3B Scientific Teltron Dual Beam Tube D User Manual

8

3B SCIENTIFIC

Dual Beam Tube D 1000654

Instruction sheet

12/12 ALF

®

PHYSICS

1,2 4-mm sockets for filament

and cathode

3 4-mm plug for connecting

anode

4 4-mm plug for connecting

plate
5 Axial electron gun
6 Perpendicular electron gun
7 Deflector plate
8 Boss
9 Fluorescent screen

12

1. Safety instructions

Hot cathode tubes are thin-walled, highly
evacuated glass tubes. Treat them carefully as
there is a risk of implosion.

• Do not subject the tube to mechanical

stresses.

• Do not subject the connection leads to any

tension.

• The tube may only be used with tube holder

D (1008507).

If voltage or current is too high or the cathode is
at the wrong temperature, it can lead to the tube
becoming destroyed.

• Do not exceed the stated operating parameters.

When the tube is in operation, the terminals of
the tube may be at high voltages with which it is
dangerous to come into contact.

• Only change circuits with power supply

switched off.

• Only exchange tubes with power supply

switched off.

When the tube is in operation, the stock of the
tube may get hot.

56

973 4 8

• Allow the tube to cool before dismantling.

The compliance with the EC directive on elec­tromagnetic compatibility is only guaranteed
when using the recommended power supplies.

2. Description

The dual beam tube can be used to determine

the specific charge e/m from the diameter of the

path followed by electrons fired into the tube
from a perpendicularly mounted gun with a ver­tically aligned magnetic field and observation of
the spiral path followed by electrons fired axially
into a co-axial magnetic field.

The dual beam tube is a partly evacuated elec­tron tube, filled with helium at low pressure and
equipped with both axial and perpendicular elec­tron guns. The electron beams are perpendicu­lar to one another and a common deflector plate
is provided for both guns. The electron beam
source is an oxide cathode heated indirectly via
a heating coil. The electron paths show up as a
fine, slightly greenish beam due to impact exci­tation of the helium atoms.

1

3. Technical data

R

μ

=

Filament voltage: max. 7.5 V AC/DC
Anode voltage: max. 100 V DC
Anode current: max. 30 mA
Deflector voltage: max. 50 V DC
Glass bulb: 130 mm dia. approx.
Total length: 260 mm approx.
Gas filling: Helium at 0.1 torr pressure

4. Operation

To perform experiments using the dual beam
tube, the following equipment is also required:

1 Tube holder D 1008507
1 DC power supply 500 V (@230 V) 1003308

or
1 DC power supply 500 V (@115 V) 1003307

1 Helmholtz pair of coils D 1000644
1 Analogue multimeter AM50 1003073

4.1 Setting up the tube in the tube holder

The tube should not be mounted or removed
unless all power supplies are disconnected.

• Push the jaw clamp sliders on the stanchion

of the tube holder right back so that the jaws
open.

• Push the bosses of the tube into the jaws.

• Push the jaw clamps forward on the stan-

chions to secure the tube within the jaws.

4.2 Removing the tube from the tube holder

• To remove the tube, push the jaw clamps

right back again and take the tube out of the
jaws.

5. Example experiments

5.1 Determination of e/m

An electron of charge e moving at velocity v per­pendicularly through a magnetic field B experi­ences a force F that is perpendicular to both B
and v and the magnitude of which is given by:

evBF =

This causes the electron to follow a circular

electron path in a plane perpendicular to B. The
centripetal force for an electron of mass m is

2

F ==

mv

evB

which implies

v

B = tesla

e

R

m

Rearranging the equation gives

v

e

m

=

BR

If the beam is subjected to a known magnetic

field of magnitude B, and v and R are both calcu­lated then the ratio e/m can be determined.

The law of conservation of energy means that
the change in kinetic energy plus the change in
potential energy of a charge moving from point 1
to point 2 is equal to zero since no work is per­formed by external forces.

1

⎛
⎜

2

⎝

1

⎞

2

− eUeUmvmv

2

2

()

⎟

1

2

⎠

12

0

=−+

The energy of an electron in the dual beam tube
is given by:

1

=

A

2

mveU

2

By solving for v and replacing it in the equation

v

e

m

=

BR

the following emerges

2

U

e

m

A

=

22

RB

The term e/m is the specific charge of an elec-

tron and has the constant value (1.75888 ±

0.0004) x 10

11

C/kg.

5.1.1 Determination of B

The Helmholtz coils have a diameter of 138 mm
and give rise to a magnetic flux in Helmholtz
configuration as given by

HB

= (4.17 x 10

0

-3

) I

tesla

H

and

262

−

1039.17

IB

⋅=

H

where

I

is the current in the Helmholtz coils.

H

The following are also true

U

m

e

2

H

A

22

RI

H

U

A

=

kI

2

R

5

1015.1 ⋅⋅=

and

5.1.2 Determination of R

Referring to the diagram Fig. 1, the beam
emerges from the electron gun at C travelling
along the axis of the tube. The electron is then
deflected in a circular path with the tube axis
forming a tangent. The centre of this circle is at

2