BDTIC www.bdtic.com/ATMEL
Features
• High-performance, Low-power AVR
• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
– 128K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– 4K Bytes EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– 16K Bytes Internal SRAM
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
– Extensive On-chip Debug Support
– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
– Two 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Six PWM Channels
– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
Differential mode with selectable gain at 1x, 10x or 200x
– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
– Two Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby
and Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
– 32 Programmable I/O Lines
– 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltages
– 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega1284P
• Speed Grades
– 0 - 4 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V
– 0 - 10 MHz @ 2.7 - 5.5V
– 0 - 20 MHz @ 4.5 - 5.5V
• Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C
– Active: TBD µA
– Power-down Mode: TBD µA
– Power-save Mode: TBD µA (Including 32 kHz RTC)
®
8-bit Microcontroller
8-bit
Microcontroller
with 128K Bytes
In-System
Programmable
Flash
ATmega1284P
Preliminary
8059B–AVR–05/08
1. Pin Configurations
Figure 1-1. Pinout ATmega1284P
PDIP
(PCINT8/XCK0/T0) PB0
(PCINT9/CLKO/T1) PB1
(PCINT10/INT2/AIN0) PB2
(PCINT11/OC0A/AIN1) PB3
(PCINT12/OC0B/SS) PB4
(PCINT13/ICP3/MOSI) PB5
(PCINT14/OC3A/MISO) PB6
(PCINT15/OC3B/SCK) PB7
RESET
VCC
GND
XTAL2
XTAL1
(PCINT24/RXD0/T3) PD0
(PCINT25/TXD0) PD1
(PCINT26/RXD1/INT0) PD2
(PCINT27/TXD1/INT1) PD3
(PCINT28/XCK1/OC1B) PD4
(PCINT29/OC1A) PD5
(PCINT30/OC2B/ICP) PD6
TQFP/QFN/MLF
PB4 (SS/OC0B/PCINT12)
PB3 (AIN1/OC0A/PCINT11)
PB2 (AIN0/INT2/PCINT10)
PB1 (T1/CLKO/PCINT9)
PB0 (XCK0/T0/PCINT8)
GND
VCC
PA0 (ADC0/PCINT0)
PA1 (ADC1/PCINT1)
PA0 (ADC0/PCINT0)
PA1 (ADC1/PCINT1)
PA2 (ADC2/PCINT2)
PA3 (ADC3/PCINT3)
PA4 (ADC4/PCINT4)
PA5 (ADC5/PCINT5)
PA6 (ADC6/PCINT6)
PA7 (ADC7/PCINT7)
AREF
GND
AVC C
PC7 (TOSC2/PCINT23)
PC6 (TOSC1/PCINT22)
PC5 (TDI/PCINT21)
PC4 (TDO/PCINT20)
PC3 (TMS/PCINT19)
PC2 (TCK/PCINT18)
PC1 (SDA/PCINT17)
PC0 (SCL/PCINT16)
PD7 (OC2A/PCINT31)
PA2 (ADC2/PCINT2)
PA3 (ADC3/PCINT3)
(PCINT13/ICP3/MOSI) PB5
(PCINT14/OC3A/MISO) PB6
(PCINT15/OC3B/SCK) PB7
RESET
VCC
GND
XTAL2
XTAL1
(PCINT24/RXD0/T3) PD0
(PCINT25/TXD0) PD1
(PCINT26/RXD1/INT0) PD2
VCC
GND
(PCINT16/SCL) PC0
(PCINT29/OC1A) PD5
(PCINT31/OC2A) PD7
(PCINT30/OC2B/ICP) PD6
(PCINT27/TXD1/INT1) PD3
(PCINT28/XCK1/OC1B) PD4
(PCINT17/SDA) PC1
(PCINT18/TCK) PC2
PA4 (ADC4/PCINT4)
PA5 (ADC5/PCINT5)
PA6 (ADC6/PCINT6)
PA7 (ADC7/PCINT7)
AREF
GND
AVC C
PC7 (TOSC2/PCINT23)
PC6 (TOSC1/PCINT22)
PC5 (TDI/PCINT21)
PC4 (TDO/PCINT20)
(PCINT19/TMS) PC3
Note: The large center pad underneath the QFN/MLF package should be soldered to ground on the
board to ensure good mechanical stability.
2
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
2. Overview
The ATmega1284P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced
RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega1284P
achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize
power consumption versus processing speed.
2.1 Block Diagram
Figure 2-1. Block Diagram
ATmega1284P
RESET
XTAL1
VCC
GND
XTAL2
Powe r
Supervision
POR / BOD &
RESET
Watchdog
Timer
Watchdog
Oscillator
Oscillator
Circuits /
Clock
Generation
PORT A (8)
A/D
Converter
EEPROM
JTAG/OCD
TWI
PA7..0
Internal
Bandgap reference
CPU
SRAMFLASH
PB7..0
PORT B (8)
Analog
Comparator
SPI
8bit T/C 0
16bit T/C 1
8bit T/C 2
16bit T/C 3
USART 0
16bit T/C 1
USART 1
8059B–AVR–05/08
PORT C (8)
TOSC1/PC6TOSC2/PC7
PC5..0
PORT D (8)
PD7..0
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the
32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent
registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting
architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
3
The ATmega1284P provides the following features: 128K bytes of In-System Programmable
Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 4K bytes EEPROM, 16K bytes SRAM, 32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, Real Time Counter (RTC), three flexible
Timer/Counters with compare modes and PWM, 2 USARTs, a byte oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, a 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential input stage with programmable gain,
programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, IEEE std. 1149.1
compliant JTAG test interface, also used for accessing the On-chip Debug system and programming and six software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while
allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip
functions until the next interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous
timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is
sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except Asynchronous Timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode,
the Crystal/Resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows
very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. In Extended Standby mode, both the
main Oscillator and the Asynchronous Timer continue to run.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology. The Onchip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial
interface, by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program
running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any interface to download the application
program in the application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to run
while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By
combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,
the Atmel ATmega1284P is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost
effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The ATmega1284P AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools
including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators,
and evaluation kits.
2.2 Pin Descriptions
2.2.1 VCC
Digital supply voltage.
2.2.2 GND
Ground.
2.2.3 Port A (PA7:PA0)
Port A serves as analog inputs to the Analog-to-digital Converter.
Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port A pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active, even if the clock is not running.
Port A also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega1284P as listed on
page 79.
4
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
2.2.4 Port B (PB7:PB0)
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega1284P as listed on
page 81.
2.2.5 Port C (PC7:PC0)
Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface, along with special features of the
ATmega1284P as listed on page 84.
2.2.6 Port D (PD7:PD0)
ATmega1284P
2.2.7 RESET
2.2.8 XTAL1
2.2.9 XTAL2
2.2.10 AVCC
2.2.11 AREF
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega1284P as listed on
page 87.
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a
reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in ”System and Reset
Characteristics” on page 328. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port F and the Analog-to-digital Converter. It should be externally connected to V
to V
through a low-pass filter.
CC
, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected
CC
8059B–AVR–05/08
This is the analog reference pin for the Analog-to-digital Converter.
5
3. Resources
A comprehensive set of development tools, application notes and datasheetsare available for
download on http://www.atmel.com/avr.
6
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
4. About Code Examples
This documentation contains simple code examples that briefly show how to use various parts of
the device. Be aware that not all C compiler vendors include bit definitions in the header files
and interrupt handling in C is compiler dependent. Please confirm with the C compiler documentation for more details.
The code examples assume that the part specific header file is included before compilation. For
I/O registers located in extended I/O map, "IN", "OUT", "SBIS", "SBIC", "CBI", and "SBI" instructions must be replaced with instructions that allow access to extended I/O. Typically "LDS" and
"STS" combined with "SBRS", "SBRC", "SBR", and "CBR".
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
7
5. AVR CPU Core
5.1 Overview
This section discusses the AVR core architecture in general. The main function of the CPU core
is to ensure correct program execution. The CPU must therefore be able to access memories,
perform calculations, control peripherals, and handle interrupts.
Figure 5-1. Block Diagram of the AVR Architecture
Data Bus 8-bit
Flash
Program
Memory
Instruction
Register
Instruction
Decoder
Control Lines
Program
Counter
Direct Addressing
Status
and Control
32 x 8
General
Purpose
Registrers
ALU
Indirect Addressing
Data
SRAM
EEPROM
Interrupt
Unit
SPI
Unit
Watchdog
Timer
Analog
Comparator
I/O Module1
I/O Module 2
I/O Module n
I/O Lines
In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a Harvard architecture – with
separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program memory are
executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables instructions to be executed
in every clock cycle. The program memory is In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory.
The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with a single
clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In a typ-
8
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
ical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File, the operation is executed,
and the result is stored back in the Register File – in one clock cycle.
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect address register pointers for Data
Space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of the these address pointers
can also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in Flash program memory. These
added function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section.
The ALU supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and
a register. Single register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic operation, the Status Register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation.
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to
directly address the whole address space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bit word format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction.
Program Flash memory space is divided in two sections, the Boot Program section and the
Application Program section. Both sections have dedicated Lock bits for write and read/write
protection. The SPM instruction that writes into the Application Flash memory section must
reside in the Boot Program section.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is stored on the
Stack. The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and consequently the Stack
size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must
initialize the SP in the Reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are executed). The Stack
Pointer (SP) is read/write accessible in the I/O space. The data SRAM can easily be accessed
through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture.
The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.
A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an additional Global
Interrupt Enable bit in the Status Register. All interrupts have a separate Interrupt Vector in the
Interrupt Vector table. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their Interrupt Vector position. The lower the Interrupt Vector address, the higher the priority.
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as Control Registers, SPI, and other I/O functions. The I/O Memory can be accessed directly, or as the Data
Space locations following those of the Register File, 0x20 - 0x5F. In addition, the ATmega1284P
has Extended I/O space from 0x60 - 0xFF in SRAM where only the ST/STS/STD and
LD/LDS/LDD instructions can be used.
5.2 ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose
working registers. Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose
registers or between a register and an immediate are executed. The ALU operations are divided
into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit-functions. Some implementations of the
architecture also provide a powerful multiplier supporting both signed/unsigned multiplication
and fractional format. See the “Instruction Set” section for a detailed description.
5.3 Status Register
The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform
conditional operations. Note that the Status Register is updated after all ALU operations, as
8059B–AVR–05/08
9
specified in the Instruction Set Reference. This will in many cases remove the need for using the
dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and more compact code.
The Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine and restored
when returning from an interrupt. This must be handled by software.
5.3.1 SREG – Status Register
The AVR Status Register – SREG – is defined as:
Bit 76543210
0x3F (0x5F) ITHSVNZCSREG
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
• Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable
The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the interrupts to be enabled. The individual interrupt enable control is then performed in separate control registers. If the Global Interrupt Enable
Register is cleared, none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the individual interrupt
enable settings. The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred, and is set by
the RETI instruction to enable subsequent interrupts. The I-bit can also be set and cleared by
the application with the SEI and CLI instructions, as described in the instruction set reference.
• Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage
The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD) and BST (Bit STore) use the T-bit as source or destination for the operated bit. A bit from a register in the Register File can be copied into T by the
BST instruction, and a bit in T can be copied into a bit in a register in the Register File by the
BLD instruction.
• Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag
The Half Carry Flag H indicates a Half Carry in some arithmetic operations. Half Carry Is useful
in BCD arithmetic. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N
⊕ V
The S-bit is always an exclusive or between the Negative Flag N and the Two’s Complement
Overflow Flag V. See the “Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag
The Two’s Complement Overflow Flag V supports two’s complement arithmetics. See the
“Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag
The Negative Flag N indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the
“Instruction Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag
The Zero Flag Z indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction
Set Description” for detailed information.
• Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag
The Carry Flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See the “Instruction Set
Description” for detailed information.
10
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
5.4 General Purpose Register File
The Register File is optimized for the AVR Enhanced RISC instruction set. In order to achieve
the required performance and flexibility, the following input/output schemes are supported by the
Register File:
• One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input
• Two 8-bit output operands and one 8-bit result input
• Two 8-bit output operands and one 16-bit result input
• One 16-bit output operand and one 16-bit result input
Figure 5-2 shows the structure of the 32 general purpose working registers in the CPU.
Figure 5-2. AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers
General R14 0x0E
Purpose R15 0x0F
Working R16 0x10
Registers R17 0x11
ATmega1284P
70Addr.
R0 0x00
R1 0x01
R2 0x02
…
R13 0x0D
…
R26 0x1A X-register Low Byte
R27 0x1B X-register High Byte
R28 0x1C Y-register Low Byte
R29 0x1D Y-register High Byte
R30 0x1E Z-register Low Byte
R31 0x1F Z-register High Byte
8059B–AVR–05/08
Most of the instructions operating on the Register File have direct access to all registers, and
most of them are single cycle instructions.
As shown in Figure 5-2, each register is also assigned a data memory address, mapping them
directly into the first 32 locations of the user Data Space. Although not being physically implemented as SRAM locations, this memory organization provides great flexibility in access of the
registers, as the X-, Y- and Z-pointer registers can be set to index any register in the file.
11
5.4.1 The X-register, Y-register, and Z-register
The registers R26..R31 have some added functions to their general purpose usage. These registers are 16-bit address pointers for indirect addressing of the data space. The three indirect
address registers X, Y, and Z are defined as described in Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-3. The X-, Y-, and Z-registers
15 XH XL 0
X-register 707 0
R27 (0x1B) R26 (0x1A)
15 YH YL 0
Y-register 707 0
R29 (0x1D) R28 (0x1C)
15 ZH ZL 0
Z-register 70 7 0
R31 (0x1F) R30 (0x1E)
In the different addressing modes these address registers have functions as fixed displacement,
automatic increment, and automatic decrement (see the instruction set reference for details).
5.5 Stack Pointer
The Stack is mainly used for storing temporary data, for storing local variables and for storing
return addresses after interrupts and subroutine calls. The Stack Pointer Register always points
to the top of the Stack. Note that the Stack is implemented as growing from higher memory locations to lower memory locations. This implies that a Stack PUSH command decreases the Stack
Pointer.
The Stack Pointer points to the data SRAM Stack area where the Subroutine and Interrupt
Stacks are located. This Stack space in the data SRAM must be defined by the program before
any subroutine calls are executed or interrupts are enabled. The Stack Pointer must be set to
point above 0x0100. The initial value of the stack pointer is the last address of the internal
SRAM. The Stack Pointer is decremented by one when data is pushed onto the Stack with the
PUSH instruction, and it is decremented by three when the return address is pushed onto the
Stack with subroutine call or interrupt. The Stack Pointer is incremented by one when data is
popped from the Stack with the POP instruction, and it is incremented by three when data is
popped from the Stack with return from subroutine RET or return from interrupt RETI.
The AVR Stack Pointer is implemented as two 8-bit registers in the I/O space. The number of
bits actually used is implementation dependent. Note that the data space in some implementations of the AVR architecture is so small that only SPL is needed. In this case, the SPH Register
will not be present.
12
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
5.5.1 SPH and SPL – Stack Pointer High and Stack pointer Low
Bit 151413121110 9 8
0x3E (0x5E) – – – SP12 SP11 SP10 SP9 SP8 SPH
0x3D (0x5D) SP7 SP6 SP5 SP4 SP3 SP2 SP1 SP0 SPL
76543210
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
11111111
5.5.2 RAMPZ – Extended Z-pointer Register for ELPM/SPM
Bit 765432 1 0
0x3B (0x5B)
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value000000 0 0
RAMPZ7 RAMPZ6 RAMPZ5 RAMPZ4 RAMPZ3 RAMPZ2 RAMPZ1 RAMPZ0
ATmega1284P
RAMPZ
For ELPM/SPM instructions, the Z-pointer is a concatenation of RAMPZ, ZH, and ZL, as shown
in Figure 5-4. Note that LPM is not affected by the RAMPZ setting.
Figure 5-4. The Z-pointer used by ELPM and SPM
Bit (
Individually)
Bit (Z-pointer) 23 16 15 8 7 0
The actual number of bits is implementation dependent. Unused bits in an implementation will
always read as zero. For compatibility with future devices, be sure to write these bits to zero.
5.6 Instruction Execution Timing
This section describes the general access timing concepts for instruction execution. The AVR
CPU is driven by the CPU clock clk
chip. No internal clock division is used.
Figure 5-5 on page 14 shows the parallel instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled
by the Harvard architecture and the fast-access Register File concept. This is the basic pipelining concept to obtain up to 1 MIPS per MHz with the corresponding unique results for functions
per cost, functions per clocks, and functions per power-unit.
707070
RAMPZ ZH ZL
, directly generated from the selected clock source for the
CPU
8059B–AVR–05/08
13
Figure 5-5. The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions
T1 T2 T3 T4
clk
CPU
1st Instruction Fetch
1st Instruction Execute
2nd Instruction Fetch
2nd Instruction Execute
3rd Instruction Fetch
3rd Instruction Execute
4th Instruction Fetch
Figure 5-6 shows the internal timing concept for the Register File. In a single clock cycle an ALU
operation using two register operands is executed, and the result is stored back to the destination register.
Figure 5-6. Single Cycle ALU Operation
T1 T2 T3 T4
clk
CPU
Total Execution Time
Register Operands Fetch
ALU Operation Execute
Result Write Back
5.7 Reset and Interrupt Handling
The AVR provides several different interrupt sources. These interrupts and the separate Reset
Vector each have a separate program vector in the program memory space. All interrupts are
assigned individual enable bits which must be written logic one together with the Global Interrupt
Enable bit in the Status Register in order to enable the interrupt. Depending on the Program
Counter value, interrupts may be automatically disabled when Boot Lock bits BLB02 or BLB12
are programmed. This feature improves software security. See the section ”Memory Program-
ming” on page 292 for details.
The lowest addresses in the program memory space are by default defined as the Reset and
Interrupt Vectors. The complete list of vectors is shown in ”Interrupts” on page 60. The list also
determines the priority levels of the different interrupts. The lower the address the higher is the
priority level. RESET has the highest priority, and next is INT0 – the External Interrupt Request
0. The Interrupt Vectors can be moved to the start of the Boot Flash section by setting the IVSEL
bit in the MCU Control Register (MCUCR). Refer to ”Interrupts” on page 60 for more information.
The Reset Vector can also be moved to the start of the Boot Flash section by programming the
BOOTRST Fuse, see ”Memory Programming” on page 292.
14
When an interrupt occurs, the Global Interrupt Enable I-bit is cleared and all interrupts are disabled. The user software can write logic one to the I-bit to enable nested interrupts. All enabled
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
interrupts can then interrupt the current interrupt routine. The I-bit is automatically set when a
Return from Interrupt instruction – RETI – is executed.
There are basically two types of interrupts. The first type is triggered by an event that sets the
Interrupt Flag. For these interrupts, the Program Counter is vectored to the actual Interrupt Vector in order to execute the interrupt handling routine, and hardware clears the corresponding
Interrupt Flag. Interrupt Flags can also be cleared by writing a logic one to the flag bit position(s)
to be cleared. If an interrupt condition occurs while the corresponding interrupt enable bit is
cleared, the Interrupt Flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled, or the flag is
cleared by software. Similarly, if one or more interrupt conditions occur while the Global Interrupt
Enable bit is cleared, the corresponding Interrupt Flag(s) will be set and remembered until the
Global Interrupt Enable bit is set, and will then be executed by order of priority.
The second type of interrupts will trigger as long as the interrupt condition is present. These
interrupts do not necessarily have Interrupt Flags. If the interrupt condition disappears before the
interrupt is enabled, the interrupt will not be triggered.
When the AVR exits from an interrupt, it will always return to the main program and execute one
more instruction before any pending interrupt is served.
Note that the Status Register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine, nor
restored when returning from an interrupt routine. This must be handled by software.
When using the CLI instruction to disable interrupts, the interrupts will be immediately disabled.
No interrupt will be executed after the CLI instruction, even if it occurs simultaneously with the
CLI instruction. The following example shows how this can be used to avoid interrupts during the
timed EEPROM write sequence..
Assembly Code Example
in r16, SREG ; store SREG value
cli ; disable interrupts during timed sequence
sbi EECR, EEMPE ; start EEPROM write
sbi EECR, EEPE
out SREG, r16 ; restore SREG value (I-bit)
C Code Example
char cSREG;
cSREG = SREG; /* store SREG value */
/* disable interrupts during timed sequence */
__disable_interrupt();
EECR |= (1<<EEMPE); /* start EEPROM write */
EECR |= (1<<EEPE);
SREG = cSREG; /* restore SREG value (I-bit) */
When using the SEI instruction to enable interrupts, the instruction following SEI will be executed before any pending interrupts, as shown in this example.
8059B–AVR–05/08
15
Assembly Code Example
sei ; set Global Interrupt Enable
sleep; enter sleep, waiting for interrupt
; note: will enter sleep before any pending
; interrupt(s)
C Code Example
__enable_interrupt(); /* set Global Interrupt Enable */
__sleep(); /* enter sleep, waiting for interrupt */
/* note: will enter sleep before any pending interrupt(s) */
5.7.1 Interrupt Response Time
The interrupt execution response for all the enabled AVR interrupts is five clock cycles minimum.
After five clock cycles the program vector address for the actual interrupt handling routine is executed. During these five clock cycle period, the Program Counter is pushed onto the Stack. The
vector is normally a jump to the interrupt routine, and this jump takes three clock cycles. If an
interrupt occurs during execution of a multi-cycle instruction, this instruction is completed before
the interrupt is served. If an interrupt occurs when the MCU is in sleep mode, the interrupt execution response time is increased by five clock cycles. This increase comes in addition to the
start-up time from the selected sleep mode.
A return from an interrupt handling routine takes five clock cycles. During these five clock cycles,
the Program Counter (three bytes) is popped back from the Stack, the Stack Pointer is incremented by three, and the I-bit in SREG is set.
16
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
6. AVR Memories
6.1 Overview
This section describes the different memories in the ATmega1284P. The AVR architecture has
two main memory spaces, the Data Memory and the Program Memory space. In addition, the
ATmega1284P features an EEPROM Memory for data storage. All three memory spaces are linear and regular.
6.2 In-System Reprogrammable Flash Program Memory
The ATmega1284P contains 128K bytes On-chip In-System Reprogrammable Flash memory for
program storage. Since all AVR instructions are 16 or 32 bits wide, the Flash is organized as
64 x 16. For software security, the Flash Program memory space is divided into two sections,
Boot Program section and Application Program section.
The Flash memory has an endurance of at least 10,000 write/erase cycles. The ATmega1284P
Program Counter (PC) is 16 bits wide, thus addressing the 64K program memory locations. The
operation of Boot Program section and associated Boot Lock bits for software protection are
described in detail in ”Memory Programming” on page 292. ”Memory Programming” on page
292 contains a detailed description on Flash data serial downloading using the SPI pins or the
JTAG interface.
ATmega1284P
Constant tables can be allocated within the entire program memory address space (see the LPM
– Load Program Memory instruction description.
Timing diagrams for instruction fetch and execution are presented in ”Instruction Execution Tim-
ing” on page 13.
8059B–AVR–05/08
17
Figure 6-1. Program Memory Map
Program Memory
Application Flash Section
0x0000
6.3 SRAM Data Memory
Figure 6-2 shows how the ATmega1284P SRAM Memory is organized.
The ATmega1284P is a complex microcontroller with more peripheral units than can be supported within the 64 location reserved in the Opcode for the IN and OUT instructions. For the
Extended I/O space from $060 - $FF in SRAM, only the ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD instructions can be used.
The first 4,352 Data Memory locations address both the Register File, the I/O Memory,
Extended I/O Memory, and the internal data SRAM. The first 32 locations address the Register
file, the next 64 location the standard I/O Memory, then 160 locations of Extended I/O memory
and the next 4,096 locations address the internal data SRAM.
The five different addressing modes for the data memory cover: Direct, Indirect with Displacement, Indirect, Indirect with Pre-decrement, and Indirect with Post-increment. In the Register file,
registers R26 to R31 feature the indirect addressing pointer registers.
The direct addressing reaches the entire data space.
The Indirect with Displacement mode reaches 63 address locations from the base address given
by the Y- or Z-register.
Boot Flash Section
0xFFFF
18
When using register indirect addressing modes with automatic pre-decrement and post-increment, the address registers X, Y, and Z are decremented or incremented.
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
The 32 general purpose working registers, 64 I/O registers, 160 Extended I/O Registers and the
16K bytes of internal data SRAM in the ATmega1284P are all accessible through all these
addressing modes. The Register File is described in ”General Purpose Register File” on page
11.
Figure 6-2. Data Memory Map
Data Memory
6.3.1 Data Memory Access Times
This section describes the general access timing concepts for internal memory access. The
internal data SRAM access is performed in two clk
Figure 6-3. On-chip Data SRAM Access Cycles
Address
clk
Data
CPU
WR
32 Registers
64 I/O Registers
160 Ext I/O Reg.
$0000 - $001F
$0020 - $005F
$0060 - $00FF
$0100
Internal SRAM
(16K x 8)
$40FF
cycles as described in Figure 6-3.
CPU
T1 T2 T3
Compute Address
Address valid
Write
8059B–AVR–05/08
Data
RD
Memory Access Instruction
Read
Next Instruction
19
6.4 EEPROM Data Memory
The ATmega1284P contains 4K bytes of data EEPROM memory. It is organized as a separate
data space, in which single bytes can be read and written. The EEPROM has an endurance of at
least 100,000 write/erase cycles. The access between the EEPROM and the CPU is described
in the following, specifying the EEPROM Address Registers, the EEPROM Data Register, and
the EEPROM Control Register.
For a detailed description of SPI, JTAG and Parallel data downloading to the EEPROM, see
page 307, page 311, and page 295 respectively.
6.4.1 EEPROM Read/Write Access
The EEPROM Access Registers are accessible in the I/O space. See ”Register Description” on
page 22 for details.
The write access time for the EEPROM is given in Table 6-2 on page 24. A self-timing function,
however, lets the user software detect when the next byte can be written. If the user code contains instructions that write the EEPROM, some precautions must be taken. In heavily filtered
power supplies, V
some period of time to run at a voltage lower than specified as minimum for the clock frequency
used. See Section “6.4.2” on page 20. for details on how to avoid problems in these situations.
In order to prevent unintentional EEPROM writes, a specific write procedure must be followed.
Refer to the description of the EEPROM Control Register for details on this.
is likely to rise or fall slowly on power-up/down. This causes the device for
CC
When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four clock cycles before the next instruction is
executed. When the EEPROM is written, the CPU is halted for two clock cycles before the next
instruction is executed.
6.4.2 Preventing EEPROM Corruption
During periods of low V
too low for the CPU and the EEPROM to operate properly. These issues are the same as for
board level systems using EEPROM, and the same design solutions should be applied.
An EEPROM data corruption can be caused by two situations when the voltage is too low. First,
a regular write sequence to the EEPROM requires a minimum voltage to operate correctly. Secondly, the CPU itself can execute instructions incorrectly, if the supply voltage is too low.
EEPROM data corruption can easily be avoided by following this design recommendation:
Keep the AVR RESET active (low) during periods of insufficient power supply voltage. This can
be done by enabling the internal Brown-out Detector (BOD). If the detection level of the internal
BOD does not match the needed detection level, an external low V
be used. If a reset occurs while a write operation is in progress, the write operation will be completed provided that the power supply voltage is sufficient.
the EEPROM data can be corrupted because the supply voltage is
CC,
reset Protection circuit can
CC
20
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
6.5 I/O Memory
ATmega1284P
The I/O space definition of the ATmega1284P is shown in ”Register Summary” on page 336.
All ATmega1284P I/Os and peripherals are placed in the I/O space. All I/O locations may be
accessed by the LD/LDS/LDD and ST/STS/STD instructions, transferring data between the 32
general purpose working registers and the I/O space. I/O Registers within the address range
0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI and CBI instructions. In these registers, the
value of single bits can be checked by using the SBIS and SBIC instructions. Refer to the
instruction set section for more details. When using the I/O specific commands IN and OUT, the
I/O addresses 0x00 - 0x3F must be used. When addressing I/O Registers as data space using
LD and ST instructions, 0x20 must be added to these addresses. The ATmega1284P is a complex microcontroller with more peripheral units than can be supported within the 64 location
reserved in Opcode for the IN and OUT instructions. For the Extended I/O space from 0x60 0xFF in SRAM, only the ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD instructions can be used.
For compatibility with future devices, reserved bits should be written to zero if accessed.
Reserved I/O memory addresses should never be written.
Some of the Status Flags are cleared by writing a logical one to them. Note that, unlike most
other AVRs, the CBI and SBI instructions will only operate on the specified bit, and can therefore
be used on registers containing such Status Flags. The CBI and SBI instructions work with registers 0x00 to 0x1F only.
The I/O and peripherals control registers are explained in later sections.
The ATmega1284P contains three General Purpose I/O Registers, see ”Register Description”
on page 22. These registers can be used for storing any information, and they are particularly
useful for storing global variables and Status Flags. General Purpose I/O Registers within the
address range 0x00 - 0x1F are directly bit-accessible using the SBI, CBI, SBIS, and SBIC
instructions.
8059B–AVR–05/08
21
6.6 Register Description
6.6.1 EEARH and EEARL – The EEPROM Address Register
Bit 15141312 11 10 9 8
0x22 (0x42) – – – – EEAR11 EEAR10 EEAR9 EEAR8 EEARH
0x21 (0x41) EEAR7 EEAR6 EEAR5 EEAR4 EEAR3 EEAR2 EEAR1 EEAR0 EEARL
7654 3 2 10
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 X X X X
XXXX X X XX
• Bits 15:12 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega1284P and will always read as zero.
• Bits 11:0 – EEAR8:0: EEPROM Address
The EEPROM Address Registers – EEARH and EEARL specify the EEPROM address in the 4K
bytes EEPROM space. The EEPROM data bytes are addressed linearly between 0 and 4096.
The initial value of EEAR is undefined. A proper value must be written before the EEPROM may
be accessed.
6.6.2 EEDR – The EEPROM Data Register
Bit 76543210
0x20 (0x40) MSB LSB EEDR
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
• Bits 7:0 – EEDR7:0: EEPROM Data
For the EEPROM write operation, the EEDR Register contains the data to be written to the
EEPROM in the address given by the EEAR Register. For the EEPROM read operation, the
EEDR contains the data read out from the EEPROM at the address given by EEAR.
6.6.3 EECR – The EEPROM Control Register
Bit 76543210
0x1F (0x3F) – – EEPM1 EEPM0 EERIE EEMPE EEPE EERE EECR
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 X X 0 0 X 0
• Bits 7:6 – Res: Reserved Bits
These bits are reserved bits in the ATmega1284P and will always read as zero.
• Bits 5:4 – EEPM1 and EEPM0: EEPROM Programming Mode Bits
The EEPROM Programming mode bit setting defines which programming action that will be triggered when writing EEPE. It is possible to program data in one atomic operation (erase the old
value and program the new value) or to split the Erase and Write operations in two different
operations. The Programming times for the different modes are shown in Table 6-1 on page 23.
22
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
While EEPE is set, any write to EEPMn will be ignored. During reset, the EEPMn bits will be
reset to 0b00 unless the EEPROM is busy programming.
Table 6-1. EEPROM Mode Bits
Programming
EEPM1 EEPM0
0 0 3.4 ms Erase and Write in one operation (Atomic Operation)
0 1 1.8 ms Erase Only
1 0 1.8 ms Write Only
1 1 – Reserved for future use
• Bit 3 – EERIE: EEPROM Ready Interrupt Enable
Writing EERIE to one enables the EEPROM Ready Interrupt if the I bit in SREG is set. Writing
EERIE to zero disables the interrupt. The EEPROM Ready interrupt generates a constant interrupt when EEPE is cleared.
• Bit 2 – EEMPE: EEPROM Master Programming Enable
The EEMPE bit determines whether setting EEPE to one causes the EEPROM to be written.
When EEMPE is set, setting EEPE within four clock cycles will write data to the EEPROM at the
selected address If EEMPE is zero, setting EEPE will have no effect. When EEMPE has been
written to one by software, hardware clears the bit to zero after four clock cycles. See the
description of the EEPE bit for an EEPROM write procedure.
Time Operation
• Bit 1 – EEPE: EEPROM Programming Enable
The EEPROM Write Enable Signal EEPE is the write strobe to the EEPROM. When address
and data are correctly set up, the EEPE bit must be written to one to write the value into the
EEPROM. The EEMPE bit must be written to one before a logical one is written to EEPE, otherwise no EEPROM write takes place. The following procedure should be followed when writing
the EEPROM (the order of steps 3 and 4 is not essential):
1. Wait until EEPE becomes zero.
2. Wait until SELFPRGEN in SPMCSR becomes zero.
3. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR (optional).
4. Write new EEPROM data to EEDR (optional).
5. Write a logical one to the EEMPE bit while writing a zero to EEPE in EECR.
6. Within four clock cycles after setting EEMPE, write a logical one to EEPE.
The EEPROM can not be programmed during a CPU write to the Flash memory. The software
must check that the Flash programming is completed before initiating a new EEPROM write.
Step 2 is only relevant if the software contains a Boot Loader allowing the CPU to program the
Flash. If the Flash is never being updated by the CPU, step 2 can be omitted. See ”Memory Pro-
gramming” on page 292 for details about Boot programming.
Caution: An interrupt between step 5 and step 6 will make the write cycle fail, since the
EEPROM Master Write Enable will time-out. If an interrupt routine accessing the EEPROM is
interrupting another EEPROM access, the EEAR or EEDR Register will be modified, causing the
interrupted EEPROM access to fail. It is recommended to have the Global Interrupt Flag cleared
during all the steps to avoid these problems.
8059B–AVR–05/08
23
When the write access time has elapsed, the EEPE bit is cleared by hardware. The user software can poll this bit and wait for a zero before writing the next byte. When EEPE has been set,
the CPU is halted for two cycles before the next instruction is executed.
• Bit 0 – EERE: EEPROM Read Enable
The EEPROM Read Enable Signal EERE is the read strobe to the EEPROM. When the correct
address is set up in the EEAR Register, the EERE bit must be written to a logic one to trigger the
EEPROM read. The EEPROM read access takes one instruction, and the requested data is
available immediately. When the EEPROM is read, the CPU is halted for four cycles before the
next instruction is executed.
The user should poll the EEPE bit before starting the read operation. If a write operation is in
progress, it is neither possible to read the EEPROM, nor to change the EEAR Register.
The calibrated Oscillator is used to time the EEPROM accesses. Table 6-2 on page 24 lists the
typical programming time for EEPROM access from the CPU.
Table 6-2. EEPROM Programming Time
Symbol Number of Calibrated RC Oscillator Cycles Typ Programming Time
EEPROM write
(from CPU)
26,368 3.3 ms
24
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
The following code examples show one assembly and one C function for writing to the
EEPROM. The examples assume that interrupts are controlled (e.g. by disabling interrupts globally) so that no interrupts will occur during execution of these functions. The examples also
assume that no Flash Boot Loader is present in the software. If such code is present, the
EEPROM write function must also wait for any ongoing SPM command to finish.
Assembly Code Example
EEPROM_write:
; Wait for completion of previous write
sbic EECR,EEPE
rjmp EEPROM_write
; Set up address (r18:r17) in address register
out EEARH, r18
out EEARL, r17
; Write data (r16) to Data Register
out EEDR,r16
; Write logical one to EEMPE
sbi EECR,EEMPE
; Start eeprom write by setting EEPE
sbi EECR,EEPE
ret
C Code Example
void EEPROM_write(unsigned int uiAddress, unsigned char ucData)
{
/* Wait for completion of previous write */
while(EECR & (1<<EEPE))
;
/* Set up address and Data Registers */
EEAR = uiAddress;
EEDR = ucData;
/* Write logical one to EEMPE */
EECR |= (1<<EEMPE);
/* Start eeprom write by setting EEPE */
EECR |= (1<<EEPE);
}
(1)
()
8059B–AVR–05/08
Note: 1. See “About Code Examples” on page 7.
25
The next code examples show assembly and C functions for reading the EEPROM. The examples assume that interrupts are controlled so that no interrupts will occur during execution of
these functions.
Assembly Code Example
EEPROM_read:
; Wait for completion of previous write
sbic EECR,EEPE
rjmp EEPROM_read
; Set up address (r18:r17) in address register
out EEARH, r18
out EEARL, r17
; Start eeprom read by writing EERE
sbi EECR,EERE
; Read data from Data Register
in r16,EEDR
ret
C Code Example
unsigned char EEPROM_read(unsigned int uiAddress)
{
/* Wait for completion of previous write */
while(EECR & (1<<EEPE))
;
/* Set up address register */
EEAR = uiAddress;
/* Start eeprom read by writing EERE */
EECR |= (1<<EERE);
/* Return data from Data Register */
return EEDR;
}
(1)
(1)
26
Note: 1. See “About Code Examples” on page 7.
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
6.6.4 GPIOR2 – General Purpose I/O Register 2
Bit 76543210
0x2B (0x4B) MSB LSB GPIOR2
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
6.6.5 GPIOR1 – General Purpose I/O Register 1
Bit 76543210
0x2A (0x4A) MSB LSB GPIOR1
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
6.6.6 GPIOR0 – General Purpose I/O Register 0
Bit 76543210
0x1E (0x3E) MSB LSB GPIOR0
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
Note: 1. SRWn1 = SRW11 (upper sector) or SRW01 (lower sector), SRWn0 = SRW10 (upper sector) or
SRW00 (lower sector). The ALE pulse in period T4 is only present if the next instruction
accesses the RAM (internal or external).
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
27
7. System Clock and Clock Options
7.1 Clock Systems and their Distribution
Figure 7-1 presents the principal clock systems in the AVR and their distribution. All of the clocks
need not be active at a given time. In order to reduce power consumption, the clocks to modules
not being used can be halted by using different sleep modes, as described in ”Power Manage-
ment and Sleep Modes” on page 41. The clock systems are detailed below.
Figure 7-1. Clock Distribution
Asynchronous
Timer/Counter
General I/O
Modules
ADC
CPU Core RAM
clk
ADC
Flash and
EEPROM
7.1.1 CPU Clock – clk
CPU
Timer/Counter
Oscillator
clk
I/O
clk
ASY
External Clock
AVR Clock
Control Unit
Source clock
System Clock
Prescaler
Clock
Multiplexer
Crystal
Oscillator
clk
CPU
clk
FLASH
Reset Logic
Watchdog Timer
Watchdog clock
Watchdog
Oscillator
Low-frequency
Crystal Oscillator
Calibrated RC
Oscillator
The CPU clock is routed to parts of the system concerned with operation of the AVR core.
Examples of such modules are the General Purpose Register File, the Status Register and the
data memory holding the Stack Pointer. Halting the CPU clock inhibits the core from performing
general operations and calculations.
7.1.2 I/O Clock – clk
28
ATmega1284P
I/O
The I/O clock is used by the majority of the I/O modules, like Timer/Counters, SPI, and USART.
The I/O clock is also used by the External Interrupt module, but note that some external interrupts are detected by asynchronous logic, allowing such interrupts to be detected even if the I/O
clock is halted. Also note that start condition detection in the USI module is carried out asynchronously when clk
is halted, TWI address recognition in all sleep modes.
I/O
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
7.1.3 Flash Clock – clk
FLASH
The Flash clock controls operation of the Flash interface. The Flash clock is usually active simultaneously with the CPU clock.
7.1.4 Asynchronous Timer Clock – clk
The Asynchronous Timer clock allows the Asynchronous Timer/Counter to be clocked directly
from an external clock or an external 32 kHz clock crystal. The dedicated clock domain allows
using this Timer/Counter as a real-time counter even when the device is in sleep mode.
7.1.5 ADC Clock – clk
ADC
The ADC is provided with a dedicated clock domain. This allows halting the CPU and I/O clocks
in order to reduce noise generated by digital circuitry. This gives more accurate ADC conversion
results.
7.2 Clock Sources
The device has the following clock source options, selectable by Flash Fuse bits as shown
below. The clock from the selected source is input to the AVR clock generator, and routed to the
appropriate modules.
Table 7-1. Device Clocking Options Select
Device Clocking Option CKSEL3..0
ASY
(1)
Low Power Crystal Oscillator 1111 - 1000
Full Swing Crystal Oscillator 0111 - 0110
Low Frequency Crystal Oscillator 0101 - 0100
Internal 128 kHz RC Oscillator 0011
Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator 0010
External Clock 0000
Reserved 0001
Note: 1. For all fuses “1” means unprogrammed while “0” means programmed.
7.2.1 Default Clock Source
The device is shipped with internal RC oscillator at 8.0 MHz and with the fuse CKDIV8 programmed, resulting in 1.0 MHz system clock. The startup time is set to maximum and time-out
period enabled. (CKSEL = "0010", SUT = "10", CKDIV8 = "0"). The default setting ensures that
all users can make their desired clock source setting using any available programming interface.
7.2.2 Clock Startup Sequence
Any clock source needs a sufficient V
cycles before it can be considered stable.
To ensure sufficient V
the device reset is released by all other reset sources. ”On-chip Debug System” on page 45
describes the start conditions for the internal reset. The delay (t
Oscillator and the number of cycles in the delay is set by the SUTx and CKSELx fuse bits. The
to start oscillating and a minimum number of oscillating
CC
, the device issues an internal reset with a time-out delay (t
CC
) is timed from the Watchdog
TOUT
TOUT
) after
8059B–AVR–05/08
29
selectable delays are shown in Table 7-2. The frequency of the Watchdog Oscillator is voltage
dependent as shown in ”Typical Characteristics – TBD” on page 335.
Table 7-2. Number of Watchdog Oscillator Cycles
Typ Time-out (VCC = 5.0V) Typ Time-out (VCC = 3.0V) Number of Cycles
0 ms 0 ms 0
4.1 ms 4.3 ms 512
65 ms 69 ms 8K (8,192)
Main purpose of the delay is to keep the AVR in reset until it is supplied with minimum Vcc. The
delay will not monitor the actual voltage and it will be required to select a delay longer than the
Vcc rise time. If this is not possible, an internal or external Brown-Out Detection circuit should be
used. A BOD circuit will ensure sufficient Vcc before it releases the reset, and the time-out delay
can be disabled. Disabling the time-out delay without utilizing a Brown-Out Detection circuit is
not recommended.
The oscillator is required to oscillate for a minimum number of cycles before the clock is considered stable. An internal ripple counter monitors the oscillator output clock, and keeps the internal
reset active for a given number of clock cycles. The reset is then released and the device will
start to execute. The recommended oscillator start-up time is dependent on the clock type, and
varies from 6 cycles for an externally applied clock to 32K cycles for a low frequency crystal.
The start-up sequence for the clock includes both the time-out delay and the start-up time when
the device starts up from reset. When starting up from Power-save or Power-down mode, Vcc is
assumed to be at a sufficient level and only the start-up time is included.
7.2.3 Clock Source Connections
The pins XTAL1 and XTAL2 are input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which
can be configured for use as an On-chip Oscillator, as shown in Figure 7-2 on page 30. Either a
quartz crystal or a ceramic resonator may be used.
C1 and C2 should always be equal for both crystals and resonators. The optimal value of the
capacitors depends on the crystal or resonator in use, the amount of stray capacitance, and the
electromagnetic noise of the environment. For ceramic resonators, the capacitor values given by
the manufacturer should be used.
Figure 7-2. Crystal Oscillator Connections
C2
C1
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
30
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
7.3 Low Power Crystal Oscillator
This Crystal Oscillator is a low power oscillator, with reduced voltage swing on the XTAL2 output. It gives the lowest power consumption, but is not capable of driving other clock inputs, and
may be more susceptible to noise in noisy environments. In these cases, refer to the ”Full Swing
Crystal Oscillator” on page 32.
Some initial guidelines for choosing capacitors for use with crystals are given in Table 7-3. The
crystal should be connected as described in ”Clock Source Connections” on page 30.
The Low Power Oscillator can operate in three different modes, each optimized for a specific frequency range. The operating mode is selected by the fuses CKSEL3..1 as shown in Table 7-3.
ATmega1284P
Table 7-3. Low Power Crystal Oscillator Operating Modes
Frequency Range
0.4 - 0.9 100
0.9 - 3.0 101 12 - 22
3.0 - 8.0 110 12 - 22
8.0 - 16.0 111 12 - 22
Notes: 1. The frequency ranges are preliminary values. Actual values are TBD.
2. This option should not be used with crystals, only with ceramic resonators.
3. If 8 MHz frequency exceeds the specification of the device (depends on VCC), the CKDIV8
Fuse can be programmed in order to divide the internal frequency by 8. It must be ensured
that the resulting divided clock meets the frequency specification of the device.
(1)
(MHz) CKSEL3..1
(2)
Recommended Range for Capacitors C1
(3)
and C2 (pF)
–
The CKSEL0 Fuse together with the SUT1..0 Fuses select the start-up times as shown in Table
7-4.
Table 7-4. Start-up Times for the Low Power Crystal Oscillator Clock Selection
Oscillator Source /
Power Conditions
Ceramic resonator, fast
rising power
Ceramic resonator, slowly
rising power
Ceramic resonator, BOD
enabled
Start-up Time from
Power-down and
Power-save
258 CK 14CK + 4.1 ms
258 CK 14CK + 65 ms
1K CK 14CK
Additional Delay
from Reset
(VCC = 5.0V) CKSEL0 SUT1..0
(1)
(1)
(2)
000
001
010
8059B–AVR–05/08
Ceramic resonator, fast
rising power
Ceramic resonator, slowly
rising power
1K CK 14CK + 4.1 ms
1K CK 14CK + 65 ms
(2)
(2)
011
100
31
Table 7-4. Start-up Times for the Low Power Crystal Oscillator Clock Selection (Continued)
Oscillator Source /
Power Conditions
Crystal Oscillator, BOD
enabled
Crystal Oscillator, fast
rising power
Crystal Oscillator, slowly
rising power
Notes: 1. These options should only be used when not operating close to the maximum frequency of the
device, and only if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the application. These
options are not suitable for crystals.
2. These options are intended for use with ceramic resonators and will ensure frequency stability
at start-up. They can also be used with crystals when not operating close to the maximum frequency of the device, and if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the application.
7.4 Full Swing Crystal Oscillator
This Crystal Oscillator is a full swing oscillator, with rail-to-rail swing on the XTAL2 output. This is
useful for driving other clock inputs and in noisy environments. The current consumption is
higher than the ”Low Power Crystal Oscillator” on page 31. Note that the Full Swing Crystal
Oscillator will only operate for Vcc = 2.7 - 5.5 volts.
Start-up Time from
Power-down and
Power-save
16K CK 14CK 1 01
16K CK 14CK + 4.1 ms 1 10
16K CK 14CK + 65 ms 1 11
Additional Delay
from Reset
(VCC = 5.0V) CKSEL0 SUT1..0
Some initial guidelines for choosing capacitors for use with crystals are given in Table 7-6. The
crystal should be connected as described in ”Clock Source Connections” on page 30.
The operating mode is selected by the fuses CKSEL3..1 as shown in Table 7-5.
Table 7-5. Full Swing Crystal Oscillator operating modes
Frequency Range
Notes: 1. The frequency ranges are preliminary values. Actual values are TBD.
2. If 8 MHz frequency exceeds the specification of the device (depends on V
Fuse can be programmed in order to divide the internal frequency by 8. It must be ensured
that the resulting divided clock meets the frequency specification of the device.
(1)
(MHz) CKSEL3..1
0.4 - 20 011 12 - 22
(2)
Recommended Range for Capacitors C1
and C2 (pF)
), the CKDIV8
CC
Table 7-6. Start-up Times for the Full Swing Crystal Oscillator Clock Selection
Oscillator Source /
Power Conditions
Ceramic resonator, fast
rising power
Ceramic resonator, slowly
rising power
Start-up Time from
Power-down and
Power-save
258 CK 14CK + 4.1 ms
258 CK 14CK + 65 ms
Additional Delay
from Reset
= 5.0V) CKSEL0 SUT1..0
(V
CC
(1)
(1)
000
001
32
Ceramic resonator, BOD
enabled
ATmega1284P
1K CK 14CK
(2)
010
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
Table 7-6. Start-up Times for the Full Swing Crystal Oscillator Clock Selection
Oscillator Source /
Power Conditions
Ceramic resonator, fast
rising power
Ceramic resonator, slowly
rising power
Crystal Oscillator, BOD
enabled
Crystal Oscillator, fast
rising power
Crystal Oscillator, slowly
rising power
Notes: 1. These options should only be used when not operating close to the maximum frequency of the
device, and only if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the application. These
options are not suitable for crystals.
2. These options are intended for use with ceramic resonators and will ensure frequency stability
at start-up. They can also be used with crystals when not operating close to the maximum frequency of the device, and if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the application.
7.5 Low Frequency Crystal Oscillator
Start-up Time from
Power-down and
Power-save
1K CK 14CK + 4.1 ms
1K CK 14CK + 65 ms
16K CK 14CK 1 01
16K CK 14CK + 4.1 ms 1 10
16K CK 14CK + 65 ms 1 11
Additional Delay
from Reset
(VCC = 5.0V) CKSEL0 SUT1..0
(2)
(2)
011
100
The Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator is optimized for use with a 32.768 kHz watch crystal.
When selecting crystals, load capasitance and crystal’s Equivalent Series Resistance, ESR
must be taken into consideration. Both values are specified by the crystal vendor.
ATmega1284P oscillator is optimized for very low power consumption, and thus when selecting
crystals, see Table 7-7 on page 33 for maximum ESR recommendations on 9 pF and 12.5 pF
crystals
Table 7-7. Maximum ESR Recommendation for 32.768 kHz Watch Crystal
Crystal CL (pF) Max ESR [kΩ]
9.0 65
12.5 30
Note: 1. Maximum ESR is typical value based on characterization
(1)
The Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator provides an internal load capacitance of typical 8.0 pF.
Crystals with recommended 8.0 pF load capacitance can be without external capacitors as
shown in Figure 7-3 on page 34.
8059B–AVR–05/08
33
Figure 7-3. Crystal Oscillator Connections
2
TOSC
TOSC1
Table 7-8. Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator Internal load Capacitance
Min. (pF) Typ. (pF) Max. (pF)
TBD 8.0 TBD
Crystals specifying load capacitance (CL) higher than 8.0 pF, require external capacitors applied
as described in Figure 7-2 on page 30.
To find suitable load capacitance for a 32.768 kHz crysal, please consult the crystal datasheet.
When this oscillator is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses and CKSEL0
as shown in Table 7-9.
Table 7-9. Start-up Times for the Low Frequency Crystal Oscillator Clock Selection
Start-up Time from
Power-down and
Power Conditions
BOD enabled 1K CK 14CK
Fast rising power 1K CK 14CK + 4.1 ms
Slowly rising power 1K CK 14CK + 65 ms
BOD enabled 32K CK 14CK 1 00
Fast rising power 32K CK 14CK + 4.1 ms 1 01
Slowly rising power 32K CK 14CK + 65 ms 1 10
Note: 1. These options should only be used if frequency stability at start-up is not important for the
application.
Power-save
Reserved 0 11
Reserved 1 11
Additional Delay
from Reset
(VCC = 5.0V) CKSEL0 SUT1..0
(1)
(1)
(1)
000
001
010
34
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
7.6 Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator
By default, the Internal RC Oscillator provides an approximate 8 MHz clock. Though voltage and
temperature dependent, this clock can be very accurately calibrated by the the user. See Table
26-1 on page 327 for more details. The device is shipped with the CKDIV8 Fuse programmed.
See ”System Clock Prescaler” on page 37 for more details.
This clock may be selected as the system clock by programming the CKSEL Fuses as shown in
Table 7-10. If selected, it will operate with no external components. During reset, hardware loads
the pre-programmed calibration value into the OSCCAL Register and thereby automatically calibrates the RC Oscillator. The accuracy of this calibration is shown as Factory calibration in
Table 26-1 on page 327.
By changing the OSCCAL register from SW, see ”OSCCAL – Oscillator Calibration Register” on
page 39, it is possible to get a higher calibration accuracy than by using the factory calibration.
The accuracy of this calibration is shown as User calibration in Table 26-1 on page 327.
When this Oscillator is used as the chip clock, the Watchdog Oscillator will still be used for the
Watchdog Timer and for the Reset Time-out. For more information on the pre-programmed calibration value, see the section ”Calibration Byte” on page 295.
ATmega1284P
Table 7-10. Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator Operating Modes
Frequency Range
7.3 - 8.1 0010
Notes: 1. The device is shipped with this option selected.
2. The frequency ranges are preliminary values. Actual values are TBD.
3. If 8 MHz frequency exceeds the specification of the device (depends on V
Fuse can be programmed in order to divide the internal frequency by 8.
(2)
(MHz) CKSEL3..0
(1)(3)
), the CKDIV8
CC
When this Oscillator is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as shown in
Table 7-11 on page 35.
Table 7-11. Start-up times for the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator clock selection
Start-up Time from Power-
Power Conditions
BOD enabled 6 CK 14CK 00
Fast rising power 6 CK 14CK + 4.1 ms 01
Slowly rising power 6 CK 14CK + 65 ms
Note: 1. The device is shipped with this option selected.
down and Power-save
Reserved 11
Additional Delay from
Reset (VCC = 5.0V) SUT1..0
(1)
10
8059B–AVR–05/08
35
7.7 128 kHz Internal Oscillator
The 128 kHz internal Oscillator is a low power Oscillator providing a clock of 128 kHz. The frequency is nominal at 3V and 25°C. This clock may be select as the system clock by
programming the CKSEL Fuses to “0011” as shown in Table 7-12.
Table 7-12. 128 kHz Internal Oscillator Operating Modes
Note: 1. The frequency is preliminary value. Actual value is TBD.
When this clock source is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as shown in
Table 7-13.
Table 7-13. Start-up Times for the 128 kHz Internal Oscillator
Nominal Frequency CKSEL3..0
128 kHz 0011
7.8 External Clock
Start-up Time from Power-
Power Conditions
BOD enabled 6 CK 14CK 00
Fast rising power 6 CK 14CK + 4 ms 01
Slowly rising power 6 CK 14CK + 64 ms 10
down and Power-save
Reserved 11
Additional Delay from
Reset SUT1..0
To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL1 should be driven as shown in Figure
7-4. To run the device on an external clock, the CKSEL Fuses must be programmed to “0000”.
Figure 7-4. External Clock Drive Configuration
NC
EXTERNAL
CLOCK
SIGNAL
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
36
When this clock source is selected, start-up times are determined by the SUT Fuses as shown in
Table 7-15.
Table 7-14. Crystal Oscillator Clock Frequency
Nominal Frequency CKSEL3..0
0 - 20 kHz 0000
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
Table 7-15. Start-up Times for the External Clock Selection
ATmega1284P
Power Conditions
BOD enabled 6 CK 14CK 00
Fast rising power 6 CK 14CK + 4.1 ms 01
Slowly rising power 6 CK 14CK + 65 ms 10
When applying an external clock, it is required to avoid sudden changes in the applied clock frequency to ensure stable operation of the MCU. A variation in frequency of more than 2% from
one clock cycle to the next can lead to unpredictable behavior. If changes of more than 2% is
required, ensure that the MCU is kept in Reset during the changes.
Note that the System Clock Prescaler can be used to implement run-time changes of the internal
clock frequency while still ensuring stable operation. Refer to ”System Clock Prescaler” on page
37 for details.
7.9 Timer/Counter Oscillator
ATmega1284P uses the same type of crystal oscillator for Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator and
Timer/Counter Oscillator. See ”Low Frequency Crystal Oscillator” on page 33 for details on the
oscillator and crystal requirements.
The device can operate its Timer/Counter2 from an external 32.768 kHz watch crystal or a external clock source. See ”Clock Source Connections” on page 30 for details.
Start-up Time from Power-
down and Power-save
Reserved 11
Additional Delay from
Reset (VCC = 5.0V) SUT1..0
Applying an external clock source to TOSC1 can be done if EXTCLK in the ASSR Register is
written to logic one. See ”The Output Compare Register B contains an 8-bit value that is contin-
uously compared with the counter value (TCNT2). A match can be used to generate an Output
Compare interrupt, or to generate a waveform output on the OC2B pin.” on page 159 for further
description on selecting external clock as input instead of a 32.768 kHz watch crystal.
7.10 Clock Output Buffer
The device can output the system clock on the CLKO pin. To enable the output, the CKOUT
Fuse has to be programmed. This mode is suitable when the chip clock is used to drive other circuits on the system. The clock also will be output during reset, and the normal operation of I/O
pin will be overridden when the fuse is programmed. Any clock source, including the internal RC
Oscillator, can be selected when the clock is output on CLKO. If the System Clock Prescaler is
used, it is the divided system clock that is output.
7.11 System Clock Prescaler
The ATmega1284P has a system clock prescaler, and the system clock can be divided by setting the ”CLKPR – Clock Prescale Register” on page 39. This feature can be used to decrease
the system clock frequency and the power consumption when the requirement for processing
power is low. This can be used with all clock source options, and it will affect the clock frequency
of the CPU and all synchronous peripherals. clk
factor as shown in Table 7-16 on page 40.
When switching between prescaler settings, the System Clock Prescaler ensures that no
glitches occurs in the clock system. It also ensures that no intermediate frequency is higher than
I/O
, clk
ADC
, clk
, and clk
CPU
are divided by a
FLASH
8059B–AVR–05/08
37
neither the clock frequency corresponding to the previous setting, nor the clock frequency corresponding to the new setting.
The ripple counter that implements the prescaler runs at the frequency of the undivided clock,
which may be faster than the CPU's clock frequency. Hence, it is not possible to determine the
state of the prescaler - even if it were readable, and the exact time it takes to switch from one
clock division to the other cannot be exactly predicted. From the time the CLKPS values are written, it takes between T1 + T2 and T1 + 2 * T2 before the new clock frequency is active. In this
interval, 2 active clock edges are produced. Here, T1 is the previous clock period, and T2 is the
period corresponding to the new prescaler setting.
To avoid unintentional changes of clock frequency, a special write procedure must be followed
to change the CLKPS bits:
1. Write the Clock Prescaler Change Enable (CLKPCE) bit to one and all other bits in
CLKPR to zero.
2. Within four cycles, write the desired value to CLKPS while writing a zero to CLKPCE.
Interrupts must be disabled when changing prescaler setting to make sure the write procedure is
not interrupted.
38
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
7.12 Register Description
7.12.1 OSCCAL – Oscillator Calibration Register
Bit 76543210
(0x66) CAL7 CAL6 CAL5 CAL4 CAL3 CAL2 CAL1 CAL0 OSCCAL
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value Device Specific Calibration Value
• Bits 7:0 – CAL7:0: Oscillator Calibration Value
The Oscillator Calibration Register is used to trim the Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator to
remove process variations from the oscillator frequency. A pre-programmed calibration value is
automatically written to this register during chip reset, giving the Factory calibrated frequency as
specified in Table 26-1 on page 327. The application software can write this register to change
the oscillator frequency. The oscillator can be calibrated to frequencies as specified in Table 26-
1 on page 327. Calibration outside that range is not guaranteed.
Note that this oscillator is used to time EEPROM and Flash write accesses, and these write
times will be affected accordingly. If the EEPROM or Flash are written, do not calibrate to more
than 8.8 MHz. Otherwise, the EEPROM or Flash write may fail.
ATmega1284P
The CAL7 bit determines the range of operation for the oscillator. Setting this bit to 0 gives the
lowest frequency range, setting this bit to 1 gives the highest frequency range. The two frequency ranges are overlapping, in other words a setting of OSCCAL = 0x7F gives a higher
frequency than OSCCAL = 0x80.
The CAL6..0 bits are used to tune the frequency within the selected range. A setting of 0x00
gives the lowest frequency in that range, and a setting of 0x7F gives the highest frequency in the
range.
7.12.2 CLKPR – Clock Prescale Register
Bit 7 6543210
(0x61)
Read/Write R/W R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 See Bit Description
CLKPCE – – – CLKPS3 CLKPS2 CLKPS1 CLKPS0 CLKPR
• Bit 7 – CLKPCE: Clock Prescaler Change Enable
The CLKPCE bit must be written to logic one to enable change of the CLKPS bits. The CLKPCE
bit is only updated when the other bits in CLKPR are simultaneously written to zero. CLKPCE is
cleared by hardware four cycles after it is written or when CLKPS bits are written. Rewriting the
CLKPCE bit within this time-out period does neither extend the time-out period, nor clear the
CLKPCE bit.
• Bits 3:0 – CLKPS3:0: Clock Prescaler Select Bits 3 - 0
These bits define the division factor between the selected clock source and the internal system
clock. These bits can be written run-time to vary the clock frequency to suit the application
requirements. As the divider divides the master clock input to the MCU, the speed of all synchronous peripherals is reduced when a division factor is used. The division factors are given in
Table 7-16 on page 40.
8059B–AVR–05/08
39
The CKDIV8 Fuse determines the initial value of the CLKPS bits. If CKDIV8 is unprogrammed,
the CLKPS bits will be reset to “0000”. If CKDIV8 is programmed, CLKPS bits are reset to
“0011”, giving a division factor of 8 at start up. This feature should be used if the selected clock
source has a higher frequency than the maximum frequency of the device at the present operating conditions. Note that any value can be written to the CLKPS bits regardless of the CKDIV8
Fuse setting. The Application software must ensure that a sufficient division factor is chosen if
the selected clock source has a higher frequency than the maximum frequency of the device at
the present operating conditions. The device is shipped with the CKDIV8 Fuse programmed.
Table 7-16. Clock Prescaler Select
CLKPS3 CLKPS2 CLKPS1 CLKPS0 Clock Division Factor
0000 1
0001 2
0010 4
0011 8
0100 16
0101 32
0110 64
0111 128
1000 256
1001 Reserved
1010 Reserved
1011 Reserved
1100 Reserved
1101 Reserved
1110 Reserved
1111 Reserved
40
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
8. Power Management and Sleep Modes
8.1 Overview
Sleep modes enable the application to shut down unused modules in the MCU, thereby savingpower. The AVR provides various sleep modes allowing the user to tailor the power
consumption to the application’s requirements.
When enabled, the Brown-out Detector (BOD) actively monitors the power supply voltage during
the sleep periods. To further save power, it is possible to disable the BOD in some sleep modes.
See ”BOD Disable” on page 42 for more details.
8.2 Sleep Modes
Figure 7-1 on page 28 presents the different clock systems in the ATmega1284P, and their dis-
tribution. The figure is helpful in selecting an appropriate sleep mode. Table 8-1 shows the
different sleep modes, their wake up sources and BOD disable ability.
Table 8-1. Active Clock Domains and Wake-up Sources in the Different Sleep Modes.
Active Clock Domains Oscillators Wake-up Sources
ATmega1284P
CPU
FLASH
Sleep Mode
clk
clk
Idle X X X X X
ADCNRM X X X X
Power-down X
Power-save X X
Standby
(1)
Extended
Standby
ADC
clkIOclk
ASY
clk
Main Clock
Source
Enabled
Timer Osc
Enabled
INT2:0 and
Pin Change
TWI Address
Match
Timer2
SPM/
EEPROM Ready
ADC
WDT Interrupt
(2)
XXXXXXX
(2)X(3)
(3)
(2)X(3)
XX
(2)
X
XX
(3)
(2)X(3)
(2)
XX
XXX
XXX
XX X X
XXX
XX X X
Other I/O
Software
Notes: 1. Only recommended with external crystal or resonator selected as clock source.
2. If either LCD controller or Timer/Counter2 is running in asynchronous mode.
3. For INT0, only level interrupt.
To enter any of the sleep modes, the SE bit in SMCR must be written to logic one and a SLEEP
instruction must be executed. The SM2, SM1, and SM0 bits in the SMCR Register select which
sleep mode will be activated by the SLEEP instruction. See Table 8-2 on page 46 for a
summary.
If an enabled interrupt occurs while the MCU is in a sleep mode, the MCU wakes up. The MCU
is then halted for four cycles in addition to the start-up time, executes the interrupt routine, and
resumes execution from the instruction following SLEEP. The contents of the Register File and
SRAM are unaltered when the device wakes up from sleep. If a reset occurs during sleep mode,
the MCU wakes up and executes from the Reset Vector.
BOD Disdable
8059B–AVR–05/08
41
8.3 BOD Disable
8.4 Idle Mode
When the Brown-out Detector (BOD) is enabled by BODLEVEL fuses, Table 25-3 on page 293,
the BOD is actively monitoring the power supply voltage during a sleep period. To save power, it
is possible to disable the BOD by software for some of the sleep modes, see Table 8-1 on page
41. The sleep mode power consumption will then be at the same level as when BOD is globally
disabled by fuses. If BOD is disabled in software, the BOD function is turned off immediately
after entering the sleep mode. Upon wake-up from sleep, BOD is automatically enabled again.
This ensures safe operation in case the V
When the BOD has been disabled, the wake-up time from sleep mode will be approximately 60
µs to ensure that the BOD is working correctly before the MCU continues executing code.
BOD disable is controlled by bit 6, BODS (BOD Sleep) in the control register MCUCR, see
”MCUCR – MCU Control Register” on page 47. Writing this bit to one turns off the BOD in rele-
vant sleep modes, while a zero in this bit keeps BOD active. Default setting keeps BOD active,
i.e. BODS set to zero.
Writing to the BODS bit is controlled by a timed sequence and an enable bit, see ”MCUCR –
MCU Control Register” on page 47.
When the SM2..0 bits are written to 000, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Idle
mode, stopping the CPU but allowing the SPI, USART, Analog Comparator, ADC, 2-wire Serial
Interface, Timer/Counters, Watchdog, and the interrupt system to continue operating. This sleep
mode basically halts clk
Idle mode enables the MCU to wake up from external triggered interrupts as well as internal
ones like the Timer Overflow and USART Transmit Complete interrupts. If wake-up from the
Analog Comparator interrupt is not required, the Analog Comparator can be powered down by
setting the ACD bit in the Analog Comparator Control and Status Register – ACSR. This will
reduce power consumption in Idle mode. If the ADC is enabled, a conversion starts automatically when this mode is entered.
CPU
and clk
FLASH
level has dropped during the sleep period.
CC
, while allowing the other clocks to run.
8.5 ADC Noise Reduction Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are written to 001, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter ADC
Noise Reduction mode, stopping the CPU but allowing the ADC, the external interrupts, 2-wire
Serial Interface address match, Timer/Counter2 and the Watchdog to continue operating (if
enabled). This sleep mode basically halts clkI/O, clkCPU, and clkFLASH, while allowing the
other clocks to run.
This improves the noise environment for the ADC, enabling higher resolution measurements. If
the ADC is enabled, a conversion starts automatically when this mode is entered. Apart form the
ADC Conversion Complete interrupt, only an External Reset, a Watchdog System Reset, a
Watchdog interrupt, a Brown-out Reset, a 2-wire serial interface interrupt, a Timer/Counter2
interrupt, an SPM/EEPROM ready interrupt, an external level interrupt on INT7:4 or a pin
change interrupt can wakeup the MCU from ADC Noise Reduction mode.
42
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
8.6 Power-down Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are written to 010, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Powerdown mode. In this mode, the external Oscillator is stopped, while the external interrupts, the 2wire Serial Interface, and the Watchdog continue operating (if enabled). Only an External Reset,
a Watchdog Reset, a Brown-out Reset, 2-wire Serial Interface address match, an external level
interrupt on INT7:4, an external interrupt on INT3:0, or a pin change interrupt can wake up the
MCU. This sleep mode basically halts all generated clocks, allowing operation of asynchronous
modules only.
Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from Power-down mode, the changed
level must be held for some time to wake up the MCU. Refer to ”External Interrupts” on page 66
for details.
When waking up from Power-down mode, there is a delay from the wake-up condition occurs
until the wake-up becomes effective. This allows the clock to restart and become stable after
having been stopped. The wake-up period is defined by the same CKSEL Fuses that define the
Reset Time-out period, as described in ”Clock Sources” on page 29.
8.7 Power-save Mode
ATmega1284P
8.8 Standby Mode
When the SM2:0 bits are written to 011, the SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Powersave mode. This mode is identical to Power-down, with one exception:
If Timer/Counter2 is enabled, it will keep running during sleep. The device can wake up from
either Timer Overflow or Output Compare event from Timer/Counter2 if the corresponding
Timer/Counter2 interrupt enable bits are set in TIMSK2, and the Global Interrupt Enable bit in
SREG is set.
If Timer/Counter2 is not running, Power-down mode is recommended instead of Power-save
mode.
The Timer/Counter2 can be clocked both synchronously and asynchronously in Power-save
mode. If the Timer/Counter2 is not using the asynchronous clock, the Timer/Counter Oscillator is
stopped during sleep. If the Timer/Counter2 is not using the synchronous clock, the clock source
is stopped during sleep. Note that even if the synchronous clock is running in Power-save, this
clock is only available for the Timer/Counter2.
When the SM2..0 bits are 110 and an external crystal/resonator clock option is selected, the
SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Standby mode. This mode is identical to Power-down
with the exception that the Oscillator is kept running. From Standby mode, the device wakes up
in six clock cycles.
8.9 Extended Standby Mode
When the SM2..0 bits are 111 and an external crystal/resonator clock option is selected, the
SLEEP instruction makes the MCU enter Extended Standby mode. This mode is identical to
Power-save mode with the exception that the Oscillator is kept running. From Extended Standby
mode, the device wakes up in six clock cycles.
8059B–AVR–05/08
43
8.10 Power Reduction Registers
The Power Reduction Registers (PRR0 and PRR1), see page 47, provides a method to stop the
clock to individual peripherals to reduce power consumption. The current state of the peripheral
is frozen and the I/O registers can not be read or written. Resources used by the peripheral
when stopping the clock will remain occupied, hence the peripheral should in most cases be disabled before stopping the clock. Waking up a module, which is done by clearing the bit in
PRR0/PRR1, puts the module in the same state as before shutdown.
Module shutdown can be used in Idle mode and Active mode to significantly reduce the overall
power consumption. In all other sleep modes, the clock is already stopped.
8.11 Minimizing Power Consumption
There are several issues to consider when trying to minimize the power consumption in an AVR
controlled system. In general, sleep modes should be used as much as possible, and the sleep
mode should be selected so that as few as possible of the device’s functions are operating. All
functions not needed should be disabled. In particular, the following modules may need special
consideration when trying to achieve the lowest possible power consumption.
8.11.1 Analog to Digital Converter
If enabled, the ADC will be enabled in all sleep modes. To save power, the ADC should be disabled before entering any sleep mode. When the ADC is turned off and on again, the next
conversion will be an extended conversion. Refer to ”ADC - Analog-to-digital Converter” on page
241 for details on ADC operation.
8.11.2 Analog Comparator
When entering Idle mode, the Analog Comparator should be disabled if not used. When entering
ADC Noise Reduction mode, the Analog Comparator should be disabled. In other sleep modes,
the Analog Comparator is automatically disabled. However, if the Analog Comparator is set up
to use the Internal Voltage Reference as input, the Analog Comparator should be disabled in all
sleep modes. Otherwise, the Internal Voltage Reference will be enabled, independent of sleep
mode. Refer to ”AC - Analog Comparator” on page 238 for details on how to configure the Analog Comparator.
8.11.3 Brown-out Detector
If the Brown-out Detector is not needed by the application, this module should be turned off. If
the Brown-out Detector is enabled by the BODLEVEL Fuses, it will be enabled in all sleep
modes, and hence, always consume power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. Refer to ”Brown-out Detection” on page 52 for details
on how to configure the Brown-out Detector.
8.11.4 Internal Voltage Reference
The Internal Voltage Reference will be enabled when needed by the Brown-out Detection, the
Analog Comparator or the ADC. If these modules are disabled as described in the sections
above, the internal voltage reference will be disabled and it will not be consuming power. When
turned on again, the user must allow the reference to start up before the output is used. If the
reference is kept on in sleep mode, the output can be used immediately. Refer to ”Internal Volt-
age Reference” on page 53 for details on the start-up time.
44
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
8.11.5 Watchdog Timer
8.11.6 Port Pins
ATmega1284P
If the Watchdog Timer is not needed in the application, the module should be turned off. If the
Watchdog Timer is enabled, it will be enabled in all sleep modes, and hence, always consume
power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption. Refer to ”Interrupts” on page 60 for details on how to configure the Watchdog Timer.
When entering a sleep mode, all port pins should be configured to use minimum power. The
most important is then to ensure that no pins drive resistive loads. In sleep modes where both
the I/O clock (clk
be disabled. This ensures that no power is consumed by the input logic when not needed. In
some cases, the input logic is needed for detecting wake-up conditions, and it will then be
enabled. Refer to the section ”Digital Input Enable and Sleep Modes” on page 75 for details on
which pins are enabled. If the input buffer is enabled and the input signal is left floating or have
an analog signal level close to V
For analog input pins, the digital input buffer should be disabled at all times. An analog signal
level close to V
input buffers can be disabled by writing to the Digital Input Disable Registers (DIDR1 and
DIDR0). Refer to ”DIDR1 – Digital Input Disable Register 1” on page 240 and ”DIDR0 – Digital
Input Disable Register 0” on page 260 for details.
) and the ADC clock (clk
I/O
/2, the input buffer will use excessive power.
CC
/2 on an input pin can cause significant current even in active mode. Digital
CC
) are stopped, the input buffers of the device will
ADC
8.11.7 On-chip Debug System
If the On-chip debug system is enabled by the OCDEN Fuse and the chip enters sleep mode,
the main clock source is enabled, and hence, always consumes power. In the deeper sleep
modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption.
There are three alternative ways to disable the OCD system:
• Disable the OCDEN Fuse.
• Disable the JTAGEN Fuse.
• Write one to the JTD bit in MCUCR.
8059B–AVR–05/08
45
8.12 Register Description
8.12.1 SMCR – Sleep Mode Control Register
The Sleep Mode Control Register contains control bits for power management.
Bit 76543210
0x33 (0x53) ––––SM2SM1SM0SESMCR
Read/Write RRRRR/WR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
• Bits 3, 2, 1 – SM2:0: Sleep Mode Select Bits 2, 1, and 0
These bits select between the five available sleep modes as shown in Table 8-2.
Table 8-2. Sleep Mode Select
SM2 SM1 SM0 Sleep Mode
000Idle
0 0 1 ADC Noise Reduction
010Power-down
011Power-save
100Reserved
101Reserved
110Standby
1 1 1 Extended Standby
Note: 1. Standby modes are only recommended for use with external crystals or resonators.
(1)
(1)
• Bit 0 – SE: Sleep Enable
The SE bit must be written to logic one to make the MCU enter the sleep mode when the SLEEP
instruction is executed. To avoid the MCU entering the sleep mode unless it is the programmer’s
purpose, it is recommended to write the Sleep Enable (SE) bit to one just before the execution of
the SLEEP instruction and to clear it immediately after waking up.
46
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
8.12.2 MCUCR – MCU Control Register
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x35 (0x55)
Read/Write R/W R R R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
JTD BODS BODSE PUD – – IVSEL IVCE MCUCR
• Bit 6 – BODS: BOD Sleep
The BODS bit must be written to logic one in order to turn off BOD during sleep, see Table 8-1
on page 41. Writing to the BODS bit is controlled by a timed sequence and an enable bit,
BODSE in MCUCR. To disable BOD in relevant sleep modes, both BODS and BODSE must first
be set to one. Then, to set the BODS bit, BODS must be set to one and BODSE must be set to
zero within four clock cycles.
The BODS bit is active three clock cycles after it is set. A sleep instruction must be executed
while BODS is active in order to turn off the BOD for the actual sleep mode. The BODS bit is
automatically cleared after three clock cycles.
• Bit 5 – BODSE: BOD Sleep Enable
BODSE enables setting of BODS control bit, as explained in BODS bit description. BOD disable
is controlled by a timed sequence.
ATmega1284P
8.12.3 PRR1 – Power Reduction Register 1
Bit 76543210
(0x65) -------PRTIM3PRR1
Read/WriteRRRRRRRR/W
Initial Value00000000
• Bit 7:1 - Res: Reserved
• Bit 0 - PRTIM3: Power Reduction Timer/Counter3
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter3 module. When the Timer/Counter3
is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown.
8.12.4 PRR0 – Power Reduction Register 0
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(0x64) PRTWI PRTIM2 PRTIM0 PRUSART1 PRTIM1 PRSPI PRUSART0 PRADC PRR0
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Bit 7 - PRTWI: Power Reduction TWI
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the TWI by stopping the clock to the module. When
waking up the TWI again, the TWI should be re initialized to ensure proper operation.
8059B–AVR–05/08
• Bit 6 - PRTIM2: Power Reduction Timer/Counter2
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter2 module in synchronous mode (AS2
is 0). When the Timer/Counter2 is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown.
47
• Bit 5 - PRTIM0: Power Reduction Timer/Counter0
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter0 module. When the Timer/Counter0
is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown.
• Bit 4 - PRUSART1: Power Reduction USART1
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the USART1 by stopping the clock to the module.
When waking up the USART1 again, the USART1 should be reinitialized to ensure proper
operation.
• Bit 3 - PRTIM1: Power Reduction Timer/Counter1
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Timer/Counter1 module. When the Timer/Counter1
is enabled, operation will continue like before the shutdown.
• Bit 2 - PRSPI: Power Reduction Serial Peripheral Interface
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the Serial Peripheral Interface by stopping the clock to
the module. When waking up the SPI again, the SPI should be re initialized to ensure proper
operation.
• Bit 1 - PRUSART0: Power Reduction USART0
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the USART0 by stopping the clock to the module.
When waking up the USART0 again, the USART0 should be reinitialized to ensure proper
operation.
• Bit 0 - PRADC: Power Reduction ADC
Writing a logic one to this bit shuts down the ADC. The ADC must be disabled before shut down.
The analog comparator cannot use the ADC input MUX when the ADC is shut down.
48
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
9. System Control and Reset
9.1 Resetting the AVR
During reset, all I/O Registers are set to their initial values, and the program starts execution
from the Reset Vector. The instruction placed at the Reset Vector must be a JMP – Absolute
Jump – instruction to the reset handling routine. If the program never enables an interrupt
source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular program code can be placed at these
locations. This is also the case if the Reset Vector is in the Application section while the Interrupt
Vectors are in the Boot section or vice versa. The circuit diagram in Figure 9-1 on page 50
shows the reset logic. ”System and Reset Characteristics” on page 328 defines the electrical
parameters of the reset circuitry.
The I/O ports of the AVR are immediately reset to their initial state when a reset source goes
active. This does not require any clock source to be running.
After all reset sources have gone inactive, a delay counter is invoked, stretching the internal
reset. This allows the power to reach a stable level before normal operation starts. The time-out
period of the delay counter is defined by the user through the SUT and CKSEL Fuses. The different selections for the delay period are presented in ”Clock Sources” on page 29.
ATmega1284P
9.1.1 Reset Sources
The ATmega1284P has five sources of reset:
• Power-on Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage is below the Power-on Reset
threshold (V
• External Reset. The MCU is reset when a low level is present on the RESET
the minimum pulse length.
• Watchdog Reset. The MCU is reset when the Watchdog Timer period expires and the
Watchdog is enabled.
• Brown-out Reset. The MCU is reset when the supply voltage V
threshold (V
• JTAG AVR Reset. The MCU is reset as long as there is a logic one in the Reset Register, one
of the scan chains of the JTAG system. Refer to the section ”IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG) Boundary-
scan” on page 267 for details.
).
POT
) and the Brown-out Detector is enabled.
BOT
pin for longer than
is below the Brown-out Reset
CC
8059B–AVR–05/08
49
Figure 9-1. Reset Logic
Power-on Reset
Circuit
DATA BU S
MCU Status
Register (MCUSR)
JTRF
BORF
PORF
WDRF
EXTRF
9.1.2 Power-on Reset
BODLEVEL [2..0]
Pull-up Resistor
SPIKE
FILTER
JTAG Reset
Register
Brown-out
Reset Circuit
Watchdog
Oscillator
Clock
Generator
CKSEL[3:0]
SUT[1:0]
CK
Delay Counters
TIMEOUT
A Power-on Reset (POR) pulse is generated by an On-chip detection circuit. The detection level
is defined in ”System and Reset Characteristics” on page 328. The POR is activated whenever
V
is below the detection level. The POR circuit can be used to trigger the start-up Reset, as
CC
well as to detect a failure in supply voltage.
50
A Power-on Reset (POR) circuit ensures that the device is reset from Power-on. Reaching the
Power-on Reset threshold voltage invokes the delay counter, which determines how long the
device is kept in RESET after V
when V
CC
ATmega1284P
rise. The RESET signal is activated again, without any delay,
CC
decreases below the detection level.
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
Figure 9-2. MCU Start-up, RESET Tied to V
V
V
CC
RESET
TIME-OUT
INTERNAL
RESET
POT
V
RST
t
TOUT
CC
Figure 9-3. MCU Start-up, RESET Extended Externally
V
V
CC
RESET
TIME-OUT
POT
V
RST
t
TOUT
9.1.3 External Reset
INTERNAL
RESET
An External Reset is generated by a low level on the RESET
pin. Reset pulses longer than the
minimum pulse width (see ”System and Reset Characteristics” on page 328) will generate a
reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
When the applied signal reaches the Reset Threshold Voltage – V
delay counter starts the MCU after the Time-out period – t
TOUT –
– on its positive edge, the
RST
has expired.
Figure 9-4. External Reset During Operation
CC
8059B–AVR–05/08
51
9.1.4 Brown-out Detection
ATmega1284P has an On-chip Brown-out Detection (BOD) circuit for monitoring the V
CC
level
during operation by comparing it to a fixed trigger level. The trigger level for the BOD can be
selected by the BODLEVEL Fuses. The trigger level has a hysteresis to ensure spike free
Brown-out Detection. The hysteresis on the detection level should be interpreted as V
V
+ V
BOT
When the BOD is enabled, and V
9-5 on page 52), the Brown-out Reset is immediately activated. When V
trigger level (V
out period t
The BOD circuit will only detect a drop in V
longer than t
HYST
/2 and V
TOUT
BOD
= V
BOT-
in Figure 9-5 on page 52), the delay counter starts the MCU after the Time-
BOT+
BOT
- V
CC
/2.
HYST
decreases to a value below the trigger level (V
BOT-
increases above the
CC
has expired.
if the voltage stays below the trigger level for
CC
given in ”System and Reset Characteristics” on page 328.
in Figure
BOT+
=
Figure 9-5. Brown-out Reset During Operation
V
CC
RESET
TIME-OUT
V
BOT-
V
BOT+
t
TOUT
9.1.5 Watchdog Reset
INTERNAL
RESET
When the Watchdog times out, it will generate a short reset pulse of one CK cycle duration. On
the falling edge of this pulse, the delay timer starts counting the Time-out period t
TOUT
. Refer to
page 60 for details on operation of the Watchdog Timer.
Figure 9-6. Watchdog Reset During Operation
CC
CK
52
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
9.2 Internal Voltage Reference
ATmega1284P features an internal bandgap reference. This reference is used for Brown-out
Detection, and it can be used as an input to the Analog Comparator or the ADC.
9.2.1 Voltage Reference Enable Signals and Start-up Time
The voltage reference has a start-up time that may influence the way it should be used. The
start-up time is given in ”System and Reset Characteristics” on page 328. To save power, the
reference is not always turned on. The reference is on during the following situations:
1. When the BOD is enabled (by programming the BODLEVEL [2:0] Fuse).
2. When the bandgap reference is connected to the Analog Comparator (by setting the
ACBG bit in ACSR).
3. When the ADC is enabled.
Thus, when the BOD is not enabled, after setting the ACBG bit or enabling the ADC, the user
must always allow the reference to start up before the output from the Analog Comparator or
ADC is used. To reduce power consumption in Power-down mode, the user can avoid the three
conditions above to ensure that the reference is turned off before entering Power-down mode.
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
53
9.3 Watchdog Timer
9.3.1 Features
•
• 3 Operating modes
• Selectable Time-out period from 16ms to 8s
• Possible Hardware fuse Watchdog always on (WDTON) for fail-safe mode
9.3.2 Overview
ATmega1284P has an Enhanced Watchdog Timer (WDT). The WDT is a timer counting cycles
of a separate on-chip 128 kHz oscillator. The WDT gives an interrupt or a system reset when the
counter reaches a given time-out value. In normal operation mode, it is required that the system
uses the WDR - Watchdog Timer Reset - instruction to restart the counter before the time-out
value is reached. If the system doesn't restart the counter, an interrupt or system reset will be
issued.
Figure 9-7. Watchdog Timer
Clocked from separate On-chip Oscillator
–Interrupt
– System Reset
– Interrupt and System Reset
128kHz
OSCILLATOR
OSC/2K
OSC/4K
OSC/8K
OSC/16K
OSC/32K
OSC/64K
OSC/128K
OSC/256K
OSC/512K
OSC/1024K
WDP0
WATCHDOG
RESET
WDE
WDIF
WDIE
WDP1
WDP2
WDP3
MCU RESET
INTERRUPT
In Interrupt mode, the WDT gives an interrupt when the timer expires. This interrupt can be used
to wake the device from sleep-modes, and also as a general system timer. One example is to
limit the maximum time allowed for certain operations, giving an interrupt when the operation
has run longer than expected. In System Reset mode, the WDT gives a reset when the timer
expires. This is typically used to prevent system hang-up in case of runaway code. The third
mode, Interrupt and System Reset mode, combines the other two modes by first giving an interrupt and then switch to System Reset mode. This mode will for instance allow a safe shutdown
by saving critical parameters before a system reset.
The Watchdog always on (WDTON) fuse, if programmed, will force the Watchdog Timer to System Reset mode. With the fuse programmed the System Reset mode bit (WDE) and Interrupt
mode bit (WDIE) are locked to 1 and 0 respectively. To further ensure program security, alterations to the Watchdog set-up must follow timed sequences. The sequence for clearing WDE
and changing time-out configuration is as follows:
54
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
1. In the same operation, write a logic one to the Watchdog change enable bit (WDCE) and
WDE. A logic one must be written to WDE regardless of the previous value of the WDE
bit.
2. Within the next four clock cycles, write the WDE and Watchdog prescaler bits (WDP) as
desired, but with the WDCE bit cleared. This must be done in one operation.
The following code example shows one assembly and one C function for turning off the Watchdog Timer. The example assumes that interrupts are controlled (e.g. by disabling interrupts
globally) so that no interrupts will occur during the execution of these functions.
Assembly Code Example
WDT_off:
; Turn off global interrupt
cli
; Reset Watchdog Timer
wdr
; Clear WDRF in MCUSR
in r16, MCUSR
andi r16, (0xff & (0<<WDRF))
out MCUSR, r16
; Write logical one to WDCE and WDE
; Keep old prescaler setting to prevent unintentional time-out
in r16, WDTCSR
ori r16, (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE)
out WDTCSR, r16
; Turn off WDT
ldi r16, (0<<WDE)
out WDTCSR, r16
; Turn on global interrupt
sei
ret
C Code Example
(1)
(1)
8059B–AVR–05/08
void WDT_off(void)
{
__disable_interrupt();
__watchdog_reset();
/* Clear WDRF in MCUSR */
MCUSR &= ~(1<<WDRF);
/* Write logical one to WDCE and WDE */
/* Keep old prescaler setting to prevent unintentional time-out */
WDTCSR |= (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE);
/* Turn off WDT */
WDTCSR = 0x00;
__enable_interrupt();
}
Note: 1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
55
Note: If the Watchdog is accidentally enabled, for example by a runaway pointer or brown-out
condition, the device will be reset and the Watchdog Timer will stay enabled. If the code is not
set up to handle the Watchdog, this might lead to an eternal loop of time-out resets. To avoid this
situation, the application software should always clear the Watchdog System Reset Flag
(WDRF) and the WDE control bit in the initialisation routine, even if the Watchdog is not in use.
The following code example shows one assembly and one C function for changing the time-out
value of the Watchdog Timer.
Assembly Code Example
WDT_Prescaler_Change:
; Turn off global interrupt
cli
; Reset Watchdog Timer
wdr
; Start timed sequence
in r16, WDTCSR
ori r16, (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE)
out WDTCSR, r16
; -- Got four cycles to set the new values from here -
; Set new prescaler(time-out) value = 64K cycles (~0.5 s)
ldi r16, (1<<WDE) | (1<<WDP2) | (1<<WDP0)
out WDTCSR, r16
; -- Finished setting new values, used 2 cycles -
; Turn on global interrupt
sei
ret
C Code Example
void WDT_Prescaler_Change(void)
{
__disable_interrupt();
__watchdog_reset();
/* Start timed equence */
WDTCSR |= (1<<WDCE) | (1<<WDE);
/* Set new prescaler(time-out) value = 64K cycles (~0.5 s) */
WDTCSR = (1<<WDE) | (1<<WDP2) | (1<<WDP0);
__enable_interrupt();
}
(1)
(1)
56
Note: 1. The example code assumes that the part specific header file is included.
Note: The Watchdog Timer should be reset before any change of the WDP bits, since a change
in the WDP bits can result in a time-out when switching to a shorter time-out period.
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
9.4 Register Description
9.4.1 MCUSR – MCU Status Register
The MCU Status Register provides information on which reset source caused an MCU reset.
Bit 76543210
0x34 (0x54)
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 See Bit Description
• Bit 4 – JTRF: JTAG Reset Flag
This bit is set if a reset is being caused by a logic one in the JTAG Reset Register selected by
the JTAG instruction AVR_RESET. This bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a logic
zero to the flag.
• Bit 3 – WDRF: Watchdog Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Watchdog Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 2 – BORF: Brown-out Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Brown-out Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
ATmega1284P
– – – JTRF WDRF BORF EXTRF PORF MCUSR
• Bit 1 – EXTRF: External Reset Flag
This bit is set if an External Reset occurs. The bit is reset by a Power-on Reset, or by writing a
logic zero to the flag.
• Bit 0 – PORF: Power-on Reset Flag
This bit is set if a Power-on Reset occurs. The bit is reset only by writing a logic zero to the flag.
To make use of the Reset Flags to identify a reset condition, the user should read and then
Reset the MCUSR as early as possible in the program. If the register is cleared before another
reset occurs, the source of the reset can be found by examining the Reset Flags.
8059B–AVR–05/08
57
9.4.2 WDTCSR – Watchdog Timer Control Register
Bit 76543210
(0x60) WDIF WDIE WDP3 WDCE WDE WDP2 WDP1 WDP0 WDTCSR
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value0000X000
• Bit 7 - WDIF: Watchdog Interrupt Flag
This bit is set when a time-out occurs in the Watchdog Timer and the Watchdog Timer is configured for interrupt. WDIF is cleared by hardware when executing the corresponding interrupt
handling vector. Alternatively, WDIF is cleared by writing a logic one to the flag. When the I-bit in
SREG and WDIE are set, the Watchdog Time-out Interrupt is executed.
• Bit 6 - WDIE: Watchdog Interrupt Enable
When this bit is written to one and the I-bit in the Status Register is set, the Watchdog Interrupt is
enabled. If WDE is cleared in combination with this setting, the Watchdog Timer is in Interrupt
Mode, and the corresponding interrupt is executed if time-out in the Watchdog Timer occurs.
If WDE is set, the Watchdog Timer is in Interrupt and System Reset Mode. The first time-out in
the Watchdog Timer will set WDIF. Executing the corresponding interrupt vector will clear WDIE
and WDIF automatically by hardware (the Watchdog goes to System Reset Mode). This is useful for keeping the Watchdog Timer security while using the interrupt. To stay in Interrupt and
System Reset Mode, WDIE must be set after each interrupt. This should however not be done
within the interrupt service routine itself, as this might compromise the safety-function of the
Watchdog System Reset mode. If the interrupt is not executed before the next time-out, a System Reset will be applied.
Table 9-1. Watchdog Timer Configuration
WDTON WDE WDIE Mode Action on Time-out
0 0 0 Stopped None
0 0 1 Interrupt Mode Interrupt
0 1 0 System Reset Mode Reset
011
1 x x System Reset Mode Reset
Interrupt and System Reset
Mode
Interrupt, then go to System
Reset Mode
• Bit 4 - WDCE: Watchdog Change Enable
This bit is used in timed sequences for changing WDE and prescaler bits. To clear the WDE bit,
and/or change the prescaler bits, WDCE must be set.
Once written to one, hardware will clear WDCE after four clock cycles.
• Bit 3 - WDE: Watchdog System Reset Enable
WDE is overridden by WDRF in MCUSR. This means that WDE is always set when WDRF is
set. To clear WDE, WDRF must be cleared first. This feature ensures multiple resets during conditions causing failure, and a safe start-up after the failure.
58
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
• Bit 5, 2:0 - WDP3:0: Watchdog Timer Prescaler 3, 2, 1 and 0
The WDP3:0 bits determine the Watchdog Timer prescaling when the Watchdog Timer is running. The different prescaling values and their corresponding time-out periods are shown in
Table 9-2 on page 59.
.
Table 9-2. Watchdog Timer Prescale Select
Number of WDT Oscillator
WDP3 WDP2 WDP1 WDP0
0000 2K (2048) cycles 16 ms
0001 4K (4096) cycles 32 ms
0010 8K (8192) cycles 64 ms
0011 16K (16384) cycles 0.125 s
0100 32K (32768) cycles 0.25 s
0101 64K (65536) cycles 0.5 s
0110 128K (131072) cycles 1.0 s
0111 256K (262144) cycles 2.0 s
1000 512K (524288) cycles 4.0 s
10011024K (1048576) cycles 8.0 s
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
Cycles
Reserved
Typical Time-out at
VCC = 5.0V
8059B–AVR–05/08
59
10. Interrupts
10.1 Overview
This section describes the specifics of the interrupt handling as performed in ATmega1284P.
For a general explanation of the AVR interrupt handling, refer to ”Reset and Interrupt Handling”
on page 14.
10.2 Interrupt Vectors in ATmega1284P
Table 10-1. Reset and Interrupt Vectors
Vector
No.
1 $0000
2 $0002 INT0 External Interrupt Request 0
3 $0004 INT1 External Interrupt Request 1
4 $0006 INT2 External Interrupt Request 2
5 $0008 PCINT0 Pin Change Interrupt Request 0
6 $000A PCINT1 Pin Change Interrupt Request 1
7 $000C PCINT2 Pin Change Interrupt Request 2
8 $000E PCINT3 Pin Change Interrupt Request 3
9 $0010 WDT Watchdog Time-out Interrupt
10 $0012 TIMER2_COMPA Timer/Counter2 Compare Match A
11 $0014 TIMER2_COMPB Timer/Counter2 Compare Match B
12 $0016 TIMER2_OVF Timer/Counter2 Overflow
13 $0018 TIMER1_CAPT Timer/Counter1 Capture Event
14 $001A TIMER1_COMPA Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A
15 $001C TIMER1_COMPB Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B
16 $001E TIMER1_OVF Timer/Counter1 Overflow
17 $0020 TIMER0_COMPA Timer/Counter0 Compare Match A
Program
Address
(1)
(2)
Source Interrupt Definition
RESET
External Pin, Power-on Reset, Brown-out Reset,
Watchdog Reset, and JTAG AVR Reset
60
18 $0022 TIMER0_COMPB Timer/Counter0 Compare match B
19 $0024 TIMER0_OVF Timer/Counter0 Overflow
20 $0026 SPI_STC SPI Serial Transfer Complete
21 $0028 USART0_RX USART0 Rx Complete
22 $002A USART0_UDRE USART0 Data Register Empty
23 $002C USART0_TX USART0 Tx Complete
24 $002E ANALOG_COMP Analog Comparator
25 $0030 ADC ADC Conversion Complete
26 $0032 EE_READY EEPROM Ready
27 $0034 TWI 2-wire Serial Interface
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
Table 10-1. Reset and Interrupt Vectors (Continued)
ATmega1284P
Vector
No.
28 $0036 SPM_READY Store Program Memory Ready
29 $0038 USART1_RX USART1 Rx Complete
30 $003A USART1_UDRE USART1 Data Register Empty
31 $003C USART1_TX USART1 Tx Complete
32 $003E TIMER3_CAPT Timer/Counter3 Capture Event
33 $0040 TIMER3_COMPA Timer/Counter3 Compare Match A
34 $0042 TIMER3_COMPB Timer/Counter3 Compare Match B
35 $0044 TIMER3_OVF Timer/Counter3 Overflow
Notes: 1. When the BOOTRST Fuse is programmed, the device will jump to the Boot Loader address at
Program
Address
reset, see ”Memory Programming” on page 292.
2. When the IVSEL bit in MCUCR is set, Interrupt Vectors will be moved to the start of the Boot
Flash Section. The address of each Interrupt Vector will then be the address in this table
added to the start address of the Boot Flash Section.
(2)
Source Interrupt Definition
Table 10-2 shows reset and Interrupt Vectors placement for the various combinations of
BOOTRST and IVSEL settings. If the program never enables an interrupt source, the Interrupt
Vectors are not used, and regular program code can be placed at these locations. This is also
the case if the Reset Vector is in the Application section while the Interrupt Vectors are in the
Boot section or vice versa.
Table 10-2. Reset and Interrupt Vectors Placement
(1)
BOOTRST IVSEL Reset Address Interrupt Vectors Start Address
1 0 0x0000 0x0002
1 1 0x0000 Boot Reset Address + 0x0002
0 0 Boot Reset Address 0x0002
0 1 Boot Reset Address Boot Reset Address + 0x0002
Note: 1. The Boot Reset Address is shown in Table 24-7 on page 289. For the BOOTRST Fuse “1”
means unprogrammed while “0” means programmed.
The most typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses in
ATmega1284P is:
Address Labels Code Comments
0x0000 jmp RESET ; Reset
0x0002 jmp INT0 ; IRQ0
0x0004 jmp INT1 ; IRQ1
0x0006 jmp INT2 ; IRQ2
0x0008 jmp PCINT0 ; PCINT0
0x000A jmp PCINT1 ; PCINT1
0x000C jmp PCINT2 ; PCINT2
0x000E jmp PCINT3 ; PCINT3
0x0010 jmp WDT ; Watchdog Timeout
0x0012 jmp TIM2_COMPA ; Timer2 CompareA
0x0014 jmp TIM2_COMPB ; Timer2 CompareB
0x0016 jmp TIM2_OVF ; Timer2 Overflow
8059B–AVR–05/08
61
0x0018 jmp TIM1_CAPT ; Timer1 Capture
0x001A jmp TIM1_COMPA ; Timer1 CompareA
0x001C jmp TIM1_COMPB ; Timer1 CompareB
0x001E jmp TIM1_OVF ; Timer1 Overflow
0x0020 jmp TIM0_COMPA ; Timer0 CompareA
0x0022 jmp TIM0_COMPB ; Timer0 CompareB
0x0024 jmp TIM0_OVF ; Timer0 Overflow
0x0026 jmp SPI_STC ; SPI Transfer Complete
0x0028 jmp USART0_RXC ; USART0 RX Complete
0x002A jmp USART0_UDRE ; USART0,UDR Empty
0x002C jmp USART0_TXC ; USART0 TX Complete
0x002E jmp ANA_COMP ; Analog Comparator
0x0030 jmp ADC ; ADC Conversion Complete
0x0032 jmp EE_RDY ; EEPROM Ready
0x0034 jmp TWI ; 2-wire Serial
0x0036 jmp SPM_RDY ; SPM Ready
0x0038 jmp USART1_RXC ; USART1 RX Complete
0x003A jmp USART1_UDRE ; USART1,UDR Empty
0x003C jmp USART1_TXC ; USART1 TX Complete
0x003E jmp TIM3_CAPT ; Timer3 Capture
0x0040 jmp TIM3_COMPA ; Timer3 CompareA
0x0042 jmp TIM3_COMPB ; Timer3 CompareB
0x0044 jmp TIM3_OVF ; Timer3 Overflow
;
0x0046 RESET: ldi r16,
high(RAMEND)
0x0047 out SPH,r16 ; Set Stack Pointer to
0x0048 ldi r16,
low(RAMEND)
0x0049 out SPL,r16
0x004A sei ; Enable interrupts
0x004B <instr> xxx
... ... ... ...
; Main program start
top of RAM
62
When the BOOTRST Fuse is unprogrammed, the Boot section size set to 8K bytes and the
IVSEL bit in the MCUCR Register is set before any interrupts are enabled, the most typical and
general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses is:
Address Labels Code Comments
0x00000 RESET: ldi r16,high(RAMEND); Main program start
0x00001 out SPH,r16 ; Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
0x00002 ldi r16,low(RAMEND)
0x00003 out SPL,r16
0x00004 sei ; Enable interrupts
0x00005 <instr> xxx
;
.org 0x1F002
0x1F002 jmp EXT_INT0 ; IRQ0 Handler
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
0x1F004 jmp EXT_INT1 ; IRQ1 Handler
... ... ... ;
0x1FO36 jmp SPM_RDY ; SPM Ready Handler
When the BOOTRST Fuse is programmed and the Boot section size set to 8K bytes, the most
typical and general program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses is:
Address Labels Code Comments
.org 0x0002
0x00002 jmp EXT_INT0 ; IRQ0 Handler
0x00004 jmp EXT_INT1 ; IRQ1 Handler
... ... ... ;
0x00036 jmp SPM_RDY ; SPM Ready Handler
;
.org 0x1F000
0x1F000 RESET: ldi r16,high(RAMEND); Main program start
0x1F001 out SPH,r16 ; Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
0x1F002 ldi r16,low(RAMEND)
0x1F003 out SPL,r16
0x1F004 sei ; Enable interrupts
0x1F005 <instr> xxx
When the BOOTRST Fuse is programmed, the Boot section size set to 8K bytes and the IVSEL
bit in the MCUCR Register is set before any interrupts are enabled, the most typical and general
program setup for the Reset and Interrupt Vector Addresses is:
Address Labels Code Comments
;
.org 0x1F000
0x1F000 jmp RESET ; Reset handler
0x1F002 jmp EXT_INT0 ; IRQ0 Handler
0x1F004 jmp EXT_INT1 ; IRQ1 Handler
... ... ... ;
0x1F036 jmp SPM_RDY ; SPM Ready Handler
;
0x1F03E RESET: ldi r16,high(RAMEND); Main program start
0x1F03F out SPH,r16 ; Set Stack Pointer to top of RAM
0x1F040 ldi r16,low(RAMEND)
0x1F041 out SPL,r16
0x1F042 sei ; Enable interrupts
0x1FO43 <instr> xxx
10.2.1 Moving Interrupts Between Application and Boot Space
8059B–AVR–05/08
The General Interrupt Control Register controls the placement of the Interrupt Vector table.
63
10.3 Register Description
10.3.1 MCUCR – MCU Control Register
Bit 76543210
0x35 (0x55)
Read/Write R/W R R R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Bit 1 – IVSEL: Interrupt Vector Select
When the IVSEL bit is cleared (zero), the Interrupt Vectors are placed at the start of the Flash
memory. When this bit is set (one), the Interrupt Vectors are moved to the beginning of the Boot
Loader section of the Flash. The actual address of the start of the Boot Flash Section is determined by the BOOTSZ Fuses. Refer to the section ”Memory Programming” on page 292 for
details. To avoid unintentional changes of Interrupt Vector tables, a special write procedure must
be followed to change the IVSEL bit:
a. Write the Interrupt Vector Change Enable (IVCE) bit to one.
b. Within four cycles, write the desired value to IVSEL while writing a zero to IVCE.
Interrupts will automatically be disabled while this sequence is executed. Interrupts are disabled
in the cycle IVCE is set, and they remain disabled until after the instruction following the write to
IVSEL. If IVSEL is not written, interrupts remain disabled for four cycles. The I-bit in the Status
Register is unaffected by the automatic disabling.
JTD BODS BODSE PUD – – IVSEL IVCE MCUCR
Note: If Interrupt Vectors are placed in the Boot Loader section and Boot Lock bit BLB02 is programmed,
interrupts are disabled while executing from the Application section. If Interrupt Vectors are placed
in the Application section and Boot Lock bit BLB12 is programed, interrupts are disabled while
executing from the Boot Loader section. Refer to the section ”Memory Programming” on page 292
for details on Boot Lock bits.
64
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
• Bit 0 – IVCE: Interrupt Vector Change Enable
The IVCE bit must be written to logic one to enable change of the IVSEL bit. IVCE is cleared by
hardware four cycles after it is written or when IVSEL is written. Setting the IVCE bit will disable
interrupts, as explained in the IVSEL description above. See the following Code Example.
Assembly Code Example
Move_interrupts:
; Enable change of Interrupt Vectors
ldi r16, (1<<IVCE)
out MCUCR, r16
; Move interrupts to Boot Flash section
ldi r16, (1<<IVSEL)
out MCUCR, r16
ret
C Code Example
void Move_interrupts(void)
{
/* Enable change of Interrupt Vectors */
MCUCR = (1<<IVCE);
/* Move interrupts to Boot Flash section */
MCUCR = (1<<IVSEL);
}
8059B–AVR–05/08
65
11. External Interrupts
11.1 Overview
The External Interrupts are triggered by the INT2:0 pin or any of the PCINT31:0 pins. Observe
that, if enabled, the interrupts will trigger even if the INT2:0 or PCINT31:0 pins are configured as
outputs. This feature provides a way of generating a software interrupt.
The Pin change interrupt PCI3 will trigger if any enabled PCINT31:24 pin toggle, Pin change
interrupt PCI2 will trigger if any enabled PCINT23:16 pin toggles, Pin change interrupt PCI1 if
any enabled PCINT15:8 toggles and Pin change interrupts PCI0 will trigger if any enabled
PCINT7:0 pin toggles. PCMSK3, PCMSK2, PCMSK1 and PCMSK0 Registers control which pins
contribute to the pin change interrupts. Pin change interrupts on PCINT31:0 are detected asynchronously. This implies that these interrupts can be used for waking the part also from sleep
modes other than Idle mode.
The External Interrupts can be triggered by a falling or rising edge or a low level. This is set up
as indicated in the specification for the External Interrupt Control Registers – EICRA (INT2:0).
When the external interrupt is enabled and is configured as level triggered, the interrupt will trigger as long as the pin is held low. Low level interrupts and the edge interrupt on INT2:0 are
detected asynchronously. This implies that these interrupts can be used for waking the part also
from sleep modes other than Idle mode. The I/O clock is halted in all sleep modes except Idle
mode.
Note that if a level triggered interrupt is used for wake-up from Power-down, the required level
must be held long enough for the MCU to complete the wake-up to trigger the level interrupt. If
the level disappears before the end of the Start-up Time, the MCU will still wake up, but no interrupt will be generated. The start-up time is defined by the SUT and CKSEL Fuses as described
in ”System Clock and Clock Options” on page 28.
11.2 Register Description
11.2.1 EICRA – External Interrupt Control Register A
The External Interrupt Control Register A contains control bits for interrupt sense control.
Bit 76543210
(0x69) – – ISC21 ISC20 ISC11 ISC10 ISC01 ISC00 EICRA
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
• Bits 7:6 – Reserved
These bits are reserved in the ATmega1284P, and will always read as zero.
• Bits 5:0 – ISC21, ISC20 – ISC00, ISC00: External Interrupt 2 - 0 Sense Control Bits
The External Interrupts 2 - 0 are activated by the external pins INT2:0 if the SREG I-flag and the
corresponding interrupt mask in the EIMSK is set. The level and edges on the external pins that
activate the interrupts are defined in Table 11-1. Edges on INT2..INT0 are registered asynchronously. Pulses on INT2:0 pins wider than the minimum pulse width given in ”External Interrupts
Characteristics” on page 328 will generate an interrupt. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to
generate an interrupt. If low level interrupt is selected, the low level must be held until the com-
66
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
pletion of the currently executing instruction to generate an interrupt. If enabled, a level triggered
interrupt will generate an interrupt request as long as the pin is held low. When changing the
ISCn bit, an interrupt can occur. Therefore, it is recommended to first disable INTn by clearing its
Interrupt Enable bit in the EIMSK Register. Then, the ISCn bit can be changed. Finally, the INTn
interrupt flag should be cleared by writing a logical one to its Interrupt Flag bit (INTFn) in the
EIFR Register before the interrupt is re-enabled.
Table 11-1. Interrupt Sense Control
ISCn1 ISCn0 Description
0 0 The low level of INTn generates an interrupt request.
0 1 Any edge of INTn generates asynchronously an interrupt request.
1 0 The falling edge of INTn generates asynchronously an interrupt request.
1 1 The rising edge of INTn generates asynchronously an interrupt request.
Note: 1. n = 3, 2, 1or 0.
When changing the ISCn1/ISCn0 bits, the interrupt must be disabled by clearing its Interrupt
Enable bit in the EIMSK Register. Otherwise an interrupt can occur when the bits are changed.
11.2.2 EIMSK – External Interrupt Mask Register
Bit 76543210
0x1D (0x3D)
Read/Write RRRRRR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
– – – – – INT2 INT1 IINT0 EIMSK
• Bits 2:0 – INT2:0: External Interrupt Request 2 - 0 Enable
When an INT2:0 bit is written to one and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), the
corresponding external pin interrupt is enabled. The Interrupt Sense Control bits in the External
Interrupt Control Register, EICRA, defines whether the external interrupt is activated on rising or
falling edge or level sensed. Activity on any of these pins will trigger an interrupt request even if
the pin is enabled as an output. This provides a way of generating a software interrupt.
(1)
11.2.3 EIFR –External Interrupt Flag Register
Bit 76543210
0x1C (0x3C)
Read/WriteR/WRRRRR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
– – – – – INTF2 INTF1 IINTF0 EIFR
• Bits 2:0 – INTF2:0: External Interrupt Flags 2 - 0
When an edge or logic change on the INT2:0 pin triggers an interrupt request, INTF2:0 becomes
set (one). If the I-bit in SREG and the corresponding interrupt enable bit, INT2:0 in EIMSK, are
set (one), the MCU will jump to the interrupt vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine
is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it. These flags are
always cleared when INT2:0 are configured as level interrupt. Note that when entering sleep
mode with the INT2:0 interrupts disabled, the input buffers on these pins will be disabled. This
may cause a logic change in internal signals which will set the INTF2:0 flags. See ”Digital Input
Enable and Sleep Modes” on page 75 for more information.
8059B–AVR–05/08
67
11.2.4 PCICR – Pin Change Interrupt Control Register
Bit 76543210
(0x68)
Read/Write RRRRR/WR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
– – – – PCIE3 PCIE2 PCIE1 PCIE0 PCICR
• Bit 3 – PCIE3: Pin Change Interrupt Enable 3
When the PCIE3 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), pin
change interrupt 3 is enabled. Any change on any enabled PCINT31..24 pin will cause an interrupt. The corresponding interrupt of Pin Change Interrupt Request is executed from the PCI3
Interrupt Vector. PCINT31..24 pins are enabled individually by the PCMSK3 Register.
• Bit 2 – PCIE2: Pin Change Interrupt Enable 2
When the PCIE2 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), pin
change interrupt 2 is enabled. Any change on any enabled PCINT23..16 pin will cause an interrupt. The corresponding interrupt of Pin Change Interrupt Request is executed from the PCI2
Interrupt Vector. PCINT23..16 pins are enabled individually by the PCMSK2 Register.
• Bit 1 – PCIE1: Pin Change Interrupt Enable 1
When the PCIE1 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), pin
change interrupt 1 is enabled. Any change on any enabled PCINT15..8 pin will cause an interrupt. The corresponding interrupt of Pin Change Interrupt Request is executed from the PCI1
Interrupt Vector. PCINT15..8 pins are enabled individually by the PCMSK1 Register.
• Bit 0 – PCIE0: Pin Change Interrupt Enable 0
When the PCIE0 bit is set (one) and the I-bit in the Status Register (SREG) is set (one), pin
change interrupt 0 is enabled. Any change on any enabled PCINT7..0 pin will cause an interrupt.
The corresponding interrupt of Pin Change Interrupt Request is executed from the PCI0 Interrupt
Vector. PCINT7..0 pins are enabled individually by the PCMSK0 Register.
11.2.5 PCIFR – Pin Change Interrupt Flag Register
Bit 76543210
0x1B (0x3B)
Read/Write RRRRR/WR/WR/WR/W
Initial Value00000000
• Bit 3– PCIF3: Pin Change Interrupt Flag 3
When a logic change on any PCINT31..24 pin triggers an interrupt request, PCIF3 becomes set
(one). If the I-bit in SREG and the PCIE3 bit in EIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the
corresponding Interrupt Vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it.
• Bit 2 – PCIF2: Pin Change Interrupt Flag 2
When a logic change on any PCINT23..16 pin triggers an interrupt request, PCIF2 becomes set
(one). If the I-bit in SREG and the PCIE2 bit in EIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the
corresponding Interrupt Vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it.
– – PCIF3 PCIF2 PCIF1 PCIF0 PCIFR
68
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
• Bit 1 – PCIF1: Pin Change Interrupt Flag 1
When a logic change on any PCINT15..8 pin triggers an interrupt request, PCIF1 becomes set
(one). If the I-bit in SREG and the PCIE1 bit in EIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the
corresponding Interrupt Vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it.
• Bit 0 – PCIF0: Pin Change Interrupt Flag 0
When a logic change on any PCINT7..0 pin triggers an interrupt request, PCIF0 becomes set
(one). If the I-bit in SREG and the PCIE0 bit in EIMSK are set (one), the MCU will jump to the
corresponding Interrupt Vector. The flag is cleared when the interrupt routine is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by writing a logical one to it.
11.2.6 PCMSK3 – Pin Change Mask Register 3
Bit 76543210
(0x73)
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PCINT31 PCINT30 PCINT29 PCINT28 PCINT27 PCINT26 PCINT25 PCINT24 PCMSK2
ATmega1284P
• Bit 7:0 – PCINT31:24: Pin Change Enable Mask 31:24
Each PCINT31:24-bit selects whether pin change interrupt is enabled on the corresponding I/O
pin. If PCINT31:24 is set and the PCIE2 bit in PCICR is set, pin change interrupt is enabled on
the corresponding I/O pin. If PCINT31..24 is cleared, pin change interrupt on the corresponding
I/O pin is disabled.
11.2.7 PCMSK2 – Pin Change Mask Register 2
Bit 76543210
(0x6D)
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PCINT23 PCINT22 PCINT21 PCINT20 PCINT19 PCINT18 PCINT17 PCINT16 PCMSK2
• Bit 7:0 – PCINT23:16: Pin Change Enable Mask 23..16
Each PCINT23:16-bit selects whether pin change interrupt is enabled on the corresponding I/O
pin. If PCINT23:16 is set and the PCIE2 bit in PCICR is set, pin change interrupt is enabled on
the corresponding I/O pin. If PCINT23..16 is cleared, pin change interrupt on the corresponding
I/O pin is disabled.
11.2.8 PCMSK1 – Pin Change Mask Register 1
Bit 76543210
(0x6C)
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PCINT15 PCINT14 PCINT13 PCINT12 PCINT11 PCINT10 PCINT9 PCINT8 PCMSK1
8059B–AVR–05/08
• Bit 7:0 – PCINT15:8: Pin Change Enable Mask 15..8
Each PCINT15:8-bit selects whether pin change interrupt is enabled on the corresponding I/O
pin. If PCINT15:8 is set and the PCIE1 bit in EIMSK is set, pin change interrupt is enabled on the
corresponding I/O pin. If PCINT15:8 is cleared, pin change interrupt on the corresponding I/O
pin is disabled.
69
11.2.9 PCMSK0 – Pin Change Mask Register 0
Bit 76543210
(0x6B) PCINT7 PCINT6 PCINT5 PCINT4 PCINT3 PCINT2 PCINT1 PCINT0 PCMSK0
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Bit 7:0 – PCINT7:0: Pin Change Enable Mask 7..0
Each PCINT7:0 bit selects whether pin change interrupt is enabled on the corresponding I/O pin.
If PCINT7:0 is set and the PCIE0 bit in PCICR is set, pin change interrupt is enabled on the corresponding I/O pin. If PCINT7..0 is cleared, pin change interrupt on the corresponding I/O pin is
disabled.
70
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
12. I/O-Ports
12.1 Overview
ATmega1284P
All AVR ports have true Read-Modify-Write functionality when used as general digital I/O ports.
This means that the direction of one port pin can be changed without unintentionally changing
the direction of any other pin with the SBI and CBI instructions. The same applies when changing drive value (if configured as output) or enabling/disabling of pull-up resistors (if configured as
input). Each output buffer has symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. The pin driver is strong enough to drive LED displays directly. All port pins have individually selectable pull-up resistors with a supply-voltage invariant resistance. All I/O pins have
protection diodes to both V
acteristics” on page 324 for a complete list of parameters.
Figure 12-1. I/O Pin Equivalent Schematic
and Ground as indicated in Figure 12-1. Refer to ”Electrical Char-
CC
R
pu
Pxn
C
pin
All registers and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “x” represents the numbering letter for the port, and a lower case “n” represents the bit number. However,
when using the register or bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used. For example,
PORTB3 for bit no. 3 in Port B, here documented generally as PORTxn. The physical I/O Registers and bit locations are listed in ”Register Description” on page 91.
Three I/O memory address locations are allocated for each port, one each for the Data Register
– PORTx, Data Direction Register – DDRx, and the Port Input Pins – PINx. The Port Input Pins
I/O location is read only, while the Data Register and the Data Direction Register are read/write.
However, writing a logic one to a bit in the PINx Register, will result in a toggle in the corresponding bit in the Data Register. In addition, the Pull-up Disable – PUD bit in MCUCR disables the
pull-up function for all pins in all ports when set.
Using the I/O port as General Digital I/O is described in ”Ports as General Digital I/O” on page
72. Most port pins are multiplexed with alternate functions for the peripheral features on the
device. How each alternate function interferes with the port pin is described in ”Alternate Port
Functions” on page 77. Refer to the individual module sections for a full description of the alter-
nate functions.
See Figure
"General Digital I/O" for
Logic
Details
8059B–AVR–05/08
71
Note that enabling the alternate function of some of the port pins does not affect the use of the
other pins in the port as general digital I/O.
12.2 Ports as General Digital I/O
The ports are bi-directional I/O ports with optional internal pull-ups. Figure 12-2 shows a functional description of one I/O-port pin, here generically called Pxn.
Figure 12-2. General Digital I/O
Pxn
PUD: PULLUP DISABLE
SLEEP: SLEEP CONTROL
clk
: I/O CLOCK
I/O
(1)
SLEEP
SYNCHRONIZER
DLQ
D
PINxn
Q
PUD
Q
D
DDxn
Q
CLR
RESET
D
Q
PORTxn
Q
CLR
RESET
Q
Q
WDx: WRITE DDRx
RDx: READ DDRx
WRx: WRITE PORTx
RRx: READ PORTx REGISTER
RPx: READ PORTx PIN
WPx: WRITE PINx REGISTER
RRx
WDx
RDx
RPx
clk
1
0
I/O
WRx
DATA BUS
WPx
Note: 1. WRx, WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port. clk
12.2.1 Configuring the Pin
Each port pin consists of three register bits: DDxn, PORTxn, and PINxn. As shown in ”Register
Description” on page 91, the DDxn bits are accessed at the DDRx I/O address, the PORTxn bits
at the PORTx I/O address, and the PINxn bits at the PINx I/O address.
The DDxn bit in the DDRx Register selects the direction of this pin. If DDxn is written logic one,
Pxn is configured as an output pin. If DDxn is written logic zero, Pxn is configured as an input
pin.
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an input pin, the pull-up resistor is
activated. To switch the pull-up resistor off, PORTxn has to be written logic zero or the pin has to
be configured as an output pin. The port pins are tri-stated when reset condition becomes active,
even if no clocks are running.
72
ATmega1284P
SLEEP, and PUD are common to all ports.
,
I/O
8059B–AVR–05/08
If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port pin is driven
high (one). If PORTxn is written logic zero when the pin is configured as an output pin, the port
pin is driven low (zero).
12.2.2 Toggling the Pin
Writing a logic one to PINxn toggles the value of PORTxn, independent on the value of DDRxn.
Note that the SBI instruction can be used to toggle one single bit in a port.
12.2.3 Switching Between Input and Output
When switching between tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) and output high ({DDxn, PORTxn}
= 0b11), an intermediate state with either pull-up enabled {DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01) or output
low ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b10) must occur. Normally, the pull-up enabled state is fully acceptable, as a high-impedant environment will not notice the difference between a strong high driver
and a pull-up. If this is not the case, the PUD bit in the MCUCR Register can be set to disable all
pull-ups in all ports.
Switching between input with pull-up and output low generates the same problem. The user
must use either the tri-state ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b00) or the output high state ({DDxn, PORTxn}
= 0b11) as an intermediate step.
Table 12-1 summarizes the control signals for the pin value.
ATmega1284P
Table 12-1. Port Pin Configurations
DDxn PORTxn
0 0 X Input No Tri-state (Hi-Z)
0 1 0 Input Yes Pxn will source current if ext. pulled low.
0 1 1 Input No Tri-state (Hi-Z)
1 0 X Output No Output Low (Sink)
1 1 X Output No Output High (Source)
12.2.4 Reading the Pin Value
Independent of the setting of Data Direction bit DDxn, the port pin can be read through the
PINxn Register bit. As shown in Figure 12-2, the PINxn Register bit and the preceding latch constitute a synchronizer. This is needed to avoid metastability if the physical pin changes value
near the edge of the internal clock, but it also introduces a delay. Figure 12-3 shows a timing diagram of the synchronization when reading an externally applied pin value. The maximum and
minimum propagation delays are denoted t
PUD
(in MCUCR) I/O Pull-up Comment
pd,max
and t
respectively.
pd,min
8059B–AVR–05/08
73
Figure 12-3. Synchronization when Reading an Externally Applied Pin value
SYSTEM CLK
INSTRUCTIONS
XXX in r17, PINx
XXX
SYNC LATCH
PINxn
r17
0x00 0xFF
t
pd, max
t
pd, min
Consider the clock period starting shortly after the first falling edge of the system clock. The latch
is closed when the clock is low, and goes transparent when the clock is high, as indicated by the
shaded region of the “SYNC LATCH” signal. The signal value is latched when the system clock
goes low. It is clocked into the PINxn Register at the succeeding positive clock edge. As indicated by the two arrows tpd,max and tpd,min, a single signal transition on the pin will be delayed
between ½ and 1½ system clock period depending upon the time of assertion.
When reading back a software assigned pin value, a nop instruction must be inserted as indicated in Figure 12-4. The out instruction sets the “SYNC LATCH” signal at the positive edge of
the clock. In this case, the delay tpd through the synchronizer is 1 system clock period.
Figure 12-4. Synchronization when Reading a Software Assigned Pin Value
SYSTEM CLK
r16
INSTRUCTIONS
out PORTx, r16 nop in r17, PINx
0xFF
SYNC LATCH
PINxn
r17
0x00 0xFF
t
pd
The following code example shows how to set port B pins 0 and 1 high, 2 and 3 low, and define
the port pins from 4 to 7 as input with pull-ups assigned to port pins 6 and 7. The resulting pin
values are read back again, but as previously discussed, a nop instruction is included to be able
to read back the value recently assigned to some of the pins.
74
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
Assembly Code Example
...
; Define pull-ups and set outputs high
; Define directions for port pins
ldi r16,(1<<PB7)|(1<<PB6)|(1<<PB1)|(1<<PB0)
ldi r17,(1<<DDB3)|(1<<DDB2)|(1<<DDB1)|(1<<DDB0)
out PORTB,r16
out DDRB,r17
; Insert nop for synchronization
nop
; Read port pins
in r16,PINB
...
(1)
C Code Example
unsigned char i;
...
/* Define pull-ups and set outputs high */
/* Define directions for port pins */
PORTB = (1<<PB7)|(1<<PB6)|(1<<PB1)|(1<<PB0);
DDRB = (1<<DDB3)|(1<<DDB2)|(1<<DDB1)|(1<<DDB0);
/* Insert nop for synchronization*/
__no_operation();
/* Read port pins */
i = PINB;
...
Note: 1. For the assembly program, two temporary registers are used to minimize the time from pull-
ups are set on pins 0, 1, 6, and 7, until the direction bits are correctly set, defining bit 2 and 3
as low and redefining bits 0 and 1 as strong high drivers.
12.2.5 Digital Input Enable and Sleep Modes
As shown in Figure 12-2, the digital input signal can be clamped to ground at the input of the
schmitt-trigger. The signal denoted SLEEP in the figure, is set by the MCU Sleep Controller in
Power-down mode, Power-save mode, and Standby mode to avoid high power consumption if
some input signals are left floating, or have an analog signal level close to V
SLEEP is overridden for port pins enabled as external interrupt pins. If the external interrupt
request is not enabled, SLEEP is active also for these pins. SLEEP is also overridden by various
other alternate functions as described in ”Alternate Port Functions” on page 77.
If a logic high level (“one”) is present on an asynchronous external interrupt pin configured as
“Interrupt on Rising Edge, Falling Edge, or Any Logic Change on Pin” while the external interrupt
is not enabled, the corresponding External Interrupt Flag will be set when resuming from the
above mentioned Sleep mode, as the clamping in these sleep mode produces the requested
logic change.
8059B–AVR–05/08
CC
/2.
75
12.2.6 Unconnected Pins
If some pins are unused, it is recommended to ensure that these pins have a defined level. Even
though most of the digital inputs are disabled in the deep sleep modes as described above, floating inputs should be avoided to reduce current consumption in all other modes where the digital
inputs are enabled (Reset, Active mode and Idle mode).
The simplest method to ensure a defined level of an unused pin, is to enable the internal pull-up.
In this case, the pull-up will be disabled during reset. If low power consumption during reset is
important, it is recommended to use an external pull-up or pull-down. Connecting unused pins
directly to V
accidentally configured as an output.
or GND is not recommended, since this may cause excessive currents if the pin is
CC
76
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
12.3 Alternate Port Functions
Most port pins have alternate functions in addition to being general digital I/Os. Figure 12-5
shows how the port pin control signals from the simplified Figure 12-2 on page 72 can be overridden by alternate functions. The overriding signals may not be present in all port pins, but the
figure serves as a generic description applicable to all port pins in the AVR microcontroller
family.
ATmega1284P
Figure 12-5. Alternate Port Functions
1
0
1
0
Pxn
1
0
1
0
(1)
PUOExn
PUOVxn
DDOExn
DDOVxn
PVOExn
PVOVxn
DIEOExn
DIEOVxn
SLEEP
SYNCHRONIZER
SET
DLQ
Q
CLR
D
PINxn
CLR
Q
PORTxn
Q
CLR
RESET
Q
Q
RESET
D
Q
DDxn
Q
PUD
D
CLR
WDx
RDx
1
0
RRx
RPx
clk
I/O
WRx
PTOExn
WPx
DATA BUS
8059B–AVR–05/08
DIxn
AIOxn
PUOExn: Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE ENABLE
PUOVxn: Pxn PULL-UP OVERRIDE VALUE
DDOExn: Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE ENABLE
DDOVxn: Pxn DATA DIRECTION OVERRIDE VALUE
PVOExn: Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE ENABLE
PVOVxn: Pxn PORT VALUE OVERRIDE VALUE
DIEOExn: Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
DIEOVxn: Pxn DIGITAL INPUT-ENABLE OVERRIDE VALUE
SLEEP: SLEEP CONTROL
PTOExn: Pxn, PORT TOGGLE OVERRIDE ENABLE
PUD: PULLUP DISABLE
WDx: WRITE DDRx
RDx: READ DDRx
RRx: READ PORTx REGISTER
WRx: WRITE PORTx
RPx: READ PORTx PIN
WPx: WRITE PINx
clk
: I/O CLOCK
I/O
DIxn: DIGITAL INPUT PIN n ON PORTx
AIOxn: ANALOG INPUT/OUTPUT PIN n ON PORTx
Note: 1. WRx, WPx, WDx, RRx, RPx, and RDx are common to all pins within the same port. clk
SLEEP, and PUD are common to all ports. All other signals are unique for each pin.
I/O
,
77
Table 12-2 summarizes the function of the overriding signals. The pin and port indexes from Fig-
ure 12-5 are not shown in the succeeding tables. The overriding signals are generated internally
in the modules having the alternate function.
Table 12-2. Generic Description of Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions
Signal Name Full Name Description
If this signal is set, the pull-up enable is controlled by the PUOV
signal. If this signal is cleared, the pull-up is enabled when
{DDxn, PORTxn, PUD} = 0b010.
If PUOE is set, the pull-up is enabled/disabled when PUOV is
set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the DDxn, PORTxn,
and PUD Register bits.
If this signal is set, the Output Driver Enable is controlled by the
DDOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Output driver is
enabled by the DDxn Register bit.
If DDOE is set, the Output Driver is enabled/disabled when
DDOV is set/cleared, regardless of the setting of the DDxn
Register bit.
If this signal is set and the Output Driver is enabled, the port
value is controlled by the PVOV signal. If PVOE is cleared, and
the Output Driver is enabled, the port Value is controlled by the
PORTxn Register bit.
PUOE
PUOV
DDOE
DDOV
PVOE
Pull-up Override
Enable
Pull-up Override
Val ue
Data Direction
Override Enable
Data Direction
Override Value
Port Value
Override Enable
PVOV
PTOE
DIEOE
DIEOV
DI Digital Input
AIO
Port Value
Override Value
Por t Toggle
Override Enable
Digital Input
Enable Override
Enable
Digital Input
Enable Override
Val ue
Analog
Input/Output
If PVOE is set, the port value is set to PVOV, regardless of the
setting of the PORTxn Register bit.
If PTOE is set, the PORTxn Register bit is inverted.
If this bit is set, the Digital Input Enable is controlled by the
DIEOV signal. If this signal is cleared, the Digital Input Enable
is determined by MCU state (Normal mode, sleep mode).
If DIEOE is set, the Digital Input is enabled/disabled when
DIEOV is set/cleared, regardless of the MCU state (Normal
mode, sleep mode).
This is the Digital Input to alternate functions. In the figure, the
signal is connected to the output of the schmitt trigger but
before the synchronizer. Unless the Digital Input is used as a
clock source, the module with the alternate function will use its
own synchronizer.
This is the Analog Input/output to/from alternate functions. The
signal is connected directly to the pad, and can be used bidirectionally.
The following subsections shortly describe the alternate functions for each port, and relate the
overriding signals to the alternate function. Refer to the alternate function description for further
details.
78
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
12.3.1 Alternate Functions of Port A
The Port A has an alternate function as the address low byte and data lines for the External
Memory Interface.
Table 12-3. Port A Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin Alternate Function
PA 7
ATmega1284P
ADC7 (ADC input channel 7)
PCINT7 (Pin Change Interrupt 7)
PA 6
PA 5
PA 4
PA 3
PA 2
PA 1
PA 0
ADC6 (ADC input channel 6)
PCINT6 (Pin Change Interrupt 6)
ADC5 (ADC input channel 5)
PCINT5 (Pin Change Interrupt 5)
ADC4 (ADC input channel 4)
PCINT4 (Pin Change Interrupt 4)
ADC3 (ADC input channel 3)
PCINT3 (Pin Change Interrupt 3)
ADC2 (ADC input channel 2)
PCINT2 (Pin Change Interrupt 2)
ADC1 (ADC input channel 1)
PCINT1 (Pin Change Interrupt 1)
ADC0 (ADC input channel 0)
PCINT0 (Pin Change Interrupt 0)
• ADC7:0/PCINT7:0 – Port A, Bit 7:0
ADC7:0, Analog to Digital Converter, Channels 7:0
.
PCINT7:0, Pin Change Interrupt source 7:0: The PA7:0 pins can serve as external interrupt
sources.
8059B–AVR–05/08
79
Table 12-4 on page 80 and Table 12-5 on page 80 relates the alternate functions of Port A to the
overriding signals shown in Figure 12-5 on page 77.
Table 12-4. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA7:PA4
Signal
Name
PUOE0000
PUOV0000
DDOE 0 0 0 0
DDOV 0 0 0 0
PVOE0000
PVOV0000
DIEOE
DIEOV PCINT7 • PCIE0 PCINT6 • PCIE0 PCINT5 • PCIE0 PCINT4 • PCIE0
DI PCINT7 INPUT PCINT6 INPUT PCINT5 INPUT PCINT4 INPUT
AIO ADC7 INPUT ADC6 INPUT ADC5 INPUT ADC4 INPUT
PA7/ADC7/
PCINT7
PCINT7 • PCIE0 +
ADC7D
PA6/ADC6/
PCINT6
PCINT6 • PCIE0 +
ADC6D
PA5/ADC5/
PCINT5
PCINT5 • PCIE0 +
ADC5D
PA4/ADC4/
PCINT4
PCINT4 • PCIE0 +
ADC4D
Table 12-5. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PA3:PA0
Signal
Name
PUOE0000
PUOV0000
PA3/ADC3/
PCINT3
PA2/ADC2/
PCINT2
PA1/ADC1/
PCINT1
PA0/ADC0/
PCINT0
DDOE 0 0 0 0
DDOV 0 0 0 0
PVOE0000
PVOV0000
DIEOE
DIEOV PCINT3 • PCIE0 PCINT2 • PCIE0 PCINT1 • PCIE0 PCINT0 • PCIE0
DI PCINT3 INPUT PCINT2 INPUT PCINT1 INPUT PCINT0 INPUT
AIO ADC3 INPUT ADC2 INPUT ADC1 INPUT ADC0 INPUT
PCINT3 • PCIE0 +
ADC3D
PCINT2 • PCIE0 +
ADC2D
PCINT1 • PCIE0 +
ADC1D
PCINT0 • PCIE0 +
ADC0D
80
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
12.3.2 Alternate Functions of Port B
The Port B pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 12-6.
Table 12-6. Port B Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin Alternate Functions
SCK (SPI Bus Master clock input)
PB7
PB6
PB5
PB4
PB3
OC3B (Timer/Conter 3 Output Compare Match B Output)
PCINT15 (Pin Change Interrupt 15)
MISO (SPI Bus Master Input/Slave Output)
OC3A (Timer/Conter 3 Output Compare Match A Output)
PCINT14 (Pin Change Interrupt 14)
MOSI (SPI Bus Master Output/Slave Input)
ICP3 (Timer/Counter3 Input Capture Trigger)
PCINT13 (Pin Change Interrupt 13)
SS
OC0B (Timer/Conter 0 Output Compare Match B Output)
PCINT12 (Pin Change Interrupt 12)
AIN1 (Analog Comparator Negative Input)
OC0A (Timer/Conter 0 Output Compare Match A Output)
PCINT11 (Pin Change Interrupt 11)
ATmega1284P
(SPI Slave Select input)
AIN0 (Analog Comparator Positive Input)
PB2
PB1
PB0
INT2 (External Interrupt 2 Input)
PCINT10 (Pin Change Interrupt 10)
T1 (Timer/Counter 1 External Counter Input)
CLKO (Divided System Clock Output)
PCINT9 (Pin Change Interrupt 9)
T0 (Timer/Counter 0 External Counter Input)
XCK0 (USART0 External Clock Input/Output)
PCINT8 (Pin Change Interrupt 8)
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• SCK/OC3B/PCINT15 – Port B, Bit 7
SCK: Master Clock output, Slave Clock input pin for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
slave, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB7. When the SPI0 is
enabled as a master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB7. When the pin is forced
to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB7 bit.
OC3B, Output Compare Match B output: The PB7 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter3 Output Compare. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDB7 set “one”) to
serve this function. The OC3B pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
PCINT15, Pin Change Interrupt source 15: The PB7 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
8059B–AVR–05/08
• MISO/OC3A/PCINT14 – Port B, Bit 6
MISO: Master Data input, Slave Data output pin for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
master, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB6. When the SPI is
enabled as a slave, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB6. When the pin is forced to
be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB6 bit.
81
OC3A, Output Compare Match A output: The PB6 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter0 Output Compare. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDB6 set “one”) to
serve this function. The OC3A pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
PCINT14, Pin Change Interrupt source 14: The PB6 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• MOSI/ICP3/PCINT13 – Port B, Bit 5
MOSI: SPI Master Data output, Slave Data input for SPI channel. When the SPI is enabled as a
slave, this pin is configured as an input regardless of the setting of DDB5. When the SPI is
enabled as a master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB5. When the pin is forced
to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB5 bit.
ICP3, Input Capture Pin 3: The PB5 pin can act as an input capture pin for Timer/Counter3.
PCINT13, Pin Change Interrupt source 13: The PB5 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
•S
S/OC0B/PCINT12 – Port B, Bit 4
SS
: Slave Port Select input. When the SPI is enabled as a slave, this pin is configured as an
input regardless of the setting of DDB4. As a slave, the SPI is activated when this pin is driven
low. When the SPI is enabled as a master, the data direction of this pin is controlled by DDB4.
When the pin is forced to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTB4 bit.
OC0B, Output Compare Match B output: The PB4 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter0 Output Compare. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDB4 set “one”) to
serve this function. The OC0B pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
PCINT12, Pin Change Interrupt source 12: The PB4 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• AIN1/OC0A/PCINT11, Bit 3
AIN1, Analog Comparator Negative input. This pin is directly connected to the negative input of
the Analog Comparator.
OC0A, Output Compare Match A output: The PB3 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter0 Output Compare. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDB3 set “one”) to
serve this function. The OC0A pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
PCINT11, Pin Change Interrupt source 11: The PB3 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• AIN0/INT2/PCINT10, Bit 2
AIN0, Analog Comparator Positive input. This pin is directly connected to the positive input of
the Analog Comparator.
INT2, External Interrupt source 2. The PB2 pin can serve as an External Interrupt source to the
MCU.
PCINT10, Pin Change Interrupt source 10: The PB2 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• T1/CLKO/PCINT9, Bit 1
T1, Timer/Counter1 counter source.
82
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
CLKO, Divided System Clock: The divided system clock can be output on the PB1 pin. The
divided system clock will be output if the CKOUT Fuse is programmed, regardless of the
PORTB1 and DDB1 settings. It will also be output during reset.
PCINT9, Pin Change Interrupt source 9: The PB1 pin can serve as an external interrupt source.
• T0/XCK0/PCINT8, Bit 0
T0, Timer/Counter0 counter source.
XCK0, USART0 External clock. The Data Direction Register (DDB0) controls whether the clock
is output (DDD0 set “one”) or input (DDD0 cleared). The XCK0 pin is active only when the
USART0 operates in Synchronous mode.
PCINT8, Pin Change Interrupt source 8: The PB0 pin can serve as an external interrupt source.
Table 12-7 and Table 12-8 relate the alternate functions of Port B to the overriding signals
shown in Figure 12-5 on page 77. SPI MSTR INPUT and SPI SLAVE OUTPUT constitute the
MISO signal, while MOSI is divided into SPI MSTR OUTPUT and SPI SLAVE INPUT. .
Table 12-7. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB7:PB4
Signal
Name
PUOE SPE • MSTR
PUOV PORTB7 • PUD PORTB14 • PUD PORTB13 • PUD PORTB12 • PUD
DDOE SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR
DDOV 0 0 0 0
PVOE
PVOV
DIEOE PCINT15 • PCIE1 PCINT14 • PCIE1 PCINT13 • PCIE1 PCINT4 • PCIE1
DIEOV 1 1 1 1
DI
AIO – – – –
PB7/SCK/
OC3B/PCINT15
SPE • MSTR
OC3B ENABLE
SCK OUTPUT
OC3B
SCK INPUT
PCINT17 INPUT
PB6/MISO/
OC3A/PCINT14
SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR SPE • MSTR
SPE • MSTR
OC3A ENABLE
SPI SLAVE OUTPUT
OC3A
SPI MSTR INPUT
PCINT14 INPUT
PB5/MOSI/
ICP3/PCINT13
SPE • MSTR OC0A ENABLE
SPI MSTR OUTPUT OC0A
SPI SLAVE INPUT
PCINT13 INPUT
ICP3 INPUT
PB4/SS/OC0B/
PCINT12
SPI SS
PCINT12 INPUT
8059B–AVR–05/08
83
Table 12-8. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PB3:PB0
Signal
Name
PUOE0000
PUOV0000
DDOE 0 0 0 0
DDOV 0 0 0 0
PVOE OC0B ENABLE 0 0 0
PVOV OC0B 0 0 0
DIEOE PCINT11 • PCIE1
DIEOV 1 1 1 1
DI PCINT11 INPUT
AIO – – – –
PB3/AIN1/OC0B/
PCINT11
12.3.3 Alternate Functions of Port C
The Port C alternate function is as follows:
Table 12-9. Port C Pins Alternate Functions
PB2/AIN0/INT2/
PCINT10
INT2 ENABLE
PCINT10 • PCIE1
INT2 INPUT
PCINT10 INPUT
PB1/T1/CLKO/PCINT9PB0/T0/XCK/
PCINT8
PCINT9 • PCIE1 PCINT8 • PCIE1
T1 INPUT
PCINT9 INPUT
T0 INPUT
PCINT8 INPUT
Port Pin Alternate Function
PC7
PC6
PC5
PC4
PC3
PC2
PC1
PC0
TOSC2 (Timer Oscillator pin 2)
PCINT23 (Pin Change Interrupt 23)
TOSC1 (Timer Oscillator pin 1)
PCINT22 (Pin Change Interrupt 22)
TDI (JTAG Test Data Input)
PCINT21 (Pin Change Interrupt 21)
TDO (JTAG Test Data Output)
PCINT20 (Pin Change Interrupt 20)
TMS (JTAG Test Mode Select)
PCINT19 (Pin Change Interrupt 19)
TC K (J TAG Tes t Cl o ck )
PCINT18 (Pin Change Interrupt 18)
SDA (2-wire Serial Bus Data Input/Output Line)
PCINT17 (Pin Change Interrupt 17)
SCL (2-wire Serial Bus Clock Line)
PCINT16 (Pin Change Interrupt 16)
• TOSC2/PCINT23 – Port C, Bit7
TOSC2, Timer Oscillator pin 2. The PC7 pin can serve as an external interrupt source to the
MCU.
84
PCINT23, Pin Change Interrupt source 23: The PC7 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
• TOSC1/PCINT22 – Port C, Bit 6
TOSC1, Timer Oscillator pin 1. The PC6 pin can serve as an external interrupt source to the
MCU.
PCINT22, Pin Change Interrupt source 23: The PC6 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• TDI/PCINT21 – Port C, Bit 5
TDI, JTAG Test Data Input.
PCINT21, Pin Change Interrupt source 21: The PC5 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• TDO/PCINT20 – Port C, Bit 4
TDO, JTAG Test Data Output.
PCINT20, Pin Change Interrupt source 20: The PC4 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• TMS/PCINT19 – Port C, Bit 3
TMS, JTAG Test Mode Select.
PCINT19, Pin Change Interrupt source 19: The PC3 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• TCK/PCINT18 – Port C, Bit 2
TCK, JTAG Test Clock.
PCINT18, Pin Change Interrupt source 18: The PC2 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• SDA/PCINT17 – Port C, Bit 1
SDA, 2-wire Serial Bus Data Input/Output Line.
PCINT17, Pin Change Interrupt source 17: The PC1 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• SCL/PCINT16 – Port C, Bit 0
SCL, 2-wire Serial Busk Clock Line.
PCINT23, Pin Change Interrupt source 23: The PC0 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
Table 12-10 and Table 12-11 relate the alternate functions of Port C to the overriding signals
shown in Figure 12-5 on page 77.
8059B–AVR–05/08
85
Table 12-10. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PC7:PC4
Signal
Name
PUOE AS2 • EXCLK
PUOV0 011
DDOE AS2 • EXCLK AS2 JTAGEN JTAGEN
DDOV 0 0 0
PVOE0 00JTAGEN
PVOV0 00TDO
DIEOE
DIEOV 0 EXCLK 0 0
DI PCINT23 INPUT PCINT22 INPUT PCINT21 INPUT PCINT20 INPUT
AIO T/C2 OSC OUTPUT
PC7/TOSC2/
PCINT23
AS2 • EXCLK
PCINT23 • PCIE2
+
PC6/TOSC1/
PCINT22
AS2 JTAGEN JTAGEN
AS2 JTAGEN JTAGEN
T/C2 OSC
INPUT
PC5/TDI/
PCINT21
TDI INPUT –
PC4/TDO/
PCINT20
SHIFT_IR +
SHIFT_DR
Table 12-11. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PC3:PC0
Signal
Name
PUOE JTAGEN JTAGEN TWEN TWEN
PC3/TMS/
PCINT19
PC2/TCK/
PCINT18
PC1/SDA/
PCINT17
PC0/SCL/
PCINT16
PUOV 1 1 PORTC1 • PUD PORTC0 • PUD
DDOEJTAGENJTAGENTWEN TWEN
DDOV 0 0 0 0
PVOE 0 0 TWEN TWEN
PVOV 0 0 SDA OUT SCL OUT
DIEOE JTAGEN JTAGEN PCINT17 • PCIE2 PCINT16 • PCIE2
DIEOV1111
DI PCINT19 INPUT PCINT18 INPUT PCINT17 INPUT PCINT16 INPUT
AIO TMS INPUT TCK INPUT SDA INPUT SCL INPUT
86
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
12.3.4 Alternate Functions of Port D
The Port D pins with alternate functions are shown in Table 12-12.
Table 12-12. Port D Pins Alternate Functions
Port Pin Alternate Function
ATmega1284P
PD7
PD6
PD5
PD4
PD3
PD2
PD1
PD0
OC2A (Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match A Output)
PCINT31 (Pin Change Interrupt 31)
ICP1 (Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Trigger)
OC2B (Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match B Output)
PCINT30 (Pin Change Interrupt 30)
OC1A (Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Match A Output)
PCINT29 (Pin Change Interrupt 29)
OC1B (Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Match B Output)
XCK1 (USART1 External Clock Input/Output)
PCINT28 (Pin Change Interrupt 28)
INT1 (External Interrupt1 Input)
TXD1 (USART1 Transmit Pin)
PCINT27 (Pin Change Interrupt 27)
INT0 (External Interrupt0 Input)
RXD1 (USART1 Receive Pin)
PCINT26 (Pin Change Interrupt 26)
TXD0 (USART0 Transmit Pin)
PCINT25 (Pin Change Interrupt 25)
RXD0 (USART0 Receive Pin)
PCINT24 (Pin Change Interrupt 24)
T3 (Timer/Counter 3 External Counter Input)
8059B–AVR–05/08
87
The alternate pin configuration is as follows:
• OC2A/PCINT31 – Port D, Bit 7
OC2A, Output Compare Match A output: The PD7 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter2 Output Compare A. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDD7 set (one))
to serve this function. The OC2A pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
PCINT31, Pin Change Interrupt Source 31:The PD7 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• ICP1/OC2B/PCINT30 – Port D, Bit 6
ICP1, Input Capture Pin 1: The PD6 pin can act as an input capture pin for Timer/Counter1.
OC2B, Output Compare Match B output: The PD6 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter2 Output Compare B. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDD6 set (one))
to serve this function. The OC2B pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
PCINT30, Pin Change Interrupt Source 30: The PD6 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• OC1A/PCINT29 – Port D, Bit 5
OC1A, Output Compare Match A output: The PD5 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter1 Output Compare A. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDD5 set (one))
to serve this function. The OC1A pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
PCINT29, Pin Change Interrupt Source 29: The PD5 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• OC1B/XCK1/PCINT28 – Port D, Bit 4
OC1B, Output Compare Match B output: The PB4 pin can serve as an external output for the
Timer/Counter1 Output Compare B. The pin has to be configured as an output (DDD4 set (one))
to serve this function. The OC1B pin is also the output pin for the PWM mode timer function.
XCK1, USART1 External clock. The Data Direction Register (DDB4) controls whether the clock
is output (DDD4 set “one”) or input (DDD4 cleared). The XCK4 pin is active only when the
USART1 operates in Synchronous mode.
PCINT28, Pin Change Interrupt Source 28: The PD4 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• INT1/TXD1/PCINT27 – Port D, Bit 3
INT1, External Interrupt source 1. The PD3 pin can serve as an external interrupt source to the
MCU.
TXD1, Transmit Data (Data output pin for the USART1). When the USART1 Transmitter is
enabled, this pin is configured as an output regardless of the value of DDD3.
PCINT27, Pin Change Interrupt Source 27: The PD3 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
88
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
• INT0/RXD1/PCINT26 – Port D, Bit 2
INT0, External Interrupt source 0. The PD2 pin can serve as an external interrupt source to the
MCU.
RXD1, RXD0, Receive Data (Data input pin for the USART1). When the USART1 receiver is
enabled this pin is configured as an input regardless of the value of DDD2. When the USART
forces this pin to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTD2 bit.
PCINT26, Pin Change Interrupt Source 26: The PD2 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• TXD0/PCINT25 – Port D, Bit 1
TXD0, Transmit Data (Data output pin for the USART0). When the USART0 Transmitter is
enabled, this pin is configured as an output regardless of the value of DDD1.
PCINT25, Pin Change Interrupt Source 25: The PD1 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
• RXD0/T3/PCINT24 – Port D, Bit 0
RXD0, Receive Data (Data input pin for the USART0). When the USART0 receiver is enabled
this pin is configured as an input regardless of the value of DDD0. When the USART forces this
pin to be an input, the pull-up can still be controlled by the PORTD0 bit.
T3, Timer/Counter3 counter source.
PCINT24, Pin Change Interrupt Source 24: The PD0 pin can serve as an external interrupt
source.
Table 12-13 on page 89 and Table 12-14 on page 90 relates the alternate functions of Port D to
the overriding signals shown in Figure 12-5 on page 77.
Table 12-13. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions PD7:PD4
PD6/ICP1/
PD7/OC2A/
Signal Name
PUOE0000
PUOV0000
DDOE0000
DDOV0000
PVOE OC2A ENABLE OC2B ENABLE OC1A ENABLE OC1B ENABLE
PVOV OCA2A OC2B OC1A OC1B
DIEOE PCINT31 • PCIE3 PCINT30 • PCIE3 PCINT29 • PCIE3 PCINT28 • PCIE3
DIEOV1111
DI PCINT31 INPUT
AIO––––
PCINT31
OC2B/
PCINT30
ICP1 INPUT
PCINT30 INPUT
PD5/OC1A/
PCINT29
PCINT29 INPUT PCINT28 INPUT
PD4/OC1B/XCK1/
PCINT28
8059B–AVR–05/08
89
Table 12-14. Overriding Signals for Alternate Functions in PD3:PD0
(1)
Signal Name
PD3/INT1/TXD1/
PCINT27
PD2/INT0/RXD1/
PCINT26
PD1/TXD0/
PCINT25
PD0/RXD0/
PCINT27/T3
PUOE 0 TXEN RXEN
PUOV 0 PORTD2 • PUD PORTD1 • PUD PORTD0 • PUD
DDOE 0 RXEN1 TXEN RXEN
DDOV 0 0 SDA_OUT SCL_OUT
PVOE 0 0 TWEN TWEN
PVOV0000
DIEOE
INT1 ENABLE
PCINT27 • PCIE3
INT2 ENABLE
PCINT26 • PCIE3
INT1 ENABLE
PCINT25 • PCIE3
INT0 ENABLE
PCINT24 • PCIE3
DIEOV1111
RXD
PCINT24 INPUT
T3 INPUT
DI
INT1 INPUT
PCINT27 INPUT
INT0 INPUT
PCINT27 INPUT
TXD
PCINT25 INPUT
AIO––––
Note: 1. When enabled, the 2-wire Serial Interface enables Slew-Rate controls on the output pins PD0
and PD1. This is not shown in this table. In addition, spike filters are connected between the
AIO outputs shown in the port figure and the digital logic of the TWI module.
90
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
Register Description
12.3.5 MCUCR – MCU Control Register
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x35 (0x55)
Read/Write R/W R R R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Bit 4 – PUD: Pull-up Disable
When this bit is written to one, the pull-ups in the I/O ports are disabled even if the DDxn and
PORTxn Registers are configured to enable the pull-ups ({DDxn, PORTxn} = 0b01). See ”Con-
figuring the Pin” on page 72 for more details about this feature.
12.3.6 PORTA – Port A Data Register
Bit 76543210
0x02 (0x22)
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12.3.7 DDRA – Port A Data Direction Register
JTD BODS BODSE PUD – – IVSEL IVCE MCUCR
PORTA7 PORTA6 PORTA5 PORTA4 PORTA3 PORTA2 PORTA1 PORTA0
ATmega1284P
PORTA
Bit 76543210
0x01 (0x21) DDA7 DDA6 DDA5 DDA4 DDA3 DDA2 DDA1 DDA0 DDRA
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
12.3.8 PINA – Port A Input Pins Address
Bit 76543210
0x00 (0x20) PINA7 PINA6 PINA5 PINA4 PINA3 PINA2 PINA1 PINA0 PINA
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
12.3.9 PORTB – Port B Data Register
Bit 76543210
0x05 (0x25)
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
PORTB7 PORTB6 PORTB5 PORTB4 PORTB3 PORTB2 PORTB1 PORTB0 PORTB
12.3.10 DDRB – Port B Data Direction Register
Bit 76543210
0x04 (0x24) DDB7 DDB6 DDB5 DDB4 DDB3 DDB2 DDB1 DDB0 DDRB
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
12.3.11 PINB – Port B Input Pins Address
8059B–AVR–05/08
Bit 76543210
0x03 (0x23) PINB7 PINB6 PINB5 PINB4 PINB3 PINB2 PINB1 PINB0 PINB
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
91
12.3.12 PORTC – Port C Data Register
Bit 76543210
0x08 (0x28)
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
PORTC7 PORTC6 PORTC5 PORTC4 PORTC3 PORTC2 PORTC1 PORTC0 PORTC
12.3.13 DDRC – Port C Data Direction Register
Bit 76543210
0x07 (0x27) DDC7 DDC6 DDC5 DDC4 DDC3 DDC2 DDC1 DDC0 DDRC
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
12.3.14 PINC – Port C Input Pins Address
Bit 76543210
0x06 (0x26) PINC7 PINC6 PINC5 PINC4 PINC3 PINC2 PINC1 PINC0 PINC
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
12.3.15 PORTD – Port D Data Register
Bit 76543210
0x0B (0x2B)
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
PORTD7 PORTD6 PORTD5 PORTD4 PORTD3 PORTD2 PORTD1 PORTD0 PORTD
12.3.16 DDRD – Port D Data Direction Register
Bit 76543210
0x0A (0x2A) DDD7 DDD6 DDD5 DDD4 DDD3 DDD2 DDD1 DDD0 DDRD
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value00000000
12.3.17 PIND – Port D Input Pins Address
Bit 76543210
0x09 (0x29) PIND7 PIND6 PIND5 PIND4 PIND3 PIND2 PIND1 PIND0 PIND
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
92
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
13. 8-bit Timer/Counter0 with PWM
13.1 Features
• Two Independent Output Compare Units
• Double Buffered Output Compare Registers
• Clear Timer on Compare Match (Auto Reload)
• Glitch Free, Phase Correct Pulse Width Modulator (PWM)
• Variable PWM Period
• Frequency Generator
• Three Independent Interrupt Sources (TOV0, OCF0A, and OCF0B)
13.2 Overview
Timer/Counter0 is a general purpose 8-bit Timer/Counter module, with two independent Output
Compare Units, and with PWM support. It allows accurate program execution timing (event management) and wave generation.
A simplified block diagram of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is shown in Figure 13-1. For the actual
placement of I/O pins, see ”Pin Configurations” on page 2. CPU accessible I/O Registers, includ-
ing I/O bits and I/O pins, are shown in bold. The device-specific I/O Register and bit locations
are listed in the ”Register Description” on page 104.
ATmega1284P
13.2.1 Registers
Figure 13-1. 8-bit Timer/Counter Block Diagram
Count
Clear
Control Logic
Direction
TOP BOT TOM
Timer/Counter
TCNTn
=
OCRnA
=
DATA BUS
OCRnB
TCCRnA TCCRnB
clk
Tn
=
Fixed
TOP
Val ue
=
0
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
Clock Select
Edge
Detector
( From Prescaler )
OCnA
(Int.Req.)
Wavefor m
Generation
OCnB
(Int.Req.)
Wavefor m
Generation
Tn
OCnA
OCnB
The Timer/Counter (TCNT0) and Output Compare Registers (OCR0A and OCR0B) are 8-bit
registers. Interrupt request (abbreviated to Int.Req. in the figure) signals are all visible in the
Timer Interrupt Flag Register (TIFR0). All interrupts are individually masked with the Timer Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK0). TIFR0 and TIMSK0 are not shown in the figure.
8059B–AVR–05/08
The Timer/Counter can be clocked internally, via the prescaler, or by an external clock source on
the T0 pin. The Clock Select logic block controls which clock source and edge the Timer/Counter
93
13.2.2 Definitions
uses to increment (or decrement) its value. The Timer/Counter is inactive when no clock source
is selected. The output from the Clock Select logic is referred to as the timer clock (clk
T0
).
The double buffered Output Compare Registers (OCR0A and OCR0B) are compared with the
Timer/Counter value at all times. The result of the compare can be used by the Waveform Generator to generate a PWM or variable frequency output on the Output Compare pins (OC0A and
OC0B). See Section “13.5” on page 95. for details. The Compare Match event will also set the
Compare Flag (OCF0A or OCF0B) which can be used to generate an Output Compare interrupt
request.
Many register and bit references in this section are written in general form. A lower case “n”
replaces the Timer/Counter number, in this case 0. A lower case “x” replaces the Output Compare Unit, in this case Compare Unit A or Compare Unit B. However, when using the register or
bit defines in a program, the precise form must be used, i.e., TCNT0 for accessing
Timer/Counter0 counter value and so on.
The definitions in Table 13-1 are also used extensively throughout the document.
Table 13-1. Definitions
BOTTOM The counter reaches the BOTTOM when it becomes 0x00.
MAX The counter reaches its MAXimum when it becomes 0xFF (decimal 255).
TOP The counter reaches the TOP when it becomes equal to the highest value in the
count sequence. The TOP value can be assigned to be the fixed value 0xFF
(MAX) or the value stored in the OCR0A Register. The assignment is dependent on the mode of operation.
13.3 Timer/Counter Clock Sources
The Timer/Counter can be clocked by an internal or an external clock source. The clock source
is selected by the Clock Select logic which is controlled by the Clock Select (CS02:0) bits
located in the Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCR0B). For details on clock sources and prescaler, see ”Timer/Counter Prescaler” on page 154.
13.4 Counter Unit
The main part of the 8-bit Timer/Counter is the programmable bi-directional counter unit. Figure
13-2 shows a block diagram of the counter and its surroundings.
Figure 13-2. Counter Unit Block Diagram
DATA B US
TCNTn Control Logic
Signal description (internal signals):
count
clear
direction
bottom
top
TOVn
(Int.Req.)
clk
Tn
Clock Select
Edge
Detector
( From Prescaler )
Tn
94
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
ATmega1284P
count Increment or decrement TCNT0 by 1.
direction Select between increment and decrement.
clear Clear TCNT0 (set all bits to zero).
clk
top Signalize that TCNT0 has reached maximum value.
bottom Signalize that TCNT0 has reached minimum value (zero).
Depending of the mode of operation used, the counter is cleared, incremented, or decremented
at each timer clock (clk
selected by the Clock Select bits (CS02:0). When no clock source is selected (CS02:0 = 0) the
timer is stopped. However, the TCNT0 value can be accessed by the CPU, regardless of
whether clk
count operations.
The counting sequence is determined by the setting of the WGM01 and WGM00 bits located in
the Timer/Counter Control Register (TCCR0A) and the WGM02 bit located in the Timer/Counter
Control Register B (TCCR0B). There are close connections between how the counter behaves
(counts) and how waveforms are generated on the Output Compare outputs OC0A and OC0B.
For more details about advanced counting sequences and waveform generation, see ”Modes of
Operation” on page 98.
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) is set according to the mode of operation selected by
the WGM02:0 bits. TOV0 can be used for generating a CPU interrupt.
13.5 Output Compare Unit
The 8-bit comparator continuously compares TCNT0 with the Output Compare Registers
(OCR0A and OCR0B). Whenever TCNT0 equals OCR0A or OCR0B, the comparator signals a
match. A match will set the Output Compare Flag (OCF0A or OCF0B) at the next timer clock
cycle. If the corresponding interrupt is enabled, the Output Compare Flag generates an Output
Compare interrupt. The Output Compare Flag is automatically cleared when the interrupt is executed. Alternatively, the flag can be cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O bit
location. The Waveform Generator uses the match signal to generate an output according to
operating mode set by the WGM02:0 bits and Compare Output mode (COM0x1:0) bits. The max
and bottom signals are used by the Waveform Generator for handling the special cases of the
extreme values in some modes of operation (”Modes of Operation” on page 98).
Tn
is present or not. A CPU write overrides (has priority over) all counter clear or
T0
Timer/Counter clock, referred to as clkT0 in the following.
). clkT0 can be generated from an external or internal clock source,
T0
8059B–AVR–05/08
Figure 13-3 shows a block diagram of the Output Compare unit.
95
Figure 13-3. Output Compare Unit, Block Diagram
DATA BU S
OCRnx
TCNTn
= (8-bit Comparator )
OCFnx (Int.Req.)
top
bottom
FOCn
The OCR0x Registers are double buffered when using any of the Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) modes. For the normal and Clear Timer on Compare (CTC) modes of operation, the double buffering is disabled. The double buffering synchronizes the update of the OCR0x Compare
Registers to either top or bottom of the counting sequence. The synchronization prevents the
occurrence of odd-length, non-symmetrical PWM pulses, thereby making the output glitch-free.
The OCR0x Register access may seem complex, but this is not case. When the double buffering
is enabled, the CPU has access to the OCR0x Buffer Register, and if double buffering is disabled the CPU will access the OCR0x directly.
Waveform Generator
WGMn1:0
COMnX1:0
OCnx
13.5.1 Force Output Compare
In non-PWM waveform generation modes, the match output of the comparator can be forced by
writing a one to the Force Output Compare (FOC0x) bit. Forcing Compare Match will not set the
OCF0x Flag or reload/clear the timer, but the OC0x pin will be updated as if a real Compare
Match had occurred (the COM0x1:0 bits settings define whether the OC0x pin is set, cleared or
toggled).
13.5.2 Compare Match Blocking by TCNT0 Write
All CPU write operations to the TCNT0 Register will block any Compare Match that occur in the
next timer clock cycle, even when the timer is stopped. This feature allows OCR0x to be initialized to the same value as TCNT0 without triggering an interrupt when the Timer/Counter clock is
enabled.
13.5.3 Using the Output Compare Unit
Since writing TCNT0 in any mode of operation will block all Compare Matches for one timer
clock cycle, there are risks involved when changing TCNT0 when using the Output Compare
Unit, independently of whether the Timer/Counter is running or not. If the value written to TCNT0
equals the OCR0x value, the Compare Match will be missed, resulting in incorrect waveform
96
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
generation. Similarly, do not write the TCNT0 value equal to BOTTOM when the counter is
down-counting.
The setup of the OC0x should be performed before setting the Data Direction Register for the
port pin to output. The easiest way of setting the OC0x value is to use the Force Output Compare (FOC0x) strobe bits in Normal mode. The OC0x Registers keep their values even when
changing between Waveform Generation modes.
Be aware that the COM0x1:0 bits are not double buffered together with the compare value.
Changing the COM0x1:0 bits will take effect immediately.
13.6 Compare Match Output Unit
The Compare Output mode (COM0x1:0) bits have two functions. The Waveform Generator uses
the COM0x1:0 bits for defining the Output Compare (OC0x) state at the next Compare Match.
Also, the COM0x1:0 bits control the OC0x pin output source. Figure 13-4 shows a simplified
schematic of the logic affected by the COM0x1:0 bit setting. The I/O Registers, I/O bits, and I/O
pins in the figure are shown in bold. Only the parts of the general I/O Port Control Registers
(DDR and PORT) that are affected by the COM0x1:0 bits are shown. When referring to the
OC0x state, the reference is for the internal OC0x Register, not the OC0x pin. If a system reset
occur, the OC0x Register is reset to “0”.
ATmega1284P
Figure 13-4. Compare Match Output Unit, Schematic
COMnx1
COMnx0
FOCn
clk
I/O
Waveform
Generator
DQ
1
OCnx
DQ
PORT
DATA BU S
DQ
DDR
0
OCnx
Pin
The general I/O port function is overridden by the Output Compare (OC0x) from the Waveform
Generator if either of the COM0x1:0 bits are set. However, the OC0x pin direction (input or output) is still controlled by the Data Direction Register (DDR) for the port pin. The Data Direction
Register bit for the OC0x pin (DDR_OC0x) must be set as output before the OC0x value is visible on the pin. The port override function is independent of the Waveform Generation mode.
8059B–AVR–05/08
The design of the Output Compare pin logic allows initialization of the OC0x state before the output is enabled. Note that some COM0x1:0 bit settings are reserved for certain modes of
operation. See Section “13.9” on page 104.
97
13.6.1 Compare Output Mode and Waveform Generation
The Waveform Generator uses the COM0x1:0 bits differently in Normal, CTC, and PWM modes.
For all modes, setting the COM0x1:0 = 0 tells the Waveform Generator that no action on the
OC0x Register is to be performed on the next Compare Match. For compare output actions in
the non-PWM modes refer to Table 13-2 on page 104. For fast PWM mode, refer to Table 13-3
on page 104, and for phase correct PWM refer to Table 13-4 on page 105.
A change of the COM0x1:0 bits state will have effect at the first Compare Match after the bits are
written. For non-PWM modes, the action can be forced to have immediate effect by using the
FOC0x strobe bits.
13.7 Modes of Operation
The mode of operation, i.e., the behavior of the Timer/Counter and the Output Compare pins, is
defined by the combination of the Waveform Generation mode (WGM02:0) and Compare Output
mode (COM0x1:0) bits. The Compare Output mode bits do not affect the counting sequence,
while the Waveform Generation mode bits do. The COM0x1:0 bits control whether the PWM output generated should be inverted or not (inverted or non-inverted PWM). For non-PWM modes
the COM0x1:0 bits control whether the output should be set, cleared, or toggled at a Compare
Match (See Section “14.8” on page 122.).
For detailed timing information see ”Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams” on page 102.
13.7.1 Normal Mode
The simplest mode of operation is the Normal mode (WGM02:0 = 0). In this mode the counting
direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The counter simply
overruns when it passes its maximum 8-bit value (TOP = 0xFF) and then restarts from the bottom (0x00). In normal operation the Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) will be set in the same
timer clock cycle as the TCNT0 becomes zero. The TOV0 Flag in this case behaves like a ninth
bit, except that it is only set, not cleared. However, combined with the timer overflow interrupt
that automatically clears the TOV0 Flag, the timer resolution can be increased by software.
There are no special cases to consider in the Normal mode, a new counter value can be written
anytime.
The Output Compare Unit can be used to generate interrupts at some given time. Using the Output Compare to generate waveforms in Normal mode is not recommended, since this will
occupy too much of the CPU time.
13.7.2 Clear Timer on Compare Match (CTC) Mode
In Clear Timer on Compare or CTC mode (WGM02:0 = 2), the OCR0A Register is used to
manipulate the counter resolution. In CTC mode the counter is cleared to zero when the counter
value (TCNT0) matches the OCR0A. The OCR0A defines the top value for the counter, hence
also its resolution. This mode allows greater control of the Compare Match output frequency. It
also simplifies the operation of counting external events.
The timing diagram for the CTC mode is shown in Figure 13-5. The counter value (TCNT0)
increases until a Compare Match occurs between TCNT0 and OCR0A, and then counter
(TCNT0) is cleared.
98
ATmega1284P
8059B–AVR–05/08
Figure 13-5. CTC Mode, Timing Diagram
TCNTn
ATmega1284P
OCnx Interrupt Flag Set
OCn
(Toggle)
Period
1 4
2 3
(COMnx1:0 = 1)
An interrupt can be generated each time the counter value reaches the TOP value by using the
OCF0A Flag. If the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating
the TOP value. However, changing TOP to a value close to BOTTOM when the counter is running with none or a low prescaler value must be done with care since the CTC mode does not
have the double buffering feature. If the new value written to OCR0A is lower than the current
value of TCNT0, the counter will miss the Compare Match. The counter will then have to count to
its maximum value (0xFF) and wrap around starting at 0x00 before the Compare Match can
occur.
For generating a waveform output in CTC mode, the OC0A output can be set to toggle its logical
level on each Compare Match by setting the Compare Output mode bits to toggle mode
(COM0A1:0 = 1). The OC0A value will not be visible on the port pin unless the data direction for
the pin is set to output. The waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of f
f
/2 when OCR0A is set to zero (0x00). The waveform frequency is defined by the following
clk_I/O
OC0
=
equation:
f
f
OCnx
--------------------------------------------------=
2 N 1 OCRnx+()⋅⋅
clk_I/O
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
13.7.3 Fast PWM Mode
8059B–AVR–05/08
As for the Normal mode of operation, the TOV0 Flag is set in the same timer clock cycle that the
counter counts from MAX to 0x00.
The fast Pulse Width Modulation or fast PWM mode (WGM02:0 = 3 or 7) provides a high frequency PWM waveform generation option. The fast PWM differs from the other PWM option by
its single-slope operation. The counter counts from BOTTOM to TOP then restarts from BOTTOM. TOP is defined as 0xFF when WGM2:0 = 3, and OCR0A when WGM2:0 = 7. In noninverting Compare Output mode, the Output Compare (OC0x) is cleared on the Compare Match
between TCNT0 and OCR0x, and set at BOTTOM. In inverting Compare Output mode, the output is set on Compare Match and cleared at BOTTOM. Due to the single-slope operation, the
operating frequency of the fast PWM mode can be twice as high as the phase correct PWM
mode that use dual-slope operation. This high frequency makes the fast PWM mode well suited
for power regulation, rectification, and DAC applications. High frequency allows physically small
sized external components (coils, capacitors), and therefore reduces total system cost.
In fast PWM mode, the counter is incremented until the counter value matches the TOP value.
The counter is then cleared at the following timer clock cycle. The timing diagram for the fast
99
PWM mode is shown in Figure 13-6. The TCNT0 value is in the timing diagram shown as a histogram for illustrating the single-slope operation. The diagram includes non-inverted and
inverted PWM outputs. The small horizontal line marks on the TCNT0 slopes represent Compare Matches between OCR0x and TCNT0.
Figure 13-6. Fast PWM Mode, Timing Diagram
OCRnx Interrupt Flag Set
OCRnx Update and
TOVn Interrupt Flag Set
TCNTn
OCnx
OCnx
Period
1
2 3
4 5 6 7
(COMnx1:0 = 2)
(COMnx1:0 = 3)
The Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV0) is set each time the counter reaches TOP. If the interrupt is enabled, the interrupt handler routine can be used for updating the compare value.
In fast PWM mode, the compare unit allows generation of PWM waveforms on the OC0x pins.
Setting the COM0x1:0 bits to two will produce a non-inverted PWM and an inverted PWM output
can be generated by setting the COM0x1:0 to three: Setting the COM0A1:0 bits to one allows
the OC0A pin to toggle on Compare Matches if the WGM02 bit is set. This option is not available
for the OC0B pin (See Table 13-3 on page 104). The actual OC0x value will only be visible on
the port pin if the data direction for the port pin is set as output. The PWM waveform is generated by setting (or clearing) the OC0x Register at the Compare Match between OCR0x and
TCNT0, and clearing (or setting) the OC0x Register at the timer clock cycle the counter is
cleared (changes from TOP to BOTTOM).
The PWM frequency for the output can be calculated by the following equation:
f
f
OCnxPWM
clk_I/O
------------------=
N 256⋅
The N variable represents the prescale factor (1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024).
100
The extreme values for the OCR0A Register represents special cases when generating a PWM
waveform output in the fast PWM mode. If the OCR0A is set equal to BOTTOM, the output will
be a narrow spike for each MAX+1 timer clock cycle. Setting the OCR0A equal to MAX will result
in a constantly high or low output (depending on the polarity of the output set by the COM0A1:0
bits.)
A frequency (with 50% duty cycle) waveform output in fast PWM mode can be achieved by setting OC0x to toggle its logical level on each Compare Match (COM0x1:0 = 1). The waveform
generated will have a maximum frequency of f
ATmega1284P
OC0
= f
/2 when OCR0A is set to zero. This
clk_I/O
8059B–AVR–05/08
Loading...