ZyXEL Communications 792H User Manual

Prestige 792H

G.SHDSL Router with four-port switch

User's Guide

Version 3.40

June 2004

Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

Copyright

Copyright © 2003 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.

The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a
retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.

Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.

Disclaimer

ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software
described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others.
ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This
publication is subject to change without notice.

Trademarks

ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL Communications, Inc.
Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be
properties of their respective owners.

ii Copyright

Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

Federal Communications Commission

(FCC) Interference Statement

This device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

• This device may not cause harmful interference.

• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired

operations.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to
Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful
interference in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency
energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to
radio communications.

If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by
turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of
the following measures:

1. Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.

2. Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.

3. Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.

4. Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

Notice 1

Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the
user's authority to operate the equipment.

Certifications

Refer to the product page at www.zyxel.com

FCC Statement iii

.

Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

Information for Canadian Users

The Industry Canada label identifies certified equipment. This certification means that the equipment meets
certain telecommunications network protective, operation, and safety requirements. The Industry Canada
does not guarantee that the equipment will operate to a user's satisfaction.

Before installing this equipment, users should ensure that it is permissible to be connected to the facilities of
the local telecommunications company. The equipment must also be installed using an acceptable method
of connection. In some cases, the company's inside wiring associated with a single line individual service
may be extended by means of a certified connector assembly. The customer should be aware that the
compliance with the above conditions may not prevent degradation of service in some situations.

Repairs to certified equipment should be made by an authorized Canadian maintenance facility designated
by the supplier. Any repairs or alterations made by the user to this equipment, or equipment malfunctions,
may give the telecommunications company cause to request the user to disconnect the equipment.

For their own protection, users should ensure that the electrical ground connections of the power utility,
telephone lines, and internal metallic water pipe system, if present, are connected together. This precaution
may be particularly important in rural areas.

Caution

Users should not attempt to make such connections themselves, but should contact the appropriate electrical
inspection authority, or electrician, as appropriate.

Note

This digital apparatus does not exceed the class A limits for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus set
out in the radio interference regulations of Industry Canada.

iv Information for Canadian Users

Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

ZyXEL Limited Warranty

ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials
or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and
upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or
materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without
charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or
components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured
functionally equivalent product of equal value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty
shall not apply if the product is modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected
to abnormal working conditions.

Note

Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This
warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect
or consequential damages of any kind of character to the purchaser.

To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material
Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that the unit
be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated
warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed for parts
and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the corresponding return address,
Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary
from country to country.

Safety Warnings

1. To reduce the risk of fire, use only No. 26 AWG or larger telephone wire.

2. Do not use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.

3. Avoid using this product during an electrical storm. There may be a remote risk of electric shock from
lightening.

ZyXEL Limited Warranty v

Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

Customer Support

Please have the following information ready when you contact customer support.

• Product model and serial number.

• Warranty Information.

• Date that you received your device.

• Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it.

METHOD

LOCATION

WORLDWIDE

AMERICA

E-MAIL

SUPPORT/SALES

[e-mail]

[e-mail]

[e-mail] [phone]

[e-mail]

[e-mail] [phone] www.zyxel.dk SCANDINAVIA

[e-mail]

[e-mail] [phone] www.zyxel.de GERMANY

[e-mail]

[phone] ftp.europe.zyxel.com

[phone] ftp.zyxel.com

[phone] ftp.zyxel.dk

[phone]

TELEPHONE/FAX WEB SITE/ FTP SITE REGULAR MAIL

[phone] www.zyxel.com

www.europe.zyxel.com

www.zyxel.com NORTH

800-255-4101

ZyXEL Communications Corp.,
6 Innovation Road II, Science­Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu
300, Taiwan.

ZyXEL Communications Inc.,
1650 Miraloma Avenue,
Placentia, CA 92870, U.S.A.

ZyXEL Communications A/S,
Columbusvej 5, 2860 Soeborg,
Denmark.

ZyXEL Deutschland GmbH.
Adenauerstr. 20/A2 D-52146
Wuerselen, Germany

vi Customer Support

Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

Table of Contents

Copyright.........................................................................................................................................................ii

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement.....................................................iii

Information for Canadian Users...................................................................................................................iv

ZyXEL Limited Warranty..............................................................................................................................v

Customer Support..........................................................................................................................................vi

List of Figures..............................................................................................................................................xvii

List of Tables...............................................................................................................................................xxvi

Preface.........................................................................................................................................................xxxi

Introduction to DSL.................................................................................................................................xxxiii

Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your G.SHDSL Router..................................................................................1-1

1.1 Features of the Prestige ..............................................................................................................1-1

1.2 Application Scenarios for the Prestige .......................................................................................1-4

1.2.1 Internet Access...........................................................................................................................1-4

1.2.2 LAN-to-LAN Application..........................................................................................................1-5

Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator...........................................................................................2-1

2.1 Web Configurator Overview......................................................................................................2-1

2.2 Accessing the Prestige Web Configurator..................................................................................2-1

2.3 Navigating the Prestige Web Configurator ................................................................................2-2

2.4 Configuring Password................................................................................................................2-3

2.5 Resetting the Prestige.................................................................................................................2-4

2.5.1 Using The Reset Button .............................................................................................................2-5

2.5.2 Uploading a Configuration File Via Console Port .....................................................................2-5

Chapter 3 Wizard Setup..............................................................................................................................3-1

3.1 Wizard Setup Introduction .........................................................................................................3-1

3.2 WAN Setup ................................................................................................................................3-1

3.2.1 Service Type ..............................................................................................................................3-1

3.2.2 Rate Adaption.............................................................................................................................3-1

3.2.3 Transfer Rates ............................................................................................................................3-2

3.2.4 Standard Mode ...........................................................................................................................3-2

3.3 Encapsulation .............................................................................................................................3-2

3.3.1 ENET ENCAP ...........................................................................................................................3-2

3.3.2 PPP over Ethernet ......................................................................................................................3-2

3.3.3 PPPoA ........................................................................................................................................3-3

3.3.4 RFC 1483 ...................................................................................................................................3-3

3.4 Multiplexing...............................................................................................................................3-3

3.4.1 VC-based Multiplexing..............................................................................................................3-3

3.4.2 LLC-based Multiplexing............................................................................................................3-3

3.5 VPI and VCI...............................................................................................................................3-4

3.6 Wizard Setup Configuration: First Screen .................................................................................3-4

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3.7 IP Address and Subnet Mask .....................................................................................................3-6

3.8 IP Address Assignment.............................................................................................................. 3-7

3.8.1 IP Assignment with PPPoA or PPPoE Encapsulation ...............................................................3-7

3.8.2 IP Assignment with RFC 1483 Encapsulation........................................................................... 3-8

3.8.3 IP Assignment with ENET ENCAP Encapsulation ................................................................... 3-8

3.8.4 Private IP Addresses ..................................................................................................................3-8

3.9 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP) ..................................................................................................... 3-9

3.10 NAT ...........................................................................................................................................3-9

3.11 Wizard Setup Configuration: ISP Parameters............................................................................ 3-9

3.11.1 PPPoA........................................................................................................................................3-9

3.11.2 RFC 1483................................................................................................................................. 3-12

3.11.3 ENET ENCAP......................................................................................................................... 3-12

3.11.4 PPPoE ......................................................................................................................................3-14

3.12 DHCP Setup.............................................................................................................................3-15

3.12.1 IP Pool Setup ...........................................................................................................................3-16

3.13 Wizard Setup Configuration: LAN Configuration................................................................... 3-16

3.14 Wizard Setup Configuration: Connection Tests.......................................................................3-18

3.15 Test Your Internet Connection.................................................................................................3-19

Chapter 4 LAN Setup.................................................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1 LAN Overview ..........................................................................................................................4-1

4.1.1 LANs, WANs and the Prestige ..................................................................................................4-1

4.2 DNS Server Address.................................................................................................................. 4-1

4.3 DNS Server Address Assignment.............................................................................................. 4-2

4.4 LAN TCP/IP ..............................................................................................................................4-2

4.4.1 Factory LAN Defaults................................................................................................................4-3

4.4.2 IP Address and Subnet Mask .....................................................................................................4-3

4.4.3 RIP Setup ................................................................................................................................... 4-3

4.4.4 Multicast ....................................................................................................................................4-3

4.5 Configuring LAN....................................................................................................................... 4-4

Chapter 5 WAN Setup .................................................................................................................................5-1

5.1 WAN Overview .........................................................................................................................5-1

5.2 Metric......................................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.3 PPPoE Encapsulation................................................................................................................. 5-2

5.4 Traffic Shaping ..........................................................................................................................5-3

5.5 Configuring WAN Setup ...........................................................................................................5-4

5.6 Traffic Redirect..........................................................................................................................5-8

5.7 Configuring WAN Backup ........................................................................................................5-9

5.8 Outgoing Authentication Protocol ...........................................................................................5-12

5.9 Configuring Advanced WAN Backup .....................................................................................5-13

5.10 AT Command Strings ..............................................................................................................5-17

5.11 DTR Signal ..............................................................................................................................5-18

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5.12 Response Strings ......................................................................................................................5-18

5.13 Configuring Advanced Modem Setup......................................................................................5-18

Chapter 6 Network Address Translation (NAT)........................................................................................6-1

6.1 NAT Overview...........................................................................................................................6-1

6.1.1 NAT Definitions.........................................................................................................................6-1

6.1.2 What NAT Does.........................................................................................................................6-1

6.1.3 How NAT Works .......................................................................................................................6-2

6.1.4 NAT Application........................................................................................................................6-2

6.1.5 NAT Mapping Types .................................................................................................................6-3

6.2 SUA (Single User Account) Versus NAT..................................................................................6-4

6.3 SUA Server ................................................................................................................................6-5

6.3.1 Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers............................................................................6-5

6.3.2 Configuring Servers Behind SUA (Example)............................................................................6-6

6.4 Selecting the NAT Mode............................................................................................................6-7

6.5 Configuring SUA Server............................................................................................................6-8

6.6 Configuring Address Mapping.................................................................................................6-10

6.7 Editing an Address Mapping Rule ...........................................................................................6-12

Chapter 7 Dynamic DNS Setup...................................................................................................................7-1

7.1 Dynamic DNS ............................................................................................................................7-1

7.1.1 DYNDNS Wildcard ...................................................................................................................7-1

7.2 Configuring Dynamic DNS........................................................................................................7-1

Chapter 8 Firewalls......................................................................................................................................8-1

8.1 Firewall Overview......................................................................................................................8-1

8.2 Types of Firewalls......................................................................................................................8-1

8.2.1 Packet Filtering Firewalls...........................................................................................................8-1

8.2.2 Application-level Firewalls........................................................................................................8-1

8.2.3 Stateful Inspection Firewalls......................................................................................................8-2

8.3 Introduction to ZyXEL’s Firewall..............................................................................................8-2

8.4 Denial of Service........................................................................................................................8-3

8.4.1 Basics .........................................................................................................................................8-3

8.4.2 Types of DoS Attacks ................................................................................................................8-4

8.5 Stateful Inspection......................................................................................................................8-7

8.5.1 Stateful Inspection Process.........................................................................................................8-8

8.5.2 Stateful Inspection and the Prestige ...........................................................................................8-9

8.5.3 TCP Security ............................................................................................................................8-10

8.5.4 UDP/ICMP Security.................................................................................................................8-10

8.5.5 Upper Layer Protocols .............................................................................................................8-11

8.6 Guidelines for Enhancing Security with Your Firewall ...........................................................8-11

8.6.1 Security In General ..................................................................................................................8-11

8.7 Packet Filtering Vs Firewall.....................................................................................................8-12

8.7.1 Packet Filtering: .......................................................................................................................8-12

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8.7.2 Firewall .................................................................................................................................... 8-13

Chapter 9 Firewall Configuration..............................................................................................................9-1

9.1 Remote Management and the Firewall ......................................................................................9-1

9.2 Enabling the Firewall.................................................................................................................9-1

9.3 Configuring E-mail Alerts .........................................................................................................9-2

9.4 Attack Alert................................................................................................................................9-3

9.4.1 Alerts..........................................................................................................................................9-4

9.4.2 Threshold Values .......................................................................................................................9-4

9.4.3 Half-Open Sessions....................................................................................................................9-4

Chapter 10 Creating Custom Rules .........................................................................................................10-1

10.1 Rules Overview........................................................................................................................10-1

10.2 Rule Logic Overview...............................................................................................................10-1

10.2.1 Rule Checklist.......................................................................................................................... 10-1

10.2.2 Security Ramifications............................................................................................................. 10-2

10.2.3 Key Fields For Configuring Rules...........................................................................................10-2

10.3 Connection Direction............................................................................................................... 10-3

10.3.1 LAN to WAN Rules.................................................................................................................10-3

10.3.2 WAN to LAN Rules.................................................................................................................10-4

10.4 Logs .........................................................................................................................................10-4

10.5 Rule Summary .........................................................................................................................10-6

10.6 Predefined Services..................................................................................................................10-8

10.7 Creating/Editing Firewall Rules.............................................................................................10-11

10.7.1 Source and Destination Addresses......................................................................................... 10-13

10.8 Timeout.................................................................................................................................. 10-14

10.8.1 Factors Influencing Choices for Timeout Values ..................................................................10-15

Chapter 11 Customized Services .............................................................................................................. 11-1

11.1 Introduction to Customized Services ....................................................................................... 11-1

11.2 Creating/Editing A Customized Service .................................................................................. 11-2

11.3 Example Custom Service Firewall Rule ..................................................................................11-3

Chapter 12 Content Filtering....................................................................................................................12-1

12.1 Content Filtering Overview .....................................................................................................12-1

12.2 Configuring Keyword Blocking...............................................................................................12-1

12.3 Configuring the Schedule ........................................................................................................12-3

12.4 Configuring Trusted Computers .............................................................................................. 12-4

12.5 Configuring Logs..................................................................................................................... 12-5

Chapter 13 Introduction to IPSec.............................................................................................................13-1

13.1 VPN Overview.........................................................................................................................13-1

13.1.1 IPSec........................................................................................................................................ 13-1

13.1.2 Security Association ................................................................................................................13-1

13.1.3 Other Terminology...................................................................................................................13-1

13.1.4 VPN Applications .................................................................................................................... 13-2

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13.2 IPSec Architecture ...................................................................................................................13-3

13.2.1 IPSec Algorithms .....................................................................................................................13-4

13.2.2 Key Management .....................................................................................................................13-4

13.3 Encapsulation ...........................................................................................................................13-5

13.3.1 Transport Mode........................................................................................................................13-5

13.3.2 Tunnel Mode............................................................................................................................13-5

13.4 IPSec and NAT ........................................................................................................................13-5

Chapter 14 VPN Screens ...........................................................................................................................14-1

14.1 VPN/IPSec Overview...............................................................................................................14-1

14.2 IPSec Algorithms .....................................................................................................................14-1

14.2.1 AH (Authentication Header) Protocol......................................................................................14-1

14.2.2 ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) Protocol......................................................................14-1

14.3 My IP Address..........................................................................................................................14-2

14.4 Secure Gateway Address..........................................................................................................14-2

14.4.1 Dynamic Secure Gateway Address..........................................................................................14-2

14.5 VPN Summary Screen .............................................................................................................14-3

14.6 Keep Alive ...............................................................................................................................14-5

14.7 ID Type and Content................................................................................................................14-5

14.7.1 ID Type and Content Examples ...............................................................................................14-6

14.8 Pre-Shared Key ........................................................................................................................14-7

14.9 Editing VPN Policies ...............................................................................................................14-7

14.10 IKE Phases .............................................................................................................................14-13

14.10.1 Negotiation Mode...........................................................................................................14-14

14.10.2 Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key Groups .................................................................................14-14

14.10.3 Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) ......................................................................................14-15

14.11 Configuring Advanced IKE Settings......................................................................................14-15

14.12 Manual Key Setup..................................................................................................................14-19

14.12.1 Security Parameter Index (SPI)......................................................................................14-19

14.13 Configuring Manual Key .......................................................................................................14-20

14.14 Viewing SA Monitor..............................................................................................................14-24

14.15 Configuring Global Setting ....................................................................................................14-26

14.16 Configuring IPSec Logs.........................................................................................................14-27

14.17 Telecommuter VPN/IPSec Examples ....................................................................................14-31

14.17.1 Telecommuters Sharing One VPN Rule Example .........................................................14-31

14.17.2 Telecommuters Using Unique VPN Rules Example......................................................14-32

14.18 VPN and Remote Management..............................................................................................14-33

Chapter 15 Remote Management Configuration....................................................................................15-1

15.1 Remote Management Overview...............................................................................................15-1

15.1.1 Remote Management Limitations ............................................................................................15-1

15.1.2 Remote Management and NAT................................................................................................15-1

15.1.3 System Timeout .......................................................................................................................15-2

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15.2 Telnet .......................................................................................................................................15-2

15.3 FTP ..........................................................................................................................................15-2

15.4 Web.......................................................................................................................................... 15-2

15.5 Configuring Remote Management........................................................................................... 15-3

Chapter 16 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP).......................................................................................... 16-1

16.1 Universal Plug and Play Overview .......................................................................................... 16-1

16.1.1 How do I know if I'm using UPnP? ......................................................................................... 16-1

16.1.2 NAT Transversal......................................................................................................................16-1

16.1.3 Cautions with UPnP................................................................................................................. 16-1

16.1.4 UPnP and ZyXEL.................................................................................................................... 16-2

16.2 Accessing the Prestige Web Configurator to Configure UPnP................................................ 16-2

16.2.1 Configuring UPnP....................................................................................................................16-2

16.3 Installing UPnP in Windows Example.....................................................................................16-3

16.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example .................................................................................... 16-6

Chapter 17 Maintenance...........................................................................................................................17-1

17.1 Maintenance Overview ............................................................................................................17-1

17.2 System Status Screen............................................................................................................... 17-1

17.2.1 System Statistics ......................................................................................................................17-4

17.3 DHCP Table Screen................................................................................................................. 17-6

17.4 Diagnostic Screens................................................................................................................... 17-7

17.4.1 Diagnostic General Screen.......................................................................................................17-7

17.4.2 Diagnostic DSL Line Screen....................................................................................................17-9

17.5 Firmware Screen.................................................................................................................... 17-10

Chapter 18 Introducing the SMT............................................................................................................. 19-1

18.1 SMT Introduction ....................................................................................................................19-1

18.1.1 Procedure for SMT Configuration via Console Port................................................................19-1

18.1.2 Procedure for SMT Configuration via Telnet .......................................................................... 19-1

18.1.3 Entering Password ...................................................................................................................19-1

18.1.4 Prestige SMT Menu Overview ................................................................................................19-2

18.2 Navigating the SMT Interface..................................................................................................19-4

18.2.1 System Management Terminal Interface Summary.................................................................19-5

18.3 Changing the System Password............................................................................................... 19-6

Chapter 19 General Setup.........................................................................................................................19-1

19.1 General Setup...........................................................................................................................19-1

19.2 Configuring Menu 1................................................................................................................. 19-1

19.2.1 Configuring Dynamic DNS ..................................................................................................... 19-3

Chapter 20 WAN Setup .............................................................................................................................20-4

20.1 WAN Setup.............................................................................................................................. 20-4

20.2 WAN Setup Screen.................................................................................................................. 20-4

Chapter 21 Dial Backup............................................................................................................................21-1

21.1 Dial Backup Overview.............................................................................................................21-1

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21.1.1 Configuring Dial Backup in Menu 2........................................................................................21-1

21.1.2 Advanced WAN Setup.............................................................................................................21-2

21.2 Remote Node Profile (Backup ISP) .........................................................................................21-4

21.2.1 Editing PPP Options.................................................................................................................21-7

21.2.2 Editing TCP/IP Options ...........................................................................................................21-7

21.2.3 Editing Filter Sets.....................................................................................................................21-9

Chapter 22 LAN Setup ..............................................................................................................................22-1

22.1 Ethernet Setup ..........................................................................................................................22-1

22.1.1 LAN Port Filter Setup ..............................................................................................................22-1

22.1.2 IP Alias Setup...........................................................................................................................22-2

22.1.3 Route IP Setup..........................................................................................................................22-3

22.1.4 TCP/IP Ethernet Setup and DHCP...........................................................................................22-4

Chapter 23 Internet Access .......................................................................................................................23-1

23.1 Internet Access Overview ........................................................................................................23-1

23.2 Internet Access Setup...............................................................................................................23-1

Chapter 24 Remote Node Configuration..................................................................................................24-1

24.1 Remote Node Overview...........................................................................................................24-1

24.2 Remote Node Setup..................................................................................................................24-1

24.2.1 Encapsulation and Multiplexing Scenarios ..............................................................................24-2

24.3 Remote Node Network Layer Options.....................................................................................24-5

24.3.1 My WAN Addr Sample IP Addresses......................................................................................24-7

24.4 Remote Node Filter ..................................................................................................................24-8

24.5 Editing ATM Layer Options ....................................................................................................24-9

24.5.1 VC-based Multiplexing (non-PPP Encapsulation)...................................................................24-9

24.5.2 LLC-based Multiplexing or PPP Encapsulation.....................................................................24-10

Chapter 25 Static Route Setup..................................................................................................................25-1

25.1 Static Route Overview .............................................................................................................25-1

Chapter 26 Bridging Setup........................................................................................................................26-1

26.1 Bridging Overview...................................................................................................................26-1

26.2 Bridge Ethernet Setup ..............................................................................................................26-1

26.2.1 Remote Node Bridging Setup ..................................................................................................26-1

26.2.2 Bridge Static Route Setup ........................................................................................................26-2

Chapter 27 Network Address Translation (NAT) ....................................................................................27-1

27.1 SUA (Single User Account) Versus NAT................................................................................27-1

27.2 Applying NAT .........................................................................................................................27-1

27.3 NAT Setup ...............................................................................................................................27-3

27.3.1 Address Mapping Sets..............................................................................................................27-3

27.3.2 Configuring a Server behind NAT ...........................................................................................27-9

27.4 General NAT Examples .........................................................................................................27-11

27.4.1 Example 1: Internet Access Only...........................................................................................27-11

27.4.2 Example 2: Internet Access with an Inside Server.................................................................27-13

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Example 3: Multiple Public IP Addresses With Inside Servers.............................................27-14

27.4.3

27.4.4 Example 4: NAT Unfriendly Application Programs..............................................................27-18

Chapter 28 Filter Configuration............................................................................................................... 28-1

28.1 About Filtering......................................................................................................................... 28-1

28.2 Filter Set Configuration ...........................................................................................................28-4

28.2.1 Filter Rules Summary Menus ..................................................................................................28-8

28.3 Filter Rule Configuration.........................................................................................................28-9

28.3.1 TCP/IP Filter Rule ................................................................................................................. 28-10

28.3.2 Generic Filter Rule.................................................................................................................28-14

28.4 Filter Types and NAT ............................................................................................................28-16

28.5 Example Filter........................................................................................................................28-16

28.6 Applying Filters and Factory Defaults...................................................................................28-20

28.6.1 Ethernet Traffic...................................................................................................................... 28-20

28.6.2 Remote Node Filters ..............................................................................................................28-21

Chapter 29 SNMP Configuration .............................................................................................................29-1

29.1 SNMP Overview...................................................................................................................... 29-1

29.2 Supported MIBs.......................................................................................................................29-2

29.3 SNMP Configuration ...............................................................................................................29-2

29.4 SNMP Traps ............................................................................................................................29-3

Chapter 30 System Maintenance.............................................................................................................. 30-1

30.1 System Maintenance Overview ............................................................................................... 30-1

30.2 System Status...........................................................................................................................30-1

30.3 System Information..................................................................................................................30-3

30.3.1 System Information..................................................................................................................30-3

30.3.2 Console Port Speed..................................................................................................................30-5

30.4 Log and Trace ..........................................................................................................................30-5

30.4.1 Viewing Error Log................................................................................................................... 30-5

30.4.2 Syslog ......................................................................................................................................30-6

30.5 Diagnostic ................................................................................................................................ 30-8

Chapter 31 Firmware and Configuration File Maintenance .................................................................31-1

31.1 Filename Conventions .............................................................................................................31-1

31.2 Backup Configuration..............................................................................................................31-2

31.2.1 Backup Configuration..............................................................................................................31-3

31.2.2 Using the FTP Command from the Command Line ................................................................31-3

31.2.3 Example of FTP Commands from the Command Line............................................................31-3

31.2.4 GUI-based FTP Clients............................................................................................................ 31-4

31.2.5 TFTP and FTP over WAN Will Not Work When ...................................................................31-4

31.2.6 Backup Configuration Using TFTP ......................................................................................... 31-5

31.2.7 TFTP Command Example .......................................................................................................31-5

31.2.8 GUI-based TFTP Clients .........................................................................................................31-5

31.2.9 Backup Via Console Port.........................................................................................................31-6

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31.3 Restore Configuration ..............................................................................................................31-7

31.3.1 Restore Using FTP ...................................................................................................................31-8

31.3.2 Restore Using FTP Session Example.......................................................................................31-9

31.3.3 Restore Via Console Port .........................................................................................................31-9

31.4 Uploading Firmware and Configuration Files........................................................................31-10

31.4.1 Firmware File Upload ............................................................................................................31-10

31.4.2 Configuration File Upload .....................................................................................................31-11

31.4.3 FTP File Upload Command from the DOS Prompt Example................................................31-12

31.4.4 FTP Session Example of Firmware File Upload....................................................................31-12

31.4.5 TFTP File Upload ..................................................................................................................31-12

31.4.6 TFTP Upload Command Example.........................................................................................31-13

31.4.7 Uploading Via Console Port ..................................................................................................31-13

31.4.8 Uploading Firmware File Via Console Port...........................................................................31-14

31.4.9 Example Xmodem Firmware Upload Using HyperTerminal.................................................31-14

31.4.10 Uploading Configuration File Via Console Port ............................................................31-15

31.4.11 Example Xmodem Configuration Upload Using HyperTerminal..................................31-15

Chapter 32 System Maintenance and Information .................................................................................32-1

32.1 Command Interpreter Mode.....................................................................................................32-1

32.2 Call Control Support ................................................................................................................32-2

32.2.1 Budget Management ................................................................................................................32-2

32.3 Time and Date Setting..............................................................................................................32-4

32.3.1 Resetting the Time ...................................................................................................................32-5

Chapter 33 IP Policy Routing....................................................................................................................33-1

33.1 IP Policy Routing Overview ....................................................................................................33-1

33.1.1 IP Policy Routing Benefits.......................................................................................................33-1

33.1.2 Routing Policy..........................................................................................................................33-1

33.2 IP Routing Policy Setup...........................................................................................................33-2

33.3 Applying an IP Policy ..............................................................................................................33-5

33.3.1 Ethernet IP Policies..................................................................................................................33-5

33.4 IP Policy Routing Example ......................................................................................................33-7

Chapter 34 Call Scheduling.......................................................................................................................34-1

34.1 Call Scheduling Overview .......................................................................................................34-1

34.2 Schedule Setup.........................................................................................................................34-1

Chapter 35 Remote Management.............................................................................................................35-1

35.1 Remote Management Overview...............................................................................................35-1

35.1.1 Remote Management and Telnet Services ...............................................................................35-1

35.1.2 Remote Management and FTP Services...................................................................................35-1

35.1.3 Remote Management and Web Services..................................................................................35-2

35.1.4 Disabling Remote Management...............................................................................................35-2

35.2 Remote Management Setup .....................................................................................................35-2

35.2.1 Remote Management Limitations ............................................................................................35-3

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Remote Management and NAT ............................................................................................... 35-3

35.3

35.4 System Timeout ....................................................................................................................... 35-3

Chapter 36 VPN/IPSec Setup....................................................................................................................36-1

36.1 VPN/IPSec Overview ..............................................................................................................36-1

36.2 IPSec Summary Screen............................................................................................................36-2

36.3 IPSec Setup.............................................................................................................................. 36-5

36.4 IKE Setup...............................................................................................................................36-11

36.5 Manual Setup .........................................................................................................................36-13

36.5.1 Active Protocol ......................................................................................................................36-13

36.5.2 Security Parameter Index (SPI)..............................................................................................36-13

Chapter 37 SA Monitor ............................................................................................................................. 37-1

37.1 SA Monitor Overview..............................................................................................................37-1

37.2 Using SA Monitor.................................................................................................................... 37-1

37.3 Viewing IPSec Log.................................................................................................................. 37-3

37.3.1 VPN Responder IPSec Log...................................................................................................... 37-3

Chapter 38 Internal SPTGEN ..................................................................................................................38-1

38.1 Internal SPTGEN Overview ....................................................................................................38-1

38.2 The Configuration Text File Format........................................................................................38-1

38.2.1 Internal SPTGEN File Modification - Important Points to Remember....................................38-2

38.3 Internal SPTGEN FTP Download Example ............................................................................38-3

38.4 Internal SPTGEN FTP Upload Example .................................................................................38-4

Chapter 39 Troubleshooting......................................................................................................................39-1

39.1 Problems Starting Up the Prestige ...........................................................................................39-1

39.2 Problems with the LAN Interface ............................................................................................ 39-1

39.3 Problems with the WAN Interface........................................................................................... 39-2

39.4 Problems with Internet Access.................................................................................................39-2

39.5 Problems with the Password .................................................................................................... 39-3

39.6 Problems with Telnet ............................................................................................................... 39-3

Appendix A PPPoE ........................................................................................................................................ A

Appendix B Virtual Circuit Topology .......................................................................................................... C

Appendix C Power Adapter Specifications.................................................................................................. D

Index .............................................................................................................................................................viii

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List of Figures

Figure 1-1 Internet Access Application.......................................................................................................... 1-5

Figure 1-2 LAN-to-LAN Application ............................................................................................................ 1-5

Figure 2-1 Password Screen........................................................................................................................... 2-2

Figure 2-2 Web Configurator SITE MAP Screen........................................................................................... 2-3

Figure 2-3 Password....................................................................................................................................... 2-4

Figure 2-4 Example Xmodem Upload ........................................................................................................... 2-5

Figure 3-1 Wizard Screen: WAN Setup ......................................................................................................... 3-4

Figure 3-2 Wizard Screen: Internet Access.................................................................................................... 3-6

Figure 3-3 Internet Connection with PPPoA................................................................................................ 3-10

Figure 3-4 Internet Connection with RFC 1483........................................................................................... 3-12

Figure 3-5 Internet Connection with ENET ENCAP................................................................................... 3-13

Figure 3-6 Internet Connection with PPPoE................................................................................................ 3-14

Figure 3-7 Wizard Screen: LAN COnfiguration.......................................................................................... 3-17

Figure 3-8 Wizard: LAN Configuration....................................................................................................... 3-17

Figure 3-9 Wizard Screen: Connection Tests ............................................................................................... 3-19

Figure 4-1 LAN and WAN IP Addresses ....................................................................................................... 4-1

Figure 4-2 LAN.............................................................................................................................................. 4-4

Figure 5-1 Example of Traffic Shaping.......................................................................................................... 5-4

Figure 5-2 WAN Setup..................................................................................................................................... 5-5

Figure 5-3 Traffic Redirect Example ............................................................................................................. 5-8

Figure 5-4 Traffic Redirect LAN Setup ......................................................................................................... 5-9

Figure 5-5 WAN Backup................................................................................................................................5-10

Figure 5-6 Advanced WAN Backup............................................................................................................. 5-14

Figure 5-7 Advanced Modem Setup .............................................................................................................. 5-19

Figure 6-1 How NAT Works .......................................................................................................................... 6-2

Figure 6-2 NAT Application With IP Alias .................................................................................................... 6-3

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Figure 6-3 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example........................................................................................6-7

Figure 6-4 NAT Mode.....................................................................................................................................6-7

Figure 6-5 Edit SUA/NAT Server Set.............................................................................................................6-9

Figure 6-6 Address Mapping Rules ..............................................................................................................6-11

Figure 6-7 Address Mapping Rule Edit ........................................................................................................6-12

Figure 7-1 DDNS............................................................................................................................................7-2

Figure 8-1 Prestige Firewall Application........................................................................................................8-3

Figure 8-2 Three-Way Handshake ..................................................................................................................8-5

Figure 8-3 SYN Flood ....................................................................................................................................8-5

Figure 8-4 Smurf Attack .................................................................................................................................8-6

Figure 8-5 Stateful Inspection.........................................................................................................................8-8

Figure 9-1 Enabling the Firewall....................................................................................................................9-1

Figure 9-2 E-mail............................................................................................................................................9-2

Figure 9-3 Alert...............................................................................................................................................9-6

Figure 10-1 LAN to WAN Traffic.................................................................................................................10-3

Figure 10-2 WAN to LAN Traffic.................................................................................................................10-4

Figure 10-3 Firewall Logs ............................................................................................................................10-5

Figure 10-4 Firewall Rules Summary: First Screen......................................................................................10-7

Figure 10-5 Creating/Editing A Firewall Rule............................................................................................10-12

Figure 10-6 Adding/Editing Source and Destination Addresses.................................................................10-14

Figure 10-7 Timeout ...................................................................................................................................10-15

Figure 11-1 Customized Services .................................................................................................................11-1

Figure 11-2 Creating/Editing A Customized Service....................................................................................11-2

Figure 11-3 Edit Rule Example .................................................................................................................... 11-3

Figure 11-4 Configure Source IP Example ................................................................................................... 11-4

Figure 11-5 Customized Service for MyService Example............................................................................11-4

Figure 11-6 Syslog Rule Configuration Example......................................................................................... 11-5

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Figure 11-7 Rule Summary Example............................................................................................................11-6

Figure 12-1 Content Filter: Keyword........................................................................................................... 12-2

Figure 12-2 Content Filter: Schedule........................................................................................................... 12-3

Figure 12-3 Content Filter: Trusted.............................................................................................................. 12-4

Figure 12-4 Content Filter Logs................................................................................................................... 12-5

Figure 13-1 Encryption and Decryption....................................................................................................... 13-2

Figure 13-2 VPN Application ...................................................................................................................... 13-3

Figure 13-3 IPSec Architecture.................................................................................................................... 13-4

Figure 13-4 Transport and Tunnel Mode IPSec Encapsulation.................................................................... 13-5

Figure 14-1 IPSec Summary Fields ............................................................................................................. 14-3

Figure 14-2 VPN Summary ......................................................................................................................... 14-4

Figure 14-3 VPN IKE .................................................................................................................................. 14-8

Figure 14-4 Two Phases to Set Up the IPSec SA....................................................................................... 14-13

Figure 14-5 VPN IKE: Advanced .............................................................................................................. 14-16

Figure 14-6 VPN Manual Key ................................................................................................................... 14-20

Figure 14-7 SA Monitor............................................................................................................................. 14-25

Figure 14-8 Global Setting......................................................................................................................... 14-26

Figure 14-9 VPN Logs............................................................................................................................... 14-27

Figure 14-10 Telecommuters Sharing One VPN Rule Example................................................................ 14-31

Figure 14-11 Telecommuters Using Unique VPN Rules Example ............................................................ 14-32

Figure 15-1 Telnet Configuration on a TCP/IP Network ............................................................................. 15-2

Figure 15-2 Remote Management................................................................................................................ 15-3

Figure 16-1 Configuring UPnP .................................................................................................................... 16-3

Figure 17-1 System Status ........................................................................................................................... 17-2

Figure 17-2 System Status: Show Statistics ................................................................................................. 17-4

Figure 17-3 DHCP Table.............................................................................................................................. 17-6

Figure 17-4 Diagnostic................................................................................................................................. 17-7

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Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

Figure 17-5 Diagnostic General....................................................................................................................17-8

Figure 17-6 Diagnostic DSL Line.................................................................................................................17-9

Figure 17-7 Firmware Upgrade ..................................................................................................................17-10

Figure 17-8 Network Temporarily Disconnected........................................................................................17-11

Figure 17-9 Error Message .........................................................................................................................17-11

Figure 18-1 Login Screen .............................................................................................................................19-2

Figure 18-2 Prestige Menu Overview........................................................................................................... 19-3

Figure 18-3 SMT Main Menu.......................................................................................................................19-5

Figure 18-4 Menu 23 System Password .......................................................................................................19-6

Figure 19-1 Menu 1 General Setup...............................................................................................................19-2

Figure 19-2 Menu 1.1 Configure Dynamic DNS..........................................................................................19-3

Figure 20-1 WAN Setup ...............................................................................................................................20-4

Figure 21-1 Menu 2: Dial Backup Setup ...................................................................................................... 21-1

Figure 21-2 Advanced WAN Setup...............................................................................................................21-3

Figure 21-3 Remote Node Profile (Backup ISP) ..........................................................................................21-5

Figure 21-4 Menu 11.2 - Remote Node PPP Options ...................................................................................21-7

Figure 21-5 Remote Node PPP Options Menu Fields...................................................................................21-7

Figure 21-6 Remote Node Network Layer Options......................................................................................21-8

Figure 21-7 Menu 11.5: Remote Node Filter (Ethernet).............................................................................21-10

Figure 22-1 TCP/IP Ethernet Setup ..............................................................................................................22-1

Figure 22-2 LAN Port Filter Setup ...............................................................................................................22-1

Figure 22-3 TCP/IP and DHCP Setup...........................................................................................................22-2

Figure 22-4 IP Alias Setup............................................................................................................................22-3

Figure 22-5 General Setup............................................................................................................................22-4

Figure 22-6 TCP/IP and DHCP Ethernet Setup............................................................................................22-4

Figure 23-1 Internet Access Setup ................................................................................................................23-1

Figure 24-1 Remote Node Setup ..................................................................................................................24-2

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Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

Figure 24-2 Remote Node Profile................................................................................................................ 24-3

Figure 24-3 Remote Node Network Layer Options..................................................................................... 24-6

Figure 24-4 Sample IP Addresses for a TCP/IP LAN-to-LAN Connection................................................. 24-8

Figure 24-5 Remote Node Filter (PPPoA or PPPoE Encapsulation)............................................................ 24-8

Figure 24-6 Remote Node Filter (RFC1483 or ENET ENCAP Encapsulation) .......................................... 24-9

Figure 24-7 Menu 11.6 for VC-based Multiplexing (non-PPP Encapsulation)............................................ 24-9

Figure 24-8 Menu 11.6 for LLC-based Multiplexing or PPP Encapsulation ............................................. 24-10

Figure 25-1 Sample Static Routing Topology Configuration ....................................................................... 25-1

Figure 25-2 Static Route Setup .................................................................................................................... 25-2

Figure 25-3 IP Static Route Setup................................................................................................................ 25-2

Figure 25-4 Edit IP Static Route .................................................................................................................. 25-3

Figure 26-1 Remote Node Bridging Options............................................................................................... 26-2

Figure 26-2 Bridge Static Route Setup ........................................................................................................ 26-3

Figure 26-3 Edit Bridge Static Route........................................................................................................... 26-3

Figure 27-1 Applying NAT for Internet Access ........................................................................................... 27-2

Figure 27-2 Applying NAT to the Remote Node.......................................................................................... 27-2

Figure 27-3 NAT Setup ................................................................................................................................ 27-3

Figure 27-4 Address Mapping Sets .............................................................................................................. 27-4

Figure 27-5 Address Mapping Rules - SUA ................................................................................................ 27-4

Figure 27-6 Address Mapping Rules............................................................................................................ 27-6

Figure 27-7 Editing/Configuring an Individual Rule in a Set ...................................................................... 27-8

Figure 27-8 NAT Server Sets ....................................................................................................................... 27-9

Figure 27-9 NAT Server Setup................................................................................................................... 27-10

Figure 27-10 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example ................................................................................27-11

Figure 27-11 NAT Example 1 .................................................................................................................... 27-12

Figure 27-12 Internet Access & NAT Example.......................................................................................... 27-12

Figure 27-13 NAT Example 2 .................................................................................................................... 27-13

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Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

Figure 27-14 NAT Example 2 - Menu 15.2.1 .............................................................................................27-14

Figure 27-15 NAT Example 3.....................................................................................................................27-15

Figure 27-16 Example 3 - Menu 11.3......................................................................................................... 27-15

Figure 27-17 Example 3 - Menu 15.1.1.1...................................................................................................27-16

Figure 27-18 Example 3 - Final Menu 15.1.1.............................................................................................27-16

Figure 27-19 Example 3- Menu 15.2..........................................................................................................27-18

Figure 27-20 NAT Example 4.....................................................................................................................27-18

Figure 27-21 Example 4 - Menu 15.1.1.1...................................................................................................27-19

Figure 27-22 Example 4 - Menu 15.1.1......................................................................................................27-20

Figure 28-1 Outgoing Packet Filtering Process ............................................................................................28-2

Figure 28-2 Filter Rule Process ....................................................................................................................28-3

Figure 28-3 Filter Set Configuration.............................................................................................................28-4

Figure 28-4 NetBios WAN Filter Rules Summary .......................................................................................28-5

Figure 28-5 NetBios LAN Filter Rules Summary ........................................................................................28-5

Figure 28-6 Telnet_WAN Filter Rules Summary..........................................................................................28-6

Figure 28-7 PPPoE Filter Rules Summary ...................................................................................................28-6

Figure 28-8 FTP_WAN Filter Rules Summary.............................................................................................28-7

Figure 28-9 Web Set1 Filter Rules Summary ..............................................................................................28-7

Figure 28-10 Web Set2 Filter Rules Summary .............................................................................................28-8

Figure 28-11 TCP/IP Filter Rule................................................................................................................. 28-10

Figure 28-12 Executing an IP Filter............................................................................................................28-13

Figure 28-13 Generic Filter Rule ...............................................................................................................28-14

Figure 28-14 Protocol and Device Filter Sets.............................................................................................28-16

Figure 28-15 Sample Telnet Filter ..............................................................................................................28-17

Figure 28-16 Sample Filter Rules Summary — Menu 21.1 .......................................................................28-18

Figure 28-17 Sample Filter Rules Summary — Menu 21.3.1 ....................................................................28-19

Figure 28-18 Sample Filter Rules Summary — Applying a Remote Node Filter Set ................................28-20

xxii List of Figures

Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

Figure 28-19 Filtering Ethernet Traffic...................................................................................................... 28-21

Figure 28-20 Filtering Remote Node Traffic ............................................................................................. 28-21

Figure 29-1 SNMP Management Model...................................................................................................... 29-1

Figure 29-2 SNMP Configuration................................................................................................................ 29-3

Figure 30-1 System Maintenance................................................................................................................. 30-1

Figure 30-2 System Maintenance — Status................................................................................................. 30-2

Figure 30-3 System Information and Console Port Speed ...........................................................................30-3

Figure 30-4 System Maintenance — Information........................................................................................ 30-4

Figure 30-5 System Maintenance – Change Console Port Speed ................................................................ 30-5

Figure 30-6 System Maintenance — Log and Trace.................................................................................... 30-5

Figure 30-7 Sample Error and Information Messages ................................................................................. 30-6

Figure 30-8 System Maintenance — Syslog and Accounting ...................................................................... 30-6

Figure 30-9 System Maintenance — Diagnostic ......................................................................................... 30-8

Figure 31-1 System Maintenance - Backup Configuration.......................................................................... 31-3

Figure 31-2 FTP Session Example............................................................................................................... 31-4

Figure 31-3 System Maintenance – Backup Configuration ......................................................................... 31-6

Figure 31-4 System Maintenance – Starting Xmodem Download Screen................................................... 31-6

Figure 31-5 Backup Configuration Example ............................................................................................... 31-7

Figure 31-6 Successful Backup Confirmation Screen.................................................................................. 31-7

Figure 31-7 System Maintenance - Restore Configuration..........................................................................31-8

Figure 31-8 Restore Using FTP Session Example ....................................................................................... 31-9

Figure 31-9 System Maintenance – Restore Configuration ......................................................................... 31-9

Figure 31-10 System Maintenance – Starting Xmodem Download Screen................................................. 31-9

Figure 31-11 Restore Configuration Example ........................................................................................... 31-10

Figure 31-12 Successful Restoration Confirmation Screen ....................................................................... 31-10

Figure 31-13 System Maintenance - Upload System Firmware..................................................................31-11

Figure 31-14 Telnet Into Menu 24.7.2 – System Maintenance ...................................................................31-11

List of Figures xxiii

Prestige 792H G.SHDSL Router

Figure 31-15 FTP Session Example of Firmware File Upload...................................................................31-12

Figure 31-16 Menu 24.7.1 as seen using the Console Port.........................................................................31-14

Figure 31-17 Example Xmodem Upload....................................................................................................31-14

Figure 31-18 Menu 24.7.2 as seen using the Console Port.........................................................................31-15

Figure 31-19 Example Xmodem Upload....................................................................................................31-16

Figure 32-1 Command Mode in Menu 24 ....................................................................................................32-1

Figure 32-2 Valid Commands .......................................................................................................................32-2

Figure 32-3 Call Control...............................................................................................................................32-2

Figure 32-4 Budget Management .................................................................................................................32-3

Figure 32-5 System Maintenance .................................................................................................................32-4

Figure 32-6 System Maintenance — Time and Date Setting........................................................................32-4

Figure 33-1 IP Routing Policy Setup............................................................................................................33-2

Figure 33-2 Sample IP Routing Policy Setup ...............................................................................................33-3

Figure 33-3 IP Routing Policy ......................................................................................................................33-4

Figure 33-4 TCP/IP and DHCP Ethernet Setup............................................................................................33-6

Figure 33-5 Remote Node Network Layer Options......................................................................................33-6

Figure 33-6 Example of IP Policy Routing...................................................................................................33-7

Figure 33-7 IP Routing Policy Example.......................................................................................................33-8

Figure 33-8 IP Routing Policy .....................................................................................................................33-9

Figure 33-9 Applying IP Policies..................................................................................................................33-9

Figure 34-1 Schedule Setup..........................................................................................................................34-1

Figure 34-2 Schedule Set Setup....................................................................................................................34-2

Figure 34-3 Applying Schedule Set(s) to a Remote Node (PPPoE)..............................................................34-4

Figure 35-1 Telnet Configuration on a TCP/IP Network ..............................................................................35-1

Figure 35-2 Remote Management Control ...................................................................................................35-2

Figure 36-1 VPN SMT Menu Tree ...............................................................................................................36-1

Figure 36-2 Menu 27 VPN/IPSec Setup .......................................................................................................36-2

xxiv List of Figures