AC Tech MC3000 Operation Manual

MCH Series

Installation and Operation Manual

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1.0GENERAL

1.1PRODUCTS COVERED IN THIS MANUAL

This manual covers the AC Tech MCH Variable Frequency Drive and optional configurations. Themainfocusofthismanualisthestandarddrive. RefertoAppendix A for the Bypass option, orAppendix B for the Option Box.

1.2PRODUCT CHANGES

AC Technology Corporation reserves the right to discontinue or make modifications to the design of its products and manuals without prior notice, and holds no obligation to make modifications to products sold previously. AC Technology Corporation also holds no liability for losses of any kind which may result from this action. Instruction manuals with the most up-to-date information are available for download from theAC Tech website (www.actechdrives.com).

1.3WARRANTY

ACTechnology Corporation warrants the MCH SeriesAC motor control to be free of defects in material and workmanship for a period of eighteen months from the date of sale to the user, or two years from the date of shipment, which ever occurs first.An MCH Series control, or any component contained therein, which under normal use, becomes defective within the stated warranty timeperiod, shallbereturnedtoACTechnologyCorporation,freightprepaid, for examination (contactACTechnology Corporation for authorization prior to returning any product). ACTechnology Corporation reserves the right to make the final determination as to the validity of a warranty claim, and sole obligation is to repair or replace only components which have been rendered defective due to faulty material or workmanship. No warranty claim will be accepted for components which have been damaged due to mishandling, improper installation, unauthorized repair and/or alteration of the product, operation in excess of design specifications or other misuse, or improper maintenance. AC Technology Corporation makes no warranty that its products are compatible with any other equipment, or to any specific application, to which they may be applied and shall not be held liable for any other consequential damage or injury arising from the use of its products.

This warranty is in lieu of all otherwarranties, expressed orimplied. No otherperson, firmorcorporationisauthorizedtoassume,forACTechnologyCorporation,anyother liability in connection with the demonstration or sale of its products.

1.4RECEIVING

Inspect all cartons for damage which may have occurred during shipping. Carefully unpack equipment and inspect thoroughly for damage or shortage. Report any damage to carrier and/or shortages to supplier. All major components and connections should be examined for damage and tightness, with special attention given to PC boards, plugs, switches, etc.

1.5CUSTOMER MODIFICATION

AC Technology Corporation, its sales representatives and distributors, welcome the opportunity to assist our customers in applying our products. Many customizing options are available to aid in this function. AC Technology Corporation cannot assume responsibility for any modifications not authorized by its engineering department.

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1

2.0MCH SPECIFICATIONS

Storage Temperature	-20° to 70° C
Ambient Operating Temperature	Type 1 (IP 31)	-10° to 40° C
(With 2.5, 6, and 8 kHz carrier,
derate for higher carriers)
Ambient Humidity	Less than 95% (non-condensing)
Altitude	3300 feet (1000 m) above sea level
	without derating
Input Line Voltages	240/200 Vac, 480/400 Vac, & 590/480 Vac
Input Voltage Tolerance	+10%, -15%
Input Frequency Tolerance	48 to 62 Hz
Output Wave Form	Sine Coded PWM
Output Frequency	0-120 Hz
Carrier Frequency	2.5 kHz to 14 kHz
Frequency Stability	+ 0.00006% / °C
Efficiency	> 97% throughout speed range
Power Factor (displacement)	> 0.96
Service Factor	1.00
Overload Current Capacity	120% of output rating for 60 seconds
Speed Reference Follower	0-10 VDC, 4-20 mA
Control Voltage	15 VDC
Analog Outputs	0 - 10 VDC, or 2 - 10 VDC
	Proportional to speed or load
Digital Outputs	Form C relay: 2 A at 28 VDC or 120 Vac
	Open-collector outputs: 40 mA at 30 VDC

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2

3.0MCH MODEL DESIGNATION CODE

The model number of an MCH Series drive gives a full description of the basic drive unit (see example below).

EXAMPLE: MH450BH

(MCH, 480 Vac, 5 HP, Type 1 Enclosure, with Additional Form C Relay)

MH

4

50

B

H

Series:

MH

=

MCH Series Variable Speed AC Motor Drive

Input Voltage:

2

=

240/200 Vac (For 208, 230, and 240 Vac; 50 or 60 Hz)

4

=

480/400 Vac (For 380, 415, 440, 460 and 480 Vac; 50 or 60 Hz)

5

=

590/480 Vac (For 440, 460, 480, 575 and 600 Vac; 50 or 60 Hz)

Rating:

10

=

1 HP (0.75 kW)

200

=

20 HP (15 kW)

1000

=

100 HP (75 kW)

20

=

2 HP (1.5 kW)

250

=

25 HP (18.5 kW)

1250

=

125 HP (90 kW)

30

=

3 HP (2.2 kW)

300

=

30 HP (22 kW)

1500

=

150 HP (110 kW)

50/51

=

5 HP (3.7 kW)

400

=

40 HP (30 kW)

2000

=

200 HP (150 kW)

75

=

7½ HP (5.5 kW)

500

=

50 HP (37.5 kW)

2500

=

250 HP (185 kW)

100

=

10 HP (7.5 kW)

600

=

60 HP (45 kW)

150

=

15 HP (11 kW)

750

=

75 HP (55 kW)

Enclosure Type:

B

=

NEMA 1: General Purpose, vented

C

=

NEMA 4: Water-tight and Dust-tight

D

=

NEMA 12: Oil-tight and Dust-tight

E

=

NEMA 4X: Water-tight, Dust-tight, and Corrosion Resistant (Stainless Steel)

Standard Options:

H= Additional Form C relay circuit board

No character when this type of option is not specified.

NOTE: Drives equipped with Bypass or the Option Box will have a modified version of this model number format. Not all enclosure types are available when drives are equipped with Bypass or the Option Box.

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3

4.0MCH DIMENSIONS

NOTE: These dimensions apply to standard MCH drives. Consult the factory for dimensions of drives equipped with Bypass or the Option Box.

4.1TYPE 1 DIMENSIONS FOR MODELS RATED UP TO 30 HP AT 240/200 Vac AND 60 HPAT 480/400 Vac AND 590 Vac

W

R

	Q	Q	Conduit Holes:
			S Dia.
			0.88" Dia.
	P		S Dia.
	N

	D
	H
W	U	IF W < 7.86"
	V
		T = 0.20"
	1.00"	U = 0.34"
		V = 0.19"

									IF W = 10.26"
						R
T									T = 0.28"
Dia. Slot									U = 0.44"
	Mounting Tab Detail								V = 0.24"

	HP	INPUT
	(kW)	VOLTAGE	MODEL	H	W	D	N	P	Q	R	S
	1	240 / 200	MH210B	7.50	4.70	4.33	2.35	2.60	1.37	5.50	0.88
		480 / 400	MH410B	7.50	4.70	3.63	2.35	1.90	1.37	5.50	0.88
	(0.75)
		590	MH510B	7.50	4.70	3.63	2.35	1.90	1.37	5.50	0.88
	2	240 / 200	MH220B	7.50	6.12	5.12	3.77	3.30	1.37	5.50	0.88
		480 / 400	MH420B	7.50	6.12	4.22	3.77	2.40	1.37	5.50	0.88
	(1.5)
		590	MH520B	7.50	6.12	4.22	3.77	2.40	1.37	5.50	0.88
	3	240 / 200	MH230B	7.50	6.12	5.12	3.77	3.30	1.37	5.50	0.88
		480 / 400	MH430B	7.50	6.12	5.12	3.77	3.30	1.37	5.50	0.88
	(2.2)
		590	MH530B	7.50	6.12	5.12	3.77	3.30	1.37	5.50	0.88
	5	240 / 200	MH250B	7.88	7.86	5.94	5.13	3.95	1.50	5.88	1.13
		480 / 400	MH450B	7.50	6.12	5.12	3.77	3.30	1.37	5.50	0.88
	(3.7)
		590	MH551B	7.88	7.86	5.94	5.13	3.95	1.50	5.88	1.13
	7.5	240 / 200	MH275B	9.38	7.86	6.84	3.93	4.19	2.00	5.88	1.13
		480 / 400	MH475B	9.38	7.86	6.25	5.13	3.95	1.50	7.38	1.13
	(5.5)
		590	MH575B	9.38	7.86	6.25	5.13	3.95	1.50	7.38	1.13

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4

TYPE 1 DIMENSIONS (continued)

	HP	INPUT
	(kW)	VOLTAGE	MODEL	H	W	D	N	P	Q	R	S
	10	240 / 200	MH2100B	11.25	7.86	6.84	3.93	4.19	2.00	7.75	1.38
		480 / 400	MH4100B 9.38 7.86 6.84 3.93					4.19	2.00	5.88	1.13
	(7.5)
		590	MH5100B	9.38	7.86	7.40	3.93	4.19	2.00	5.88	1.13
	15	240 / 200	MH2150B	12.75	7.86	6.84	3.93	4.19	2.00	9.25	1.38
		480 / 400	MH4150B	11.25	7.86	6.84	3.93	4.19	2.00	7.75	1.38
	(11)
		590	MH5150B	12.75	7.86	6.84	3.93	4.19	2.00	9.25	1.38
	20	240 / 200	MH2200B	12.75	10.26	7.74	5.13	5.00	2.50	9.25	1.38
		480 / 400	MH4200B	12.75	7.86	6.84	3.93	4.19	2.00	9.25	1.38
	(15)
		590	MH5200B	12.75	7.86	7.40	3.93	4.19	2.00	9.25	1.38
	25	240 / 200	MH2250B	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.00	2.50	12.25	1.38
		480 / 400	MH4250B	12.75	10.26	7.74	5.13	5.00	2.50	9.25	1.38
	(18.5)
		590	MH5250B	12.75	10.26	7.74	5.13	5.00	2.50	9.25	1.38
	30	240 / 200	MH2300B	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.00	2.50	12.25	1.38
		480 / 400	MH4300B	12.75	10.26	7.74	5.13	5.00	2.50	9.25	1.38
	(22)
		590	MH5300B	12.75	10.26	8.25	5.13	5.00	2.50	9.25	1.38
	40	480/400	MH4400B	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.50	12.25	1.38
	(30)	590	MH5400B	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.50	12.25	1.38
	50	480 / 400	MH4500B	19.75	10.26	8.55	5.13	5.75	2.50	16.25	1.75
	(37.5)	590	MH5500B	19.75	10.26	8.55	5.13	5.75	2.50	16.25	1.75
	60	480 / 400	MH4600B	19.75	10.26	8.55	5.13	5.75	2.50	16.25	1.75
	(45)	590	MH5600B	19.75	10.26	8.55	5.13	5.75	2.50	16.25	1.75

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4.2TYPE 1 DIMENSIONS FOR MODELS RATED ABOVE 30 HP AT 240/200 Vac AND 60 HPAT 480/400 Vac AND 590 Vac

W

R

	Conduit Holes:	IF W = 13.00"
Q Q	1.13" Dia.	T = 0.36"
	S Dia.	U = 0.68"
		V = 0.31"
	S Dia.	IF W > 16.64"
P
		See Mounting
		Tab Detail in
N		Section 4.3

D

H

U

V

1.50"

3.00"

T

Dia.

Mounting Tab Detail

	HP	INPUT
	(kW)	VOLTAGE	MODEL	H	W	D	N	P	Q	R	S
	40	240 / 200	MH2400B	25.00	13.00	10.50	5.56	6.50	2.62	22.00	1.38
	(30)
	50	240 / 200	MH2500B	25.00	13.00	10.50	5.56	6.50	2.62	22.00	1.38
	(37.5)
	60	240 / 200	MH2600B	47.00	16.64	11.85	7.14	6.88	3.12	N/A	1.75
	(45)
	75	480 / 400	MH4750B	29.00	16.64	11.85	7.14	6.88	3.12	N/A	1.75
	(55)	590	MH5750B	29.00	16.64	11.85	7.14	6.88	3.12	N/A	1.75
	100	480/400	MH41000B	29.00	16.64	11.85	7.14	6.88	3.12	N/A	1.75
	(75)	590	MH51000B	29.00	16.64	11.85	7.14	6.88	3.12	N/A	1.75
	125	480 / 400	MH41250B	29.00	24.42	11.85	11.12	6.50	4.50	N/A	2.50
	(90)	590	MH51250B	29.00	24.42	11.85	11.12	6.50	4.50	N/A	2.50
	150	480 / 400	MH41500B	29.00	24.42	11.85	11.12	6.50	4.50	N/A	2.50
	(110)	590	MH51500B	29.00	24.42	11.85	11.12	6.50	4.50	N/A	2.50
	200	480 / 400	MH42000B	29.00	36.66	11.85
	(150)	590	MH52000B	29.00	36.66	11.85		See Section 4.3
	250	480 / 400	MH42500B	29.00	36.66	11.85
	(185)

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4.3CONDUITHOLESAND MOUNTINGTAB DETAILFOR MODELS MH42000B, MH52000B, AND MH42500B

				N = 7.45"	0.92"
					0.43"
				P = 9.00"
N	P	Q	P	Q = 7.00"	1.36"
				0.44"	3.00"
7.25"			6.50"	Dia.
Conduit Holes: Large holes = 3.00"					1.36"
		Small holes = 1.13"			Mounting Tab Detail

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4.4TYPE 4, 4X,AND 12 DIMENSIONS FOR MODELS RATED UPTO 30 HPAT 240/200 Vac AND 60 HPAT 480/400 Vac AND 590 Vac

W	D
R	H

																					Conduit Holes:						W				U									IF W = 7.86"
							Q					Q																				V								T = 0.20"
																						S Dia.
																						0.88" Dia.																		U = 0.34"
																																		1.00"						V = 0.19"
																						S Dia.																		IF W = 10.26"
	P
																																				R
																																								IF W = 13.72"
																								Dia.TSlot																T = 0.28"
						N
																																								U = 0.44"
																								Mounting Tab Detail																V = 0.24"
HP						INPUT
(kW)						VOLTAGE									MODEL*							H	W	D				N								P			Q	R	S
1						240 / 200											MH210				7.88		6.12	4.35			3.06				2.70								1.37	5.88	0.88
(0.75)						480 / 400											MH410				7.88		6.12	4.35			3.06				2.70								1.37	5.88	0.88
						590											MH510				7.88		6.12	4.35			3.06				2.70								1.37	5.88	0.88
2						240 / 200											MH220				7.88		7.86	4.90			4.80				3.25								1.37	5.88	0.88
(1.5)						480 / 400											MH420				7.88		7.86	4.90			4.80				3.25								1.37	5.88	0.88
						590											MH520				7.88		7.86	4.90			4.80				3.25								1.37	5.88	0.88
3						240 / 200											MH230				7.88		7.86	5.90			4.80				4.25								1.37	5.88	0.88
(2.2)						480 / 400											MH430				7.88		7.86	4.90			4.80				3.25								1.37	5.88	0.88
						590											MH530				7.88		7.86	4.90			4.80				3.25								1.37	5.88	0.88
5						240 / 200											MH250				9.75		10.26	7.20			5.13				5.25								2.00	7.75	1.13
(3.7)						480 / 400											MH450				7.88		7.86	5.90			4.80				4.25								1.37	5.88	0.88
						590											MH550				7.88		7.86	5.90			4.80				4.25								1.37	5.88	0.88
7.5						240 / 200											MH275				11.75		10.26	8.35			5.13				5.75								2.00	9.75	1.13
(5.5)						480 / 400											MH475				9.75		10.26	7.20			5.13				5.25								2.00	7.75	1.13
						590											MH575				9.75		10.26	7.20			5.13				5.25								2.00	7.75	1.13
10						240 / 200										MH2100					13.75		10.26	8.35			5.13				5.75								2.00	11.75	1.38
(7.5)						480 / 400										MH4100					11.75		10.26	8.35			5.13				5.75								2.00	9.75	1.13
						590										MH5100					11.75		10.26	8.35			5.13				5.75								2.00	9.75	1.13

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TYPE 4, 4X, AND 12 DIMENSIONS (continued)

HP	INPUT
(kW)	VOLTAGE	MODEL*	H	W	D	N	P	Q	R	S
15	240 / 200	MH2150	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	13.75	1.38
(11)	480 / 400	MH4150	13.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	11.75	1.38
	590	MH5150	13.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	11.75	1.38
20	240 / 200	MH2200D	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	11.75	1.38
(15)	480 / 400	MH4200	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	13.75	1.38
	590	MH5200	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	13.75	1.38
25	240 / 200	MH2250D	20.25	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	16.25	1.38
(18.5)	480 / 400	MH4250D	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	11.75	1.38
	590	MH5250D	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	11.75	1.38
30	240 / 200	MH2300D	20.25	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	16.25	1.38
(22)	480 / 400	MH4300D	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	11.75	1.38
	590	MH5300D	15.75	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	11.75	1.38
40	480 / 400	MH4400D	20.25	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	16.25	1.38
(30)	590	MH5400D	20.25	10.26	8.35	5.13	5.75	2.00	16.25	1.38
50	480 / 400	MH4500D	21.00	13.72	8.35	5.13	6.10	2.00	16.25	1.38
(37.5)	590	MH5500D	21.00	13.72	8.35	5.13	6.10	2.00	16.25	1.38
60	480 / 400	MH4600D	21.00	13.72	8.35	5.13	6.10	2.00	16.25	1.38
(45)	590	MH5600D	21.00	13.72	8.35	5.13	6.10	2.00	16.25	1.38

* MODELS WITH BLANK ENCLOSURE DESIGNATION ARE AVAILABLE IN NEMA 4 (INDICATED BY “C”) OR 4X STAINLESS STEEL (INDICATED BY “E”).

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9

4.5TYPE 12 DIMENSIONS FOR MODELS RATED ABOVE 30 HPAT 240/200 Vac AND 60 HPAT 480/400 Vac AND 590 Vac

W							D

H

R

			Conduit Holes:	IF W > 14.00"	U
	Q	Q			V
			1.13" Dia.	T = 0.36"
			S Dia.	U = 0.68"
				V = 0.31"
			S Dia.		3.00"
	P			T	1.50"
				Dia.
					Mounting Tab Detail
	N

	HP	INPUT
	(kW)	VOLTAGE	MODEL	H	W	D	N	P	Q	R	S
	40	240 / 200	MH2400D	31.00	14.00	11.86	6.00	7.50	2.62	22.50	1.38
	(30)
	50	240 / 200	MH2500D	31.00	14.00	11.86	6.00	7.50	2.62	22.50	1.38
	(37.5)
	60	240 / 200	MH2600D	37.00	18.00	13.30	7.50	8.00	3.13	27.00	1.75
	(45)
	75	480 / 400	MH4750D	37.00	18.00	13.30	7.50	8.00	3.13	27.00	1.75
	(55)	590	MH5750D	37.00	18.00	13.30	7.50	8.00	3.13	27.00	1.75
	100	480 / 400	MH41000D	39.00	26.00	13.30	11.50	8.00	4.50	27.00	2.50
	(75)	590	MH51000D	39.00	26.00	13.30	11.50	8.00	4.50	27.00	2.50
	125	480 / 400	MH41250D	39.00	26.00	13.30	11.50	8.00	4.50	27.00	2.50
	(90)	590	MH51250D	39.00	26.00	13.30	11.50	8.00	4.50	27.00	2.50

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10

5.0MCH RATINGS

The following tables indicate the input and output ratings of the MCH Series drive.

NOTE: The output current ratings are based on operation at carrier frequencies of 8 kHz and below. At full ambient temperature, operation at carrier frequencies above 8 kHz require derating the drive by multiplying the output current rating by the following factors: 0.94 at 10 kHz, 0.89 at 12 kHz, and 0.83 at 14 kHz. Refer to Parameter 23 - CARRIER FREQ in Section 18.0 - DESCRIPTION OF PARAMETERS.

MH200 SERIES RATINGS

MODEL				INPUT				OUTPUT
			(200/240 Vac, 50 - 60 Hz)				(0 - 200/230 Vac)
MODEL	FOR MOTORS			NOMINAL			NOMINAL
NUMBER	RATED		INPUT	CURRENT		POWER	CURRENT		POWER
(NOTE 1)	HP	kW	PHASE	(AMPS)		(KVA)	(AMPS)		(KVA)
MH210	1	0.75	3	5.5	/ 4.8	2.0	4.6	/ 4.0	1.6
MH220	2	1.5	3	9.3	/ 8.1	3.4	7.8	/ 6.8	2.7
MH230	3	2.2	3	13.0	/ 11.3	4.7	11.0 / 9.6		3.8
MH250	5	3.7	3	20 / 17.7		7.4	17.5	/ 15.2	6.1
MH275	7.5	5.5	3	30	/ 26	10.6	25	/ 22	8.8
MH2100	10	7.5	3	37	/ 32	13.2	32	/ 28	11.2
MH2150	15	11	3	55	/ 48	19.8	48	/ 42	16.7
MH2200	20	15	3	70	/ 61	25.3	62	/ 54	21.5
MH2250	25	18.5	3	89	/ 77	32.0	78	/ 68	27.1
MH2300	30	22	3	104 / 90		37.6	92	/ 80	31.9
MH2400	40	30	3	99	/ 99	41.0	104	/ 104	41.4
MH2500	50	37.5	3	122	/ 122	50.7	130	/ 130	51.8
MH2600	60	45	3	145	/ 145	60.5	154	/ 154	61.3

NOTE 1: See Section 3.0 for model number breakdown.

NOTE 2: See Section 8.0 for recommended fuse type.

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MH400 SERIES RATINGS

	MODEL				INPUT				OUTPUT
				(400/480 Vac, 50 - 60 Hz)				(0 - 400/460 Vac)
	MODEL	FOR MOTORS			NOMINAL			NOMINAL
	NUMBER	RATED		INPUT	CURRENT		POWER	CURRENT		POWER
	(NOTE 1)
		HP	kW	PHASE	(AMPS)		(KVA)	(AMPS)		(KVA)
	MH410	1	0.75	3	2.8	/ 2.4	2.0	2.3	/ 2.0	1.6
	MH420	2	1.5	3	4.7	/ 4.1	3.4	3.9	/ 3.4	2.7
	MH430	3	2.2	3	6.6	/ 5.7	4.7	5.5	/ 4.8	3.8
	MH450	5	3.7	3	10.2 / 8.9		7.3	8.7	/ 7.6	6.1
	MH475	7.5	5.5	3	14.7	/ 12.8	10.6	12.6	/ 11.0	8.8
	MH4100	10	7.5	3	18.3	/ 15.9	13.2	16.0	/ 14.0	11.2
	MH4150	15	11	3	28	/ 24	19.8	24	/ 21	16.7
	MH4200	20	15	3	36	/ 31	25.3	31	/ 27	21.5
	MH4250	25	18.5	3	44	/ 38	31.9	39	/ 34	27.1
	MH4300	30	22	3	52	/ 45	37.6	46	/ 40	31.9
	MH4400	40	30	3	68	/ 59	49.0	60	/ 52	41.4
	MH4500	50	37.5	3	85	/ 74	61.5	75	/ 65	51.8
	MH4600	60	45	3	100 / 87		72.3	88	/ 77	61.3
	MH4750	75	55	3	91	/ 91	75.5	96	/ 96	76.5
	MH41000	100	75	3	116	/ 116	96.4	124	/ 124	98.8
	MH41250	125	90	3	146	/ 146	121.4	156	/ 156	124.3
	MH41500	150	110	3	168	/ 168	139.7	180	/ 180	143.4
	MH42000	200	150	3	225	/ 225	187.1	240	/ 240	191.2
	MH42500	250	185	3	281	/ 281	233.6	300	/ 300	240.6

NOTE 1: See Section 3.0 for model number breakdown.

NOTE 2: See Section 8.0 for recommended fuse type.

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MH500 SERIES RATINGS

MODEL				INPUT				OUTPUT
			(480/590 Vac, 50 - 60 Hz)				(0 - 460/575 Vac)
MODEL	FOR MOTORS			NOMINAL			NOMINAL
NUMBER	RATED		INPUT	CURRENT		POWER	CURRENT		POWER
(NOTE 1)	HP	kW	PHASE	(AMPS)		(KVA)	(AMPS)		(KVA)
MH510	1	0.75	3	1.9	/ 1.9	1.9	1.6	/ 1.6	1.6
MH520	2	1.5	3	3.3	/ 3.3	3.4	2.7	/ 2.7	2.7
MH530	3	2.2	3	4.6	/ 4.6	4.7	3.9	/ 3.9	3.9
MH551	5	3.7	3	7.1	/ 7.1	7.3	6.1	/ 6.1	6.1
MH575	7.5	5.5	3	10.5	/ 10.5	10.7	9.0	/ 9.0	8.8
MH5100	10	7.5	3	12.5	/ 12.5	12.8	11.0	/ 11.0	11.0
MH5150	15	11	3	19.3	/ 19.3	19.7	17.0	/ 17.0	16.9
MH5200	20	15	3	25	/ 25	25.4	22	/ 22	21.5
MH5250	25	18.5	3	31	/ 31	31.2	27	/ 27	26.9
MH5300	30	22	3	36	/ 36	37.1	32	/ 32	31.9
MH5400	40	30	3	47	/ 47	47.5	41	/ 41	40.8
MH5500	50	37.5	3	59	/ 59	60.3	52	/ 52	51.8
MH5600	60	45	3	71	/ 71	72.5	62	/ 62	61.7
MH5750	75	55	3	74	/ 74	75.7	77	/ 77	76.7
MH51000	100	75	3	95	/ 95	96.6	99	/ 99	98.6
MH51250	125	90	3	119	/ 119	121.6	125	/ 125	124.5
MH51500	150	110	3	137	/ 137	140.0	144	/ 144	143.4
MH52000	200	150	3	183	/ 183	187.0	192	/ 192	191.2

NOTE 1: See Section 3.0 for model number breakdown.

NOTE 2: See Section 8.0 for recommended fuse type.

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6.0THEORY

6.1DESCRIPTION OF AC MOTOR OPERATION

Three phase AC motors are comprised of two major components, the stator and the rotor. The stator is a set of three electrical windings held stationary in the motor housing. The rotor is a metal cylinder, fixed to the motor drive shaft, which rotates within the stator. The arrangement of the stator coils and the presence of three phase AC voltage give rise to a rotating magnetic field which drives the rotor. The speed at which the magnetic field rotates is known as the synchronous speed of the motor. Synchronous speed is a function of the frequency at which the voltage is alternating and the number of poles in the stator windings.

The following equation gives the relation between synchronous speed, frequency, and the number of poles:

Ss = 120 f/p

Where: Ss = Synchronous speed (rpm ), f = frequency (Hz), p = number of poles

In three phaseinduction motors the actual shaft speed differsfrom thesynchronous speed as load is applied. This difference is known as “slip”. Slip is commonly expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed. Atypical value is three percent at full load.

The strength of the magnetic field in the gap between the rotor and stator is proportional to the amplitude of the voltage at a given frequency. The output torque capability of the motor is, therefore, a function of the applied voltage amplitude at a given frequency. When operated below base (rated) speed, AC motors run in the range of “constant torque”. Constant torque output is obtained by maintaining a constant ratio between voltage amplitude (Volts) and frequency (Hertz). For 60 Hz motors rated at 230, 460, and 575 Vac, common values for this V/Hz ratio are 3.83, 7.66, and 9.58 respectively. Operating with these V/Hz ratios generally yields optimum torque capability. Operating at lower ratio values results in lower torque and power capability. Operating at higher ratio values will cause the motor to overheat. Most standard motors are capable of providing full torque output from 3 to 60 Hz. However, at lower speeds, where motor cooling fans become less effective, supplemental cooling may be needed to operate at full torque output continuously.

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If the frequency applied to the motor is increased while the voltage remains constant, torque capability will decrease as speed increases. This will cause the horsepower capability of the motor to remain approximately constant. Motors run in this mode when operated above base speed, where drive output voltage is limited by the input line voltage. This operating range is known as the “constant horsepower” range. The typical maximum range for constant horsepower is about 2.3 to 1 (60 to 140 Hz). The diagram below depicts the characteristics of a typical AC induction motor with a 60 Hz base speed.

WARNING!

Consult motor manufacturer before operating motor and/or driven equipment above base speed.

TORQUE (%)

CONSTANT TORQUE

150

130

	110		TORQUE
	90	HORSEPOWER
	70
	50
	30
	10
		20	40

CONSTANT HP

HORSEPOWER

TORQUE

60

80

100

120

FREQUENCY (Hz)

6.1.1VARIABLE TORQUE VS. CONSTANT TORQUE

Variable frequency drives, and the loads they are applied to, can generally be divided into two groups: constant torque and variable torque. Constant torque loads include: vibrating conveyors, punch presses, rock crushers, machine tools, and just about every other application that is not considered variable torque. Variable torque loads include centrifugal pumps and fans, which make up the majority of HVAC applications.

Variable torque loads are governed by the affinity laws, which define the relationships between speed, flow, torque and horsepower. The diagram below illustrates these relationships:

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100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

0%

	FLOW
	%
	TORQUE
	%	HORSEPOWER
		%
25%		50%	75%	100%

% SPEED

“Variable torque” refers to the fact that the torque required varies with the square of the speed. Also, the horsepower required varies with the cube of the speed, resulting in a large reduction in horsepower for even a small reduction in speed. It is easily seen that substantial energy savings can be achieved by reducing the speed of a fan or pump. For example, reducing the speed to 50% results in a 50 HP motor having to produce only 12.5% of rated horsepower, or 6.25 HP. Variable torque drives usually have a low overload capacity (110% - 120% for 60 seconds), because variable torque applications rarely experience overload conditions. To optimize efficiency and energy savings, variable torque drives are usually programmed to follow a variable V/Hz ratio.

The term “constant torque” is not entirely accurate in terms of the actual torque required for an application. Many constant torque applications have reciprocating loads, such as vibrating conveyors and punch presses, where the rotational motion ofthemotorisbeingconvertedtoalinearmotion. Insuchcases,thetorquerequired can vary greatly at different points in the cycle. For constant torque loads, this fluctuation in torque is not a direct function of speed, as it is with a variable torque load. As a result, constant torque drives typically have a high overload rating (150% for 60 seconds) in order to handle the higher peak torque demands. To achieve maximum torque, constant torque drives follow a constant V/Hz ratio.

The MCH Series has an overload capacity of 120% for one minute, indicating that it is meant for variable torque loads.

6.2DRIVE FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

The MC Series is a microprocessor based, keypad programmable, variable speed AC motor drive. There are four major sections: an input diode bridge and filter, a power board, a control board, and an output intelligent power module.

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6.2.1DRIVE OPERATION

Incoming AC line voltage is converted to a pulsating DC voltage by the input diode bridge. The DC voltage is supplied to the bus filter capacitors through a charge circuit which limits inrush current to the capacitors during power-up. The pulsating DC voltage is filtered by the bus capacitors which reduces the ripple level. The filtered DC voltage enters the inverter section of the drive, composed of six output intelligent insulated gate bi-polar transistors (IGBTs) which make up the three output legs of the drive. Each leg has one intelligent IGBT connected to the positive bus voltage and one connected to the negative bus voltage. Alternately switching on each leg, the intelligent IGBT produces an alternating voltage on each of the corresponding motor windings. By switching each output intelligent IGBT at a very high frequency (known as the carrier frequency) for varying time intervals, the inverter is able to produce a smooth, three phase, sinusoidal output current wave which optimizes motor performance.

6.2.2CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The control section consists of a control board with a microprocessor, keypad and display. Drive programming is accomplished via the keypad or the serial communications port. During operation the drive can be controlled via the keypad, by control devices wired to the control terminal strip, or by the the serial communications port. The Power Board contains the control and protection circuits which govern the six output IGBTs. The Power Board also contains a charging circuit for the bus filter capacitors, a motor current feedback circuit, a voltage feedback circuit, and a fault signal circuit. The drive has several built in protection circuits. These include phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground short circuitprotection,highandlowlinevoltageprotection,protectionagainstexcessive ambient temperature, and protection against continuous excessive output current. Activation of any of these circuits will cause the drive to shut down in a fault condition.

6.2.3MCH INPUTS & OUTPUTS

The drive has two analog inputs (0-10 VDC and 4-20 mA) that can be used for speed reference, PID setpoint reference, or PID feedback. Aspeed potentiometer (10,000 Ohm) can be used with the 0-10 VDC input.

There are also two analog outputs: one is proportional to speed (frequency), and the other is proportional to load.

The standard MCH drive has three programmable outputs for status indication: one Form C Relay and two open-collector outputs.

Refer to Sections 14.0 - CONTROL WIRING and 15.0 - MCH CONTROL WIRING DIAGRAMS for more information.

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7.0INSTALLATION

WARNING!

DRIVES MUSTNOTBE INSTALLEDWHERE SUBJECTEDTOADVERSE ENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS! DRIVES MUSTNOTBE INSTALLED WHERE SUBJECTED TO: COMBUSTIBLE, OILY, OR HAZARDOUS VAPORS OR DUST; EXCESSIVE MOISTURE OR DIRT; STRONG VIBRATION; EXCESSIVE AMBIENT TEMPERATURES. CONSULT AC TECHNOLOGY FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE SUITABILITY OF

A DRIVE TO A PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT.

The drive should be mounted on a smooth vertical surface capable of safely supporting the unit without vibrating. The LCD display has an optimum field of view, this should be considered when determining the mounting position.

Maintain a minimum spacing around the drive as follows:

SPACING REQUIREMENTS

HP	SPACING
	INCHES		mm
0.25 - 5	2		50
7.5 - 25	4		100
30 - 60	6		150
75 - 250	8		200

All drive models MUST be mounted in a vertical position for proper heatsink cooling. Fans or blowers should be used to insure proper cooling in tight quarters. Do not mount drives above other drives or heat producing equipment that would impede the cooling of the drive. Note the ambient operating temperature ratings for each drive model.

If it is necessary to drill or cut the drive enclosure or panel, extreme care must be taken to avoid damaging drive components or contaminating the drive with metal fragments (which cause shorting of electrical circuits). Cover drive components with a clean cloth to keep out metal chips and other debris. Use a vacuum cleaner to clean drive components after drilling, even if chips do not appear to be present. Do not attempt to use positive air pressure to blow chips out of drive, as this tends to lodge debris under electronic components. Contaminating the drive with metal chips can cause drive failure and will void the warranty.

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7.1INSTALLATION AFTER A LONG PERIOD OF STORAGE

WARNING!

Severe damage to the drive can result if it is operated after a long period of storage or inactivity without reforming the DC bus capacitors!

If input power has not been applied to the drive for a period of time exceeding three years (due to storage, etc), the electrolytic DC bus capacitors within the drive can change internally, resulting in excessive leakage current. This can result in premature failure of the capacitors if the drive is operated after such a long period of inactivity or storage.

In order to reform the capacitors and prepare the drive for operation after a long period of inactivity, apply input power to the drive for 8 hours prior to actually operating the motor.

7.2EXPLOSION PROOF APPLICATIONS

Explosion proof motors that are not rated for inverter use lose their certification when used for variable speed. Due to the many areas of liability that may be encountered when dealing with these applications, the following statement of policy applies:

“AC Technology Corporation inverter products are sold with no warranty of fitness for a particular purpose or warranty of suitability for use with explosionproofmotors. ACTechnologyCorporationacceptsnoresponsibility for any direct, incidental or consequential loss, cost, or damage that may arise through the use of its AC inverter products in these applications. The purchaserexpressly agrees to assume all risk of any loss, cost, ordamage that may arise from such application.”

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8.0INPUTAC REQUIREMENTS

WARNING!

Hazard of electrical shock! Disconnect incoming power and wait three minutes before servicing the drive. Capacitors retain charge after power is removed.

8.1INPUT AC POWER REQUIREMENTS

8.1.1VOLTAGE

The input voltage must match the drive’s nameplate voltage rating. Voltage fluctuation must not vary by greater than 10% overvoltage or 15% undervoltage.

NOTE: Drives with dual rated input voltage must be programmed for the proper supply voltage. Refer to Parameter 0 - LINE VOLTS in Section 18.0 - DESCRIPTION OF PARAMETERS.

The drive is suitable for use on a circuit capable of delivering not more than 200,000 RMS symmetrical amperes, at the drive’s rated voltage.

Three phase voltage imbalance must be less than 2.0% phase to phase. Excessive phase to phase imbalance can cause severe damage to the drive’s power components.

Motor voltage should match line voltage in normal applications. The drive’s maximum output voltage will equal the input voltage. Use extreme caution when using a motor with a voltage rating which is different from the input line voltage.

8.1.2SUPPLY TRANSFORMER kVA RATINGS

If the kVA rating of the AC supply transformer is greater than ten times the input kVArating of the drive, a drive isolation transformer, or a 2 - 3% input line reactor (also known as a choke) must be added.

8.2INPUT FUSING AND DISCONNECT REQUIREMENTS

Acircuit breaker or a disconnect switch with fuses must be provided in accordance with the National Electric Code (NEC) and all local codes.

The MCH drive is capable of withstanding up to 120% current overload for 60 seconds. Select a fuse or magnetic trip circuit breaker rated at 1.25 times the input current rating of the drive (the minimum size should be 10 amps, regardless of input current rating). Refer to Section 5.0 – MCH RATINGS.

Minimum voltage rating of the protection device should be 250 Vac for 240/200 Vac rated drives, and 600 Vac for 480/400 Vac and 590/480 Vac drives.

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Current limiting type fuses should be used when input fusing is required. Select fuses with low I 2 T values, rated at 200,000 AIC. Recommended fuses are Bussman type KTK-R, JJN, and JJS. Similar fuses with equivalent ratings by other manufacturers may also be acceptable.

9.0VOLTAGE SELECTION

MH200 Series drives are rated for 240/200 Vac, 50-60 Hz input. The drive will function with input voltages of 200 to 240 Vac (+ 10%, - 15%), at 48 to 62 Hz.

MH400 Series drives are rated for 480/400 Vac, 50-60 Hz input. The drive will function with input voltages of 400 to 480 Vac (+ 10%, - 15%), at 48 to 62 Hz.

MH500 Series drives are rated for 590/480 Vac, 50-60 Hz input. The drive will function with input voltages of 480 to 590 Vac (+ 10%, - 15%), at 48 to 62 Hz.

10.0POWER WIRING

WARNING!

Hazard of electrical shock. Disconnect incoming power and wait three minutes before servicing the drive. Capacitors retain charge after power is removed.

Note drive input and output current ratings and check applicable electrical codes for required wire type and size, grounding requirements, overcurrent protection, and incoming power disconnect, before wiring the drive. Size conservatively to minimize voltage drop.

Input fusing and a power disconnect switch or contactor MUST be wired in series with terminals L1, L2, and L3. If one has not been supplied by AC Technology Corporation,adisconnectmeansmustbewiredduringinstallation. Thisdisconnect must be used to power down the drive when servicing, or when the drive is not to be operated for a long period of time, but should not be used to start and stop the motor.

Repetitive cycling of a disconnect or input contactor (more than once every two minutes) may cause damage to the drive.

All three power output wires, from terminals T1, T2, and T3 to the motor, must be kept tightly bundled and run in a separate conduit away from all other power and control wiring.

Do not install contactors between the drive and motor without consulting AC Technology Corporation for more information. Operating such devices while the drive is running can potentially cause damage to the drive's power components. If such a device is required, it should only be operated when the drive is in a STOP state.

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11.0MCH POWER WIRING DIAGRAM

This diagram applies to standard MCH drives. Refer to Appendix A for Bypass power wiring, or Appendix B for Option Box power wiring.

T1 T2

T3

L1

L2

L3

GND GND

		DISCONNECT
THREE PHASE		MEANS
	GND	(REQUIRED)
AC MOTOR
		FUSED INPUT
		VOLTAGE

WARNING!

Do not connect incomingAC power to output terminals T1, T2, or T3. Severe damage to the drive will result.

INSTALL, WIRE, AND GROUND IN ACCORDANCE WITH ALL APPLICABLE CODES.

NOTES:

1.Wire the motor for the proper voltage per the output rating of the drive. Motor wires MUST be run in a separate steel conduit away from control wiring and incoming AC power wiring.

2.Do not install contactors between the drive and the motor without consulting AC Technology for more information. Failure to do so may result in drive damage.

3.Remove any existing, and do not install, power factor correction capacitors between the drive and the motor. Failure to do so will result in drive damage.

4.Use only UL and CSA listed and approved wire.

5. Minimum wire voltage ratings: 300 V for 200 and 240 Vac systems, and 600 V for 400, 480, and 590 Vac systems.

6.Wire guage must be based on a minimum of 125% of the rated output current of the drive, and a minimum 75°C insulation rating. Use copper wire only.

7.Wire and ground in accordance with NEC or CEC, and all applicable local codes.

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12.0INITIAL POWER UP

WARNING!

Hazard of electrical shock! Wait three minutes after disconnecting incoming power before servicing drive. Capacitors retain charge after power is removed.

Before attempting to operate the drive, motor, and driven equipment be sure all procedures pertaining to installation and wiring have been properly followed.

WARNING!

Severe damage to the drive can result if it is operated after a long period of storage or inactivity without reforming the DC bus capacitors!

If input power has not been applied to the drive for a period of time exceeding three years (due to storage, etc), the electrolytic DC bus capacitors within the drive can change internally, resulting in excessive leakage current. This can result in premature failure of the capacitors if the drive is operated after such a long period of inactivity or storage.

In order to reform the capacitors and prepare the drive for operation after a long period of inactivity, apply input power to the drive for 8 hours prior to actually operating the motor.

Disconnect the driven load from the motor. Verify that the drive input terminals (L1, L2, and L3) are wired to the proper input voltage per the nameplate rating of the drive.

WARNING!

DO NOT connect incomingAC power to output terminals T1, T2, and T3! Do not cycle input power to the drive more than once every two minutes. Damage to the drive will result.

Energize the incoming power line. The LCD display should light and flash “TESTING” and then show the voltage and horsepower rating of the drive. The display should then look like the example display below, which indicates that the drive is in a STOP state, the speed setpoint is 20.00 Hz, and there is no load (because it is not running):

	KSTOP >	20.00 HZ
	0 % LOAD	OFF

NOTE: If the drive is equipped with Bypass, the drive will not power up unless the Drive Mode/Off/Bypass Mode switch is in the Drive Mode position, or the Drive Test/Off/Drive Normal switch is in the Drive Test position.

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If the display does not appear, remove the incoming power, wait three minutes for the bus capacitors to discharge, and verify correct installation and wiring. If the wiring is correct, re-apply incoming power and note the display for drive status. If the display still does not appear call the factory for assistance.

Follow the procedure given below to check the motor rotation:

1.Use the key to decrease the speed setpoint to the minimum value allowed (0.50 Hz if Parameter 10 - MIN FREQ has not been changed).

2.PresstheHAND(START)key. ThedriveshouldindicateRUN,butifthespeed setpoint is 0.50 Hz, the motor may not rotate. Press the key to increase the speed setpoint until the motor starts to rotate.

3.If the motor is rotating in the wrong direction, press the OFF (STOP) key and remove power from the drive. Wait three minutes for the bus capacitors to discharge, and swap any two of the motor wires connected to T1, T2, and T3.

NOTE 1: The drive is phase insensitive with respect to incoming line voltage. Therefore, to change the motor rotation, the phases must be swapped at the drive output terminals or at the motor.

NOTE 2: If the drive is equipped with the Bypass option, motor rotation must be checked in both drive mode and bypass mode:

To check rotation in Drive mode:

1.Select Drive Mode using the Drive Mode/Off/Bypass Mode switch.

2.Select Drive Normal using the Drive Test/Off/Drive Normal switch.

3.Select HAND using the HAND/OFF/AUTO switch. The drive should start, allowing the motor rotation to be checked.

To check rotation in Bypass mode:

1.Select Bypass Mode using the Drive Mode/Off/Bypass Mode switch.

2.Select Drive Normal using the Drive Test/Off/Drive Normal switch.

3.Momentarily put the Hand/Off/Auto switch into Hand to "bump" the motor so rotation can be checked.

If rotation is incorrect in both modes, swap any two motor leads at the output terminals (thermal overload terminals).

If rotation is correct in drive mode, but incorrect in bypass mode, swap any two leads at the main input power terminals.

If rotation is incorrect in drive mode, but correct in bypass mode, swap any two leads at the main input terminals AND any two leads at the output terminals (thermal overload terminals).

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13.0KEYPAD CONTROL

The drive can be operated in a number of different ways: keypad (HAND), control devices wired to the terminal strip (AUTO), serial communications (SERIAL), or combinations of each. The drive should first be operated in HAND mode during initial start-up. Refer to Sections 14.0 - CONTROL WIRING, and 18.0 - DESCRIPTION OF PARAMETERS for information on remote (AUTO) operation.

13.1KEYPAD FUNCTIONS (in Keypad H/O/A mode)

HAND (START)	To start the drive, press the HAND (START) key.
OFF (STOP)	To stop the drive, press the OFF (STOP) key.
	NOTE: The OFF (STOP) key is active in both HAND
	and AUTO modes.
AUTO (START)	Puts the drive into AUTO mode.
	Close TB-1 to TB-2 to start the drive.
	Open TB-1 to TB-2 to stop the drive.
SPEED SOURCE	Selects the speed reference source. Press this key to
	select the desired speed reference, and then press the
	ENTER key within three seconds to confirm the change.
	The choices are described below:
	HAND ONLY: Drive speed is determined by the setting
	of Parameter 29 - HAND SOURCE.
	AUTO ONLY: Drive speed is determined by the setting
	of Parameter 24 - AUTO SOURCE.
	NORM SRC: In HAND mode, speed is determined by
	the setting of Parameter 29 - HAND SOURCE.
	In AUTO mode, speed is determined by the setting of
	Parameter 24 - AUTO SOURCE.
SPEED SETPOINT	To increase the speed setpoint, press the key. To
	decrease the speed setpoint, press the key.
	NOTE: The and keys are only active if another
	speed reference source is not selected.
FAULT RESET	Use the OFF (STOP) key to reset a fault. If the fault
	condition has passed, pressing the STOP key will clear
	the fault and return the drive to a STOP condition.
	NOTE: If an OUTPUT fault occurs, there will be a 30
	second delay before the fault can be cleared using the
	STOP key.

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13.2MCH DISPLAY

The following describes the possible display configurations for the MCH Series drive when operating as a standard drive (without PID control). Refer to Section 19.0 - MCH PID SETPOINT CONTROL for a complete description of drive operation when using PID control.

13.2.1MCH DISPLAY IN STOP MODE

When the drive is in the STOP mode, there are two possible displays: load and motor voltage. The standard display indicates % LOAD, which is shown

DRIVE DIRECTION SPEED SPEED

STATUS (FORWARD) SETPOINT UNITS

	KSTOP >				20.00 HZ
		0 % LOAD				OFF
		LOAD				HAND/OFF/AUTO
		METER				STATUS

NOTE: See Parameter 31 - UNITS for the SPEED UNITS display options.

Pressing the ENTER key will change the display from the % LOAD indication to the VAC (motor voltage) indication:

DRIVE DIRECTION SPEED SPEED

STATUS (FORWARD) SETPOINT UNITS

	KSTOP			> 20.00 HZ
		0 VAC				OFF
		MOTOR				HAND/OFF/AUTO
		VOLTAGE				STATUS

Pressing ENTER again will change the display back to the % LOAD indication.

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The following table shows the possible DRIVE STATUS indications that can appear on the drive display:

		DRIVE STATUS TABLE
	DISPLAY	DESCRIPTION
	KSTOP	KEYPAD STOP - The drive was stopped using the OFF (STOP) key.
	RSTOP	REMOTE STOP - The drive was stopped by opening TB-1 to TB-2.
	SSTOP	SERIAL STOP - The drive was stopped through the serial link.
	RUN	Drive is in RUN mode and is within + 0.5 Hz of the speed setpoint.
		Drive has shut down due to a FAULT condition. If the fault condition has
	FAULT	passed, pressing the HAND (OFF) key will clear the fault and return the
		drive to the STOP mode.
	LOCK	Drive is in FAULT LOCKOUT after five unsuccessful restart attempts.
	BRAKE	DC BRAKE is energized.
	LIMIT	Drive is in CURRENT LIMIT due to an overloaded motor, or ACCEL is set
		too fast.
	F DEC	Drive is in DECEL FREEZE because DECEL is set too fast.

13.2.2MCH DISPLAY IN RUN MODE

When the drive is in the RUN mode, the default display will look like this:

DRIVE DIRECTION SPEED SPEED

STATUS (FORWARD) SETPOINT UNITS

	RUN			>		60.00 HZ
	86 % LOAD						HAND
		LOAD				HAND/OFF/AUTO
		METER					STATUS

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