Agilent Technologies N9917A, N9914A, N9918A, N9925A, N9926A User Manual

...
User’s Guide
Manufacturing Part Number: N9927–90001 Print Date: July 2, 2013
Supersedes: March 25, 2013 ©Agilent Technologies, Inc.
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1987). U.S. Government users will receive no greater than Limited Rights as defined in FAR 52.227–14 (June 1987) or DFAR 252.227–7015 (b) (2) (November 1995), as applicable in any technical data.
Technology Licenses
The hardware and/or software described in this document are furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.
Contacting Agilent
Assistance with test and measurements needs and information on finding a local Agilent office are available on the Web at: http://www.agilent.com/find/assist
If you do not have access to the Internet, please contact your Agilent field engineer.
In any correspondence or telephone conversation, refer to the Agilent product by its model number and full serial number. With this information, the Agilent representative can determine whether your product is still within its warranty period.
Safety and Regulatory Information
The safety and regulatory information pertaining to this product is located on page 188.
Where to Find the Latest Information
Documentation is updated periodically. For the latest information, please visit:
www.agilent.com/find/fieldfoxsupport
Software Updates
Is your product software up-to-date? Periodically, Agilent releases software updates to fix known defects and incorporate product enhancements. To search for software updates for your product, go to the Agilent Technical Support website at: http://www.agilent.com/find/TechSupport or www.agilent.com/find/fieldfoxsupport.
2 FieldFox User’s Guide
Elements of this product's Software use SharpZipLib as an "as provided" stand alone capability.
Copyright 2004 John Reilly
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____________________________________________________________________________
Elements of this product's software use ANTLR.
Copyright (c) 2005-2008 Terence Parr
All rights reserved.
Conversion to C#: Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Sam Harwell, Pixel Mine, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
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FieldFox User’s Guide 3
A.07.00 Firmware Release Updates ............................................... 7
Overview ...................................................................................................... 8
Models and Options ......................................................................... 8
Accessories ....................................................................................... 8
FieldFox Manuals, Software, and Supplemental Help ............... 9
Preparing for Initial Use of Your New FieldFox ................................... 10
Check the Shipment ....................................................................... 10
Meeting Power Requirements for the AC/DC Adapter ........... 10
Install the Lithium-Ion Battery ..................................................... 11
FieldFox ON/OFF Settings ............................................................ 12
FieldFox High-Temperature Protection ....................................... 12
Avoid Overpowering the FieldFox ................................................ 13
Take the FieldFox Tour .................................................................. 14
Front Panel....................................................................................... 15
Top Panel ......................................................................................... 16
Right Side Panel.............................................................................. 17
Left Side Panel ................................................................................ 17
Screen Tour ..................................................................................... 18
How to Enter Numeric Values ...................................................... 19
CAT (Cable and Antenna Test) Mode .................................................... 20
CAT Mode Settings ........................................................................ 21
Return Loss Measurements ......................................................... 27
1-Port Cable Loss Measurements ............................................... 28
2-Port Insertion Loss Measurements ......................................... 29
DTF (Distance to Fault) Measurements ................................................ 30
DTF Measurement Settings .......................................................... 31
NA (Network Analyzer) Mode ................................................................ 38
NA Mode Settings .......................................................................... 38
Time Domain - Option 010 ....................................................................... 53
Time Domain (Transform) Settings ............................................. 54
Trace Settings ................................................................................. 58
4 FieldFox User’s Guide
Gating ............................................................................................... 59
Calibration for NA, CAT, and VVM Modes ............................................ 62
Verifying Calibration and Jumper Cable Integrity ..................... 73
Calibration Method Summary ....................................................... 74
SA (Spectrum Analyzer) Mode ............................................................... 75
SA Mode Settings .......................................................................... 76
Channel Measurements .............................................................. 106
Interference Analyzer (SA Mode) Option 236 .................................... 115
Spectrogram and Waterfall Displays......................................... 115
Record Playback ........................................................................... 119
Reflection Mode (SA Models) .............................................................. 128
Reflection Mode Settings............................................................ 129
Channel Power Meter (CPM) Mode Option 310 ................................ 131
CPM Settings ................................................................................ 131
Power Meter Mode ................................................................................ 134
Power Meter Settings .................................................................. 135
VVM (Vector Voltmeter) Mode ............................................................. 140
Overview ........................................................................................ 141
VVM Mode Settings ..................................................................... 141
1-Port Cable Trimming Measurements ..................................... 145
2-Port Transmission Measurements ......................................... 146
A/B and B/A Measurements .................................................... 147
Data Analysis Features .......................................................................... 148
All about Markers ......................................................................... 148
All about Limit Lines .................................................................... 158
All about Trace Math ................................................................... 161
File Management .................................................................................... 164
Saving and Recalling Files .......................................................... 164
Printing ........................................................................................... 171
FieldFox User’s Guide 5
System Settings ...................................................................................... 172
Run/Hold ....................................................................................... 172
Preset ............................................................................................. 173
Audio (Volume) Control ............................................................... 173
Display Settings ............................................................................ 174
Preferences.................................................................................... 176
System Configuration .................................................................. 178
Service Diagnostics ...................................................................... 186
Working with the Lithium-Ion Battery ................................................ 188
Viewing Battery Charge Status .................................................. 188
Charging the Battery .................................................................... 189
Reconditioning the Battery ......................................................... 191
Battery Care ................................................................................... 192
Maximizing Battery Life............................................................... 192
Lithium Ion Battery Disposal ...................................................... 193
Hardkey/Softkey Menus ....................................................................... 194
Safety Considerations ............................................................................ 204
Certification and Compliance Statements ................................ 212
Appendix A: Connector Care Review ................................................... 213
Appendix B: Specifications/Data Sheet ............................................. 214
Appendix C: Instrument Calibration ..................................................... 215
Index ......................................................................................................... 216
6 FieldFox User’s Guide

A.07.00 Firmware Release Updates

For customers upgrading FieldFox firmware, the following is a list of changes from the previous release:
NA Mode
3-trace overlay configuration .............................. 40
External Triggering ............................................... 48
Removed limitations on Marker Table ............. 151
Expanded Marker Formats ................................ 153
Marker Colors ....................................................... 152
SA Mode
InstAlign annotation ........................................... 100
RF Burst Triggering ............................................... 94
RF Burst Alignment............................................. 101
Field Strength Correction (Red) Trace .............. 83
Longer Zero span sweep times ............................ 93
Negative Trigger Delay .......................................... 94
FFT Gating .............................................................. 97
CAT Mode
Distance Units saved to Preferences ................ 176
All Modes (System)
Limit Beep on Pass .............................................. 160
Preferences Quick Settings table ...................... 176
Date and Time change restrictions ................... 184
Power ON .............................................................. 185
NA Factory Cal date ............................................ 186
Overview 7
Model
Max Freq (GHz)
Description
N9913A
4
Vector Network Analyzer AND Spectrum Analyzer
N9914A
6.5
Vector Network Analyzer AND Spectrum Analyzer
N9915A
9
Vector Network Analyzer AND Spectrum Analyzer
N9916A
14
Vector Network Analyzer AND Spectrum Analyzer
N9917A
18
Vector Network Analyzer AND Spectrum Analyzer
N9918A
26.5
Vector Network Analyzer AND Spectrum Analyzer
N9925A
9
Vector Network Analyzer
N9926A
14
Vector Network Analyzer
N9927A
18
Vector Network Analyzer
N9928A
26.5
Vector Network Analyzer
N9935A
9
Spectrum Analyzer
N9936A
14
Spectrum Analyzer
N9937A
18
Spectrum Analyzer
N9938A
26.5
Spectrum Analyzer
Minimum Frequency: 30 kHz for all models
Accessory Part Number
Description
N9910X–873
AC/DC Adapter
N9910X–870
Lithium-Ion Battery
N9910X–880
Softcase w/ Backpack & Shoulder Strap
N9910X–890
User’s Guide (printed copy)
N9910X–891
Quick Reference Guide (printed copy)

Overview

Models and Options

Models

FieldFox Options: For a comprehensive list, view the FieldFox Configuration Guide at: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-9836EN.pdf

Accessories

The following accessories are included with every FieldFox. Spare accessories can be ordered at any time.
To see a complete list of accessories that are available for the FieldFox, please visit: http://www.agilent.com/find/fieldfox.
8 FieldFox User’s Guide
CAUTION
Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or destruction of the product. Do not proceed beyond a caution notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.
WARNING
Warning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

FieldFox Manuals, Software, and Supplemental Help

The following manuals and software are available for the FieldFox. To see if you have the very latest versions of each of these, please visit our website at:
www.agilent.com/find/fieldfoxsupport.
Check the manual revision on the first page of each manual.
User’s Guide –This manual, included with shipment.
Quick Reference Guide – Printed copy with laminated pages for outdoor use
included with shipment.
Supplemental Online Help - Concepts and Reference information.
http://na.tm.agilent.com/fieldfox/help/FieldFox.htm
FieldFox Data Link Software and Help – Free download.
Service Guide – Free download.
Firmware Updates – Check to see if you have the latest FieldFox firmware.

Conventions that are used in the Manual

Hardkey indicates a front panel button. The functionality of these buttons
does not change.
The six Softkey menus change dynamically and follow these color conventions:
Softkey Blue indicates an available setting.
Softkey Green indicates a change in menu level when selected.
Softkey Black indicates the default or selected setting.
Softkey Yellow indicates an active entry in process.
Softkey Grey indicates a key that is NOT available.

Safety Notes

The following safety notes are used throughout this manual. Familiarize yourself with each of the notes and its meaning before operating this instrument. More
pertinent safety notes for using this product are located in “Safety Considerations” on page 204.
Overview 9

Preparing for Initial Use of Your New FieldFox

Check the Shipment

When you receive your FieldFox, check the shipment according to the following procedure:
1. Inspect the shipping container for damage. Signs of damage may include a dented or torn shipping container or cushioning material that indicates signs of unusual stress or compacting. If not damaged, save the packaging material in case the FieldFox needs to be returned.
2. Carefully remove the contents from the shipping container, and verify that the standard accessories and your ordered options are included in the shipment according to the Box Contents List.
3. For any question or problems, refer to Contacting Agilent on page 2.

Meeting Power Requirements for the AC/DC Adapter

Voltage: 100 VAC to 250 VAC
Frequency: 50 Hz to 60 Hz
Current: 1.25 – 0.56 A
The AC/DC adapter supplied with the analyzer is equipped with a three-wire power cord, in accordance with international safety standards. The power cable appropriate to the original product shipping location is included with the FieldFox.
Various AC power cables are available from Agilent that are unique to specific geographic areas. You can order additional AC power cables that are correct for use in different areas. For the power cord part number information please visit:
http://www.agilent.com/find/fieldfox
10 FieldFox User’s Guide
Step
Notes
1. Open the battery door.
Push the button on the battery compartment door while sliding the door outward.
2. Insert the battery.
The terminals end of the battery is inserted into the compartment.
3. Close the battery door.
Slide the battery compartment door upwards until it latches.

Install the Lithium-Ion Battery

Battery Usage

When you receive your FieldFox, the lithium-ion battery is not installed, and it is partially charged to approximately 40% to preserve battery life. A lithium-ion battery has no memory effect, so it can be used partially charged, as shipped.
A fully charged battery will power your FieldFox for about four hours, so if you plan to use it for this long, you should fully charge the battery.
NOTE The FieldFox will shut down to prevent the battery from discharging to a level
that is damaging. If this occurs, charge the battery either internally or externally.
Learn more about the lithium-ion battery on page 188.
Battery charge status is viewable:
In the upper-right corner of the screen.
On the Battery screen. To access the screen, select System , Service
Diagnostics, and Battery.
On the battery. Open the FieldFox battery compartment door to view the
battery LCD.
To conserve battery power:
Use Run/Hold to single-trigger a measurement when needed. Hold is shown on
the display.
Press System then Display then Brightness. Use the ▲|▼ arrows, the rotary
knob, or numeric keypad to adjust the brightness to dim the FieldFox display as much as possible.
Briefly press the power button to switch to Stand By mode when the FieldFox
is not being used. Press again to restore power. All current settings are preserved.
Preparing for Initial Use of Your New FieldFox 11
NOTE When powered by the battery only, the FieldFox can stay in Stand By mode for a
maximum of four hours and then it powers off automatically. When the relative battery charge drops about 20%, the FieldFox will power off to preserve the remaining charge.
To recharge a battery:
Use ONLY a FieldFox charger to recharge a battery.
The battery can be fully charged while in the FieldFox in about 4 hours with
the FieldFox either ON or OFF.
The battery can be fully charged externally using the external battery charger
in about 4 hours.
When the battery is removed, the FieldFox can still be powered by the AC/DC
adapter.

FieldFox ON/OFF Settings

To turn power ON, briefly press the power button. Boot-up takes about 1
minute.
To switch to Stand By mode (low battery drain), briefly press the power
button. To turn power ON, briefly press the power button. Power and settings are restored instantly. See the Note above concerning Stand By mode.
To turn Power OFF (very low battery drain), press and hold the power button
until power is OFF - about 4 seconds. Data and instrument state are NOT automatically saved when the FieldFox is powered OFF. Learn how to save data and instrument state on page 164.
You can make a setting to automatically Power ON the FieldFox when a power
source is connected. Learn how on page 185.
Power button LED status
Solid green – Power is ON
Blinking green – FieldFox in Stand By mode
Blinking amber – Battery charging.
Blinking amber and green – Stand By mode and battery charging.
Not lit – Power is Off and battery is not charging.

FieldFox High-Temperature Protection

The following features prevent degradation or damage in the event of high internal temperatures in the FieldFox.
NOTE Do NOT store the FieldFox in the softcase while powered ON or in Stand By
mode.
How to monitor the internal FieldFox temperature:
Press System , then Service Diagnostics.
Then Internal Temperatures.
12 FieldFox User’s Guide
WARNING
Maximum Input Voltages and Power:
RF IN/OUT Connectors: ±50 VDC, +27 dBm RF
DC Input: 19 to 19 VDC, 40 Watts maximum when charging battery
Learn more about Maximum power and voltages in the FieldFox Data Sheet on page 214.
The temperature at which the following events occur is the average of the RF1,
RF2, SB1, SB2 temperatures. These temperatures come from internal sensors embedded within FieldFox.

Temperature Control Mode

At approximately 73°C, the FieldFox enters Temperature Control mode by reducing display intensity, switching to Outdoor Sun display colors, and reducing measurement speed. This should decrease the internal temperature which preserves measurement accuracy and maintains the long-term reliability of the FieldFox. When this occurs, the following message is displayed on the FieldFox screen:
The system is entering Temperature Control Mode due to high internal temperature.
When entering Temperature Control mode, save your instrument state and data that you want to keep.
When the temperature drops to approximately 71°C, a message is displayed indicating that the FieldFox is leaving Temperature Control Mode and normal operating settings are restored.
NOTE Measurement speed specifications do NOT apply in Temperature Control Mode.

High-Temp Shutdown

In extreme situations, Temperature Control mode may not stop an increase in the FieldFox internal temperature. At approximately 75°C, High-Temperature Shutdown will engage and turn OFF the FieldFox.
Just prior to shutdown, the FieldFox will display a warning of imminent shut down.

Avoid Overpowering the FieldFox

The FieldFox can be damaged with too much power or voltage applied. Exceeding the maximum RF power levels shown below will cause an ADC Over Range message to appear on the screen.
NOTE Very often, coaxial cables and antennas build up a static charge, which, if
allowed to discharge by connecting to the FieldFox, may damage the instrument input circuitry. To avoid such damage, it is recommended to dissipate any static charges by temporarily attaching a short to the cable or antenna prior to attaching to the FieldFox.
Preparing for Initial Use of Your New FieldFox 13
Front Panel

Take the FieldFox Tour

14 FieldFox User’s Guide
No.
Caption
Description
Learn More on Page:
1
Power
ON: press momentarily.
STAND BY: with FieldFox power ON, press briefly.
OFF: press and hold until the FieldFox shuts off (about 4 seconds).
12
2
LED
Not lit: FieldFox OFF, not charging
Green: FieldFox ON. Charging status indicated by battery icon on screen
Orange, flashing: FieldFox STAND BY
Orange, intensity increasing, flashing slowly: FieldFox OFF, charging
12
3
System
Displays a submenu for system setup
172
4
Function keys
Includes: Freq/Dist , Scale/Amptd, BW , Sweep , Trace, Meas
Setup, Measure , and Mode
Refer to specific Mode.
5
Preset
Returns the analyzer to a known state
173
6
Enter
Confirms a parameter selection or configuration
--
7
Marker
Activates marker function
148
8
Mkr→/Tools
Displays a submenu for marker functions
153
9
Esc
Exits and closes the dialog box or clears the character input
--
10
Save/Recall
Saves the current trace or recalls saved data from memory
164
11
Limit
Sets limit lines for quick Pass/Fail judgment
158
12
Run/Hold
Toggles between free Run and Hold/Single operation.
172
13
Cal
Displays a submenu for calibration functions
53
14
Arrow keys
Increases or decreases a value or setting.
--
15
◄Back
Returns to the previous menu selection.
--
16
Rotary knob
Highlights an item for selection, or enables incremental changes to values.
--
17
Softkeys
Allows selection of settings for configuring and performing measurements, and for other FieldFox functions.
--
18
Screen
Transflective screen, viewable under all lighting conditions. If you are using your FieldFox in direct sunlight, you do not need to shield the display from the sunlight. In bright lighting conditions, the display is brighter and easier to read when you allow light to fall directly on the screen. Alternative color modes exist that maximize viewing in direct sunlight conditions, as well as other conditions such as nighttime work.
Note: Clean the Transflective screen with gentle and minimal wiping using Isopropyl alcohol applied to a lint-free cloth.
173 - Display settings
18 - Screen Tour

Front Panel

Preparing for Initial Use of Your New FieldFox 15
Caption
Description
Learn More
Port 1 RF Output
For CAT and NA measurements, use to make reflection measurements. Maximum: ±50 VDC, +27 dBm RF
CAT Mode on page 20
NA Mode on page 38
Port 2 SA RF Input
For SA, use to make all measurements.
For CAT, NA, and VVM mode, use to make Port 2 transmission measurements.
Maximum: ±50 VDC, +27 dBm RF.
SA Mode on page 75
GPS Ant
For use with built-in GPS. Produces a 3.3 VDC bias voltage for the antenna pre-amplifier. Use with a GPS antenna such as N9910X-825. Other GPS antennas can also be used.
GPS on page 179.
Ref In Trig In
Frequency Reference Source and External Trigger Input signal.
Maximum: 5.5 VDC.
Freq. Ref on page 181.
Ext Trig (SA Mode) on page 94

Top Panel

16 FieldFox User’s Guide
Connector
Description
Learn More
Ethernet cable connector to read trace data using the FieldFox Data Link Software.
Download the latest version of the software at:
www.agilent.com/find/fieldfoxsupport
On page 184. IF Out used in SA mode for external signal processing.
On page 91.
Frequency Reference Source Output
Trigger Output – reserved for future development.
On page 181. Secure Digital slot. Use to extend the memory of the FieldFox.
File locations on page 164
Reserved for future use.
Two standard USB connectors used to connect a power sensor for Power Meter Mode. Also used to save files to a USB flash drive.
Use of Keyboard and Mouse is NOT supported.
File locations on page 164
Caption
Description
Learn More
Audio output jack for use with SA Mode Tune and Listen.
On page 86
DC Voltage Source for use with external DC Bias.
On page 182
DC power connector used to connect to the AC/DC adapter. Maximum: 19 VDC, 4 ADC.
On page 11

Right Side Panel

Left Side Panel

Preparing for Initial Use of Your New FieldFox 17
Caption
Description
Learn More on Page:
1
Title – write your own text here
175 2 Current Mode
3 Run / Hold
172 4 Display Format
Mode dependent
5
Scale/division
Mode dependent
6
Calibration Status (CAT and NA)
Detection Method (SA)
62
7
Velocity Factor (Fault Meas)
33 8 Averaging Status and Count
Mode dependent
9
Data / Mem Display (CAT and NA) Step / FFT (SA)
161- Trace Math 86 - Res BW
10
Resolution Setting
Mode dependent
11
Measurement Start Freq or Distance
Mode dependent
12
Bandpass / Lowpass setting (Fault Meas) IF BW in NA Mode
33
13
Output Power Level (CAT and NA)
26
14
Measurement Stop Freq or Distance
Mode dependent
15
Actual Sweep Time
Mode dependent
16
Limit Line Status
158
17
Time and Date
179
18
Marker Readout
148
19
Battery Status
188
20
Measurement Type (CAT and NA)
21
Reference Level
Mode dependent
22
Reference Position
Mode dependent

Screen Tour

18 FieldFox User’s Guide

How to Enter Numeric Values

Many settings on the FieldFox require the entry of numeric values.
How to enter numeric values
Use any combination of the following keys:
Numeric 0–9 keys, along with the polarity ( +/- ) key.
Up/Down arrow keys to increment or decrement values.
Rotary knob to scroll through a set of values.
Back erases previously entered values.
Esc exits data entry without accepting the new value.
To complete the setting:
Press Enter or a different softkey or hardkey.

Multiplier Abbreviations

Many times after entering numeric values, a set of multiplier or suffix softkeys are presented. The following explains the meaning of these abbreviations.
Select Frequency multipliers as follows:
GHz Gigahertz (1e9 Hertz)
MHz Megahertz (1e6 Hertz)
kHz Kilohertz (1e3 Hertz)
Hz Hertz
Select Time multipliers as follows:
s Seconds
ms milliseconds (1e–3)
us microseconds (1e–6)
ns nanoseconds (1e–9)
ps picoseconds (1e-12)
Preparing for Initial Use of Your New FieldFox 19

CAT (Cable and Antenna Test) Mode

CAT Mode is typically used to test an entire transmission system, from the transmitter to the antenna. This process is sometimes referred to as Line Sweeping.
CAT Mode is similar to NA (Network Analyzer) Mode. Learn more in the
Supplemental Online Help: http://na.tm.agilent.com/fieldfox/help/FieldFox.htm
CAT Mode Distance to Fault measurements are discussed on page 30.
In this Chapter
Measurement Selection ......................................... 21
Coupled Frequency ............................................... 22
Quick Settings ........................................................ 22
Frequency Range ................................................... 23
Scale Settings ......................................................... 23
Averaging ............................................................... 24
Single/Continuous ................................................. 25
Resolution ............................................................... 25
Sweep Time ............................................................. 25
Output Power ......................................................... 26
Interference Rejection .......................................... 26
Procedures
Return Loss Measurement ................................... 27
1-Port Cable Loss Measurement .......................... 28
2-Port Insertion Loss Measurement ................... 29
Distance to Fault Measurements ......................... 30
See Also
All about Calibration ............................................. 53
Set Markers ........................................................... 148
Use Limit Lines .................................................... 158
Use Trace Math .................................................... 161
Making 75Ω (ohm) Measurements at the FieldFox Supplemental Online Help:
http://na.tm.agilent.com/fieldfox/help/FieldFox.htm
20 FieldFox User’s Guide

CAT Mode Settings

Select CAT Mode before making any setting in this chapter.
How to select CAT Mode
Press Mode .
Then CAT.

Measurement Selection

How to select a CAT Mode Measurement
Learn more about the following measurements in the Supplemental Online Help: http://na.tm.agilent.com/fieldfox/help/FieldFox.htm
Press Measure 1 .
Then choose one of the following: These softkeys also appear after CAT Mode
is selected.
o Distance to Fault 1-port reflection measurement that uses Inverse Fourier
Transform (IFT) calculations to determine and display the distance to, and relative size of, a fault or disruption in the transmission line. Units are in return loss format, expressed as a positive number in dB, unless the measurement selected is DTF (VSWR). Learn more about DTF Measurements on page 30.
o Return Loss & DTF Displays both a Return Loss measurement and a DTF
measurement. Use this format to display the frequency settings that are used to make the DTF measurement. The frequency range settings for these two measurements can be coupled or uncoupled. Learn more on page 22.
o Calibrations are applied to both traces.
o When in Hold mode and Single sweep is performed, only the active trace
is triggered. Use the ▲|▼ arrows to activate a trace.
o Return Loss 1-port reflection measurement that displays the amount of
incident signal energy MINUS the amount of energy that is reflected. The higher the trace is on the screen, the more energy being reflected back to the FieldFox. Learn how to measure Return Loss on page 26.
o VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio – also known as SWR) 1-port reflection
measurement that displays the ratio of the maximum reflected voltage over the minimum reflected voltage. The higher the trace is on the screen, the more energy being reflected back to the FieldFox.
o DTF (VSWR) Distance to Fault in VSWR format.
o Cable Loss (1-Port) 1-port reflection measurement that displays the loss of
a transmission line. Learn more on page 26.
CAT (Cable and Antenna Test) Mode 21
o Insertion Loss (2-Port) 2-port transmission measurement that accurately
displays the loss through a cable or other device in dB. Both ends of the cable must be connected to the FieldFox. NO phase information is included in this measurement. Learn more on page 29. This feature is available only with an option on some FieldFox models. For detailed information, please view the FieldFox Configuration Guide at:
http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-9836EN.pdf
o DTF (Lin) Distance to Fault in Linear format.

Coupled Frequency

This setting is available ONLY when a Return Loss & DTF measurement is present and the DTF measurement is active. Otherwise, Coupled Frequency is set to ON and can NOT be changed.
Coupled Frequency ON (default setting) – Both traces have the same frequency range settings.
Coupled Frequency OFF - Both traces are allowed to have individual frequency range settings. When set to OFF:
The Return Loss measurement frequency settings are made in the usual
manner. Learn how on page 23. When a new Start or Stop frequency is selected, Coupled Frequency is automatically set to OFF.
The DTF measurement is made using the frequencies as determined by the
DTF Frequency Mode setting. Learn more on page 32.
How to set Coupled Frequency
With a Return Loss & DTF measurement present:
Press Meas Setup 4
Select the DTF measurement (Tr2) using the ▲|▼ arrows.
Then Coupled Freq ON OFF

Quick Settings Table

Both CAT and NA Modes allow you to view and change most relevant settings from a single location. All of these settings are discussed in this chapter and, unless otherwise noted, ALL of these settings can also be made using the standard softkey menus.
How to view and change Quick Settings
Press Meas Setup 4 .
Then Settings.
Press Next Page and Previous Page to view all settings. If these softkeys are
NOT available, then all available settings fit on one page.
To change a setting:
o Use the ▲|▼ arrows to highlight a setting.
o Then press Edit. The current setting changes to yellow.
22 FieldFox User’s Guide
o Some settings require you to press a softkey to change the value. Otherwise,
use the numeric keypad, ▲|▼ arrows, or rotary knob to change the value.
o When finished changing a value, press Done Edit.
Press Dock Window to relocate the Settings table to a position relative to the
trace window. The Dock Window setting persists through a Preset. Choose from the following:
o Full (Default setting) Only the Settings table is shown on the screen. The
trace window is temporarily not shown.
o Left The Settings table is shown to the left of the trace window.
o Bottom The Settings table is shown below the trace window.
When finished changing ALL settings, press Done to save your settings.

Frequency Range

Set the range of frequencies over which you would like to make CAT Mode measurements.
When the frequency range is changed after a calibration is performed, the cal becomes interpolated. Learn more on page 71.
How to set Frequency Range
Press Freq/Dist .
Then choose from the following:
o Start and Stop frequencies - beginning and end of the sweep.
o Center and Span frequencies – the center frequency and span of
frequencies (half on either side of center).
Follow each setting by entering a value using the numeric keypad, ▲|▼
arrows, or the rotary knob.
o After using the keypad, select a multiplier key. Learn about multiplier
abbreviations on page 19.
o After using the ▲|▼ arrows or the rotary knob, press Enter . The amount of
frequency increment is based on the current span and can NOT be changed in CAT Mode.

Scale Settings

Adjust the Y-axis scale to see the relevant portions of the data trace. The Y-axis is divided into 10 graticules.
This setting can be changed at any time without affecting calibration accuracy.
How to set Scale
Press Scale / Amptd .
Then choose from the following three methods:
1. Autoscale Automatically adjusts the Y-axis to comfortably fit the Min and Max amplitude of the trace on the screen.
2. Set Scale, Reference Level, and Reference Position:
CAT (Cable and Antenna Test) Mode 23
Scale annotation on the FieldFox screen
· Reference Line = red arrow
·Ref Level = -40 dB
· Ref Position = 1
· Scale = 2 dB per division
o Scale Manually enter a scale per division to view specific areas of the trace.
o Ref Level Manually set the value of the reference line. Enter a negative
value by pressing Run/Hold (+/-) either before or after typing a value.
o Ref Position Manually set the position of the reference line. Values must be
between 0 (TOP line) and 10 (BOTTOM line)
3. Set Top and Bottom graticule values. The scale per division is calculated.
o Top to set the value of the Top graticule.
o Bottom to set the value of the Bottom graticule.
o Enter a negative value by pressing Run/Hold (+/-) either before or after
typing a value.

Averaging

Trace Averaging helps to smooth a trace to reduce the effects of random noise on a measurement. The FieldFox computes each data point based on the average of the same data point over several consecutive sweeps.
Average Count determines the number of sweeps to average; the higher the average count, the greater the amount of noise reduction.
An average counter is shown in the left edge of the screen as Avg N. This shows the number of previous sweeps that have been averaged together to form the
current trace. When the counter reaches the specified count, then a ‘running average’ of the last N sweeps is displayed. Average Count = 1 means there is NO
averaging.
This setting can be changed at any time without affecting calibration accuracy.
NOTE Averaging is often used to increase the dynamic range of a measurement. To
achieve the highest dynamic range, select NA mode and reduce the IF Bandwidth setting. Learn more about dynamic range on page 51.
How to set Trace Averaging
Press BW 2 .
Then Average N where N is the current count setting.
Enter a value using the numeric keypad. Enter 1 for NO averaging.
Press Enter .
While Trace Averaging is in process, press Sweep 3 then Restart to restart
24 FieldFox User’s Guide
the averaging at 1.

Single or Continuous Measure

This setting determines whether the FieldFox sweeps continuously or only once each time the Single button is pressed. Use Single to conserve battery power or to allow you to save or analyze a specific measurement trace.
This setting can be changed at any time without affecting calibration accuracy.
How to set Single or Continuous
Press Sweep 3 .
Then choose one of the following:
o Single Automatically sets Continuous OFF and causes FieldFox to make
ONE sweep, then hold for the next Single key press. Hold is annotated in the upper left corner of the display when NOT sweeping, and changes to an arrow --> while the sweep occurs.
o Continuous Makes continuous sweeps. This is the typical setting when
battery power is not critical.
You can also use Run / Hold +/- to toggle between Single and Continuous.

Resolution (Number of Data Points)

Data points are individual measurements that are made and plotted across the X­axis to form a trace. Select more data points to increase measurement resolution. However, more data points require more time to complete an entire measurement sweep.
When the Resolution is changed after a calibration is performed, the cal becomes interpolated. Learn more on page 71.
How to set Resolution
Press Sweep 3 .
Then Resolution .
Then choose one of the following:
101 | 201 | 401 | 601 | 801 | 1001 |1601 | 4001 | 10001.
Using SCPI, Resolution can be set to any number of points between 3 and
10001. See the Programming Guide at http://na.tm.agilent.com/fieldfox/help/

Sweep Time

The fastest possible sweep time is always used as the default setting. Use the Min Swp Time setting to slow the sweep time when measuring long lengths of cable.
Learn more in the Supplemental Online Help:
http://na.tm.agilent.com/fieldfox/help/FieldFox.htm.
The actual sweep time is shown on the FieldFox screen. See the Screen Tour on page 18. To increase the sweep time, enter a value that is higher than the actual sweep time. The increase will not be exactly the amount that you enter, as the actual sweep time is the composite of many factors.
NOTE Measurement speed specifications do NOT apply in Temperature Control Mode.
Learn more on page 13.
CAT (Cable and Antenna Test) Mode 25
How to set Sweep Time
Press Sweep 3 .
Then Min Swp Time.
Enter a value using the numeric keypad.
Press a multiplier key. Learn about multiplier abbreviations on page 19.

Output Power

Set the power level out of the FieldFox to High, Low, or manually set power level to a value between High and Low.
Generally, the high power setting is used when measuring passive, high-loss devices to place the signal farther from the noise floor. However, for devices that are sensitive to high power levels such as amplifiers, use the Low power setting.
For best measurement accuracy, use the Manual power setting at -15 dBm. After calibration, the power level can be decreased for amplifiers, or increased for higher dynamic range.
Caution Power Level settings in this mode will NOT change Power Level settings in other
modes. To help prevent damage to your DUT, use caution when changing modes with your DUT connected to the FieldFox test ports.
How to set Output Power
Press Meas Setup 4 .
Then Power
Then Output Power
o High (Default setting) Sets output power to the maximum achievable power
at all displayed frequencies. Output power is NOT FLAT across the displayed FieldFox frequency span. Please see the FieldFox Specifications (page 214) for expected power levels.
o Low Sets output power to approximately –45 dBm, FLAT across the
displayed FieldFox frequency span.
o Man Set output power to an arbitrary value, FLAT across the displayed
FieldFox frequency span. If flattened power can NOT be achieved, a warning message and beep occurs. To achieve a flattened output power, reduce the power level or stop frequency.
o Then press Power Level
o Then enter a value using the numeric keypad, the | arrows, or the rotary
knob.
o Press Enter.
26 FieldFox User’s Guide

Interference Rejection

Use this setting when you suspect that other signals in the area are interfering with a measurement. Interference may look like a spike or lack of stability in the measurement trace. While monitoring a measurement at a specific frequency, toggle this setting between ON and OFF. If the measurement result decreases while ON, then there is an interfering signal in the area. Continue to make measurements with Interference Rejection ON. However, this will slow the measurement speed.
Once enabled, up to SIX sweeps may be required before the interfering signal is neutralized.
This setting can be changed at any time without affecting calibration accuracy.
How to set Interference Rejection
Press Meas Setup 4 .
Then Interference Rejection [current setting].
Then choose from the following:
o Off No interference rejection and fastest possible sweep speed.
o Minimum The lowest level of Interference rejection.
o Medium The medium level of Interference rejection.
o Maximum The highest level of Interference rejection.

Return Loss Measurements

Return loss can be thought of as the absolute value of the reflected power as compared to the incident power.
When measuring an OPEN or SHORT, all incident power is reflected and approximately 0 dB return loss is displayed.
When measuring a LOAD, very little power is reflected and values of 40 dB to 60 dB are displayed.
The minus sign is usually ignored when conveying return loss. For example, a component is said to have 18 dB return loss, rather than –18 dB.
How to measure Return Loss
Connect the cable or any adapter used to connect the device under test (DUT).
Select Preset then Preset Returns the FieldFox to known settings.
Select Mode then CAT (Cable and Antenna Test)
Then Return Loss (Default measurement).
Press Freq/Dist and enter Start and Stop frequency values of the
measurement.
Press Meas Setup 4 then Settings to make appropriate settings before
calibrating.
Disconnect the cable or DUT and press Cal 5 then follow the calibration
prompts.
Reconnect the cable or DUT.
CAT (Cable and Antenna Test) Mode 27
The return loss trace is displayed on the FieldFox screen.

1-Port Cable Loss Measurements

While all cables have inherent loss, weather and time will deteriorate cables and cause even more energy to be absorbed by the cable. This makes less power available to be transmitted.
A deteriorated cable is not usually apparent in a Distance to Fault measurement, where more obvious and dramatic problems are identified. A Cable Loss measurement is necessary to measure the accumulated losses throughout the length of the cable.
A 2-port Insertion Loss measurement is usually more accurate than a 1-port Cable Loss measurement. However, to perform a 2-port Insertion Loss measurement, both ends of the cable must be connected to the FieldFox.
NOTE In high-loss conditions, a Cable Loss measurement becomes ‘noisy’ as the test
signal becomes indistinguishable in the FieldFox noise floor. This can occur when measuring a very long cable and using relatively high measurement frequencies. To help with this condition, use High Power (page 26) and Averaging. (page 24).

How to make a 1-port Cable Loss Measurement

1. Press Preset then Preset.
2. Then More then Cable Loss (1-Port) .
3. Connect the cable to be tested.
4. Press Freq/Dist and enter Start and Stop frequency values of the measurement.
5. Press Sweep 3 then Min Swp Time. Increase the Sweep Time until a stable trace is visible on the screen. The amount of time that is required increases with longer cable lengths. Learn more in the Supplemental Online Help:
http://na.tm.agilent.com/fieldfox/help/FieldFox.htm
6. Remove the cable to be tested.
7. Press Cal 5 , then QuickCal or Mechanical Cal.
8. Follow the prompts to perform calibration at the end of the jumper cable or adapter. Learn more about Calibration on page 64.
9. Connect the cable to be tested.
NOTE Low-level standing waves (also known as ‘ripple’) which may be visible in
reflection measurements, can hide the actual loss of the cable. Steps 10 through 13 can minimize the ripple. Perform the measurement with and without steps 10 through 13 and choose the method with the least amount of ripple.
10. Connect a LOAD at the end of the cable to be tested. This limits the reflections to faults that are located in the cable under test.
11. Press Trace 6 then Data->Mem to store the trace into Memory.
12. Remove the LOAD and leave the end of the cable to be tested open.
13. Press Data Math then Data – Mem. The ripple in the measurement is removed. These minor imperfections in the cable should not be considered in the Cable Loss measurement.
14. Use Averaging to remove random noise from high-loss measurements. Press
BW 2 then Average.
28 FieldFox User’s Guide
The displayed trace shows the Cable Loss values in one direction through the cable. A Return Loss measurement would show the loss for both down the cable and back. Therefore, a Cable Loss measurement is the same as a Return Loss measurement divided by 2.
The average Cable Loss across the specified frequency range is shown on the screen below the graticules.

2-Port Insertion Loss Measurements

A 2-port Insertion Loss measurement is used to measure the loss through a DUT (device under test) – or cable – over a specified frequency range. The FieldFox signal source is transmitted out the RF OUT connector, through the DUT, and into the RF IN connector. Both ends of the DUT must be connected to the FieldFox, either directly or indirectly using the cable used in the normalization cal.
‘Insertion’ loss simply means loss through a device, usually expressed in dB. It is exactly the same measurement as “S21 Transmission” in NA Mode.
2-port Insertion Loss measurements are generally more accurate than 1-port Cable Loss measurements.
How to make a 2-port Insertion Loss Measurement
1. Press Mode then CAT.
2. Then More then Insertion Loss (2-Port) .
3. Press Freq/Dist and enter Start and Stop frequency values of the measurement.
4. Press Sweep 3 , then select a Resolution setting.
5. Press Cal 5 , then perform a calibration. Learn more on page 68.
6. Connect the DUT and view the insertion loss measurement results.
When measuring very long lengths of cable, it may be necessary to increase the sweep time. Learn how on page 25. Learn why in the Supplemental Online
Help: http://na.tm.agilent.com/fieldfox/help/FieldFox.htm
CAT (Cable and Antenna Test) Mode 29

DTF (Distance to Fault) Measurements

CAT Mode Distance to Fault (DTF) measurements are generally used to locate problems, or faults, in a length of cable or transmission line. In this chapter, the cable to be tested is referred to as the DUT (Device Under Test).
Settings that are NOT unique to DTF measurements are documented in the CAT Mode chapter on page 20.
In this Chapter
How to make DTF Measurements ....................... 30
DTF Settings Table ................................................ 31
DTF Measurement (Format) ................................ 31
DTF Start and Stop Distance ............................... 31
Frequency Mode ..................................................... 32
Coupled Frequency ............................................... 33
Cable (Correction) Specifications ....................... 33
Window Settings .................................................... 36
DTF Units ................................................................ 36
Calculated DTF Values .......................................... 36
About Alias Faults ................................................. 37
Optional settings
Markers .................................................................. 148
Limit Lines ............................................................ 158
Save Measurement Settings and Results ......... 164
Trace Math is NOT available in DTF Measurements.

How to make DTF Measurements

Before starting, you may need the following:
Jumper cable or adapter to connect the beginning of the DUT to the FieldFox.
LOAD with correct connector type and gender to terminate the end of the DUT
(if possible).
The known length and cable type of the DUT. If the cable type is not known,
then the Cable Loss (dB/Meter) and Velocity Factor of the DUT are required.
1. Connect any necessary jumper cable or adapter to the FieldFox RF OUT port. Do NOT connect the DUT.
2. Press Preset then Preset to return the FieldFox to the default settings.
3. Then Mode then CAT.
4. Then DTF .
5. Press Freq/Dist , then Stop Distance and enter the length of the DUT. You can optionally set the Start Distance.
6. Press Cal 5 and follow the Cal prompts. Learn all about Calibration on page 53.
30 FieldFox User’s Guide
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