Page 1
Service
Workshop Manual
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ ,
Audi A1 2011 ➤ ,
Audi A1 Sportback 2018 ➤ ,
Audi A2 2001 ➤ , Audi A3 1997 ➤ ,
Audi A3 2004 ➤ , Audi A3 2013 ➤ ,
Audi A4 1995 ➤ , Audi A4 2001 ➤ ,
Audi A4 2008 ➤ , Audi A4 2015 ➤ ,
Audi A4 Cabriolet 2003 ➤ ,
Audi A5 Cabriolet 2009 ➤ ,
Audi A5 Coupé 2008 ➤ , Audi A6 1995 ➤ ,
Audi A6 1998 ➤ , Audi A6 2005 ➤ ,
Audi A6 2011 ➤ , Audi A6 2019 ➤ ,
Audi A6 China 2012 ➤ ,
Audi A7 Sportback 2011 ➤ ,
Audi A7 Sportback 2018 ➤ ,
Audi A8 1994 ➤ , Audi A8 2003 ➤ ,
Audi A8 2010 ➤ , Audi A8 2018 ➤ ,
Audi Cabriolet 1991 ➤ , Audi Q2 2016 ➤ ,
Audi Q3 2012 ➤ , Audi Q3 2019 ➤ ,
Audi Q3 China 2019 ➤ ,
Audi Q3 Sportback 2020 ➤ ,
Audi Q5 2008 ➤ , Audi Q5 2017 ➤ ,
Audi Q5 China 2010 ➤ , Audi Q7 2007 ➤ ,
Audi Q7 2016 ➤ , Audi R8 2007 ➤ ,
Audi R8 2015 ➤ , Audi TT 1999 ➤ ,
Audi TT 2007 ➤ , Audi TT 2015 ➤ ,
Audi e-tron 2019 ➤
Wheels and tyres
Edition 11.2019
Service Department. Technical Information
Page 2
List of Workshop Manual Repair Groups
Re pa ir G ro up
44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Service
Technical information should always be available to the foremen and mechanics, because their
careful and constant adherence to the instructions is essential to ensure vehicle road-worthiness and
safety. In addition, the normal basic safety precautions for working on motor vehicles must, as a
matter of course, be observed.
All rights reserved.
No reproduction without prior agreement from publisher.
Copyright © 2019 Audi AG, Ingolstadt A00ARRA0020
Page 3
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Contents
44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 Requirements for retrofitting different wheel/tyre combinations (documents) . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Legal requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Technical requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Registration documents since 1 October 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 COC document (EC certificate of conformity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Tightening wheel bolts correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5 Additional wheel housing extensions (flaps) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6 Rims with bonded wheel trim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7 Rims with exchangeable trim elements (bonded) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.1 Removing trim element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.2 Installing trim element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8 Rims with exchangeable trim elements (bolted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
9 Split-rim composite wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
10 Wheel bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
10.1 Anti-theft wheel bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
10.2 Adapter sets for anti-theft wheel bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
11 Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator . . 22
11.1 General information on wheels and tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
11.2 Exploded view of components for light alloy wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
11.3 Exploded view of components for PAX run-flat tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
11.4 Instructions for changing/fitting wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
11.5 Removing and fitting run-flat tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11.6 Safety notes for run-flat tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11.7 Conditions for fitting run-flat tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
11.8 Unseating run-flat tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11.9 Removing run-flat tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11.10 Fitting run-flat tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
11.11 Removing standard tyres without run-flat capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
11.12 Fitting standard tyres without run-flat capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
12 Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
12.1 Exploded view - tyre pressure sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
12.2 Removing and installing metal valve body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
12.3 Tightening torque of union nut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
12.4 Wheel electronics (TPMS) - Beru system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
12.5 Wheel electronics (TPMS) - Siemens system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
12.6 Wheel electronics - new design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
12.7 Direct measurement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
12.8 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI) - indirect measurement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
12.9 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI+) - indirect measurement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
12.10 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI) with wheel speed sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
13 Repairing slight damage on rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
14 Identification markings on the tyre sidewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
14.1 Designations on sidewall of tyres with run-flat system (PAX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
14.2 EU tyre label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
15 Tyre requirements and tyre maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Contents i
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Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
15.2 Requirements to be met by tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
15.3 Factors influencing the service life of a tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
15.4 Tyre pressure (maintenance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
15.5 Driving style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
15.6 Measuring tread depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
15.7 Speed rating / maximum speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
15.8 Speed symbols for tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
15.9 Winter tyres with speed symbol “H” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
15.10 Winter tyres with speed symbol “V” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
15.11 Load rating code/load index (LI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
15.12 Reinforced/Extra Load (XL) tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
15.13 Extra Load (XL) V winter tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
15.14 Snow chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
15.15 The valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
15.16 Tyre storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
15.17 Storing the tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
15.18 Tyre ageing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
15.19 Renewing tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
15.20 Care and maintenance of alloy wheel rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
15.21 Tyres with rim protectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
16 Tyre wear / mileage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
16.1 General notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
16.2 Wear of high-speed tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
16.3 Evenly worn tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
16.4 One-sided wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
16.5 Permissible differences in tread depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
16.6 One-sided wear - adjustment error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
16.7 Wear in middle of tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
16.8 Diagonal erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
16.9 Wear - adjustment error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
17 Permissible differences in tread depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
17.1 Models with longitudinally installed engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
17.2 Models with transversely installed engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
17.3 Audi e-tron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
18 Tyre noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
18.1 General notes on tyre noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
18.2 Saw-tooth wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
18.3 Flat spots (brake-flatting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
19 Rough running caused by wheels/tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
19.1 Causes of rough running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
19.2 Flat spots caused by storage or handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
20 Wheel balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
20.1 General notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
20.2 Conducting a road test before balancing wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
20.3 Balancing wheels on stationary wheel balancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
20.4 Wheels with sensitive surfaces and bonded wheel trims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
20.5 Work sequence when balancing wheels and tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
20.6 Finish balancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
20.7 Vibration control system VAS 6230 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
20.8 Radial and lateral run-out on wheel/tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
20.9 Checking radial and lateral run-out of wheels and tyres on V.A.G 1435 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
20.10 Checking radial and lateral run-out of wheels and tyres with wheel balancing machine
centring system VAS 5271 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
20.11 Checking radial and lateral run-out on rim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
20.12 Match mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
ii Contents
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Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
21 Vehicle pulls to one side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
21.1 General notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
21.2 Remedies when vehicle pulls to one side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
21.3 Strategic rotation of wheels for non-directional tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
21.4 Strategic rotation of wheels for unidirectional tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
22 Tyre damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
22.1 General notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
22.2 Checking tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
22.3 Construction of belted radial tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
22.4 Torn tread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
22.5 Undulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
22.6 Impact damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
22.7 Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
22.8 Damage caused by foreign objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
22.9 Loss of air from tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
22.10 Damage occurring when fitting tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
22.11 Bead damage caused by fitting machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
22.12 Tyre pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
22.13 Tyre damage due to insufficient inflation pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
22.14 Slow loss of tyre pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
22.15 Temperature increase caused by insufficient inflation pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
22.16 Tears in tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
23 Vehicles with breakdown set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
23.1 Tyre sealant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
23.2 Removing a tyre from the rim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
23.3 Disposal of sealant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
23.4 Fitting a new tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
24 Temporary spare wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
24.1 Notes on the use of temporary spare wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
25 Run-flat tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
25.1 Renewing tyres/conditions for use of run-flat tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
25.2 Tyres with run-flat capability (PAX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
25.3 Self supporting tyres (SST) with run-flat capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
25.4 Tyres with run-flat capability (Seal Inside technology) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
25.5 Servicing tyres with run-flat capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Contents iii
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
iv Contents
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
44 – Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
1 Requirements for retrofitting different
wheel/tyre combinations (docu‐
ments)
(ARL006771; Edition 11.2019)
⇒ “1.1 Legal requirements”, page 1
⇒ “1.2 Technical requirements”, page 2
⇒ “1.3 Registration documents since 1 October 2005”,
page 2
⇒ “1.4 COC document (EC certificate of conformity)”, page 3
⇒ “14.2 EU tyre label”, page 62
⇒ “17 Permissible differences in tread depth”, page 85
1.1 Legal requirements
The manufacturer is granted a general operating permit for the
entire vehicle including all parts and for specific conversions (gen‐
eral certification according to § 20 StVZO in Germany and/or EC
type approval).
Different wheels and tyres may only be fitted under certain con‐
ditions. The following points must be observed:
♦ The wheel/tyre combination can be fitted on the vehicle with‐
out restrictions if the wheel and tyre sizes, including the load
index and speed symbol, are specified in the general operating
permit and/or EC type approval.
The wheel/tyre combination indicated on the registration docu‐
ment (part 1) does not have to be fitted on the vehicle. All
combinations approved according the vehicle's general operating
permit and/or the EC type approval may be fitted on the vehicle.
♦ There is no general type approval according to § 22 of the
German Road Traffic Permit Act (StVZO) for the recommen‐
ded conversions (refer to the annex to the approval certificate).
♦ If the wheels and/or tyres are not specified in the general op‐
erating permit and/or the EC type approval, the vehicle no
longer complies with the regulations according to the German
Vehicle Registration Law (FZV) following the conversion.
The information given here refers to legal requirements in the Eu‐
ropean Union and does not claim to be exhaustive. The legal
requirements in non-EU countries may differ.
The tables contained in the annex to the approval certificate show
the recommended wheel/tyre combinations approved by a tech‐
nical inspection authority which may be fitted on the vehicles and
the conditions which must be taken into account. The use of Gen‐
uine wheels on a vehicle to which they have not been assigned
is not permitted.
The possible conversions listed below are combinations that meet
the requirements for handling and road safety. They are the result
of practical tests and are recommended for this reason.
1. Requirements for retrofitting different wheel/tyre combinations (documents) 1
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Please also observe the notes on the new vehicle registration
documents since 01.10.2005.
1.2 Technical requirements
• The wheel/tyre combinations and conversions listed in the ta‐
bles for the individual models refer exclusively to Genuine
wheels.
• It is not possible to approve wheel/tyre combinations or con‐
versions for wheels/rims from accessories dealers with the
tyre approval certificate.
• Tubeless radial tyres may only be fitted to rims with a safety
hump feature on the shoulder (e.g. round hump).
• Run-flat tyres (with reinforced side wall) must only be fitted on
wheels with extended hump and vehicles with Tyre Pressure
Monitoring System/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator.
• Run-flat tyres must only be fitted on vehicles with Tyre Pres‐
sure Monitoring System/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator.
• The correct tyre pressures must be observed when the speci‐
fied wheel/tyre combinations are used. Tyre pressures are
listed on a tyre pressure sticker on the inside of the fuel tank
flap or on the B-pillar on the driver's side.
• Sufficient clearance between the wheels/tyres and the wheel
housings, suspension and brake system components is en‐
sured under all operating conditions if the instructions and
conditions specified in the approval certificate are observed.
• Unless specified otherwise, snow chains may only be fitted on
the driven wheels. On vehicles with four-wheel drive, snow
chains may only be fitted on the front wheels.
Additional wheel housing extensions (flaps)
For reasons of approval, some vehicles with certain wheel/tyre
combinations must be fitted with wheel housing extensions (flaps)
on the wing panels/bumper -arrows-.
Please check whether wheel housing extensions must be fitted
on the vehicle.
Please refer to the overview table for the vehicle for the necessary
information on wheel/tyre combinations.
1.3 Registration documents since 1 October
2005
The implementation of the EU guideline 1999/37/EC "Registration
documents for vehicles" into German law and data-protection re‐
quirements have made it necessary to introduce new forgeryproof registration documents.
Since 1 October 2005 registration authorities only issue the new
documentation for the registration of new vehicles, for the regis‐
tration of new owners, for entering technical modifications and all
other submissions.
The new registration documents consist of the following:
♦ Registration document (part I) and
♦ Registration document (part II).
2 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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The registration document (part 1)
♦ contains all technical vehicle data required for vehicle regis‐
tration in Europe; however only one approved standard wheel/
tyre combination is indicated.
♦ contains the alphanumerical codes standardised within the EU
and assigned to the technical data so that the German regis‐
tration document can be used to register the vehicle in another
EU country without any problems.
♦ contains an entry field for documenting the temporary or final
decommissioning of the vehicle and is therefore no longer
withdrawn in these cases.
The registration document (part 2)
♦ contains the information that the bearer of the registration
document is not identified as the owner of the vehicle.
♦ contains only the current and, if applicable, the last owner of
the vehicle; the number of previous owners is indicated.
♦ contains only a small part of the technical vehicle data.
♦ is no longer used to document a temporary decommissioning
of the vehicle. The vehicle and body type indicated under item
1 of the old vehicle documentation is no longer given. In the
new documentation it is replaced by vehicle classes with body
types standardised within the EU.
There are hardly any changes for the driver of the vehicle resulting
from the introduction of the new registration documents.
Like the old registration document, the new registration document
(part 1) must be kept in the vehicle and presented for inspection
to authorised persons when requested.
The wheel/tyre combination indicated on the registration docu‐
ment (part 1) does not have to be fitted on the vehicle. All
combinations approved according the vehicle's general operating
permit and/or the EC type approval may be fitted.
The permissibility of a wheel/tyre combination that is not in line
with the vehicle's general operating permit and/or the EC type
approval must still be verified with an entry in the registration
document (part 1), an installation certificate (based on a parts
certificate) or an operating permit for the wheel/tyre combination.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
1.4 COC document (EC certificate of con‐
formity)
An automobile manufacturer must apply for an EC operating per‐
mit for all passenger cars (vehicle class M1).
A certificate - the so-called COC (Certificate of Conformity) - is
issued on the basis of this operating permit.
This document certifies that the vehicle conforms with the EC op‐
erating permit (EC type approval) and can be registered in every
EU country without the need for individual approval.
The document is issued for all vehicles produced in accordance
with the EC operating permit.
These vehicles are marked with an EC type approval (black stick‐
er) on the driver's door; or in the engine compartment on older
vehicles.
The COC document has the same significance as the registration
documents; the original certificate should therefore not be kept in
the vehicle.
1. Requirements for retrofitting different wheel/tyre combinations (documents) 3
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
The COC document contains comprehensive technical vehicle
data and all permissible wheel/tyre combinations.
4 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 11
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2 General information
⇒ “3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6
⇒ “4 Tightening wheel bolts correctly”, page 8
⇒ “12 Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/Tyre Pressure Loss In‐
dicator”, page 49
⇒ “17 Permissible differences in tread depth”, page 85
Note
♦
The specified tyre pressures are listed on the sticker in the
vehicle; these figures can be taken as correct.
♦
If there is no tyre pressure sticker in the vehicle, it must be
ordered ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue .
♦
Proper wheel alignment is very important for ensuring the
maximum service life of the tyre. The wheel alignment must
always be within the specified tolerance range.
♦
Information on wheel alignment ⇒ Running gear, front-wheel
drive and four-wheel drive; Rep. gr. 44 .
♦
The tyre properties change as a result of normal tyre wear.
Rolling noises or rough running can be the result of such wear.
These are simply the symptoms of normal wear and tear and
do not constitute damage in the sense of the tyre being de‐
fective. You can take measures to eliminate the symptoms at
least to some degree. However, in some cases it may not be
possible to eliminate tyre noise completely.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
2. General information 5
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts
⇒ “4 Tightening wheel bolts correctly”, page 8
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6
3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts
Caution
Depending on the model, the wheel bolts have different lengths
and contact surfaces.
It is important to use the correct type of wheel bolts to ensure
that the wheel bolts and the wheels are properly secured.
Make sure that the correct type of wheel bolts are fitted; refer
to ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue .
The contact surfaces of the wheel bolts must be clean and free
of grease.
The contact surfaces of the wheel bolts must not be greased
or oiled.
Audi A1
Model Tightening torque
A1/S1/A1 quattro, all types 120 Nm
Audi A2
Model Tightening torque
A2, type 8Z 120 Nm
Audi A3
Model Tightening torque
A3, type 8L only 120 Nm
A3, all types except 8L 140 Nm
Audi A4
Model Tightening torque
RS 4, type 8D only 140 Nm
A4, all types (except RS 4, type
8D)
Audi A5
Model Tightening torque
A5, all types 120 Nm
120 Nm
Audi A6/Audi A7
Model Tightening torque
A6, all types 120 Nm
A7, all types 120 Nm
6 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 13
Audi A8
Audi TT
Audi R8
Audi Q2
Audi Q3
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Model Tightening torque
A8, all types 120 Nm
Model Tightening torque
TT, all types 120 Nm
Model Tightening torque
R8, all types 120 Nm
Model Tightening torque
Q2, all types 140 Nm
Model Tightening torque
Q3, all types 140 Nm
Audi Q5
Model Tightening torque
Q5, all types 140 Nm
Audi Q7/Audi Q8
Model Tightening torque
Q7, all types 160 Nm
Q8, all types 160 Nm
Audi e-tron
Model Tightening torque
Audi e-tron, type GE 160 Nm
PAX wheels
Model Tightening torque
PAX wheels, A6 140 Nm
PAX wheels, A8 140 Nm
Security
Model Tightening torque
A6 Security 140 Nm
A8 Security 140 Nm
3. Tightening torques for wheel bolts 7
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
4 Tightening wheel bolts correctly
Caution
To make sure the wheel bolts are properly secured:
The contact surfaces of the wheel bolts must be clean and free
of grease.
The contact surfaces of the wheel bolts must not be greased
or oiled.
The correct wheel bolts must be used.
The wheel bolts have different lengths and contact surfaces
depending on the model ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue .
Tighten all wheel bolts to the specified torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6 .
Also note the following:
Observe the following sequence and notes to ensure the wheel
bolts are fitted correctly.
Note
Do NOT use an impact wrench to screw in the wheel bolts.
♦ Before fitting a wheel, thoroughly clean the wheel hub, all con‐
tact surfaces between the rim and the wheel hub, and the
surfaces for the wheel bolts on the rim.
♦ Before fitting wheel bolts, thoroughly clean their threads and
the contact surfaces of the shoulders on the wheel bolts.
♦ Apply a thin coat of Optimol paste (⇒ Electronic parts cata‐
logue ) to the threads of the wheel bolts.
♦ The contact surfaces of the wheel bolts must be clean and free
of grease.
♦ Do NOT use an impact wrench to screw in the wheel bolts.
♦ Screw in all the wheel bolts in diagonal sequence until the
wheel is seated securely on the hub; only then should the ve‐
hicle be lowered to the ground.
♦ Lower the vehicle to the ground.
♦ Make sure to use the correct tool width across flats for tight‐
ening the wheel bolts to the correct torque.
♦ Set torque wrench to the correct torque
⇒ “3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6 .
♦ Tighten all the wheel bolts in diagonal sequence to the speci‐
fied torque with the vehicle on the ground.
⇒ “3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6
♦ Re-check each wheel bolt at least once using the correctly set
torque wrench; observe the specified tightening torques
⇒ “3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6 .
♦ By re-checking the tightening torque, make sure that ALL
wheel bolts on ALL wheels have been tightened to the speci‐
fied torque.
8 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 15
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If all the work steps listed above have been completed properly,
the wheel bolts do not have to be re-tightened after a certain
mileage.
Note
♦
After checking that ALL wheel bolts have been tightened to the
correct torque, fit caps completely and firmly onto wheel bolts.
♦
To do so, use the back end of a screwdriver or a suitable tool.
Take care not to damage the caps.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
4. Tightening wheel bolts correctly 9
Page 16
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
5 Additional wheel housing extensions
(flaps)
For technical reasons, some vehicles with certain wheel/tyre com‐
binations must be fitted with wheel housing extensions (flaps) on
the wing panels/bumper -arrows-.
Please check whether wheel housing extensions must be fitted
on the vehicle.
Please refer to the overview table for the vehicle for the necessary
information on wheel/tyre combinations.
10 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 17
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6 Rims with bonded wheel trim
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
6. Rims with bonded wheel trim 11
Page 18
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
7 Rims with exchangeable trim ele‐
ments (bonded)
⇒ “7.1 Removing trim element”, page 12
7.1 Removing trim element
Special tools and workshop equipment required
♦ Removal wedge - 3409-
♦ Hot air blower - V.A.G 1416-
Note
The trim element cannot be removed without being damaged irreparably.
12 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 19
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Release lock washers -2- on inside of light alloy wheel.
– Heat trim element -1- from outside with hot air blower - V.A.G
1416- .
Caution
Take care not to overheat tyres and light allow wheels.
– Release trim element -1- from inside of light alloy wheel using
removal wedge - 3409- .
– Reach under one of the corners from outside and pull trim el‐
ement -1- firmly off light alloy wheel.
Note
♦
Remove the spots of PUR adhesive from the light alloy wheel by cutting them off.
♦
Remaining material can be used as an adhesive base for the new trim element.
♦
The new trim element can be fitted immediately ⇒ page 14 .
7. Rims with exchangeable trim elements (bonded) 13
Page 20
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
7.2 Installing trim element
Special tools and workshop equipment required
♦ Hand-cartridge gun - V.A.G 1628-
♦ 1-component window adhesive -DH 009 100 A2-
♦ Silicone remover -LSE 020 100 A3-
These light alloy wheels are fitted with exchangeable trim ele‐
ments. Please observe the following instructions during installa‐
tion.
♦ Make sure that the bonding surfaces in the light allow wheel
and on the trim element are free from dust and grease.
♦ Clean bonding surfaces with silicone remover - LSE 020 100
A3- .
14 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Apply 1-component window adhesive - DH 009 100 A2- to
bonding surface -arrows- using hand-cartridge gun - V.A.G
1628- .
• Spot of adhesive: length = approx. 25 mm and width =
approx. 10 mm
7. Rims with exchangeable trim elements (bonded) 15
Page 22
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Press trim element -2- firmly onto light alloy wheel -1-.
– Secure trim element -2- on inside of light alloy wheel with lock
washers -3-.
Minimum drying time: 3 hours (ambient temperature at least 15 °
C)
WARNING
The light alloy wheel must be re-balanced.
16 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 23
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8 Rims with exchangeable trim ele‐
ments (bolted)
These rims are fitted with exchangeable trim elements. Please
observe the following instructions during installation.
– Clean thread in rim before screwing in the new bolts.
– Always use new bolts.
1 - Trim element
2 - Hexagon socket head bolts
Tightening torque for self-locking hexagon socket head bolts:
5 Nm
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
8. Rims with exchangeable trim elements (bolted) 17
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
9 Split-rim composite wheels
Composite wheels consist of several components.
The essential components are the rim and the wheel disc. These
components are bolted together with special bolts with a special
method. This ensures that the wheel functions properly, that it is
sealed and safe and that it runs true. These requirements cannot
be met with workshop equipment and under workshop conditions.
WARNING
Composite wheels must not be dismantled or repaired.
18 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 25
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10 Wheel bolts
Caution
Depending on the model, the wheel bolts have different lengths
and contact surfaces.
Make sure that the correct type of wheel bolts are fitted; refer
to ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue .
It is important to use the correct type of wheel bolts to ensure
that the wheel bolts and the wheels are properly secured.
The contact surfaces of the wheel bolts must be clean and free
of grease.
The contact surfaces of the wheel bolts must not be greased
or oiled.
One-piece wheel bolt (standard)
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Two-piece wheel bolt (short, rotating shoulder) - mainly for S
models
10. Wheel bolts 19
Page 26
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Two-piece wheel bolt (long, rotating shoulder) - mainly for Q mod‐
els
10.1 Anti-theft wheel bolts
Caution
Depending on the model, the wheel bolts have different lengths
and contact surfaces.
Make sure that the correct type of wheel bolts are fitted; refer
to ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue .
It is important to use the correct type of wheel bolts to ensure
that the wheel bolts and the wheels are properly secured.
The contact surfaces of the wheel bolts must be clean and free
of grease.
The contact surfaces of the wheel bolts must not be greased
or oiled.
Anti-theft wheel bolt
1 - Anti-theft wheel bolt
2 - Trim cap
3 - Adapter for wheel bolt
Note
♦
After checking that ALL wheel bolts have been tightened to the
correct torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6 , fit caps
-2- completely and firmly onto wheel bolts.
♦
To do so, use the back end of a screwdriver or a suitable tool.
Take care not to damage the caps.
10.2 Adapter sets for anti-theft wheel bolts
Special tools and workshop equipment required
20 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 27
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♦ Torque wrench - V.A.G 1332-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10101-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10101 A-
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10190-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10313-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T40004-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T40073-
10. Wheel bolts 21
Page 28
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
11 Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure
Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure
Loss Indicator
⇒ “11.1 General information on wheels and tyres”, page 22
⇒ “11.2 Exploded view of components for light alloy wheels”, page
22
⇒ “11.3 Exploded view of components for PAX run-flat tyres”,
page 24
⇒ “11.4 Instructions for changing/fitting wheels”, page 27
⇒ “12 Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/Tyre Pressure Loss In‐
dicator”, page 49
11.1 General information on wheels and
tyres
The factory recommends using tyres of the same make, con‐
struction and tread pattern on all four wheels.
Always renew the rubber valve when fitting a new wheel rim or
tyre.
Tyres are to be fitted with DOT mark facing outer side of wheel.
For tyres with directional tread pattern, this only applies to left side
of vehicle.
If the vehicle is fitted with tyres with a directional tread pattern,
the spare wheel should have a wheel/tyre combination for the
right-hand side of the vehicle.
11.2 Exploded view of components for light
alloy wheels
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
Overview of light alloy wheel
Wheel change/wheel fitting instructions ⇒ page 27
22 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 29
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1 - Tyre
⇒ “11.11 Removing standard
tyres without run-flat capabili‐
ty”, page 43
⇒ “11.12 Fitting standard tyres
without run-flat capability”,
page 45
⇒ “11.9 Removing run-flat
tyres”, page 38
⇒ “11.10 Fitting run-flat tyres ”,
page 40
WARNING
The fitting temperature
of a tyre must not be less
than 21 °C and should
not exceed 30 °C.
2 - Valve
❑ Always renew
❑ Use only correct valves
as specified in ⇒ Elec‐
tronic parts catalogue
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Caution
Do not screw aluminium
valve caps onto steel
valve bodies.
3 - Wheel
❑ Observe the fitting in‐
structions ⇒ page 27
4 - Wheel bolt
❑ Observe the fitting instructions ⇒ page 27
❑ Anti-theft wheel bolt ⇒ page 20
❑ ⇒ “3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6
5 - Adapter for wheel bolt
❑ Attach to corresponding wheel bolt ⇒ page 20
6 - Cap for wheel bolts
Note
♦
After checking that ALL wheel
bolts have been tightened to the
correct torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for
wheel bolts”, page 6 , fit caps
completely and firmly onto wheel
bolts.
♦
To do so, use the back end of a
screwdriver or a suitable tool.
Take care not to damage the
caps.
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 23
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
7 - Trim cap
8 - Wheel bolt
Note
Make sure that the correct type of
wheel bolts are fitted; refer to ⇒
Electronic parts catalogue .
❑ Observe the fitting instructions ⇒ page 27
❑ ⇒ “3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6
9 - Adhesive balancing weights
❑ Not more than 60 g permitted per rim flange
❑ Remove dirt and grease from wheel rim at bonding point
❑ Pull off backing foil
❑ Bond on balancing weights at surfaces provided for this purpose
11.3 Exploded view of components for PAX
run-flat tyres
Note
After checking that all wheel bolts have been tightened to the
correct torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6 , fit caps -2-
completely and firmly onto wheel bolts.
WARNING
The fitting temperature of a tyre must not be less than 21 °C
and should not exceed 30 °C.
Caution
Run-flat tyres must only be fitted on vehicles with Tyre Pres‐
sure Monitoring System/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator.
24 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
1 - PAX tyre
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
WARNING
The fitting temperature
of a tyre must not be less
than 21 °C and should
not exceed 30 °C.
2 - Support ring
3 - Wheel for PAX tyre
❑ Observe the fitting in‐
structions ⇒ page 27
4 - Wheel electronics
❑ All batteries must be re‐
newed together
❑ Remaining service life,
temperature and infla‐
tion pressure can be
read out via diagnosis
function with vehicle di‐
agnostic, testing and in‐
formation system VAS 5051-
⇒ “12 Tyre Pressure Monitor‐
ing Systems/Tyre Pressure
Loss Indicator”, page 49
⇒ “12.4 Wheel electronics
(TPMS) - Beru system”,
page 54
⇒ “12.5 Wheel electronics
(TPMS) - Siemens system”,
page 55
5 - Metal valve body
❑ Use only correct valves as specified in ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue
❑ Supplied as complete unit
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 25
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Caution
Do not screw aluminium
valve caps onto steel
valve bodies.
6 - Wheel bolt
Caution
Depending on the mod‐
el, the wheel bolts have
different lengths and
contact surfaces.
Make sure that the cor‐
rect type of wheel bolts
are fitted; refer to ⇒ Elec‐
tronic parts catalogue .
It is important to use the
correct type of wheel
bolts to ensure that the
wheel bolts and the
wheels are properly se‐
cured.
❑ Observe the fitting instructions ⇒ page 27
❑ Anti-theft wheel bolt ⇒ page 20
❑ ⇒ “3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6
7 - Adapter for wheel bolt
❑ Attach to corresponding wheel bolt ⇒ page 20
8 - Trim cap
❑ Attach to wheel bolt
Note
♦
After checking that ALL wheel
bolts have been tightened to the
correct torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for
wheel bolts”, page 6 , fit caps
completely and firmly onto wheel
bolts.
♦
To do so, use the back end of a
screwdriver or a suitable tool.
Take care not to damage the
caps.
9 - Two-piece wheel bolt
❑ Observe the fitting instructions ⇒ page 27
❑ ⇒ “3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6
26 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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10 - Trim cap
11 - Cap for wheel bolts
Note
♦
After checking that ALL wheel
bolts have been tightened to the
correct torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for
wheel bolts”, page 6 , fit caps
completely and firmly onto wheel
bolts.
♦
To do so, use the back end of a
screwdriver or a suitable tool.
Take care not to damage the
caps.
12 - Adhesive balancing weights
❑ Not more than 60 g permitted per rim
❑ Remove dirt and grease from wheel rim at bonding point
❑ Pull off backing foil
❑ Bond on balancing weights at surfaces provided for this purpose
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
11.4 Instructions for changing/fitting wheels
Note
The width across flats of the wheel bolt adapter supplied with the
vehicle can differ from that of the adapter in the workshop adapter
set.
Special tools and workshop equipment required
♦ Torque wrench - V.A.G 1332-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10101-
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 27
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10101 A-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10190-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10313-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T40004-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T40073-
♦ Wax spray - D 322 000 A2-
♦ Optimol TA paste - G 052 109 A2-
♦ Wheel hub cleaner - VAS 294 009-
Wheel change
Caution
On vehicles with ceramic brakes the wheel must not be allowed
to drop onto the brake disc. This would cause irreparable dam‐
age to the disc. When removing or fitting a wheel, screw the
long assembly pin into the top wheel bolt hole (12 o'clock po‐
sition) in place of the wheel bolt, and screw the short pin into
one of the other holes to support the wheel. The wheel can then
slide along the assembly pins when being fitted or removed.
28 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Note
♦
Raise vehicle only at jacking points provided.
♦
Do not use screwdriver to pry off trim caps on vehicles with
light-alloy wheels; always use special tool provided (puller
from vehicle tool kit).
♦
To slacken off wheel bolts, always use socket attachments of
the correct size. Worn socket attachments must not be reused.
♦
Do not use impact wrenches for slackening off anti-theft wheel
bolts (lockable wheel bolts).
♦
Take care to keep wheel bolts clean.
DANGER!
Perform the checks and follow the instructions listed below.
This is important to ensure that the wheel bolts and the wheels
are properly secured.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Perform the following steps with the wheel rim removed.
Caution
Depending on the model, the wheel bolts have different lengths
and contact surfaces.
Make sure that the correct type of wheel bolts are fitted; refer
to ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue .
It is important to use the correct type of wheel bolts to ensure
that the wheel bolts and the wheels are properly secured.
– Remove corrosion and dirt from contact surfaces -arrows- on
brake disc/wheel hub or brake disc/brake drum and wheel
(rim).
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 29
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Use wheel hub cleaner - VAS 294 009- to remove corrosion
and dirt.
WARNING
Wear protective goggles when cleaning with wheel hub cleaner
- VAS 294 009- .
– It is very important to wear protective goggles when cleaning
with wheel hub cleaner - VAS 294 009- .
– Remove corrosion and dirt from all contact surfaces of wheel
hub and rim using wheel hub cleaner - VAS 294 009-
– Remove any oil, grease and corrosion.
– Check that centring flange on wheel hub -arrow- is free of cor‐
rosion and dirt.
– Check that contact surfaces -arrow- on inside of wheel rim and
centring seat in rim are free of corrosion and dirt.
30 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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– The convex seats in the holes for the wheel bolts on the rim
must be free of corrosion, dirt, oil and grease.
– Remove any oil, grease, dirt and corrosion and apply wax
spray - D 322 000 A2- around centring hole/flange to ensure
corrosion protection.
Note
♦
The wax spray must not come into contact with brake system
components.
♦
Any rust or dirt which drops between brake disc and wheel hub
on removal should be blown out with compressed air.
DANGER!
Wear safety goggles when working with compressed air.
The convex seats for the wheel bolts in the wheel rim and the
shoulders on the wheel bolts must be free from dirt and corrosion.
– If necessary, clean the seats for the wheel bolts in the rim using
a clean, lint-free cloth.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Check that the wheel bolts and the threads in the wheel hub
are clean.
– Use a brass wire brush or similar to remove any dirt from the
shoulder and threads of the wheel bolts.
WARNING
Damaged and/or badly corroded wheel bolts must be renewed.
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 31
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
If lightly corroded wheel bolts are re-installed on the vehicle, clean
the threads and the shoulders on the bolt heads and grease the
surfaces in sliding contact using Optimol TA paste - G 052 109
A2- as follows (all vehicles except RS 2 and RS 4, Type 8D):
A - One-piece wheel bolt. Lightly grease thread -2- and shoulder
-1-.
B - Two-piece wheel bolt. Lightly grease thread -3-, and area be‐
tween bolt head contact surface -6- and back of convex washer
-5-. Do not apply grease to the convex surface -4- that bears
against the wheel rim.
Note
Use only Optimol TA paste - G 052 109 A2- . The paste must not
come into contact with parts of the brake system.
Only for RS 2 and RS 4 (Type 8D):
• Slightly corroded wheel bolts are not to be cleaned and
greased. They must always be renewed.
• Wheel bolts are always to be screwed in without grease.
All vehicles (continued):
– Check that wheel bolts can be screwed in easily by hand with‐
out using tools. When fitting the wheel, the bolts should screw
in easily over the full length of the threads.
– Make sure the holes in the hub align. The thread of the wheel
bolts must not contact the bore in the brake disc.
– If the thread of the wheel bolt touches the hole, turn the brake
disc relative to the wheel hub accordingly.
Fitting wheels:
Caution
Depending on the model, the wheel bolts have different lengths
and contact surfaces.
Make sure that the correct type of wheel bolts are fitted; refer
to ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue .
It is important to use the correct type of wheel bolts to ensure
that the wheel bolts and the wheels are properly secured.
32 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
Caution
Depending on the model, the wheel bolts have different lengths
and contact surfaces.
Make sure that the correct type of wheel bolts are fitted; refer
to ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue .
It is important to use the correct type of wheel bolts to ensure
that the wheel bolts and the wheels are properly secured.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
♦ Position wheel on wheel hub and secure by hand with two op‐
posing wheel bolts.
♦ Screw in remaining wheel bolts by hand. They should screw
in easily. Make sure the bores are exactly centralised.
♦ If necessary lift the wheel slightly and tighten two wheel bolts
lightly by hand.
♦ When fitting the wheel, screw in all wheel bolts uniformly by
hand.
♦ Tighten the wheel bolts diagonally using, for example, a four-
arm wheel nut wrench, to about 30 Nm.
Note
♦
After checking that ALL wheel bolts have been tightened to the
correct torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6 , fit caps
completely and firmly onto wheel bolts.
♦
To do so, use the back end of a screwdriver or a suitable tool.
Take care not to damage the caps.
WARNING
Do not use an impact wrench to screw in the wheel bolts.
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 33
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– If necessary, take the weight off the wheel by lifting it slightly.
– Lower vehicle to floor and tighten all wheel bolts in diagonal
sequence to final specified torque.
⇒ “3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6
Note
♦
After checking that ALL wheel bolts have been tightened to the
correct torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6 , fit caps
completely and firmly onto wheel bolts.
♦
To do so, use the back end of a screwdriver or a suitable tool.
Take care not to damage the caps.
11.5 Removing and fitting run-flat tyres
⇒ “11.11 Removing standard tyres without run-flat capability”,
page 43
WARNING
The fitting temperature of a tyre must not be less than 21 °C
and should not exceed 30 °C.
Caution
Run-flat tyres must only be fitted on vehicles with Tyre Pres‐
sure Monitoring System/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator.
⇒ “3 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6
⇒ “11.6 Safety notes for run-flat tyres”, page 34
⇒ “11.7 Conditions for fitting run-flat tyres”, page 35
⇒ “11.8 Unseating run-flat tyres”, page 37
⇒ “11.9 Removing run-flat tyres”, page 38
⇒ “11.10 Fitting run-flat tyres ”, page 40
11.6 Safety notes for run-flat tyres
Caution
Run-flat tyres must only be fitted on vehicles with Tyre Pres‐
sure Monitoring System/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator.
The temperature must be at least 21°C, but not above 30°C,
when fitting run-flat tyres.
• Run-flat tyres must be installed and/or removed by specially
trained mechanics.
• The required special tools must be undamaged and in perfect
working order. For information on suitable additional tools and
materials, please contact the manufacturer of your tyre fitting
unit directly. For listed tyre fitting units with VAS numbers, the
additional tools and materials are available as recommended
accessories.
34 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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• Where applicable, use the assembly paste recommended by
the tyre manufacturer.
• The description of the procedures for removing and fitting tyres
may vary depending on the equipment manufacturer and type
of unit.
• The basic procedures for removing and fitting run-flat tyres are
described below. Before starting work on a tyre, it is important
to establish whether it is likely to be a run-flat tyre, and to follow
the correct procedures when removing or fitting it.
• You can identify run-flat tyres from any of the following abbre‐
viations: DSST, Euforia, RFT, ROF, RSC, SSR or ZP. These
abbreviations are located on the sidewall after the tyre desig‐
nation.
• Please always observe the instructions and warnings in the
following description.
• Check whether the tyre pressure sensor has to be renewed (if
fitted) ⇒ Vehicle diagnostic tester.
Note
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
♦
Ensure that the tyre does not come into contact with the tyre
pressure sensor during removal and fitting work.
♦
When cleaning the wheel rim, the tyre pressure sensor must
not be allowed to come into contact with water and must not
be blown out with compressed air.
11.7 Conditions for fitting run-flat tyres
Caution
The temperature must be at least 21°C, but not above 30°C,
when fitting run-flat tyres.
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 35
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Warming up cold tyres to minimum fitting temperature of 21°C
If necessary, warm up tyres in heating cabinet - VAS 6851- .
Note
This procedure also applies to ultra high performance tyres
(height/width ratio 45 % or less and speed symbol V or higher).
Note
♦
After checking that ALL wheel bolts have been tightened to the
correct torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6 , fit caps
completely and firmly onto wheel bolts.
♦
To do so, use the back end of a screwdriver or a suitable tool.
Take care not to damage the caps.
WARNING
The fitting temperature of a tyre must not be less than 21 °C
and should not exceed 30 °C.
• To prevent injury when fitting the tyre, the temperature of the
tyre (in particular the temperature of the upper sidewall and
upper bead inside the tyre) must be at least 21°C.
• This internal temperature is referred to as the core tempera‐
ture.
• Since rubber is a poor heat conductor, a cold tyre must be
stored in a temperate environment until the internal rubber
layers have warmed up to at least 21 ℃.
• The surface temperature of the tyre during the warm-up phase
is not indicative of the internal temperature.
• The quickest way for the tyres to absorb heat from the ambient
air is to allow the warm air to circulate around them freely. For
this purpose, they should be stored separately and NOT
stacked.
• Never use a heater or hot air blower to warm up the tyres, as
critical surface temperatures can build up extremely quickly.
• There is no way to heat the tyres without damaging them other
than using warm water or warm ambient air (max. 50 °C).
• If cold tyres (below 0 °C) are brought into a warm environment
(above 0 °C), a layer of frost will immediately form on the sur‐
face of the tyre. This layer of frost, which forms from the
condensation of moisture in the air, is a sign that the tyre is
rapidly absorbing heat from the ambient surroundings.
• When the layer of frost has thawed completely leaving a film
of condensate, you should wipe the tyre dry with a cloth to
prevent the evaporative cooling effect from slowing down the
warm-up process.
Warm-up times:
36 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 43
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
If necessary allow tyres to warm up to at least 21°C in heating
cabinet - VAS 6851- .
♦ Assuming a minimum room temperature of 19 °C and a tyre
temperature of 0 °C or higher, the tyre should be stored for at
least 2 hours.
♦ Assuming a minimum room temperature of 19 °C and a tyre
temperature of below 0 °C, the tyre should be stored for at
least 2.5 hours.
Recommendations for warm-up:
If necessary allow tyres to warm up to at least 21°C in heating
cabinet - VAS 6851- .
♦ Make it part of your routine job preparation to store the tyres
in the workshop 1 day before fitting them (if possible).
♦ Store the tyres as high up as possible on an insulated surface,
such as a wood pallet or similar.
♦ Keep the tyres separate so that the warm air can circulate
around them freely.
♦ Wipe off condensate.
♦ Never use a heater or hot air blower to warm up the tyres.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
WARNING
The fitting temperature of a tyre must not be less than 21 °C
and should not exceed 30 °C.
11.8 Unseating run-flat tyres
Note
If you intend to fit the tyre back onto the rim, allow the tyre to warm
up to at least 21°C before unseating it.
Caution
The temperature must be at least 21°C, but not above 30°C,
when fitting run-flat tyres.
Caution
♦ ⇒ “11.6 Safety notes for run-flat tyres”, page 34
– Release air from tyre by unscrewing valve core.
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 37
Page 44
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
Note
If you intend to fit the tyre back onto the rim, allow the tyre to warm
up to at least 21°C before unseating it.
– When using a tyre fitting machine with bead breaker to unseat
the tyre, always make sure that the tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -arrow- is on the opposite side to the bead breaker
-1-.
Apply the bead breaker not more than 2 cm away from the wheel
flange.
– Remove balancing weights and coarse dirt from wheel.
– Unseat both tyre beads all round and apply a generous
amount of tyre fitting lubricant between tyre and wheel flange
-arrow-.
11.9 Removing run-flat tyres
⇒ “11.10 Fitting run-flat tyres ”, page 40
⇒ “11.11 Removing standard tyres without run-flat capability”,
page 43
Note
If you intend to fit the tyre back onto the rim, allow the tyre to warm
up to at least 21°C before removing and fitting it.
38 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 45
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Caution
The temperature must be at least 21°C, but not above 30°C,
when fitting run-flat tyres.
Caution
♦ ⇒ “11.6 Safety notes for run-flat tyres”, page 34
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Turn wheel on tyre fitting unit so that tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -2- is in front of head of fitting unit -1-.
Caution
Maintain clearance -a- between head of fitting unit -1- and tyre
valve/tyre pressure sensor; otherwise the head will damage
the tyre pressure sensor .
– Position head of fitting unit -1- close to tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor so that tyre iron can be applied approx. 30° away from
tyre valve/ tyre pressure sensor -2-.
– Attach retainers -3- to wheel on opposite side to head of fitting
unit -1-.
– Now use tyre iron to lever bead over finger on head of fitting
unit. Remove tyre iron after doing so.
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 39
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Run tyre fitting unit in clockwise direction until upper bead is
completely over wheel flange.
Retainers -1- will be pushed against head of fitting unit. They can
then be easily removed.
– Turn wheel on tyre fitting unit so that tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -2- is in front of head of fitting unit -1-.
Caution
Maintain clearance -a- between head of fitting unit -1- and tyre
valve/tyre pressure sensor; otherwise the head will damage
the tyre pressure sensor .
– Position head of fitting unit -1- close to tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor so that tyre iron can be applied approx. 30° away from
tyre valve/ tyre pressure sensor -2-.
– Now use tyre iron -3- to lever bead over finger on head of fitting
unit.
– Apply an additional plastic lever -4-.
– Remove tyre iron -3- again.
– Use plastic lever -1- to hold bead over wheel flange from out‐
side and run tyre fitting unit in clockwise direction until tyre has
been pulled completely off wheel flange.
Note
♦
Check tyre pressure sensor for loose or damaged parts. If
screw-on connections are loose, replace union nut, valve core,
seal, sealing washer and valve cap with new parts from repair
kit ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue “ETKA” .
♦
If tyre pressure sensor is damaged, renew it completely.
11.10 Fitting run-flat tyres
Caution
The temperature must be at least 21°C, but not above 30°C,
when fitting run-flat tyres.
Run-flat tyres must only be fitted on vehicles with Tyre Pres‐
sure Monitoring System/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator.
40 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 47
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Caution
♦ ⇒ “11.7 Conditions for fitting run-flat tyres”, page 35
♦ ⇒ “11.6 Safety notes for run-flat tyres”, page 34
WARNING
The fitting temperature of a tyre must not be less than 21 °C
and should not exceed 30 °C.
Warm up tyres in heating cabinet - VAS 6851- .
Heating cabinet - VAS 6851-
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
– Install new tyre valve.
• Tyres warmed up to correct temperature
• ⇒ “11.7 Conditions for fitting run-flat tyres”, page 35
• ⇒ “11.6 Safety notes for run-flat tyres”, page 34
– Apply a generous amount of tyre fitting lubricant to wheel
flanges, tyre beads and area inside upper tyre beads.
– Turn wheel on tyre fitting unit so that tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -1- is on opposite side to head of fitting unit -2-.
– Run tyre fitting unit in clockwise direction.
WARNING
The fitting temperature of a tyre must not be less than 21 °C
and should not exceed 30 °C.
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 41
Page 48
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
– Stop fitting lower bead before tyre valve/ tyre pressure sensor
-arrow- reaches tool; otherwise tyre pressure sensor will be
damaged.
Tyre bead will now slip over wheel flange. Make sure that tyre
fitting unit stops turning wheel before tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -arrow- reaches head of fitting unit.
– Turn wheel on tyre fitting unit so that tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -1- is on opposite side to head of fitting unit -2-.
– Attach retainers -3- to wheel.
– Ensure that tyre bead is seated correctly on head of fitting unit
and run tyre fitting unit in clockwise direction.
42 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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– Stop fitting upper bead before tyre valve/ tyre pressure sensor
-arrow- reaches tool; otherwise tyre pressure sensor will be
damaged.
Tyre bead will now slip over wheel flange. Make sure that tyre
fitting unit stops turning wheel before tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -arrow- reaches head of fitting unit.
– Remove retainers from wheel flange.
Caution
Do not continue inflating the tyre if the beads do not make full
contact at the edge of the wheel.
The tyre or wheel will otherwise be damaged.
– Remove valve core -1-.
– Pump up tyre to max. 3.3 bar (bead seating pressure).
– If tyre beads do not make full contact at edge of wheel, release
air from tyre, press off tyre bead again and apply another gen‐
erous coating of tyre fitting lubricant to wheel flange.
– Inflate tyre to max. 3.3 bar (bead seating pressure).
– Once tyre beads have made proper contact with bead seats,
increase inflation pressure to 4 bar to seat the tyre.
– Let air out of the tyre.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Screw in new valve core -1-.
– Inflate tyre to specified pressure.
– Then balance the wheel.
– Fit wheel to vehicle and tighten to specified torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6 .
11.11 Removing standard tyres without runflat capability
⇒ “11.12 Fitting standard tyres without run-flat capability”,
page 45
⇒ “11.9 Removing run-flat tyres”, page 38
⇒ “11.10 Fitting run-flat tyres ”, page 40
WARNING
The fitting temperature of a tyre must not be less than 21 °C
and should not exceed 30 °C.
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 43
Page 50
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
– Turn wheel on tyre fitting unit so that tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -2- is in front of head of fitting unit -1-.
Caution
Maintain clearance -a- between head of fitting unit -1- and tyre
valve/tyre pressure sensor; otherwise the head will damage
the tyre pressure sensor .
– Position head of fitting unit -1- close to tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor so that tyre iron can be applied approx. 30° away from
tyre valve/ tyre pressure sensor -2-.
– Attach retainers -3- to wheel on opposite side to head of fitting
unit -1-.
– Now use tyre iron to lever bead over finger on head of fitting
unit. Remove tyre iron after doing so.
– Run tyre fitting unit in clockwise direction until upper bead is
completely over wheel flange.
Retainers -1- will be pushed against head of fitting unit. They can
then be easily removed.
44 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 51
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
– Turn wheel on tyre fitting unit so that tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -2- is in front of head of fitting unit -1-.
Caution
Maintain clearance -a- between head of fitting unit -1- and tyre
valve/tyre pressure sensor; otherwise the head will damage
the tyre pressure sensor .
– Position head of fitting unit -1- close to tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor so that tyre iron can be applied approx. 30° away from
tyre valve/ tyre pressure sensor -2-.
– Now use tyre iron -3- to lever bead over finger on head of fitting
unit.
– Apply an additional plastic lever -4-.
– Remove tyre iron -3- again.
– Use plastic lever -1- to hold bead over wheel flange from out‐
side and run tyre fitting unit in clockwise direction until tyre has
been pulled completely off wheel flange.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
♦
Check tyre pressure sensor for loose or damaged parts. If
screw-on connections are loose, replace union nut, valve core,
seal, sealing washer and valve cap with new parts from repair
kit ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue “ETKA” .
♦
If tyre pressure sensor is damaged, renew it completely.
11.12 Fitting standard tyres without run-flat ca‐
pability
Caution
Do not screw aluminium valve caps onto steel valve bodies.
WARNING
The fitting temperature of a tyre must not be less than 21 °C
and should not exceed 30 °C.
Warm up tyres in heating cabinet - VAS 6851- .
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 45
Page 52
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Heating cabinet - VAS 6851-
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
– Install new tyre valve.
• Tyres warmed up to correct temperature
– Apply a generous amount of tyre fitting lubricant to wheel
flanges, tyre beads and area inside upper tyre beads.
– Turn wheel on tyre fitting unit so that tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -1- is on opposite side to head of fitting unit -2-.
– Run tyre fitting unit in clockwise direction.
WARNING
The fitting temperature of a tyre must not be less than 21 °C
and should not exceed 30 °C.
46 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 53
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
– Stop fitting lower bead before tyre valve/ tyre pressure sensor
-arrow- reaches tool; otherwise tyre pressure sensor will be
damaged.
Tyre bead will now slip over wheel flange. Make sure that tyre
fitting unit stops turning wheel before tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -arrow- reaches head of fitting unit.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Turn wheel on tyre fitting unit so that tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -1- is on opposite side to head of fitting unit -2-.
– Attach retainers -3- to wheel.
– Ensure that tyre bead is seated correctly on head of fitting unit
and run tyre fitting unit in clockwise direction.
11. Fitting wheels / tyres / Tyre Pressure Monitoring System / Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 47
Page 54
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Stop fitting upper bead before tyre valve/ tyre pressure sensor
-arrow- reaches tool; otherwise tyre pressure sensor will be
damaged.
Tyre bead will now slip over wheel flange. Make sure that tyre
fitting unit stops turning wheel before tyre valve/ tyre pressure
sensor -arrow- reaches head of fitting unit.
– Remove retainers from wheel flange.
Caution
Do not continue inflating the tyre if the beads do not make full
contact at the edge of the wheel.
The tyre or wheel will otherwise be damaged.
– Remove valve core -1-.
– Pump up tyre to max. 3.3 bar (bead seating pressure).
– If tyre beads do not make full contact at edge of wheel, release
air from tyre, press off tyre bead again and apply another gen‐
erous coating of tyre fitting lubricant to wheel flange.
– Inflate tyre to max. 3.3 bar (bead seating pressure).
– Once tyre beads have made proper contact with bead seats,
increase inflation pressure to 4 bar to seat the tyre.
– Let air out of the tyre.
– Screw in new valve core -1-.
– Inflate tyre to specified pressure.
– Then balance the wheel.
– Fit wheel to vehicle and tighten to specified torque
⇒ “3.1 Tightening torques for wheel bolts”, page 6 .
Caution
Do not screw aluminium valve caps onto steel valve bodies.
48 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 55
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
12 Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/
Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator
⇒ “12.1 Exploded view - tyre pressure sensor”, page 49
⇒ “12.7 Direct measurement system”, page 56
⇒ “12.8 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI) - indirect measure‐
ment system”, page 56
⇒ “12.9 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI+) - indirect measure‐
ment system”, page 57
⇒ “12.10 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI) with wheel speed
sensor”, page 57
WARNING
Run-flat tyres (PAX, SST) are always installed in conjunction
with a Tyre Pressure Monitoring System/Tyre Pressure Loss
Indicator.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
12.1 Exploded view - tyre pressure sensor
Caution
Run-flat tyres must only be fitted on vehicles with Tyre Pres‐
sure Monitoring System/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator.
The wheel electronics consist of a pressure sensor incorporated
within the valve.
12. Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 49
Page 56
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
1 - Tyre pressure sensor
❑ Front left tyre pressure
sensor - G222-
❑ Front right tyre pressure
sensor - G223-
❑ Rear left tyre pressure
sensor - G224-
❑ Rear right tyre pressure
sensor - G225-
❑ All batteries must be re‐
newed together
❑ Remaining service life,
temperature and infla‐
tion pressure can be
read out via diagnosis
function with vehicle di‐
agnostic, testing and in‐
formation system VAS 5051B- or VAS 5052-
⇒ “12.4 Wheel electronics
(TPMS) - Beru system”,
page 54
⇒ “12.5 Wheel electronics
(TPMS) - Siemens system”,
page 55
2 - Bolt
4 Nm
Note
Used only in conjunction with the
Beru system
❑ Micro-encapsulated
❑ Supplied with sensor as replacement part
3 - Metal valve
❑ Supplied with sensor as replacement part
❑ ⇒ “12.2 Removing and installing metal valve body”, page 51
4 - Valve core
5 - Rim
6 - Union nut
❑ Always renew if removed
Note
Do not counterhold at metal valve
when tightening
❑ ⇒ “12.3 Tightening torque of union nut”, page 52
7 - Valve cap
Note
Renew if lost
50 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 57
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
WARNING
After using tyre sealant, the wheel electronics on the affected
wheel must be renewed.
12.2 Removing and installing metal valve
body
Special tools and workshop equipment required
♦ Torque wrench - V.A.G 1410- and tool insert -V.A.G 1331-
(11 mm)
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Push metal valve with rubber seal through the rim from the
inside.
– Fit the chamfered washer and union nut from outside and
screw in by hand.
– Tighten union nut.
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
12. Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 51
Page 58
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
– Use a suitable tool -1- (e.g. ∅ 2 mm drill bit) to prevent turning.
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
12.3 Tightening torque of union nut
⇒ “12.7 Direct measurement system”, page 56
⇒ “12.8 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI) - indirect measure‐
ment system”, page 56
⇒ “12.9 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI+) - indirect measure‐
ment system”, page 57
Model,
type
A1, S1
(8X)
A3 (8P,
8V)
A3 (8P,
8V)
A4 (8E) Direct measurement,
Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
System Country Nm
USA and Rest of
World
measurement
Direct measurement,
Siemens
cator (TPLI): indirect
measurement
Beru
USA 6 Nm
Rest of World ------
USA and Rest of
World
------
4 Nm
52 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 59
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Model,
System Country Nm
type
A4 (8K,
8W)
A4 (8K,
8W)
Direct measurement,
Siemens
Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
measurement
A5 (8T) Direct measurement,
Siemens
A5 (8T) Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
measurement
S5, RS 5
(8T)
S5, RS 5
(8T)
Direct measurement,
Siemens
Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
measurement
A5, S5
Cabriolet
Direct measurement,
Siemens
(8F)
A5, S5
Cabriolet
(8F)
Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
measurement
A6 (4B) Direct measurement,
Beru
A6 (4F) Direct measurement,
Beru
RS 6
(4F)
Direct measurement,
Beru
A6 (4G) Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
measurement
A7 (4G) Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
measurement
A8 (4E) Direct measurement,
Beru
A8 (4H) Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
measurement
Q5 (8R) Direct measurement,
Siemens
Q7 (4L) Direct measurement,
Beru
Q7 (4L) -
12-cylin‐
Direct measurement,
Beru
der
Q7 (4M) Direct measurement,
Beru
TT (8J) Direct measurement,
Siemens
TT (8J) Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
measurement
TT,
TT RS
Direct measurement,
Siemens
(FV)
USA 6Nm
Rest of World ------
USA 6 Nm
Rest of World ------
USA 6 Nm
Rest of World ------
USA 6Nm
Rest of World ------
USA and Rest of
4 Nm
World
USA and Rest of
4 Nm
World
USA and Rest of
6 Nm
World
USA and Rest of
World
USA and Rest of
World
USA and Rest of
4 Nm
World
USA and Rest of
World
USA 6 Nm
USA and Rest of
4 Nm
World
USA and Rest of
4 Nm
World
USA and Rest of
4 Nm
World
USA 6 Nm
Rest of World ------
USA 6 Nm
------
------
------
12. Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 53
Page 60
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Model,
type
TT,
TT RS
(FV)
R8 (42) Direct measurement,
R8 (4S) Direct measurement,
Audi e-
tron
Audi e-
tron
All other models: 4 Nm
⇒ “12.7 Direct measurement system”, page 56
⇒ “12.8 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI) - indirect measure‐
ment system”, page 56
⇒ “12.9 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI+) - indirect measure‐
ment system”, page 57
Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
Tyre Pressure Loss Indi‐
cator (TPLI+): indirect
System Country Nm
Rest of World ------
measurement
USA and Rest of
Beru
Beru
Direct measurement,
Siemens
measurement
World
USA and Rest of
World
USA and Rest of
World
USA and Rest of
World
6 Nm
6 Nm
6 Nm
-----
12.4 Wheel electronics (TPMS) - Beru sys‐
tem
View of Beru system
WARNING
After using tyre sealant, the wheel electronics on the affected
wheel must be renewed.
WARNING
The wheel electronics must be renewed if damaged.
– Press wheel electronics -1- against base of rim.
– Working from behind valve, secure wheel electronics to valve
using micro-encapsulated bolt
Note
♦
Renew micro-encapsulated bolt.
♦
Tighten micro-encapsulated bolt to 4 Nm on all models.
Special tools and workshop equipment required
54 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 61
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
♦ Torque wrench - V.A.G 1410- and tool insert -V.A.G 1410/1-
Tightening torque for all models: 4 Nm
12.5 Wheel electronics (TPMS) - Siemens
system
WARNING
After using tyre sealant, the wheel electronics on the affected
wheel must be renewed.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
♦ A micro-encapsulated bolt is not used in conjunction with the
Siemens wheel electronics.
♦ A union nut is used to hold the wheel electronics in position in
the rim.
♦ The metal valve body acts as an antenna.
♦ Connection between metal valve body and wheel electronics
must not be interrupted.
WARNING
When pressing wheel electronics against base of rim, counterhold metal valve by hand from opposite side. Connection be‐
tween metal valve and wheel electronics must not be
interrupted or broken. The wheel electronics must be renewed
if damaged.
– Press wheel electronics against base of rim.
– Fit union nut to metal valve and tighten to secure wheel elec‐
tronics.
12.6 Wheel electronics - new design
Special tools and workshop equipment required
12. Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 55
Page 62
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
♦ Torque wrench - V.A.G 1410- and tool insert -V.A.G 1410/1-
Union nut, 4Nm
– Press valve -1- downwards -arrow A to B-.
– Press valve (with wheel electronics attached) through valve
opening on wheel rim.
– Screw union nut -2- 3 turns onto valve -1-.
– Tighten union nut -2- until projection on valve breaks with an
audible crack.
Note
Press wheel electronics -1- firmly onto base of rim so that they
make firm contact.
– Tighten union nut to 4 Nm.
12.7 Direct measurement system
Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS): direct measurement.
Wheel electronics fitted at metal valve on wheel; values for pres‐
sure and temperature periodically transmitted to vehicle and eval‐
uated.
12.8 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI) - in‐
direct measurement system
Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI): indirect measurement. No
electronic components installed in wheel. Rolling circumference
of the individual wheels is compared by analysing signals from
ABS sensors.
56 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 63
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
12.9 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI+) indirect measurement system
Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI+): indirect measurement. No
electronic components installed in wheel. Rolling circumference
and vibration characteristics of the individual wheels are com‐
pared by analysing signals from ABS sensors. A loss of tyre
pressure is diagnosed indirectly. The speed and vibration char‐
acteristics of the wheel change in the event of a drop in the
inflation pressure.
12.10 Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator (TPLI) with
wheel speed sensor
Note
If a Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator with wheel speed sensor is fitted,
wheel electronics are not fitted in the rim.
If the air pressure in a tyre drops, the speed of the wheel changes.
The speed sensor registers the altered wheel speed.
A display in the dash panel insert informs the driver about the tyre
pressure change.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
12. Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator 57
Page 64
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
13 Repairing slight damage on rims
WARNING
♦ Repairing a damaged wheel rim or disc by heating, weld‐
ing or adding or removing material is strictly prohibited.
♦ Damaged or deformed rims and rims with cracked or de‐
formed bolt holes must not be repaired.
♦ Rims can only be repaired with approved and specified
Genuine Paintwork material.
♦ After rims have been repaired, the manufacturer will no
longer accept any warranty claims.
Rims with cracks at the edges must not be repaired; they must be
renewed immediately.
Any form of cutting/machining, heating and welding is not per‐
missible.
Straightening of deformed material is not permissible.
The radial and axial runout must not exceed the production tol‐
erance of 0.8 mm prior to repair.
Only cast light alloy wheels may be repaired using filler com‐
pound. These wheels are marked on the inside with the material
designation AlSi xx.
Forged wheels may only be painted.
Repairing damage is limited to painted surfaces.
Bright-turned rims with only one coating of clear varnish must not
be repaired.
It is only permissible to repair damaged surfaces on the visible
side of the wheel (decorative outside surface).
Damage that is deeper than 1 mm must not be repaired.
Do not fill in material closer than 50 mm from outer wheel flange.
58 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 65
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
14 Identification markings on the tyre
sidewall
⇒ “14.2 EU tyre label”, page 62
Example: Dunlop SP Sport 9000
1 - Size: 215/55 ZR16
❑ Designations on PAX
tyres ⇒ page 61
2 - Manufacturer (trade name)
3 - Tread designation
4 - Code for tubeless tyres
5 - Radial-ply tyre construction
(radially oriented fibres in car‐
cass)
6 - Notes for versions with »rim
protection«
7 - Date of manufacture - see
Tyre ageing
❑ ⇒ page 78
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
Retreaded tyres also carry the
marking “R” or “Retreaded” and the
retreading date instead of the date
of manufacture.
8 - E number = Approval num‐
ber. Tyre complies with Euro‐
pean Directives/Regulations
❑ European Directives/
Regulations ECE-R30,
EEC92/93 or ECE - R
117
Note
♦
Tyres which comply with EU
Regulation ECE - R117 (new
road noise limits for tyres) also
carry the marking “S” (for Sound)
on the sidewall.
♦
For passenger car tyres with a
cross sectional width of up to 185
mm: from 1 October 2009 on‐
wards
♦
For passenger car tyres with a
cross sectional width of between
185 mm and 215 mm: from 1 Oc‐
tober 2010 onwards
♦
For passenger car tyres with a
cross sectional width of over 215
mm: from 1 October 2011 on‐
wards
14. Identification markings on the tyre sidewall 59
Page 66
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
9 - Country of manufacture - Made in Germany.
10 - Manufacturer's internal tread code
11 - Department of Transportation - the tyre conforms to the U.S. Department of Transportation guidelines
12 - Example: Dunlop SP Sport 9000
DOT- Code ID number for manufacturer's plant, tyre size and tyre model
13 - Maximum permissible load (load index)
❑ Table ⇒ page 74
Note
Where applicable with an additional
marking “Reinforced” or “Extra
Load” or “XL” for increased tyre load
capacity
❑ Reinforced, Extra Load tyres ⇒ page 75
14 - Number of plies in the centre of the tread and in the sidewalls and information about the material
15 - Position of TWIs (Tread Wear Indicators)
❑ ⇒ page 72
16 - Tread wear index - abrasion resistance - based on US standard test
17 - Traction rating - evaluation of wet braking capacity A, B or C according to US test
18 - Temperature rating - evaluation of temperature rating A, B or C according to US test
19 - Safety notes for use or fitting of tyre
20 - Reference to ultra lightweight tyre construction, tyres are up to 30% lighter
21 - Specified direction of rotation for tyre
22 - Inmetro designation, required only for Brazil
Explanation of tyre size
Tyre Speed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Summer tyres up to 240 km/h 195 65 R 15 91 V Winter tyres up to 160 km/h 195 65 R 15 91 Q M + S
Winter tyres up to 190 km/h 195 65 R 15 91 T M + S
High-speed tyres faster than 240
km/h
1 - Tyre width
2 - Tyre height to width ratio in %
3 - Code for tyre type “R” (indicates radial)
4 - Rim diameter designation
5 - Load rating code/load index (LI)
6 - Speed rating code
7 - Winter tyre/code for all-season tyre
225 50 ZR 16 91 - -
60 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
Page 67
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Caution
Depending on the model, the wheel bolts have different lengths
and contact surfaces.
Make sure that the correct type of wheel bolts are fitted; refer
to ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue .
It is important to use the correct type of wheel bolts to ensure
that the wheel bolts and the wheels are properly secured.
Note
♦
Tyres which comply with EU Regulation ECE - R117 (new road
noise limits for tyres) also carry the marking “S” (for Sound) on
the sidewall.
♦
For passenger car tyres with a cross sectional width of up to
185 mm: from 1 October 2009 onwards
♦
For passenger car tyres with a cross sectional width of be‐
tween 185 mm and 215 mm: from 1 October 2010 onwards
♦
For passenger car tyres with a cross sectional width of over
215 mm: from 1 October 2011 onwards
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Self supporting tyres (SST) and PAX tyres with run-flat capability
have a special marking on the tyre sidewall which differs accord‐
ing to manufacturer.
Caution
Run-flat tyres must only be fitted on vehicles with Tyre Pres‐
sure Monitoring System/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator
⇒ “12 Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/Tyre Pressure Loss
Indicator”, page 49 .
14.1 Designations on sidewall of tyres with
run-flat system (PAX)
Caution
Run-flat tyres must only be fitted on vehicles with Tyre Pres‐
sure Monitoring System/Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator
⇒ “12 Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems/Tyre Pressure Loss
Indicator”, page 49 .
Summer tyres up to
240 km/
h
Winter tyres up to
160 km/
h
Winter tyres up to
190 km/
h
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
195 65 R 15 91 V
195 65 R 15 91 Q M+S
195 65 R 15 91 T M+S
14. Identification markings on the tyre sidewall 61
Page 68
Audi 100 1991 ➤ , Audi 80 1992 ➤ , Audi A1 2011 ➤ , Audi A1 Sportback 2 ...
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
High-speed tyres faster
than 240
km/h
1 - Tyre width
2 - Tyre height to width ratio in %
3 - Code for tyre type “R” indicates radial
4 - Rim diameter designation
5 - Load rating code
6 - Speed rating code
7 - Winter tyre/code for all-season tyre
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
225 50 ZR 16 19 Z
14.2 EU tyre label
⇒ “14.2.1 EU tyre label - overview”, page 62
⇒ “14.2.2 EU tyre label - objectives”, page 63
⇒ “14.2.3 EU tyre label - categories”, page 64
14.2.1 EU tyre label - overview
Since 1 November 2012, tyre manufacturers have been obliged
to label tyres in accordance with the new EU tyre labelling regu‐
lation (EC) No. 1222/2009.
The tyre labelling regulation contains the requirements for label‐
ling and displaying information on rolling resistance (fuel efficien‐
cy), wet grip and external rolling noise on a standardised EU tyre
label. The objective is to increase safety and to enhance the eco‐
logical and economical efficiency of road transport by using safe,
low-noise tyres which help to reduce fuel consumption.
The new EU tyre label contains specific information on seven
classes: A to G.
It is divided into three categories:
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1 - Rolling resistance
❑ Explanatory information
⇒ page 64
2 - Wet grip
❑ Explanatory information
⇒ page 65
3 - Noise emission
❑ Explanatory information
⇒ page 66
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
14.2.2 EU tyre label - objectives
♦ To reduce fuel consumption
♦ To improve road safety
♦ To reduce traffic noise
The EU tyre label provides the end user with information about
important characteristics of the tyre. However, it does not display
all important safety criteria.
♦ Explaining other characteristics of the tyre can be important in
influencing the customer's decision to buy.
♦ The customer should be informed that the label only provides
limited insight into the characteristics of the tyre; on a winter
tyre, for instance, it does not state the winter characteristics of
the tyre.
♦ Tyre tests continue to be important sources of information for
specialist dealers and end users.
Many other performance-related factors are checked in tyre tests;
these should be noted:
♦ Aquaplaning characteristics
♦ Driving stability
14. Identification markings on the tyre sidewall 63
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♦ Precision of steering
♦ Service life
♦ Braking characteristics
♦ Characteristics in winter conditions
14.2.3 EU tyre label - categories
Rolling resistance ⇒ page 64
Wet grip ⇒ page 65
Noise emission ⇒ page 66
Rolling resistance
Rolling resistance:
♦ is defined as the energy consumption of the tyre over a certain
distance.
♦ is equivalent to the energy lost per defined unit of distance
covered.
♦ can be expressed as an energy form in terms of a quotient of
newton metres (Nm) and distance in metres (m). This means
that rolling resistance is expressed in terms of a force in new‐
tons (N).
A tyre's rolling resistance can be expressed by the rolling resist‐
ance coefficient cR:
cR = FR Z
♦ cR = rolling resistance coefficient
♦ FR = rolling resistance force
♦ Z = vehicle weight (sum of all wheel loads)
Objectives
♦ To reduce rolling resistance
♦ To reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions
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Assessment
♦ Divided into fuel efficiency classes from A to G
♦ Class D is not used
Note
♦
The fuel efficiency classes are listed in the EU regulation (EC)
No. 1222/2009, according to which the tyres are then assigned
to the appropriate category.
♦
The tyre manufacturers carry out the required tests to deter‐
mine a tyre's rolling resistance.
♦
The lower the rolling resistance, the lower the fuel consump‐
tion.
A - Lowest rolling resistance coefficient = lowest fuel consumption
B - + 0.10 ltr./100 km
C - + 0.12 ltr./100 km
E - + 0.14 ltr./100 km
F - + 0.15 ltr./100 km
G - + 0.15 ltr./100 km
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Wet grip
Definition
For wet grip, the wet grip index G must be determined. The wet
grip index G is determined by performing a test with a standar‐
dised vehicle on a wet, slippery road surface over the required
distance where the vehicle must be braked from 80 km/h down to
20 km/h. The basis for the test is provided by a pre-defined stand‐
ard reference test tyre (SRTT); this is then used to calculate the
wet grip index G. A mean fully developed deceleration (MFDD) is
taken as the basis for the calculation.
The mean fully developed deceleration (MFDD) is calculated as
follows:
MFDD = 231.48 ÷ S
S = measured braking distance (metres) between 80 km/h and
20 km/h
The wet grip index G is determined as follows:
G = MFDD of tyre being testedMFDD of standard reference
test tyre
MFDD = mean fully developed deceleration
Objectives
♦ Tyres should have good wet grip
♦ Braking distance should be reduced significantly
14. Identification markings on the tyre sidewall 65
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Assessment
♦ Divided into wet grip classes from A to G
♦ Classes D and G are not used
Note
♦
The wet grip classes are listed in the EU regulation (EC) No.
1222/2009, according to which the tyres are then assigned to
the appropriate category.
♦
The lower the wet grip index, the shorter the braking distance.
A - Lowest wet grip index = shortest braking distance
B - Braking distance 3 to 6 metres longer than category A
C - Braking distance 3 to 6 metres longer than category B
E - Braking distance 3 to 6 metres longer than category C
F - Braking distance 3 to 6 metres longer than category E
1 - When a full brake application is made at 80 km/h, the difference
between categories A and F can be more than 18 metres.
Noise emission
Objectives
♦ To reduce drive-by noise
♦ To reduce noise levels
Assessment
♦ Only measured outside vehicle
♦ Divided into three categories
♦ Three black waves denote the worst rating. The tyre generates
rolling noise which is below the current limit according to the
EU guideline 2001/43/EC. The tyre's rolling noise exceeds the
future limit (which applies from 2016 onwards) according to
the regulation (EC) No. 661/2009.
♦ Two black waves: The tyre's rolling noise is also below the
future limit (which applies from 2016 onwards) according to
the regulation (EC) No. 661/2009.
♦ One black wave: The tyre's rolling noise is at least three dec‐
ibels below the future limit (which applies from 2016 onwards)
according to the regulation (EC) No. 661/2009.
Note
♦
If the noise measurement is reduced from two black waves to
one black wave, the reduction is equivalent to 3 decibels (i.e.
the noise level is halved).
♦
Please note that a tyre's external rolling noise is not always
equivalent to the noise heard inside the vehicle.
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15 Tyre requirements and tyre mainte‐
nance
15.1 Introduction
The purpose of this revised information is to supplement your ex‐
isting knowledge and experience.
By providing this information we want to help you make reliable
and safe assessments when dealing with tyre damage and rela‐
ted problems.
In this chapter you will learn more about tyres and wheels/rims.
Tyres are high-tech products that are especially adapted to the
requirements of modern vehicles.
As with all highly developed technical products, tyres require
proper care, maintenance and service. This is essential to ensure
safety, performance and comfort for the entire service life of the
tyre.
Tyres are constantly being further developed. Quality tyres are
the result of modern design methods and production processes,
as well as continuous quality checks. All tyres that are approved
by Audi have been tested by the technical development depart‐
ment and have been designed specifically for each model in
collaboration with the tyre manufacturers.
For this reason, we recommend only fitting tyres approved by Au‐
di and made by recommended manufacturers.
Vehicle safety is the top priority. An ideal safety compromise has
to be achieved, taking into account the various conditions in which
the tyres are used:
• Different speed ranges
• Winter and summer driving conditions
• Wet and dry roads
etc.
Every tyre is subjected to a wide range of different driving condi‐
tions over its entire service life. It is therefore important that the
basic requirements for ensuring optimum tyre performance are
met.
Proper wheel alignment is very important for ensuring the maxi‐
mum service life of the tyre. The wheel alignment must always be
within the specified tolerance range.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
Tyre damage and related problems can have various causes. It
is therefore very important that you can determine whether the
problem has been caused by the tyre or by other components.
The tyre properties change as a result of normal tyre wear. Rolling
noises or rough running can be the result of such wear. These are
simply the symptoms of normal wear and tear and do not consti‐
tute damage in the sense of the tyre being defective. You can take
measures to eliminate the symptoms at least to some degree.
However, in some cases it may not be possible to eliminate tyre
noise completely.
15. Tyre requirements and tyre maintenance 67
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15.2 Requirements to be met by tyres
A - Wet braking properties
B - Driving comfort
C - Steering accuracy
D - Driving stability
E - Tyre weight
F - Life expectancy
G - Rolling resistance
H - Aquaplaning
The pie chart illustrates to what extent the tyre meets the various
requirements. The tyre in this example (with its specific structure
and rubber composition) would meet the requirements listed
above (A to H) to the extent indicated by the size of the segments
of the pie.
Improving performance in one segment would result in poorer
performance in the other segments.
Example:
An improvement in wet braking properties -A- leads to a reduction
in driving comfort -B-, rolling resistance -G- and life expectancy
-F-.
The life expectancy of a car tyre depends not only on the rubber
composition and design of the tyre. The conditions of operation,
the type of vehicle and the style of driving also have a significant
influence on its mileage performance.
Modern vehicles enable comfortable and economic driving, but
also a more "sporty" driving style. Mileage performance of the
tyres can vary from approx. 5,000 to 40,000 kilometres or more.
Note
The driving style is the most important influencing factor as re‐
gards the service life of a tyre.
15.3 Factors influencing the service life of a
tyre
The following factors influence the service life of a tyre to varying
degrees.
♦ Speed
♦ Braking
♦ Acceleration
♦ Cornering
♦ Driving style
♦ Maintenance
♦ Tyre pressure
Environment:
♦ Road surface
♦ Ambient temperature / climate
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Vehicle:
♦ Weight
♦ Tyre pressure
♦ Dynamic toe and camber settings
Tyre use:
Speed range, wet or dry
Tyre type:
Winter/summer
Note
The tyre pressure also has an influence on the tyre's service life.
Note
Always observe the correct tyre pressures.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
15.4 Tyre pressure (maintenance)
The weight of the vehicle causes the tyre contact area to flatten.
This in turn causes the running surface and the entire ply of the
tyre to be continually deformed when a tyre is rolling. If the tyre is
underinflated, the amount of flex is higher, resulting in a greater
increase in heat and increased rolling resistance. This then leads
to increased wear and poses a greater safety risk.
Example: Specified standard tyre pressure with cold tyres, ac‐
cording to vehicle load
Tyre pressure (bar) Tyre pressure (%) Tyre life (%)
2.3 100 100
1.9 80 85
1.4 60 60
1.0 40 25
If tyre pressure is too high, this will result in poor rolling comfort
and increased wear across the centre of the tread. We recom‐
mend to always observe the tyre pressures specified by the
manufacturer.
Diagram 1:
Tread depth versus tyre life for vehicles with front-wheel drive and
V-rated tyres
P - Tread depth
S - Mileage covered
1 - Front axle
2 - Rear axle
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Diagram 2:
Tread depth versus tyre life for vehicles with four-wheel drive and
V-rated tyres
P - Tread depth
S - Mileage covered
1 - Front axle
2 - Rear axle
Note
♦
The diagrams shown are not applicable in all cases.
♦
They are merely intended to give an idea of the wear rates of
tyres on the front and rear axles and with front-wheel drive and
four-wheel drive.
♦
The tyre service life may differ significantly, depending on op‐
erating conditions and running gear.
Diagrams -1- and -2- show that the tread on a new tyre wears
faster than the tread on a heavily used tyre. As the wear curve is
not linear, it is not possible to estimate the tyre service life on the
basis of wear after the first 5,000 km.
On front-wheel drive vehicles, the front tyres not only have to
transmit the steering and driving forces, but also the greater part
of the lateral and braking forces. This causes the front tyres on
front-wheel drive vehicles to wear much faster than the rear tyres.
Even tyre wear can be achieved by rotating (interchanging) the
front and rear tyres on a regular basis. Rotating wheels
⇒ page 80 .
15.5 Driving style
1. Constant driving speed, no deceleration or acceleration.
Example:
Speed (km/h) Wheel slip Abrasion
100 1 1
180 3 9
2. Braking
Most wear is caused during braking.
Example: Braking from a speed of 50 km/h.
Braking dis‐
tance (m)
Vehicle allowed to roll to a stop 0 0
100 0.1 g 4 1
50 0.2 g 8 4
12.5
1) g = gravitational acceleration: 9.81 m/s
2) A deceleration of 0.4 g corresponds to heavy braking.
3. Acceleration (driving style)
Slip caused when driving off gently is approximately the same as
that caused when driving at a constant speed of 100 km/h.
Lateral acceleration
3)
in g
2)
0.4 g
2
Wheel slip Abrasion
32 2000-3000
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Example:
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Wheel slip Abrasion
Driving off gently 1-2 1
Driving off normally 7-8 5
Driving off with
20 or more 100-200
wheels spinning
Cornering (driving style)
A »sporty« driving style and driving at higher speeds also cause
greater wear when driving through corners.
In practice, this means that wear is increased 16-fold when the
cornering speed is doubled. This is the price that has to be paid
for going faster.
Example: Driving through a corner with a radius of 150 m.
Speed (km/h) Lateral acceleration
in g
3)
Abrasion
50 1 = 0.13 g 1
80 2.5 = 0.33 g 6.5
100 4 = 0.53 g 16
3) g = gravitational acceleration: 9.81 m/s
2
15.6 Measuring tread depth
Note
♦
The tread depth is measured in the main tread channels.
♦
Do not measure at the TWIs (Tread Wear Indicators).
Measure the tread depth in the main tread channel, at the points
where the tyre is worn most heavily. The main tread channels can
be identified by the TWIs (tread wear indicators). The position of
the TWI indicators is marked at various points on the sidewall of
the tyre. The bars of the TWI have a height of 1.6 mm. This is the
minimum tread depth required by German law.
Different values may apply in other countries.
The TWI indicators must not be included in the measurement.
Tread depth should always be measured at the deepest point of
the tread channel.
A - TWIs (tread wear indicators) in main tread channel. These
indicators are marked at 6 points around the sidewall of the tyre.
B - -P- is the depth of the main tread channel
15. Tyre requirements and tyre maintenance 71
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Tread wear indicator - TWI
TWIs4) are marked at 6 points on the circumference of the side‐
wall.
4) TWI = tread wear indicator
15.7 Speed rating / maximum speed
Code on sidewall Maximum permissible speed
for tyre in km/h
L 120
M 130
N 140
P 150
Q 160
R 170
S 180
T 190
U 200
H 210
V 240
W 270
Y 300
ZR above 240
⇒ “15.9 Winter tyres with speed symbol H ”, page 73
⇒ “15.10 Winter tyres with speed symbol V ”, page 73
15.8 Speed symbols for tyres
⇒ “15.7 Speed rating / maximum speed”, page 72
The speed symbol (e.g. “T”) indicated after the tyre size (e.g.
185/65 R 14 86T) indicates the maximum permissible speed
(v
) for the tyre.
max
The tyres for the vehicle must be selected so that their maximum
permissible speed is above the maximum speed that the vehicle
can reach (due to rated speed of vehicle).
Vehicles with national operating permit within Germany
The maximum speed for vehicles with a German operating permit
is calculated as follows:
Formula for vehicles with speed “v” up to 150 km/h
v
= 1.03 x v + 3.5 km/h
max
Example: quoted maximum speed v = 145 km/h
v
= 1.03 x 145 km/h + 3.5 km/h = 152.85 km/h
max
In this example a tyre marked with the tyre symbol “Q” or a speed
symbol from a higher rating must be used.
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Formula for vehicles with speed “v” above 151 km/h
v
= 1.01 x v + 6.5 km/h
max
Example: quoted maximum speed v = 163 km/h
v
= 1.01 x 163 km/h + 6.5 km/h = 171.13 km/h
max
In this example a tyre marked with the tyre symbol “S” or a speed
symbol from a higher rating must be used.
Vehicles with EC type approval
The required speed rating of tyres for all vehicles with an EC type
approval is calculated as follows:
v
= 1.05 x v
max
Example: quoted maximum speed v = 172 km/h
v
= 1.05 x 172 km/h = 180.60 km/h
max
In this example a tyre marked with the tyre symbol “T” or a speed
symbol from a higher rating must be used.
It is permitted to use tyres with a speed symbol from a higher
rating. The same applies to tyres with a higher load index value.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
Substitute the maximum speed entered in entry field “T” in the
registration document (part 1 or 2)/under item “6” in the German
registration document for the letter v in the formula. This calcula‐
tion is necessary because for technical reasons all vehicles reach
different maximum speeds within a legally permissible tolerance
range.
15.9 Winter tyres with speed symbol “H”
Vehicles with a permissible speed above 210 km/h:
♦ Vehicles with a permissible speed above 210 km/h may only
be driven with winter tyres with the speed symbol “H” (max 210
km/h).
♦ A label must be attached in the driver's field of vision.
♦ The label must indicate the maximum permissible speed of
210km/h (winter tyres or M+S tyres).
♦ The corresponding load index (LI) of the tyre must be ob‐
served.
15.10 Winter tyres with speed symbol “V”
Table ⇒ page 72
The tyre-manufacturing industry also supplies winter tyres with a
V speed rating. However, these tyres may be driven up to the
maximum permissible speed v
conditions.
Vehicles with V speed rating tyres entered in documents
Vehicles which according to the vehicle documents require V
speed rating tyres may be driven without restriction up to a max‐
imum permissible speed “v”
rated V are fitted.
= 240 km/h only under certain
max
= 240 km/h when winter tyres
max
15. Tyre requirements and tyre maintenance 73
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Vehicles with W, Y or ZR speed rating tyres entered in documents
Vehicles which according to the vehicle documents require W, Y
or ZR speed rating tyres may not be driven up to “v”
km/h under certain conditions when these tyres are fitted.
Reason
V-rated summer tyres and V-rated winter tyres without special
markings have 100 % of their maximum load capacity (as speci‐
fied by load index “LI”) only at speeds of up to 210 km/h.
With V-rated winter tyres, speeds above 210 km/h are only pos‐
sible if the maximum load capacity of the tyres is not exceeded.
The maximum load capacity of the tyres decreases as the speed
increases.
The maximum permissible axle load and the maximum speed of
some Audi vehicles are so high that the load capacity of the Vrated tyres is not sufficient for speeds of up to 240 km/h.
Example: 205/55 R 16 91V tyres
The load index (LI) 91 certifies that this tyre has a load capacity
of 615 kg per tyre at up to 210 km/h.
At 240 km/h this tyre can only carry a load of 560 kg; therefore
the maximum axle load is only 1120 kg.
The vehicle has a permissible axle load of 1150 kg and a maxi‐
mum speed of 232 km/h; this vehicle may be driven at a maximum
speed of 230 km/h on V winter tyres.
This applies to all V winter tyres without special markings.
Winter tyres with the designation Extra Load XL ⇒ page 75
Registration regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany
It is only permissible that the top speed that the vehicle can reach
is above the maximum speed specified by the speed symbol
when winter tyres are fitted.
In this instance, a label indicating the following must be attached
in the driver's field of vision:
max
= 240
Caution: winter tyres!
Maximum permissible speed ... km/h
Caution: M+S tyres!
Maximum permissible speed ... km/h
15.11 Load rating code/load index (LI)
The load rating can be found on the sidewall of the tyre. It provides
information about the maximum load that the tyre can bear.
The load rating is included in the size designation of the tyre (e.g.
195 R 15 91 H). It is indicated on the tyre as a code according to
the ETRTO standard. The following table shows the load rating
codes used at Audi together with the corresponding load capacity
of the tyres.
Load rating code Maximum load of tyre in kg
76 400
77 412
78 425
79 437
80 450
81 462
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Load rating code Maximum load of tyre in kg
82 625
83 487
84 500
85 515
86 530
87 545
88 560
89 580
90 600
91 615
92 630
93 650
94 670
95 690
96 710
97 730
98 750
99 775
100 800
101 825
102 850
103 875
104 900
105 925
106 950
107 975
108 1000
109 1030
110 1060
111 1090
112 1120
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
15.12 Reinforced/Extra Load (XL) tyres
Tyres marked XL have a higher load capacity than tyres without
this marking.
For some time a number of tyre manufacturers have been using
the designation “Extra Load” instead of “Reinforced”. This desig‐
nation has been standard in countries outside of Europe for a
while. From a technical point of view there is no difference be‐
tween them.
Some tyre manufacturers also use the designation “XL” for Extra
Load tyres.
Tyres with the designation “Reinforced” or “Extra Load (XL)” are
equivalent.
15.13 Extra Load (XL) V winter tyres
V winter tyres marked XL have a higher load capacity than V win‐
ter tyres without this marking.
15. Tyre requirements and tyre maintenance 75
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XL V winter tyres allow a higher speed; however, this does not
mean that the maximum permissible speed of a V tyre is 240 km/
h for every vehicle.
The same conditions as for V winter tyres without special mark‐
ings apply for these tyres ⇒ page 73 .
15.14 Snow chains
Snow chains are permitted on the driven wheels only.
On four-wheel drive vehicles, snow chains may only be fitted on
the front wheels (exception: rear wheels also on Audi Q5).
It is not possible to use snow chains with all wheel/tyre combina‐
tions.
If no particular type of snow chain is specified, you can use snow
chains with fine-pitch links. The links must not protrude more than
15 mm from the tread and inside of the tyres (including tensioner).
On some models only special snow chains with fine-pitch links
may be used with certain wheel/tyre combinations.
The maximum speed permitted by law when driving with snow
chains is 50 km/h.
Snow chains should be removed when roads are free of snow.
Otherwise the vehicle's handling will be more difficult, unneces‐
sary stress is put on the tyres and the chains are worn more than
under normal circumstances.
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15.15 The valve
1 - Valve body
2 - Valve core
3 - Valve cap
Caution
Do not screw aluminium valve caps onto steel valve bodies.
1. Valve body
The rubber valve for tubeless tyres is designed to be an air-tight
seal on the hole in the rim. The elastic material of the rubber valve
body presses tightly into the hole in the rim.
In the case of valves with a threaded metal base, a rubber seal is
used to seal the rim. The lateral faces of the rim hole are sealing
surfaces. They must therefore be free of rust and dirt and must
not be damaged.
2. Valve core
The valve core fulfils the most important task in the valve; it acts
as a seal and enables you to adjust the inflation pressure. The
small flat seal on the valve core can only function correctly if it is
free of foreign particles, dirt and moisture.
3. Valve cap
A valve cap must always be screwed onto the valve. It prevents
dirt from getting into the valve. Dirt in the valve could reach the
seal on the valve plunger when the tyre is inflated and lead to
leakage.
The valve must be renewed every time a new tyre is fitted.
If the vehicle is driven without caps on the valves, there is the
danger that dirt may get into the valve. This leads to a gradual
loss of air, which in turn can lead to irreparable damage to the
tyre.
♦ Separation of carcass and rubber
♦ Wide furrows all around the area of the bead
♦ Torn tread
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
Please note: The valve cap must be fitted tightly to ensure airtight sealing.
Caution
Do not screw aluminium valve caps onto steel valve bodies.
15.16 Tyre storage
Storage area:
Rooms used for storing tyres must be
• dark
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• dry,
• cool,
• well ventilated.
Stored tyres must not come in contact with fuel, oil, grease or
chemicals under any circumstances. Otherwise, the material in
the tyre will be damaged by chemical reactions which are not al‐
ways visible.
As a result, dangerous situations can occur when the car is driven.
Of course, tyre damage occurs only if the tyre is in contact with
the chemical for a relatively long time. If a few drops of petrol drip
onto the tyre while you are filling the tank, this is of no concern.
15.17 Storing the tyres
Complete wheels
Tyres mounted on wheels can be stored flat, stacked one upon
the other. The inflation pressure should be increased to a maxi‐
mum of 3 bar.
Tyres without rims
Tyres without rims are best stored standing vertically. If tyres are
stacked flat for a long period of time, they will be pressed together
quite considerably. They will then be more difficult to fit, as the
tyres do not sit on the bead seats. If tyres are stored standing
vertically, it is recommended to turn them every 14 days to avoid
flat spots.
15.18 Tyre ageing
Tyres age as a result of physical and chemical processes where‐
by the function can be impaired. Tyres which are stored for long
periods of time harden and become brittle faster than tyres which
are constantly in use on a vehicle. Older tyres may develop hair‐
line cracks as a result of ageing. When tyres are in regular use,
the constant flexing activates softeners in the rubber, preventing
hardening and the development of cracks.
It is therefore important to not only take into account the tread
depth, but also the age of spare tyres, stored tyres and tyres which
are not permanently in use. The tyre age can be seen on the DOT
designation, which includes the production date of the tyre.
DOT number (example):
DOT ...... 5 0 0 2 <
In this example, the production date is the 50th week of 2002. The
DOT number had 3 digits up to 31 December 1999.
Recommendation:
♦ We recommend that you only use tyres which are older than
6 years in emergencies and make sure you then drive with
great caution.
♦ When new tyres are fitted, the spare tyre may also be used if
it is in perfect condition and not more than 6 years old. The
age of the tyre has a great influence on the high-speed capa‐
bility of the tyre. It is possible to combine a spare tyre which is
several years old with new tyres, however, this can have an
adverse influence on car handling.
Calendar week
Year of manufac‐
ture
Stands
for 2002
78 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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♦ Tyres are constantly being further developed, which can lead,
for example, to slight changes in the rubber compound, even
if the tyres are of the same make, size and tread pattern.
♦ For reasons of safety, tyres of the same make and with the
same tread pattern should be mounted on one axle.
♦ Vehicles with four-wheel drive must always be fitted with tyres
of the same size, construction, tread pattern and make on all
four wheels. This does not apply to Audi vehicles which are
factory-fitted with different tyre sizes on the front and rear
wheels.
Note
♦
Only tyres of the same construction, size and tread pattern
should be used on all four wheels.
♦
This does not apply to Audi vehicles which are factory-fitted
with different tyre sizes on the front and rear wheels.
15.19 Renewing tyres
We recommend using only tyres that are additionally marked with
“AO”. These tyres match the Audi models and their characteris‐
tics.
Tyres must always be renewed when:
• the legal minimum tread depth of 1.6 mm is reached,
• there is visible mechanical damage
• the tyres are more than 6 years old.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
15.20 Care and maintenance of alloy wheel
rims
Regular care is required to maintain the decorative appearance
of alloy wheels over a long period of time.
In particular road salt and dust from brake abrasion must be thor‐
oughly washed off every 2 weeks; otherwise the finish of the alloy
wheel will suffer.
Suitable cleaning agents:
♦ Plain water or water with soft soap
♦ Water and essence of vinegar
♦ Alloy wheel cleansers without acids or strong solvents
Do not exceed the soaking time of the cleaning agent.
The shorter the recommended soaking time, the stronger and
more aggressive the cleaning agent.
If the finish is damaged, for example by stones, the damage must
be repaired as quickly as possible.
Removing adhesive residue from glued balance weights on alloy
rims:
♦ Strong solvents and acids attack the finish on alloy wheels and
the surface of the wheel becomes matt and milky. These sub‐
stances should therefore not be used.
♦ To remove adhesive residue on alloy wheels, use alloy cleans‐
ers or a petrol-based cleanser. Do not exceed the soaking time
of the cleaning agent.
15. Tyre requirements and tyre maintenance 79
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
♦ After cleaning or removing adhesive residue from wheels,
rinse them with water.
Rotating wheels:
♦ Vehicles with front-wheel drive exhibit more tread wear on the
front wheels due to the greater forces they have to transmit.
♦ In order for all 4 wheels on the vehicle to have the same serv‐
ice life, we recommend rotating the front and rear wheels/
tyres.
♦ Ensure that uni-directional tyres are not reversed.
♦ The longer the tyre runs at one position, the more it wears at
certain points. It is therefore advisable to rotate the wheels at
short intervals, for example every 5,000 km.
♦ Diagonal rotation is possible only with non-directional tyres.
This wheel rotation method is especially advantageous in the
case of saw-tooth wear. For more information on saw-tooth
wear, refer to ⇒ page 86 .
♦ If saw-tooth wear has already progressed and the tread is
worn by more than 50%, only slight improvements would be
achieved and rotation is not recommended. The elasticity of
the tread blocks declines and the saw-tooth wear does not
progress.
15.21 Tyres with rim protectors
The tyre industry produces tyres with rim protectors for light alloy
wheels. The rim protectors are intended to protect the light alloy
wheels against damage due to kerbing.
A combination of a tyre with rim protector, a steel rim and a fullsize wheel cover can lead to the loss of the wheel cover while the
vehicle is in motion. The wheel cover becomes unseated due to
the flexing of the tyre.
WARNING
When fitting tyres on steel rims, make sure not to use tyres
which have rim protectors.
The illustration shows the inadmissible combination of steel rim,
full-size wheel cover and a tyre with rim protector.
A - Rim protector
B - Flange of a steel rim
C - Full-size wheel cover
WARNING
This combination must not be fitted!
80 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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16 Tyre wear / mileage
Note
♦
The tyre pressure also has an influence on the tyre's wear and
mileage.
♦
Always observe the correct tyre pressures.
16.1 General notes
A tyre has to meet numerous requirements.
Depending on the conditions in which the tyres are used and on
the type of vehicle, some requirements will be more important
than others.
H, V, and Z tyres for »high-performance vehicles« are expected
to have good grip on wet and flooded roads. However, mileage
performance cannot be as good for tyres of this type as it is, for
example, in the case of S or T tyres.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
16.2 Wear of high-speed tyres
These tyres are designed for very high speeds. When developing
these tyres, good grip in wet conditions is the main objective. The
rubber compositions required in order to meet this objective do
not have the same wear resistance as T and H tyres for lower
speeds.
The life expectancy of high-speed tyres is therefore considerably
lower in comparable conditions of use.
16.3 Evenly worn tyres
The requirements to be met by tyres are increasing continuously.
This is caused by the following factors:
♦ increased vehicle weight
♦ high speeds
♦ high level of vehicle safety.
Greater loads on the tyre will, of course, lead to an increase in
tyre wear.
Driving style has a critical effect on tyre wear. For this reason,
customer claims regarding tyre wear on evenly worn tyres are not
covered by the warranty.
The effective service life of a tyre can only be determined when
the remaining tread depth has reached 2 mm (see diagrams
⇒ page 69 ).
16.4 One-sided wear
This is often caused by driving style, but can be the result of in‐
correct wheel alignment.
One-sided wear, usually in conjunction with signs of scuffing on
the ribs of the tread and in the fine grooves, always occurs when
the tyres have been allowed to roll with an extreme tyre slip angle,
causing them to »rub« on the road surface.
Driving fast on a stretch of road with lots of bends will cause in‐
creased wear, in particular on the outer shoulder.
16. Tyre wear / mileage 81
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
A rounded outer shoulder on the tyre in conjunction with a partic‐
ularly high degree of wear on the outer tread blocks indicates fast
cornering. This wear pattern is influenced by driving style.
To optimise handling, the suspension is set to certain toe-in and
camber values. Increased one-sided wear can be expected if
tyres are allowed to roll under conditions which differ from those
specified.
One-sided wear is especially likely if the toe-in and camber have
not been set correctly. Moreover, there is a greater risk of diago‐
nal erosion.
Toe-out or negative toe-in:
Distance between front of wheels -A- is greater than distance be‐
tween rear of wheels -B- (-C- = direction of travel).
Toe-in or positive toe:
Distance between front of wheels -A- is less than distance be‐
tween rear of wheels -B- (-C- = direction of travel).
To prevent one-sided wear, care must be taken to ensure that the
wheel is set within the tolerance specified by the vehicle manu‐
facturer. The most frequent deviation of the wheel alignment is
caused by external influences, for example hard contact with the
kerb when parking.
By measuring the axle geometry, you can check whether the
wheel alignment is within the specified tolerances or whether it
has to be corrected.
16.5 Permissible differences in tread depth
Note
For permissible differences in tread depth please refer to the sec‐
tion
⇒ “17 Permissible differences in tread depth”, page 85
16.6 One-sided wear - adjustment error
If a customer complains about one-sided tyre wear, the axle ge‐
ometry should be checked. Warranty claims are only permissible
if one-sided wear is caused by incorrect axle geometry that is not
the result of external influences on the tyre and wheel. The wheel
alignment protocol should be submitted together with the com‐
plaint report.
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Increased, one-sided wear caused by the wheels running »offtrack«. This frequently happens in conjunction with a rough tread
surface or even the formation of feathering on the edges of the
tread.
16.7 Wear in middle of tyre
This wear pattern is found on the driven wheels of high-perform‐
ance vehicles that are frequently driven long distances at high
speeds.
At high speeds, centrifugal forces cause the tyre diameter to in‐
crease more in the middle of the running surface than it does at
the shoulder. This causes drive forces to be transferred to the
road surface from the central area of the running surface. This is
reflected in the wear pattern.
Effects of this kind can be especially pronounced on wide tyres.
It is not possible to counter this wear pattern by reducing the tyre
pressure.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
DANGER!
For safety reasons, the tyre pressure must not under any cir‐
cumstances be reduced below the specified tyre pressure.
A more or less even tread wear pattern can be achieved by in‐
terchanging the tyres on the driven wheels and non-driven wheels
in good time.
The typical tread wear pattern of tyres run on the driven wheels
of a high-performance vehicle. The increased wear in the centre
section of the tread results from the extra loading associated with
centrifugal forces within the tyre and the transmission of drive
forces.
16.8 Diagonal erosion
Diagonal erosion runs at an angle of approx. 45 ° to the direction
of rotation. It usually occurs at one point only, but can also occur
at several points around the circumference of the tyre.
Such erosion wear occurs almost exclusively on the tyres on the
non-driven wheels, in particular at the rear left. Diagonal erosion
occurs very often on some models, while it poses no problem at
all on other models. The effect is intensified by high toe-in values.
Toe-in values in the region of the lower tolerance limits of the
specified alignment values improve the wear pattern.
16. Tyre wear / mileage 83
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
The most pronounced diagonal erosion is often found in the area
where the tyre components are joined.
Wheels with toe-in also roll with a tyre slip angle when the vehicle
is driven in a straight line. This leads to diagonal strain in the con‐
tact area between the tyres and road surface.
This wear pattern is intensified when tyre pressure is too low. To
avoid such tread wear patterns, the toe-in values of the two rear
wheels should be identical and the specified tyre pressures ob‐
served.
If you detect diagonal erosion, you should fit the wheels on the
driven axle, assuming the wear is identified at an early stage.
Deeper erosion cannot be repaired.
16.9 Wear - adjustment error
In the event of a complaint of diagonal erosion, the toe-in setting
should be checked. If toe-in is correct, the cause of the diagonal
erosion is very probably the tyre itself. In this case, claims can be
made under the warranty.
The wheel alignment protocol should be submitted together with
the complaint report.
Tyres with diagonal erosion caused by incorrectly set axle geom‐
etry at the wheels are not covered by warranty.
84 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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17 Permissible differences in tread
depth
♦ Tyres of the same construction and tread pattern should al‐
ways be used on all four wheels.
♦ It is basically possible to replace tyres individually. However,
Audi recommends replacing at least both tyres on an axle at
the same time.
♦ On vehicles with rear sport differential, Audi recommends that
you always replace both rear tyres at the same time.
Note
Technical reason for these restrictions: thermal loads on the gear
oil due to large differences in the rolling circumference of the
tyres.
⇒ “17.1 Models with longitudinally installed engine”, page 85
⇒ “17.2 Models with transversely installed engine”, page 85
⇒ “17.3 Audi e-tron”, page 85
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
17.1 Models with longitudinally installed en‐
gine
Difference in tread depth on models with longitudinally installed
engines, e.g. A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, Q5, Q7, etc:
On these models, the average difference between the front and
rear axle must not be more than 2 mm.
Front axle (average): 3.0 mm
Rear axle (average): 4.5 mm
Difference between front and rear axle: 1.5 mm
Within permissible tolerance of 2 mm
17.2 Models with transversely installed en‐
gine
Difference in tread depth on models with transversely installed
engines, e.g. A3, TT, Q3, A1, etc.:
On these models, the average difference between the front and
rear axle must not be more than 3 mm.
Front axle (average): 2.0 mm
Rear axle (average): 4.0 mm
Difference between front and rear axle: 2.0 mm
Within permissible tolerance of 3 mm
17.3 Audi e-tron
On these models, the average difference between the front and
rear axle must not be more than 2 mm.
Front axle (average): 3.0 mm
Rear axle (average): 4.5 mm
Difference between front and rear axle: 1.5 mm
Within permissible tolerance of 2 mm
17. Permissible differences in tread depth 85
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18 Tyre noise
⇒ “18.1 General notes on tyre noise”, page 86
⇒ “18.2 Saw-tooth wear”, page 86
⇒ “18.3 Flat spots (brake-flatting)”, page 87
18.1 General notes on tyre noise
Tyre noise that can be heard by the human ear is caused by vi‐
brations which are transmitted by the air from the source of the
sound to our ears.
Of interest here are the noises caused by certain characteristics
and effects while the tyres are rolling (source of the sound).
The cause of the noise is largely dependent on the combination
of the road surface and tyres.
The road surface structure and material will greatly affect tyre
noise. For example, the noise level on a wet road is much higher
than on a dry road.
The tread pattern on the tyre contact surface also has a significant
influence on tyre noise. Tyres with transverse grooves at an angle
of 90° generate more noise than tyres with grooves running di‐
agonally.
Small tread blocks are unstable. Their highly pronounced defor‐
mation agitates the air as the tyres roll. This creates the air
vibrations that cause tyre noise.
Wider tyres are louder. They need more tread channels to dis‐
place water. When they are rolling, these tread channels displace
the air, also creating air vibrations.
Further effects that also influence tyre noise:
♦ »Tyre vibration« is the principal cause of tyre noise. It is
caused by the columns of air in the tread channels being agi‐
tated.
♦ »Air pumping« is the compression and expansion of the air
caused by the deformation of the tread blocks as the tyre con‐
tact area moves along the road surface.
18.2 Saw-tooth wear
Saw-tooth wear is a stepped wear pattern on the individual tread
blocks – see illustration – that can cause increased tyre noise.
The saw tooth pattern ("heel-and-toe" wear) is caused by uneven
deformation of the tread blocks in the tyre contact area. Saw-tooth
wear is more pronounced on non-driven wheels than on driven
wheels.
New tyres are more susceptible to saw-tooth wear because of the
greater elasticity of the high tread blocks. As the tread depth de‐
creases, the tread blocks become more rigid and the tendency to
wear in a saw-tooth pattern decreases.
What does a saw tooth wear pattern look like?
Viewed in the direction of travel, the tread blocks are higher at the
front than they are at the rear, see illustration. Pronounced sawtooth wear can lead to customers complaining about tyre noise.
Pronounced saw-tooth wear occurs:
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♦ when toe-in values are too high
♦ when tyre pressures are incorrect
♦ when the tread is coarse, open
♦ on tyres which are fitted to the non-driven wheels
♦ when the vehicle is driven very fast around tight corners
1 - More pronounced wear at the front of the tread block
2 - Direction of rotation
Non-directional tyres:
In the event of saw-tooth wear, the direction of rotation of the tyre
must be reversed. If saw-tooth wear is especially pronounced and
tyre noise has increased, interchange the tyres diagonally. This
will reduce the saw-tooth effect. On front-wheel-drive vehicles,
this effect is intensified by the greater wear on the front axle. Tyre
noise will be somewhat greater immediately after the tyres have
been interchanged, but will return to the normal level after driving
about 500 – 1,000 km.
Directional tyres:
In the event of increased saw-tooth wear on the rear tyres – in
particular on front-wheel-drive vehicles – interchange the front
and rear tyres. In the event of increased saw-tooth wear on the
outer edges of the tyres on one axle, turn both tyres around on
their rims. The left-hand wheel must then be fitted on the right side
of the vehicle and the right-hand wheel on the left side.
Saw-tooth wear is a normal wear pattern and can be rectified on
non-directional tyres by rotating the wheels diagonally. The wear
should then be compensated after approx. 500 – 1,000 km.
The complaint report should include information detailing the pre‐
vious repair work.
Modern tyres are designed for maximum driving safety, even in
wet conditions. This demands an open tread pattern at the
shoulders of the tyre and a softer rubber composition for the tread
itself, both of which accelerate saw-tooth wear.
Saw-tooth wear is a normal wear pattern and does not constitute
a fault which is covered by the warranty.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
18.3 Flat spots (brake-flatting)
Flat spots can result from an extreme brake application which
causes the wheels to lock, so that the rubber is worn off at the
contact patch between the tread and the road surface.
As the tyres slide over the road surface, friction generates heat,
which also reduces the wear resistance of the tread material.
Not even a highly wear-resistant tread compound can prevent the
flat spots caused by violent braking.
Even ABS-controlled brake systems are not always able to stop
the wheels locking briefly, causing small patches of wear.
The degree of such wear depends largely on the vehicle speed,
the road surface and the load placed on the wheel. The following
examples should make this clear.
If a vehicle is braked to a standstill on a dry surface with the
wheels locked, the amount of rubber worn from the tyre will cover
an area the size of a postcard and will have a thickness of:
♦ up to 2.0 mm when braking from a speed of 57 km/h (23.8 m
braking distance)
18. Tyre noise 87
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
♦ up to 3.3 mm when braking from a speed of 75 km/h (41.8 m
braking distance)
♦ up to 4.8 mm when braking from a speed of 92 km/h (71.6 m
braking distance)
Flat spots on running surface
Tyres with such damage must no longer be used and must be
renewed.
Tyres with flat spots due to hard braking and those damaged due
to other driving errors are not covered by warranty (SA 13 - Out
of round or unbalanced; SA 20 Rolling noise).
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19 Rough running caused by wheels/
tyres
19.1 Causes of rough running
Rough running can have a number of different causes. It can also
be caused by tyre wear.
Tyre wear caused by driving is not always evenly spread across
the entire running surface of the tyre. This causes slight imbal‐
ances which affect the smooth running of a wheel which was
previously exactly balanced.
Minor imbalances will not be felt at the steering wheel, but that
does not mean that they are not there. They increase wear on the
tyre and thus reduce the tyre service life.
Recommendation:
To ensure optimum safety, smooth running and even wear
throughout the tyre's service life, we recommend having the
wheels and tyres balanced at least twice during the service life of
the tyre.
Rough running can also be caused by flat spots resulting from
storage or handling. ⇒ page 89
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
19.2 Flat spots caused by storage or handling
Flat spots caused by storage or handling can also cause rough
running.
What is a flat spot?
A flat spot can also be termed flattening or similar.
It is important that flat spots on the tread are identified as such.
A flat spot in the tyre cannot be eliminated by re-balancing.
Flat spots of this kind can re-occur at any time due to particular
circumstances. Flat spots caused by storage or handling can be
eliminated without complicated special tools. This does not apply
to flat spots which have been caused by hard braking,
⇒ page 87 Flat spots (brake-flatting).
Note
Flat spots caused by hard braking cannot be repaired. Such tyres
must be renewed.
Other causes of flat spots:
♦ The vehicle has been left standing in one place without being
moved for a long period.
♦ The tyre inflation pressure is too low.
♦ The vehicle was placed in a paint shop drying booth after
painting.
♦ The vehicle was parked with warm tyres in a cool garage or
similar for a long period of time. In this case, a flat spot may
even occur overnight.
Eliminating flat spots caused by storage or handling
♦ Flat spots caused by storage or handling cannot be eliminated
from the tyre using workshop equipment.
19. Rough running caused by wheels/tyres 89
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♦ Flat spots caused by storage or handling cannot be eliminated
by re-balancing.
♦ Check and, if necessary, correct inflation pressures.
♦ The flat spots can only be removed by running the tyres warm.
♦ We do not recommend running the tyres warm in cold and
wintry weather.
DANGER!
Do not endanger yourself or other road users during this road
test.
Observe the highway code and speed limitations in force when
performing the road test.
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20 Wheel balancing
20.1 General notes
Before you start balancing the wheels, the following requirements
must be met.
• The tyre pressure must be OK.
• The tyre tread must not show one-sided wear and should be
at least 4 mm deep.
• The tyre must not have a flat spot caused by storage or han‐
dling.
A flat spot in the tyre cannot be eliminated by re-balancing.
• The tyre must not show any signs of damage, for example
cuts, piercing, foreign bodies, etc.
• The suspension, steering and steering linkage, including the
shock absorbers, must be in perfect condition.
• You must have conducted a road test.
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
20.2 Conducting a road test before balancing
wheels
If a customer brings a vehicle to the workshop complaining about
»vibration«, a road test is essential prior to balancing the wheels.
♦ This will give you information about the nature of the rough
running.
♦ You will be able to determine in which speed range the rough
running occurs.
– Raise the vehicle on a lifting platform immediately after the
road test.
– Mark the positions of the tyres on the vehicle:
Note
Mark front left tyre »FL«, front right tyre »FR«, rear left tyre »RL«
and rear right tyre »RR«.
– Remove the wheels from the vehicle.
Caution
On vehicles with ceramic brakes the wheel must not be allowed
to drop onto the brake disc. This would cause irreparable dam‐
age to the disc. When removing or fitting a wheel, screw the
long assembly pin into the top wheel bolt hole (12 o'clock po‐
sition) in place of the wheel bolt, and screw the short pin into
one of the other holes to support the wheel. The wheel can then
slide along the assembly pins when being fitted or removed.
– Balance the wheels.
20. Wheel balancing 91
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20.3 Balancing wheels on stationary wheel
balancer
Note
When balancing tyres, please remember that cleanliness is ab‐
solutely essential, as indeed it is in the case of any other repair
work you carry out. Only then can you attain a flawless result!
Caution
Bond on the balancing weights so that they do not touch the
brake caliper or parts of the suspension.
– Attach wheel to wheel balancer.
Wheels with sensitive surfaces and bonded wheel trims
⇒ page 93
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
Dirt and rust in the area of the contact surfaces and centre of the
wheel distort the result.
– Clean the contact surfaces, the centre of the wheel and the
recess on the inside of the wheel before mounting the wheel
on the wheel balancer.
– Clamp wheel with tyre on balancer.
Caution
Bond on the balancing weights so that they do not touch the
brake caliper or parts of the suspension.
Use a model-specific clamping plate , e.g. -VAS 6243- , to clamp
the wheel on the wheel balancer without damage.
This will yield better balancing results and protect the surface of
the rim (for instance if it has a chrome design).
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20.4 Wheels with sensitive surfaces and bon‐
ded wheel trims
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
Use only model-specific clamping plate - VAS 6652- and thrust
pin - VAS 6652/1- .
Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
20.5 Work sequence when balancing wheels
and tyres
Wheels with sensitive surfaces and bonded wheel trims
⇒ page 93
Caution
Bond on the balancing weights so that they do not touch the
brake caliper or parts of the suspension.
20. Wheel balancing 93
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Wheels and tyres - Edition 11.2019
Note
♦
On rims with bonded wheel trims, take care not to scratch the
wheel trims.
♦
Wheel trims have a very sensitive surface.
♦
If a wheel trim is damaged, the rim must be renewed.
♦
The wheel trim cannot be renewed.
– Allow the wheel/tyre to turn on the wheel balancer.
– Check that the indicator lines on the sidewall of the tyre near
the rim flange run evenly.
– Check that the body of the tyre runs evenly while the wheel
and tyre are rotating.
Note
If one-sided wear, flat spots from braking or severe erosion is ap‐
parent, balancing will not be able to achieve smooth running. In
this case, the tyre must be renewed.
– Check the true running of the wheel and tyre. If the wheel and
tyre do not run true although there are no flat spots on the tyre,
this may be due to radial or lateral run-out.
– Check the wheel and tyre for radial and lateral run-out.
– If radial and lateral run-out are within the specified tolerance,
balance the wheel and tyre.
Note
♦
The weight used per wheel should not exceed 60 grams.
♦
If a larger weight is required, you can possibly achieve smooth‐
er running by "match mounting" the tyre and rim. "Match
mounting" tyres ⇒ page 100 .
♦
The wheel balancer display should indicate 0 grams.
– Bolt the wheel to the vehicle.
Caution
On vehicles with ceramic brakes the wheel must not be allowed
to drop onto the brake disc. This would cause irreparable dam‐
age to the disc. When removing or fitting a wheel, screw the
long assembly pin into the top wheel bolt hole (12 o'clock po‐
sition) in place of the wheel bolt, and screw the short pin into
one of the other holes to support the wheel. The wheel can then
slide along the assembly pins when being fitted or removed.
– First hand-tighten the lowest wheel bolt to about 30 Nm.
– Then tighten the remaining wheel bolts to about 30 Nm (in
diagonal sequence). This process centres the wheel on the
hub.
– Lower vehicle onto its wheels.
94 Rep. gr.44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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