage tube sound for guitar and any other instrument
s
Adds warmth and presence to any mix
s
Perfectly emulates the tape saturation effect of analog tape recording machines
s
Servo-balanced gold-plated XLR and 1/4 TRS inputs and outputs
s
Ultra-low noise 4580 audio operational amplifiers for superior sound performance
s
High quality detent potentiometers and switches with authentic vintage style knobs
s Huge back-lit analog VU meters with stylish Retro design
s
Exceptionally rugged construction ensures long life and durability
s
Manufactured under the stringent ISO9000 management system
4
FOREWORD
Dear Customer,
We thank you for expressing your confidence in BEHRINGER products by purchasing the BEHRINGER
MAGICIAN. It is one of my most pleasant tasks to write this preface, as our engineering team has made it
possible to enhance the traditional tube circuitry design (particularly for our Vintager® series of products), and
adapt it to meet the high sound quality and dynamics requirements of modern, pro-level audio technology. The
fact that we are still fascinated by antique tube radios and amps as well as the fine and warm tonal character
that we usually associate with them, are the reasons why vacuum tubes have kept their ground even in stateof-the-art circuit topologies used especially in professional audio technology or high-end devices. We are
particularly proud that we have found an extremely effective symbiosis between solid-state and tube technologies making them affordable to anybody interested in audio technology. As always, our top-priority concern
when developing this device was the demanding end user, in other words: you. It was our major goal to meet
your demands. Sure, it meant a lot of hard work to develop such a product, but the fun has made it all
worthwhile. The shine in the eyes of the many interested musicians at the Music Fair 1997, when they saw our
Vintager models for the first time, was a lasting incentive driving our development efforts.
It is our philosophy to share our joy with you, because you are the most important member of the BEHRINGER
family. With your highly competent suggestions for new products youve greatly contributed to shaping our
company and making it successful. In return, we guarantee you uncompromising quality (manufactured under
the ISO9000 certified management system) as well as excellent technical and audio properties at an extremely favorable price. All of this will enable you to fully unfold your creativity without being hampered by
budget constraints.
E
We are often asked how we can make it to produce such high-grade devices at such unbelievably low prices.
The answer is quite simple: its you, our customers! Many satisfied customers means large sales volumes
enabling us to get better conditions of purchase for components, etc. Isnt it only fair to pass this benefit back
to you? Because we know that your success is our success, too!
I would like to thank all people whose help on Project MAGICIAN has made it all possible. Everybody has
made very personal contributions, starting from the designers of the unit via the many staff members in our
company to you, the user of BEHRINGER products.
My friends, its been worth the effort!
Thank you very much,
Uli Behringer
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 The design concept ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Before you begin ............................................................................................................................. 8
1.3 Control elements ............................................................................................................................. 8
2. OPERATION ............................................................................................................................9
3. APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Recordings with the MAGICIAN..................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Application in mixdown ................................................................................................................. 10
3.3 Copying with the MAGICIAN ......................................................................................................... 12
3.4 Versatility in studio environments .................................................................................................. 12
4. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 13
4.1 Tube history .................................................................................................................................. 13
4.2 Design and functional principle of tubes ........................................................................................ 14
4.3 Properties of tubes ........................................................................................................................ 15
4.4 The best of both worlds ................................................................................................................. 15
4.5 UTC circuit .................................................................................................................................... 16
4.6 Studio applications........................................................................................................................ 16
4.7 Tubes used in the MAGICIAN ....................................................................................................... 17
5. INSTALLATION ..................................................................................................................... 17
5.1 Rack mounting .............................................................................................................................. 17
5.2 Mains connection .......................................................................................................................... 17
5.3 Audio connections ........................................................................................................................ 18
6. SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................................20
7. WARRANTY .......................................................................................................................... 21
6
1. INTRODUCTION
With the BEHRINGER MAGICIAN T1950 you have purchased an innovative 8-channel multifunctional Tube
Interface which can be used both for recording/mixdown and dubbing or soundtrack applications. Preceding
the rest of your audio chain equipment, its an all-purpose device for any kind of digital and analog recordings
and it will enable you to make your recordings sound much better - with little effort. The newly developed UTC
circuit provides subtle sound enhancement rather than showy effects processing. In particular, digital workstations can be considerably enhanced in their sound character. You are free to use the MAGICIAN before the
recording sessions or later when you mix down the music you recorded. You can also use it to brighten up
entire MIDI productions or even movie sound recordings and thus give them their finishing touch.
Future-oriented BEHRINGER technology
With the exception of 8 selected 12AX7/ECC83 tubes, the MAGICIAN T1950 is based on SMD technology
(Surface Mounted Devices). These subminiature components known from aerospace applications ensure both
extreme packing density and greater reliability.
Sophisticated manufacturing
The TUBE MAGICIAN uses SMD technology (Surface Mounted Device). These subminiature components
known from aerospace technology allow for an extreme packing density, plus the units reliability could be
improved. Additionally, the unit is manufactured in compliance with the ISO9000 certified management system.
+ The following operational manual will introduce you to the BEHRINGER MAGICIAN and its
various functions. After reading the manual carefully, make sure it is always on hand for future
reference.
E
Use in music productions
In your daily studio work, the MAGICIAN can be used for a variety of applications that provide subtle sound
enhancement. For example, it gives percussion instruments more punch, or improves the transparency of
other instruments, particularly those rich in upper harmonics. The source material is enriched in sound volume
and brilliance. Enhanced depth makes it easier to locate individual instruments. Vocal sounds gain in presence and volume, without masking other instruments. Thus, voices become a more integral part of the overall
mix. Synthetic sounds, especially MIDI keyboard sounds become more real and natural with the MAGICIAN.
So, with the MAGICIAN you can adopt a more active approach during the mixdown process and work out
subtleties, while focusing particularly on the musical aspects of your recordings.
1.1 The design concept
Quality
The philosophy behind BEHRINGER products guarantees a no-compromise circuit design and employs the
best choice of components. The op-amps, type 4580, used in the MAGICIAN are chosen for their superior
signal-to-noise ratio, low distortion and linear performance. Additionally, the MAGICIAN uses high quality
resistors and capacitors with very tight tolerances, high-grade switches as well other selected components.
Tubes
The MAGICIAN uses 12AX7 / ECC83 tubes. These triodes are capable of handling a large dynamic range with
little microphony. Add to this their relative ruggedness and above average life span and you can see why its
one of the most popular and reliable pre-amp tubes on the market. These features also ensure you their
availability for many years to come.
Balanced inputs and outputs
As standard, the BEHRINGER MAGICIAN is installed with electronically servo-balanced inputs and outputs.
The new circuit design features automatic hum and noise reduction for balanced signals and thus allows for
trouble-free operation, even at high operating levels. Externally induced mains hum etc. will be effectively
suppressed. The automatic servo-function recognizes the presence of unbalanced connectors and adjusts the
nominal level internally to avoid level differences between the input and output signals
(correction 6dB).
1. INTRODUCTION
7
1.2 Before you begin
Your BEHRINGER MAGICIAN was carefully packed in the factory and the packaging was designed to protect
the unit from rough handling. Nevertheless, we recommend that you carefully examine the packaging and its
contents for any signs of physical damage, which may have occurred in transit.
+ If the unit is damaged, please do not return it to us, but notify your dealer and the shipping
company immediately, otherwise claims for damage or replacement may not be granted.
Shipping claims must be made by the consignee.
The BEHRINGER MAGICIAN fits into two standard 19" rack units of space (3 1/2" / 89.5 mm). Please allow at
least an additional 4" (±10 cm) depth for the connectors on the back panel.
+ Be sure that there is enough space around the unit for cooling and please do not place the
MAGICIAN on high temperature devices such as power amplifiers etc. to avoid overheating.
The mains connection of the MAGICIAN is made by using the supplied cable. It meets all of the international
safety certification requirements. Please make sure that all units have a proper ground connection.
+ Before you connect your MAGICIAN to the mains, please make sure that your local voltage
matches the voltage required by the unit!
As a standard the audio inputs and outputs on the BEHRINGER MAGICIAN are fully balanced. If possible,
connect the unit to other devices in a balanced configuration to allow for maximum interference immunity. The
automatic servo function detects unbalanced connections and compensates the level difference automatically
(6dB correction).
1.3 Control elements
The BEHRINGER MAGICIAN has eight identical channels. Each channel comes with a Warmth control, a
backlit VU Warmth meter and a tube window.
Fig. 1.1: control and display elements on the front panel
The Warmth control adjusts the amount of upper harmonics added to the original signal.
The Warmth meter allows you to monitor the amount of added upper harmonics.
Use the Power switch to turn on the BEHRINGER MAGICIAN.
8
1. INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1.2: Rear panel connectors of the BEHRINGER MAGICIAN
Please take the time and ask your dealer to fill in the warranty card. Then return it within 14 days after
the date of purchase. Otherwise, you will lose your extended warranty rights. Please check that the
series number on the unit is the same as the one indicated in the warranty card.
Before you connect the unit you should check that the voltage indicator on the voltage selector matches
your local line voltage. When you need to replace the fuse, please insert a fuse of the same type and
rating.
The MAGICIAN is connected to the mains via an IEC power connector. A suitable power cord is enclosed.
Please also note the instructions given in the APPLICATIONS Chapter.
The inputs are located on the rear panel. Both balanced 6.3 mm TRS jacks and XLR connectors can be
used.
On the output side, the TRS jacks and XLR connectors are each wired in parallel.
2. OPERATION
The BEHRINGER MAGICIAN uses our newly developed ULTRA-TUBE® technology, a development resulting
from two years of intensive research work by our engineering team. The ULTRA-TUBE technology overcomes
the problems related to tube circuitry (see Chapter 1) and generates upper harmonics, even at low saturation
levels, to give your recordings more warmth and power.
E
3. APPLICATIONS
This Chapter gives you some hints as to typical applications of the MAGICIAN, thus enabling you to use the
unit as efficiently as possible.
Please take the time to thoroughly study the example applications so that you can fully exploit the variety of
functions your BEHRINGER MAGICIAN has in store.
2. OPERATION
9
3.1 Recordings with the MAGICIAN
When you insert the MAGICIAN between your mixing console and multi-track recorder, the sound modifications produced by this device will be directly recorded on tape or hard-disk. For this purpose, connect the tape
sends (subgroup outputs) of the mixing console with the inputs on the MAGICIAN, then connect the units
outputs to the analog inputs on your multi-track recorder. As mixing consoles generally have balanced tape
sends and returns, we recommend that you wire the MAGICIAN in a balanced configuration.
BEHRINGER
00 06 34 12
REC
FFWD
STOP
PLAY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MAGICIAN Out
REW
Tape
Send
Tape
Return
Fig. 3.1: the MAGICIAN between mixing console and multi-track recorder
+ Some digital multi-track recorders have multi-pin connectors for balanced connection (i.e. to
wire them in a balanced configuration you need an adapter). Crosstalk between the channels
is therefore higher than in unbalanced configurations. In such a case, it will be wise to use
long, balanced cables between mixing console and MAGICIAN, and short, unbalanced cables
between MAGICIAN and digital multi-track recorder, so as to ensure proper signal separation
between the single channels.
3.2 Application in mixdown
Another possibility is to insert the MAGICIAN in the subgroups of the mixing console (if available). Depending
on the wiring of the inserts on the console, you either need a special 6.3 mm stereo jack insert cable that is
routed to two mono jacks (send & return), or two separate cables for the send and return path. Connect the
insert sends of the subgroups to the inputs on the MAGICIAN, and the insert returns to the outputs.
10
3. APPLICATIONS
Subgroup
Insert Send
Subgroup
Insert Return
Fig. 3.2: MAGICIAN in subgroup inserts
You can also use the MAGICIAN for the mixdown by connecting it to the insert paths of the subgroups. Simply
route the signal to be processed with the T1950 to the subgroups first, and then to the master bus. Thus, you
can employ the MAGICIAN, for example, for complete MIDI productions. Additionally, the unit can be connected to the insert paths of the individual channels. Although this will not allow for processing several signals
at the same time, it lets you tailor the sound of specific instruments or voices.
However, when using the inserts you should note that many mixing consoles have stereo insert jacks (tip =
send, ring = return, shaft = mass/shield), i.e. the signals routed to the outside world are unbalanced.
E
If you cant do without balanced signal routing for the mixdown, we recommend that you use the following
wiring scheme: connect the outputs of the multi-track recorder to the inputs of the MAGICIAN, and its outputs
to the tape return inputs on the console, in order to maintain a balanced connection to the MAGICIAN during
the mixdown.
BEHRINGER
00 06 34 12
REC
FFWD
STOP
PLAY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MAGICIAN In
Line In
REW
Fig. 3.3: MAGICIAN between multi-track recorder and mixing console
3. APPLICATIONS
11
+ You should avoid controlling the MAGICIAN from the aux busses (Aux Sends & Returns) of the
mixing console, because the signal generated by the T1950 includes the original and the
effect signals. If you added this mixed signal to the original signal in the console, the resulting
volume levels would be raised considerably.
3.3 Copying with the MAGICIAN
To enhance the sound of existing recordings, you can wire the MAGICIAN between two multi-track recorders,
so as to avoid the detour via the console (and the resulting deterioration of the signal-to-noise ratio). Simply
copy the existing audio material from one multi-track recorder to the other, with the MAGICIAN inserted
between them.
BEHRINGER
00 06 34 12
REC
FFWD
STOP
PLAY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MAGICIAN Out
REW
Tape Out
BEHRINGER
00 06 34 12
REC
FFWD
STOP
PLAY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
REW
Fig. 3.4: MAGICIAN between two multi-track recorders
3.4 Versatility in studio environments
Another highly flexible application is the use of the MAGICIAN in combination with a patchbay which allows
you to take the audio signals from the majority of your studio equipment at one central point and send it from
there to other devices. Our ULTRAPATCH PRO PX2000 gives you the option of collecting the inputs and
outputs of the MAGICIAN and freely connect them to other devices. For example, you could route the insert
paths of the subgroups or the Tape Sends & Returns to the same or another patchbay. A decisive advantage
of patchbay-based configurations is the quick access to the connectors of the MAGICIAN and a high degree of
flexibility.
12
3. APPLICATIONS
Fig. 3.5: Patchbay configuration around the MAGICIAN
4. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
4.1 Tube history
E
Due to many patent litigations, it is difficult to determine exactly when the tube was born. First developments
in tube technology were reported between 1904 and 1906. It was a research task of that time to find a suitable
method for receiving and rectifying high frequencies. On April 12, 1905, a certain Mr. Fleming was granted a
patent for his hot-cathode valve which was based on Edisons incandescent lamp. This valve was used as a
rectifier for high-frequency signals. Robert van Lieben was the first to discover (probably by chance) that the
anode current can be controlled by means of a perforated metal plate (grid), one of the milestones in the
development of amplification tubes. In 1912, Robert van Lieben finally developed the first tube for the amplification of low-frequency signals. Initially, the biggest problem was to produce sufficient volume levels, which is
why resonance step-ups (though impairing the frequency response) were used to maximize the attainable
volume. Later, the objective was to optimize the electroacoustic transducers of amplifiers in such a way that a
broad frequency band could be transmitted with the least distortion possible. However, a tube-specific problem
is its non-linear amplification curve, i.e. it modifies the sound character of the source material. Despite all
efforts to ensure a largely linear frequency response, it had to be accepted that tube devices produce a bad
sound. Additionally, the noise floor generated by the tubes limited the usable dynamics of connected storage
media (magnetic tape machines). Thus, a one-to-one reproduction of the audio signals dynamics (expressed
as the difference between the highest and lowest loudness levels of the program material) proved impossible.
To top it all, tube devices required the use of high-quality and often costly transducers and sophisticated
voltage supplies.
With the introduction of semiconductor technologies in the field of audio amplification it soon became clear that
the tube would have to give way to the transistor, as this device featured an enormously enhanced signal-tonoise ratio, less complex power supply and improved frequency response. Plus, semiconductor-based circuits
can be realized much more easily - for less money. Two decades later, the introduction of binary signal
processing meant the beginning of a new era of recording media that provided plenty of dynamic response and
allowed for loss-free copying of audio signals. As digital media were enhanced, however, many people began
to miss the warmth, power and liveliness they knew from analog recordings. This is why purists still today
consider digital recordings as sterile in sound.
4. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
13
4.2 Design and functional principle of tubes
Tubes can be roughly classified according to the number of electrodes they use. There are tubes with two,
three or five electrodes usually referred to as diodes, triodes or pentodes.
Fig. 4.1: Diode
The diode contains two electrodes in a vacuum glass bulb that have electrical connection to the outside. The
vacuum allows for a free movement of electrons. When one of the electrodes is heated up (= thus becoming a
cathode), it begins to emit electrons. When a positive DC voltage is applied to the other electrode (= anode),
the negative electrons start to wander from the cathode to the anode. With reverse polarity between cathode
and anode, a current flow is not possible because the unheated anode emits more or less no electrons. This
design was used, for example, as a rectifier in the power supplies of amplifiers. The magnitude and velocity of
the flow of electrons depend on the cathodes temperature, the material it consists of, and the magnitude of the
anode voltage. When the electrons hit the anode they produce heat that is dissipated by using large anode
plates.
Fig. 4.2: Triode
The triode has an additional metal grid between anode and cathode. By applying a negative voltage, this grid
can be used to control the internal resistance of the tube, and hence the anode current. When the grid bias
voltage (voltage between cathode and grid) becomes negative, the current flowing to the anode is reduced
because the negatively charged grid repels the arriving electrons. As a consequence, there are less electrons
to reach the anode. When the bias voltage is raised towards zero, the flow of electrons accelerates. When it
finally becomes zero or even positive, the grid current begins to flow which considerably reduces the current
flowing to the anode and can possibly destroy the tube. Triodes are most commonly used in pre-amps, often
in pairs arranged in one tube (twin triode).
Fig. 4.3: Pentode
14
4. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
In a triode the capacitance between grid and anode is a problem with regard to high frequencies and large
amplification factors. For this reason, the pentode has a positively charged screen grid between the control grid
and the anode. However, the positive charge of the screen grid attracts electrons emitted from the anode plate
when it is hit by arriving electrons. To prevent this electron emission, a decelerating or suppressor grid is
placed between anode and screen grid. As it is negatively charged it blocks the electrons, so that they cannot
reach the screen grid. Pentodes are most commonly used in power stages.
4.3 Properties of tubes
In general, the saturation (overdriving) of both transistor and tube-based circuits results in various types of
distortion. These phenomena are quite complex in the real world, but for the sake of a straightforward mathematical description we are going to classify them as linear and non-linear distortion. Linear distortion is
produced by frequency-dependent amplification or attenuation processes such as occurs in all kinds of filters
and equalizers. Linear-distortion signals have the same frequency portions both on the input and output sides,
but with different phase positions and amplitudes. Non-linear distortions have additional harmonics and distortion components that were not contained in the original input signal.
For example, when the plainest of all oscillations, a sine wave with a fixed frequency f, is overdriven, new
oscillations with frequencies of 2*f, 3*f, etc. (integral multiples of the original frequency) are produced. These
new frequencies are referred to as upper harmonics grouped as odd and even harmonics. Unlike the transistor,
saturated tubes mostly produce even harmonics which are perceived by the human ear as more pleasant in
sound than odd harmonics. Another important aspect lies in the fact that tubes produce distortion more
gradually than transistors, which is why we speak of the saturation of a Tube Stage. When you overdrive a
transistor you get a sudden square deformation of the sine signal applied at the input, which produces an
extreme harmonic spectrum at the output.
E
Non-linear distortions are measured with a distortion factor that consists of the total harmonic distortion [k] and
partial harmonic distortions [kn]. The latter are defined as the ratio between the voltage of a single harmonic
and the voltage of the distorted overall signal. Thus, the content of even harmonics is expressed as k2, k4, ...
and that of odd harmonics as k1, k3, ...
U
k
n
Formula for calculating partial harmonic distortion
The total harmonic distortion is the root of all squared distortion factors of the second and third degrees. Since
the higher harmonics have only little impact on the measured results, they can be neglected.
kkk
=+
Formula for calculating total harmonic distortion
In tube circuits the distortion factor k2 is used to describe an effect which the human ear classifies as pleasant. Also the frequency bands in which distortion occurs play an important role because the human ear
differentiates very clearly in the frequency range of human speech.
n
=
U
ges
2
2
2
3
4.4 The best of both worlds
Despite many efforts neither manufacturers nor developers have succeeded so far in simulating these positive
properties of the tube by means of other devices. Additionally, the natural capabilities of the tube to act as a
soft Limiter can only be mimicked with highly sophisticated circuitry. Todays studio technology requirements
are therefore met by a combination of both high-grade semiconductor and tube technologies. In this context,
tubes no longer serve their original purpose as amplifiers, but are used for the detailed shaping of sound.
4. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
15
4.5 UTC circuit
IN
OUT
WARMTH
Fig. 4.4: UTC circuit
The MAGICIAN splits up the audio signal applied at the input, and processes it differently for both signal
paths. Each of the two tube halves amplifies the original signal and the signal modified in its phase spectrum
(twin triode, see Chapter 1.1.2). Additional harmonics are produced by slightly overdriving the Tube Stage.
When the two signals are processed by the UTC circuit, the interference noise found in conventional tube
circuits can be largely eliminated, and the actual tube effect be added gradually. The more you turn the
Warmth control to the right, the more tube sound will be added to the original signal.
A closer look at developments and trends in audio technology shows that tubes are currently enjoying a
renaissance, in a time when even amateur musicians are free to use digital effects processors and recording
media, and ever more affordable digital mixing consoles are becoming a natural part of the equipment of many
semiprofessional studios. Manufacturers try, with ever new algorithms, to get the most out of DSPs (Digital
Signal Processors), the heart of any digital system.
Still, many audio engineers, particularly old hands often prefer using both old and new tube-equipped devices.
As they want to use their warm sound character for their productions, they are ready to accept that these
goodies produce a higher noise floor than modern, transistor-based devices. As a consequence, you can find
a variety of tube-based microphones, equalizers, Pre-amps and compressors in todays recording and mastering environments. The combination of semiconductor and tube technologies gives you the additional possibility
of using the best of both worlds, while being able to make up for their specific drawbacks.
4.6 Studio applications
In a recording studio tubes do not pervorm the same task as they do in an overdriven guitar amp, where the
considerably higher saturation of the tube(s) leads to a full and often deliberate modification of the input signal
(in many cases combined with a heavy increase in noise floor levels). In the studio more subtle effects are
needed. Here, tube circuits add life to the signals tonal character and increase its power to make itself heard.
Often, tubes also increase the signals perceived loudness (in relation to the unprocessed signal), i.e. the
perceived loudness goes up although the volume level remains the same. This is because the dynamic range
of the applied audio signal is limited by the tube circuit, while the amplitude of the signal with the lowest
loudness is raised. Thus, increasing tube saturation produces a slight compression effect over the entire
dynamic range.
16
4. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
A similar effect can be perceived when analog tape is saturated. This saturation effect also compresses the
recorded audio material and produces additional harmonics.
dB
100
75
50
25
Video Tape
Fig. 4.5: Dynamic range of various media
FM Radio
Analog Records
Analog Tape
Compact Disc
Digital Tape (16 Bit)
Analog Mixing Console
4.7 Tubes used in the MAGICIAN
The BEHRINGER MAGICIAN is equipped with 8 selected 12AX7/ECC83 tubes. These triode tubes feature a
wide dynamic range and they are less susceptible to microphony. With their mechanical robustness and
better-than-average service life they are among the most reliable and best selling pre-amp tubes on the market,
ensuring their long-term availability.
+ Please make sure that the unit is set up and operated by qualified personnel only. Proper
ground connection of the operators must be maintained both during and after installation
because discharges, or similar effects, could impair the operational properties of the unit.
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5. INSTALLATION
Your BEHRINGER MAGICIAN was carefully packed in the factory and the packaging was designed to protect
the unit from rough handling. Nevertheless, we recommend that you carefully examine the packaging and its
contents for any signs of physical damage, which may have occurred in transit.
+ If the unit is damaged, please do not return it to us, but notify your dealer and the shipping
company immediately, otherwise claims for damage or replacement may not be granted.
Shipping claims must be made by the consignee.
5.1 Rack mounting
The BEHRINGER MAGICIAN fits into one standard 19" rack unit of space (3 1/2" / 89.5 mm). Please allow at
least an additional 4" depth for the connectors on the back panel. Be sure that there is enough air space
around the unit for cooling and please do not place the MAGICIAN on high temperature devices such as power
amplifiers etc. to avoid overheating.
5.2 Mains connection
The mains connection of the MAGICIAN is made by using a mains cable and a standard IEC receptacle. It
meets all of the international safety certification requirements.
5. INSTALLATION
17
+ Please make sure that all units have a proper ground connection. For your own safety, it is
advisable not to remove the ground connection within the units or at the supply, or fail to
make this connection at all.
The audio ground of the MAGICIAN is internally capacitor de-coupled, to isolate it from the supply earth. It is
therefore not advantageous to attempt ground loop problem solving using this method.
Before you switch on the unit, check that it is configured to match your AC mains voltage requirements. If it
does not comply, then it is necessary to switch the operating voltage to the correct supply requirements
BEFORE turning on the unit, otherwise the unit could be severely damaged. You will find this combined fuse
holder/voltage selector at the back, adjacent to the IEC receptacle. IMPORTANT: This does not apply for
general export models which are built for one operating voltage only.
The AC voltage selection is defined by the position of the fuse holder. If you intend to change the operating
voltage, remove the fuse holder and twist it by 180 degrees before you reinsert it. Matching the two markers
monitors the selected voltage.
+ If the unit is switched to another operating voltage, the fuse rating must be changed. See the
technical specifications in the appendix
A safety fuse protects the unit from serious defects. If the fuse blows, this is a warning sign and always
indicates that the circuit is overloaded. The fault must always be repaired before the fuse is replaced. If the
safety fuse is faulty and needs replacing after the unit is repaired, please make sure that you replace it only
with the identical type and rating. NEVER use fuses of different ratings or cover faulty fuses with aluminium foil.
This can cause fire and electric shocks and will endanger your life and the lives of others.
5.3 Audio connections
As standard, the BEHRINGER MAGICIAN is installed with electronically servo-balanced inputs and outputs.
This circuit design features automatic hum and noise reduction for balanced signals and thus allows for troublefree operation, even at high operating levels. Externally induced mains hum etc. will be effectively suppressed.
The automatic servo-function recognizes the presence of unbalanced connectors and adjusts the nominal level
internally to avoid level differences between the input and output signals (correction 6dB).
+ Please ensure that only qualified persons install and operate the MAGICIAN. During installa-
tion and operation the user must have sufficient electrical contact to earth. Electrostatic charges
might affect the operation of the MAGICIAN!
Cable InputOutput
Pin 1
2 1
Pin 2 = (+) Signal Positive
Shield
(+) Signal + Hum
(-) Signal + Hum
3
Pin 3 = (-) Signal
RFI and Hum
1 2
3
Ground
Negative
(+)Hum + Signal
(-)Hum + Signal
2 x Signal
= Signal + 6 dB
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Fig. 5.1: Compensation of interference with balanced connections
5. INSTALLATION
Unbalanced use of
mono 1/4" jack plugs
Balanced use of
stereo 1/4" jack plugs
Tip =
Signal
Sleeve =
Ground / Shield
Tip
Sleeve
Strain relief clamp
2 1
Balanced use with XLR connectors
1 = Ground / Shield
2 = hot (+ve)
3 = cold (-ve)
Tip =
hot (+ve)
Ring =
cold (-ve)
Sleeve =
Ground / Shield
Tip
Ring
Sleeve
Strain relief clamp
For connection of balanced and
unbalanced plugs, ring and sleeve have
to be bridged at the stereo plug.
1 2
3
Input Output
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3
For unbalanced use pin 1 and pin 3 have to be bridged
Fig. 5.2: Different plug types
5. INSTALLATION
19
6. SPECIFICATIONS
Audio input
Connectors XLR and 1/4 jack
Type transformerless, DC-decoupled input
Impedance 50 kOhm balanced, 25 kOhm unbalanced
Maximum input level +23dBu balanced and unbalanced
CMRR typ. 40dB, >55dB @ 1kHz
Audio output
Connectors XLR and TRS 1/4" jack
Type electronically servo-balanced output stage
Impedance 60 Ohms balanced, 30 Ohm unbalanced
Max. output level +21dBu, +20dBm balanced and unbalanced
System specifications
Bandwidth 10Hz to 200 kHz, +/- 3dB
Signal-to-noise ratio >100dB, unweighted, 22Hz to 22 kHz
THD 0.011 % typ. @ +4dBu, 1 kHz, Gain 1
IMD 0.01 % typ. SMPTE
Power supply
Mains voltages USA/Canada ~ 120 V AC, 60Hz
U.K./Australia ~ 240 V AC, 50Hz
Europe ~ 230 V AC, 50Hz
general Export Model ~ 100-120 V AC, ~ 200-240 V AC, 50-60Hz
Power consumption 65 Watts
Fuse 100-120 V AC: 2.5 A (slow-blow)
200-240 V AC: 1.25 A (slow-blow)
Mains connection standard IEC receptacle
Physical
Dimension 3 1/2" (89.5 mm) * 19" (482.6 mm) * 8 1/2" (217 mm)
Net weight 8.0 kg
Shipping weight 10.0 kg
BEHRINGER is constantly striving to maintain the highest professional standards. As a result of these efforts, modifications may be made from time
to time to existing products without prior notice. Specifications and appearance may differ from those listed or shown.
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6. SPECIFICATIONS
7. WARRANTY
§ 1 WARRANTY CARD
To be protected by this warranty, the buyer must complete and
return the enclosed warranty card (signed/stamped by retail
dealer) within 14 days of the date of purchase to BEHRINGER
INTERNATIONAL (address see § 3). Failure to return the card in
due time (date as per postmark) will void any extended warranty
claims.
§ 2 WARRANTY
1. BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL warrants the mechanical and
electronic components of this product to be free of defects in
material and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the
original date of purchase, in accordance with the warranty regulations described below. If any defects occur within the specified warranty period that are not caused by normal wear or
inappropriate use, BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL shall, at its sole
discretion, either repair or replace the product.
2. If the warranty claim proves to be justified, the product will be
returned freight prepaid by BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL within
Germany. Outside of Germany, the product will be returned at
the buyers expense.
3. Warranty claims other than those indicated above are expressly excluded.
§ 3 RETURN AUTHORIZATION NUMBER
1. To obtain warranty service, the buyer must call BEHRINGER
INTERNATIONAL during normal business hours BEFORE returning the product (Tel.: +49 (0) 21 54 / 92 06 66). All inquiries must
be accompanied by a description of the problem. BEHRINGER
INTERNATIONAL will then issue a return authorization number.
2. The product must be returned in its original shipping carton,
together with the return authorization number, to the following
address:
BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL GmbH
Service Department
Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Str. 36-38
D - 47877 Willich-Münchheide
3. Shipments without freight prepaid will not be accepted.
§ 4 WARRANTY REGULATIONS
1. Warranty services will be furnished only if the product is
accompanied by an original retail dealers invoice. Any product
deemed eligible for repair or replacement by BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL under the terms of this warranty will be repaired or
replaced within 30 days of receipt of the product at BEHRINGER
INTERNATIONAL.
2. If the product needs to be modified or adapted in order to
comply with applicable technical or safety standards on a national or local level, in any country which is not the country for
which the product was originally developed and manufactured,
this modification/adaptation shall not be considered a defect in
materials or workmanship. The warranty does not cover any
such modification/adaptation, irrespective of whether it was
carried out properly or not. Under the terms of this warranty,
BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL shall not be held responsible for
any cost resulting from such a modification/adaptation.
3. Free inspections, maintenance/repair work and replacement
of parts are expressly excluded from this warranty, in particular
if caused by inappropriate use. Likewise, the warranty does not
cover defects of expendable parts caused by normal wear of
the product. Expendable parts are typically faders, potentiometers, switches and similar components.
4. Damages/defects caused by the following conditions are not
covered by this warranty:
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misuse, neglect or failure to operate the unit in compliance
with the instructions given in the user or service manuals.
s
connection or operation of the unit in any way that does not
comply with the technical or safety regulations applicable in
the country where the product is used.
s
damages/defects that are caused by force majeure or by
any other condition beyond the control of BEHRINGER
INTERNATIONAL.
5. Any repair carried out by unauthorized personnel will void the
warranty.
6. Products which do not meet the terms of this warranty will be
repaired exclusively at the buyers expense. BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL will inform the buyer of any such circumstance. If the
buyer fails to submit a written repair order within 4 weeks after
notification, BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL will return the unit
C.O.D. with a separate invoice for freight and packing. Such
cost will also be invoiced separately when the buyer has sent in
a written repair order.
§ 5 WARRANTY TRANSFERABILITY
This warranty is extended exclusively to the original buyer (customer of retail dealer) and is not transferable to anyone who
may subsequently purchase this product. No other person (retail dealer, etc.) shall be entitled to give any warranty promise on
behalf of BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL.
§ 6 CLAIM FOR DAMAGES
Failure of BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL to provide proper warranty service shall not entitle the buyer to claim (consequential)
damages. In no event shall the liability of BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL exceed the invoiced value of the product.
§ 7 OTHER WARRANTY RIGHTS
This warranty does not exclude or limit the buyers statutory
rights provided by national law, in particular, any such rights
against the seller that arise from a legally effective purchase
contract.
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The information contained in this manual is subject to change without notice. No part of this manual may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording of any kind, for any
purpose, without the express written permission of BEHRINGER GmbH.
BEHRINGER, MAGICIAN, VINTAGER and ULTRA-TUBE are registered trademarks. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED © 1998 BEHRINGER.
BEHRINGER INTERNATIONAL GmbH, Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Str. 36-38, D-47877 Willich-Münchheide II
Tel. +49 (0) 21 54 / 92 06-0, Fax +49 (0) 21 54 / 92 06-30
7. WARRANTY
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