Zyxel A-6000 User Manual

A-6000

High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

User's Guide

Ver 1.0

January, 2005

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Copyright

A-6000
High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Copyright © 2004 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.

The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system,
translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical,
photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.

Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.

Disclaimer

ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither
does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make
changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.

Trademarks

Trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be properties of their
respective owners.

Copyright iii

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Interference Statement

This device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
This device may not cause harmful interference.
This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a CLASS B digital device pursuant to Part 15

of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a
commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not
installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.

If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning
the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following
measures:

Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

Notice 1

Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's
authority to operate the equipment.

Notice 2

Shielded RS-232 cables are required to be used to ensure compliance with FCC Part 15, and it is the responsibility of
the user to provide and use shielded RS-232 cables.

FCC Statement iv

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Information for Canadian Users

The Industry Canada label identifies certified equipment. This certification means that the equipment meets certain
telecommunications network protective, operation, and safety requirements. The Industry Canada does not
guarantee that the equipment will operate to a user's satisfaction.

Before installing this equipment, users should ensure that it is permissible to be connected to the facilities of the local
telecommunications company. The equipment must also be installed using an acceptable method of connection. In
some cases, the company's inside wiring associated with a single line individual service may be extended by means
of a certified connector assembly. The customer should be aware that the compliance with the above conditions may
not prevent degradation of service in some situations.

Repairs to certified equipment should be made by an authorized Canadian maintenance facility designated by the
supplier. Any repairs or alterations made by the user to this equipment, or equipment malfunctions, may give the
telecommunications company cause to request the user to disconnect the equipment.

For their own protection, users should ensure that the electrical ground connections of the power utility, telephone
lines, and internal metallic water pipe system, if present, are connected together. This precaution may be particularly
important in rural areas.

Caution

CAUTION:

Notes and Warnings to the User and Installer

Caution:

¾ This Installation Guide is intended for use by the professional wireless LAN system installer.
¾ The device cannot be sold retail, to the general public or by mail order. It must be sold to dealers or have strict

marketing control.

WARNING: It is the responsibility of the professional installer to ensure that the system is used exclusively for fixed,
point-to-point operations.

Warning: When using the A-6000 in the United States (or where FCC rules apply), it is the responsibility of the
professional installer to ensure to control the output power not greater then the application (A-6000: 126.77mW)

Who Should Use this Guide

Installation of this device should be accomplished only by a qualified wireless LAN system installer who is:

¾ Knowledgeable of the use, installation and configuration procedures and associated networking components.
¾ Knowledgeable of each system component’s equipment User and Installation Guide.
¾ Knowledgeable of the installation and configuration procedures for the site’s network infrastructure system and

wiring.

¾ Knowledgeable of the installation procedures, safety, and code requirements for the site’s antenna, antenna

mast, antenna cabling, and installation. Teletronics highly recommends that the antenna installation be
performed by a qualified antenna installation professional.

Users should not attempt to make such connections themselves, but should contact the appropriate electrical
inspection authority, or electrician, as appropriate.

Note

This digital apparatus does not exceed the class A limits for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus set out in the
radio interference regulations of Industry Canada.

Information for Canadian Users v

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

ZyXEL Limited Warranty

ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials or
workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of
purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its
discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to
whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any
replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal value, and will be solely
at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product is modified, misused, tampered with, damaged
by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.

Note

Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in
lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a
particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind of
character to the purchaser.

To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center; refer to the separate Warranty Card for your
Return Material Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that
the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated
warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed for parts and labor.
All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the corresponding return address, Postage Paid (USA
and territories only). If the customer desires some other return destination beyond the U.S. borders, the customer
shall bear the cost of the return shipment. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other
rights that vary from state to state.

Warranty vi

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Customer Support

Before contact ZyXEL customer support/representative, please record the following information for customer support:

♦ Model name (A-6000) and serial number.
♦ Information in web page –System Information.
♦ Warranty Information.
♦ Date of receiving A-6000
♦ Brief description of the problem and the troubleshooting procedures performed by technical personnel.

Method

Location

Worldwide

North
America

Denmark

Malaysia

Norway [e-mail]

Sweden [e-mail]

Shanghai [e-mail]

Germany

e-mail –
Support/Sales

[e-mail]

[e-mail]

Telephone/Fax Web Site/FTP Site Regular Mail

[phone]
[phone]

[phone]
800-255-4101

[e-mail]

[e-mail]

[e-mail]

[e-mail] [phone]

[phone]

[phone]

[phone]

[e-mail] [phone]

[phone]

[e-mail]

[phone]
[phone]

[e-mail]

[phone]

[phone]

[e-mail]

[e-mail]

[phone]

[phone]
0180-5213247
Tech Support hotline
0180-5099935
RMA/Repair hotline

[e-mail]

[phone] ftp.europe.zyxel.com

www.zyxel.com.tw

ZyXELCommunications Corp.
No.6 Innovation Road II,
Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan

www.zyxel.com

ZyXEL Communications, Inc.,
1650 Miraloma Avenue,

ftp.zyxel.com

www.zyxel.dk

ftp.zyxel.dk

www.zyxel.com

Placentia, CA 92870, U.S.A.

ZyXEL Communications A/S,
Columbusvej 5, 2860 Soeborg,
Denmark.
Lot B2-06, PJ Industrial Park,
Section 13, Jalan Kemajuan,
46200 Petaling Jaya Selangor
Darul Ehasn, Malaysia

www.zyxel.no ZyXEL Communications A/S

Nils Hansens vei 13. N-0667
Oslo, Norway

www.zyxel.se ZyXEL Communications A/S

Anders Carlssons Gata 7417 55
Goteborg Sweden
ZyXEL(Shanghai)office
23/F,B Majesty Building No.138
Pudong Avenue Pudong Area,

www.zyxel.de

Shanghai, China
ZyXEL Deutschland GmbH.,
Adenauerstr. 20/A4
D-52146 Wuerselen,
Germany.

Customer Support vii

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Table of Contents

Copyright............................................................................................................... iii

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement............ iv

Information for Canadian Users ........................................................................... v

ZyXEL Limited Warranty ...................................................................................... vi

Customer Support ............................................................................................... vii

Table of Contents.................................................................................................. ix

List of Figures ........................................................................................................ x

List of Tables......................................................................................................... xi

Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your A-6000........................................................... 1-1

1.1 Introduction to the A-6000 ...................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 A-6000 product types............................................................................................................... 1-2

1.3 Physical Features of the A-6000.............................................................................................. 1-2

1.4 Non-physical Features of the A-6000...................................................................................... 1-2

1.5 Benefits of the A-6000............................................................................................................. 1-2

1.6 Applications of the A-6000...................................................................................................... 1-3

1.7 Specifications of the A-6000 ................................................................................................... 1-3

Chapter 2 Hardware Installation ........................................................................ 2-1

2.1 Hardware Description.............................................................................................................. 2-1

2.2 Hardware Installation............................................................................................................... 2-5

2.3 Indoor Unit Installation............................................................................................................ 2-9

2.4 Initializing the A-6000............................................................................................................. 2-9

2.5 Antenna Alignment.................................................................................................................. 2-9

2.6 Indoor Interface Unit ............................................................................................................. 2-10

2.7 System LED Indication.......................................................................................................... 2-10

2.8 RSSI LED Indication ............................................................................................................. 2-11

2.9 Alignment Tools .................................................................................................................... 2-11

Chapter 3 Initial Setup ........................................................................................ 3-1

3.1 Network Topology Planning.................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 Configure A-6000.................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2.1. Default Configuration.............................................................................................................. 3-1

3.2.2. Access the A-6000 System WEB Server................................................................................. 3-2

3.2.3. System Configuration .............................................................................................................. 3-4

3.2.4. Working with Configuration Windows – System Setup .........................................................3-4

3.2.5. System Configuration Windows - Software Download ..........................................................3-6

3.2.6. System Log Windows.............................................................................................................. 3-6

Chapter 4 CLI commands................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 command list............................................................................................................................ 4-1

4.2 Details ...................................................................................................................................... 4-1

Chapter 5 Glossary of Terms............................................................................. 5-1

Table of contents ix

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

List of Figures

Figure 2-1 Front view of A-6000.............................................................................................. 2-1

Figure 2-2 Bottom view of A-6000.......................................................................................... 2-1

Figure 2-3 Top view of A-6000 ................................................................................................ 2-2

Figure 2-4 Back view of Flat Panel Antenna ....................................................................... 2-2

Figure 2-5 Front view of flat panel antenna......................................................................... 2-2

Figure 2-6 HDF 400 RF cable................................................................................................... 2-3

Figure 2-7 RS-232 console cable............................................................................................ 2-3

Figure 2-8 Category 5 cable..................................................................................................... 2-3

Figure 2-9 Grounding wire ....................................................................................................... 2-3

Figure 2-10 Network/Power Injector ...................................................................................... 2-4

Figure 2-11 Antenna Alignment Kit (AK-100)...................................................................... 2-4

Figure 2-12 Ethernet Cable ...................................................................................................... 2-5

Figure 2-13 Switching Power Adaptor .................................................................................. 2-5

Figure 2-14 Physical Installation of A-6000 with flat panel antenna............................. 2-6

Figure 2-15 Mounting Bracket Assembly............................................................................. 2-6

Figure 2-16 Attach the Mounting Bracket to Outdoor Unit ............................................. 2-6

Figure 2-17 Install Outdoor Unit to the Mast....................................................................... 2-7

Figure 2-18 Install Antenna to the Outdoor Unit ................................................................ 2-7

Figure 2-19 Connect Cat-5 cable to the outdoor unit ....................................................... 2-8

Figure 2-20 Connect Grounding wire to the outdoor unit ............................................... 2-8

Figure 2-21 Cable Connections of Network/Power Injector............................................ 2-9

Figure 3-1 A-6000 Networking Topology.............................................................................. 3-1

Figure 3-2 Login authorization................................................................................................ 3-2

Figure 3-3 System Status window .........................................................................................3-3

Figure 3-4 Wireless Information ............................................................................................. 3-3

Figure 3-5 System Setup-configuration update ................................................................. 3-4

Figure 3-6 System Setup-Wireless ........................................................................................3-4

Figure 3-7 Software Download Windows............................................................................. 3-6

Figure 3-8 System Log Windows ........................................................................................... 3-7

List of Figures/Tables x

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

List of Tables

Table 1-1 Specification of A-6000.......................................................................................... 1-3

Table 2-1 Connectors of bottom............................................................................................ 2-1

Table 2-2 Antenna connector of the top.............................................................................. 2-2

Table 3-1 Default configuration ............................................................................................. 3-1

List of Figures/Tables xi

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your A-6000

This chapter introduces the main features and applications of the A-6000.

1.1 Introduction to the A-6000

The ZyXEL A-6000 is a Wireless Bridge for Inter-building Point to Point Ethernet connection. With enhanced wireless
security feature, A-6000 is a Point to Point solution in the world today. By supporting
suited for financial banks, businesses and government agencies to deploy wireless networks for most sensitive data
transmission. System privacy is inherent through the MAC & 802.1x based mutual authentication functionality by
preventing unauthorized intrusion to the radio link. A-6000 has been design to minimize the RF cable loss for outdoor
application, thus it shows outstanding performance in the longer communication distance. Supplying the power and
Ethernet connectivity concurrently via a single Ethernet cable, the power over Ethernet (POE) technology makes
quick outdoor installation. The optional antenna alignment kit, showing Relative Signal Strength Index (RSSI) and
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), is uniquely designed to aid easy antenna alignment while operating in the point to point
connection. A-6000 achieves rapid Return On Investment (ROI) for inter-building connection compared to T1 leased
line with high capacity and high data throughput.
There are some special requirements for the product installation:

1. The A-6000 can only be installed by a licensed installer; training and access to technical requirements will be
provided through the user guide and through training done by the business partnership agreements with respective
customers.

2. The installation will be done in a controlled and licensed environment; and filing of the appropriate documentation
as required by local law.

3. Installation requires special training (special programming, access to keypad, field strength measurements made)
by ZyXEL of the installation and maintenance teams of the ZyXEL licensed service providers and operators.

4. ZyXEL licensed service providers will be required to have their installation teams trained to do installation of the
A-6000 and antennas on high sited areas in order to meet the performance and regulatory requirements. This will
require professional installation; the installation of the A-6000 must be controlled and installed by licensed
professionals. Specially designed antennas and mounting procedures will be required and professional installation
needed to ensure the equipment works reliably and compatibly with the complete ZyXEL infrastructure.

5. An intentional radiator shall be designed to ensure that no antenna other than that furnished by the ZyXEL . or its
customer shall be used with the A-6000 . The use of a permanently attached antenna or of an antenna that uses a
unique coupling to the intentional radiator shall be considered sufficient to comply. If the unit becomes broken, the
antenna can be replaced by the user, but the use of a standard antenna jack or electrical connector is prohibited.
Further, this requirement does not apply to intentional radiators that must be professionally installed, such as
perimeter protection systems and some field disturbance sensors, or to other intentional radiators which must be
measured at the installation site. However, the installer shall be responsible for ensuring that the proper antenna is
employed so that the limits in this part are not exceeded.

6. This standard antenna may be used in a point-to-point application, and possibly may require a tower mount and/or
directional antenna. Such use would be applicable in the following uses: data and control signal transmitter located in
oil fields; transmitters mounted on trains and train stations; pole-mounted police and/or emergency vehicles.

7. Permanent attachment of the A-6000 can be achieved by various means such as factory application of a
permanent cement or epoxy to a standard antenna connector. The A-6000 will specify the certification application
type of adhesive to be used and must confirm that the adhesive will be applied at the factory – prior to shipment.

8. The installer must ensure that the A-6000 and antenna is properly installed so as not to exceed the limits for which
it has been designed.

9. Compliance is required for special waterproofing procedures, insulation against lightening and other weather
conditions.

10. Also requires special mounting brackets for instillation in professional environments.

11. Licensees will be recruited primarily from existing service providers and manufacturers that are already
successful in Internet, paging, or mobile phone service industries.

12. ZyXEL. will provide products and services through service providers, its main sales strategies will be to empower
service providers and to provide on-going service and support to service providers. Service providers will focus on
local markets and offer flexible services to niche markets.

13. Multiple service providers can be started with a relatively low cost of entry. ZyXEL. will
provide licensing companies already in the service industry (such as Internet, paging, or mobile telephone service
companies), it will be possible to qualify and license service provides in a short space of time.

AES/TKIP, A-6000 is particularly

Getting to Know Your A-6000 1-1

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

14. ZyXEL will provide all starter ingredients (such as prototypes) on a discounted basis to Widenet service providers
for smooth transition and integration into existing client bases, authorization, and billing.

15. All equipment will be sold only to ZyXEL qualified network operators that will be purchasing the equipment as a
part of an infrastructure to provide services. The intended use and design of the A-6000 is for use by utility companies,
large telecom corporations to build out or compliment their current infrastructure for radio frequency and
telecommunications signaling.

1.2 A-6000 product types

A-6000 is current designed to be configured only for the point-to-point operation mode, one basestation unit (BU) and
one remote unit (RU) are needed. Point-to-two-points feature will be available in the near future. When operated in
the point-to-two-points mode, one BU and two RUs are needed.

1.3 Physical Features of the A-6000

The A-6000 is used for long-range wireless outdoor application. A-6000 equips with a robust outdoor
weather-proof housing. The key physical features are listed below:

¾ Outdoor-mounted design minimizes RF cable loss connecting to antenna and thus has outstanding

performance in the longer communication distance.

¾ Power Over Ethernet (POE) connection & special antenna alignment kit provide fast installation and easy

operation.

1.4 Non-physical Features of the A-6000

¾ Full Network Management

Most functions of the A-6000 are also software configurable via the WEB interface. The WEB interface is a
software that you can access from a PC through the WEB browser.

¾ Event Logging

Built-in message logging for troubleshooting information.

¾ Upgrade A-6000 Firmware via WEB

The firmware of the A-6000 can be upgraded via the WEB.

1.5 Benefits of the A-6000

¾ AES/TKIP protect sensitive data transmission on air.

¾ MAC & 802.1x based mutual link authentication enhance system privacy

¾ Outdoor-mounted design minimizes RF cable loss connecting to antenna and thus has outstanding

performance in longer communication distance

¾ High data throughput achieves rapid return on investment for inter-building connection compared to T1

leased line.

¾ Graded

¾ Power over Ethernet (POE) connection & special antenna alignment kit provide fast installation and easy

operation

Getting to Know Your A-6000 1-2

AES/TKIP security level through WEB server offers easy configuration and usage.

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

1.6 Applications of the A-6000

With A-6000 Secure Wireless Point to Point Solution, you can extend and enhance your network virtually overnight
without natural or man-made barriers to overcome. Easy installation, operation, guaranteed security and outstanding
performance in communication distance allow you to quickly provide secure wireless inter-building connection and
make A-6000 the ideal solution for:

¾ Internet Service Provider, Cable Operators and Telco to build up inter-building wireless backhaul connection to

the point of presence (POP) without paying higher cost and fee for T1 leased line.

¾ Use in the following applications:

 Financial banks and brokerage houses sensitive data transmission
 Government agencies data connection among buildings
 Central office to branch office(s) connection
 Education schools and Universities inter-building connection
 Business companies with multiple dwelling buildings connection
 Medical hospitals and clinics wireless connection
 Remote wireless monitoring

1.7 Specifications of the A-6000

Table 1-1 lists the specification of the A-6000.

Table 1-1 Specification of

System topology

Point to point (PTP) 1 basestation unit (BU), 1 remote unit (RU)

Radio

Frequency range A-6000:4.9-5.850GHz

RF modulation OFDM with BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Channel Bandwidth A-6000: 20 MHz

Transmit power 0 ~ 20dBm (typical)

Receive sensitivity (PER 8%)

Antenna alignment Built-in diagnostics utility, optional external tool kit through console cable

Networking Features

-67 dBm @ 108 Mbps

-70 dBm @ 54 Mbps

-73 dBm @ 48 Mbps

-80 dBm @ 36 Mbps

-83 dBm @ 24 Mbps

-86 dBm @ 18 Mbps

-88 dBm @ 12 Mbps

-89 dBm @ 9Mbps

-90dBm @ 6 Mbps

A-6000

Operation mode Bridge mode (PTP)

Media access control CSMA/CA

Network protocols IP, UDP, TCP, ICMP, ARP, IGMP

SECURITY

Getting to Know Your A-6000 1-3

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

System privacy protection SSID, MAC access control, 802.1x based mutual authentication

Wireless data encryption and
authentication

CONFIG. AND MANAGEMENT

Management and setup Web/Telnet based management interface

Local console management System configuration & access control with password protection

Software upgrade WEB GUI

AES/TKIP

Mechanical & Operating Features

Dimension 250(H) × 198(W) × 75(D) mm (not including antenna)

Weight 2050 gm

Operating temperature -30oC ~ +60oC

Relative humidity 0~ 95% (non-condensing)

Physical interfaces

Antenna connection N male RF connector

Network & power connection 8-pin female connector with special water proof

Alignment kit connection 8-pin male connector with special water proof

Antenna connection cable LMR400 2m, N female/male connectors with special water proof

Alignment kit cable DB-9 female/8-pin female connectors with special water proof, 2m

Grounding cable Electric wire with shielded cover, 3m

Electrical Features

Power consumption (maximum) 15.0 W maximum @ 15 VDC

Network/Power injector

Power adaptor INPUT:100~240VAC, 50~60 Hz,OUTPUT:15V DC

Dimension 181mm(W) X 128mm(L) X 36mm(H)

Connectors PWR (jack), TO LAN (RJ45), TO RADIO (RJ45)

LEDs PWR,SYS,RSSI,SNR,LAN

Cat. 5 cable RJ-45/ 8-pin male connectors with special water proof

Cat. 5 cable length default :20m, optional: 50m/90m

Regulatory Approvals

Electromagnetic emission

Safety approval

Installation

Mast mount kit Stainless steel for 40~50 mm diameter mast, outdoor

Optional Accessories

Lightning arrestor 200W power rating

22 dBi flat panel antenna 338 x 338 mm

Antenna alignment kit

Connector TO RADIO (DB-9 male)

Display RSSI, SNR

Dimension 95.5 x 59.6 x 26 mm

FCC Part 15.247
FCC Part 15.407
EN 301 893
EN 300 328-2
EN 301 489-17
VNS 2107

CAN/CSA-C22.2 No 60950, ANSI/UL No.60950, EN 60950, IEC 60950

Getting to Know Your A-6000 1-4

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Chapter 2 Hardware Installation

This chapter explains the physical ports and how to connect the hardware of A-6000.

2.1 Hardware Description

The content of the A-6000 are described below.

1. The outdoor unit

The outdoor unit has one antenna port, one data/power port and one console port. The antenna port is N-Type
female connector used to connect to the omni-directional antenna or to the RF cable then to the flat panel
antenna. The data/power port is used to link to the cable from the power injector. When the outdoor unit and the
network/power injector are connected together, the outdoor unit is turned on and initialized if the network/power
injector in the indoor is also installed successfully. The console port is only used at the initial setup and is used to
connect to the antenna alignment kit. The outward appearance of the outdoor unit are shown on Fig.2.1, 2.2 and

2.3.

Figure 2-1 Front view of A-6000

Figure 2-2 Bottom view of A-6000

The physical interfaces on the bottom of A-6000 is the POE (Power over Ethernet) and RS-232 port. Both connectors
are special designed for water-proof. Table 2-1 describes the function of those connectors

Table 2-1 Connectors of bottom

Function Label Interface Description
Signal &
Power
Antenna
alignment

8-pin female connector
with special water proof
8-pin male connector with
special water proof

Connecting to the indoor interface unit
supplying the power and signal
Connecting to AK-100 for antenna
alignment

Hardware Installation 2-1

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Figure 2-3 Top view of A-6000

The major interfaces on top of A-6000 is the RF antenna connector with special design for water proof. Table 2-2
describes the antenna connector.

Table 2-2 Antenna connector of the top

Function Label Interface Description
Antenna

N male RF connector with
special water proof

Connecting to the outdoor antenna

2. Antenna

The antenna used for point to point systems is 22 dBi flat panel antenna.

Besides the antenna types mentioned above, the 22 dBi grid antenna is also available which could be used
for longer distance communication for those areas without regulation limitation.

3. RF cable

The RF cable is used to connect the outdoor unit and the flat panel antenna. HDF 400 type RF cable with 2m
length is provided. The appearance of the RF cable is shown below.

Figure 2-4 Back view of Flat Panel Antenna

Figure 2-5 Front view of flat panel antenna

Hardware Installation 2-2

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Figure 2-6 HDF 400 RF cable

4. RS-232 cable

The RS-232 cable is used to connect the outdoor unit and the antenna alignment kit. The appearance of the
RS-232 cable is shown below.

Figure 2-7 RS-232 console cable

5. Cat-5 cable with special connector

The Cat-5 cable with special connector has 20m in length. It is used to provide the path to deliver power for
the outdoor unit and the data communication. The optional cable length of 50m, and 90m are also available
for specified application. The appearance is shown below.

Figure 2-8 Category 5 cable

6. Grounding wire

The grounding wire is used to provide the grounding path for the outdoor unit to minimize the impact of
lightening and surge. The physical appearance of the grounding wire is shown below.

Figure 2-9 Grounding wire

Hardware Installation 2-3

7. Mounting bracket

The mounting kit is used to provide a good support for the outdoor unit and the flat panel antenna. Please
follow the installation procedure to mount the outdoor unit and the flat panel antenna. The contents of the
mounting kit are shown below.

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Figure 2-10 The Mounting kit

8. Network/Power Injector

The network /power injector is used to combine the data stream and power into one cable. It has three ports.
The port named POWER

is for 15V power from the switching power adapter. The port named TO LAN is
connected the customer premises equipment (CPE) by Cat-5 cable. The port named TO RADIO is
connected to the outdoor unit by the cable described in item 5.
The appearance of the network/power injector is shown below.

Figure 2-10 Network/Power Injector

9. Antenna Alignment Kit

Two flat panel antennas of the A-6000 should be well aligned before the normal operation. If the antenna
alignment is not well done, the received signal strength will be small and the link quality will be not good
enough to support high-speed data communication. The antenna alignment kit is connected to the outdoor
unit through the RS-232 cable. You should modify the vertical and horizontal angle of the panel antenna
according to the signal strength indicated on the AK-100. The outward appearance of the antenna alignment
is shown below.

Figure 2-11 Antenna Alignment Kit (AK-100)

Hardware Installation 2-4

10. CAT-5 Straight-through Ethernet cable

The CAT-5 STP cable is 2m in length. This cable is used to connect the network/power injector and the CPE.

The picture of this cable is shown below.

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Figure 2-12 Ethernet Cable

11. Switching Power Adapter

The switching power adapter is to supply the power for the outdoor unit. The input to this adapter is

100~240VAC and the output is 15VDC. The picture is shown below.

Figure 2-13 Switching Power Adaptor

2.2 Hardware Installation

1. A-6000 Physical Connection

The physical cable connection of the A-6000 is shown in the following pictures.

Hardware Installation 2-5

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Figure 2-14 Physical Installation of A-6000 with flat panel antenna

2. Installation of outdoor unit

The installation procedures of A-6000 is described as below:
(1) Choose an appropriate place for the installation. The path between sites should be clear line-of-sight.
(2) Prepare a mast with a diameter of 40mm~50mm.
(3) Assemble mast mount bracket as shown in the picture below.

Figure 2-15 Mounting Bracket Assembly

(4) Attach the mounting bracket and the grounding wire to the back of the outdoor unit as shown in the picture below

Figure 2-16 Attach the Mounting Bracket to Outdoor Unit

Hardware Installation 2-6

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

(5) Fasten the mounting bracket assembly to install outdoor unit on the mast

.

Figure 2-17 Install Outdoor Unit to the Mast

(6) Connect the antenna to the N-male connector port labeled on the top of outdoor unit. For the directional

antenna installation, use the HDF 400 RF coaxial cable. The polarization of antenna for both BU and RU should
be the same; otherwise, the installation will fail to communicate. At the same time, you have to point the
directional antenna to that of the other unit.

Notice: The antenna must be installed by the professional installer to comply with the safety, electrical and radiation standards.
The installer should properly configure the output power of transceiver according to related country regulation requirement and per
antenna type.

Figure 2-18 Install Antenna to the Outdoor Unit

Attach the end of 8-pin male connector of category-5 cable to the 8-pin female connector port labeled

on the bottom of

outdoor unit. Then, the outdoor unit installation is completed.

Hardware Installation 2-7

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Figure 2-19 Connect Cat-5 cable to the outdoor unit

Figure 2-20 Connect Grounding wire to the outdoor unit

Hardware Installation 2-8

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

2.3 Indoor Unit Installation

After the outdoor unit installation is completed, you may follow the procedures below to install the indoor unit.

1. Choose an appropriate place for the network/power injector. You might hang it on the wall or just place it on the desk.

Connect the other end of category-5 cable to the “TO RADIO” RJ-45 connector of network/power injector.

2. Connect one end of Ethernet cable to the “TO LAN” RJ-45 port of the network/power injector. Connect the other end of

Ethernet cable to the workstation directly or through a switch/hub/router.

3. Connect the power jack of switching power adaptor to the power port labeled as ” POWER” on the network/power injector.

Figure 2-21 Cable Connections of Network/Power Injector

2.4 Initializing the A-6000

1. When plugging the switching power adapter into the 110V/220V wall outlet, the LED named PWR on the network/power

injector will light on.

2. When the power and signal connection to outdoor unit are complete, the SYS LED of the network/power injector will light

on.

2.5 Antenna Alignment

To maximize the signal quality for A-6000 system , you had better align the directional antennas for both BU and RU. To
perform the antenna alignment, you can use AK-100 which will show you the signal strength and link quality on its panel. The
system data rate will drop to 6Mbps while using AK-100 to align the A-6000. After the alignment is completed, it is required to
reboot both BU and RU for regular data rate recovery. To do the alignment, follow the steps as below:

1. Open the cover of the console port labeled

reserve the cover.

2. Connect the RS-232 cable to this console port.

on the bottom of the remote unit/basestation unit (RU/BU) and well

Hardware Installation 2-9

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

3. Connect the other end of the RS-232 cable to the antenna alignment kit AK-100. Adjust the horizontal angle of directional

antenna to get the maximum reading in the LEVEL and SNR display of AK-100. You may also refer to the SNR and RSSI
reading shown in the Wireless Information of the WEB server. Please be noticed that If you align the antenna according to
the SNR and RSSI reading from the WEB server, the POE and NoteBook PC should be located near the antenna position.
Use an extended power outlet to supply the RU source of POE and after the alignment is completed, put the POE back to
the indoor position.

Note: The PWR and ACT LED will be ON when connect the AK-100 to the A-6000.

4. Adjust the vertical angle of directional antenna to get the maximum reading in the LEVEL and SNR display or the SNR and

RSSI reading shown in the Wireless Information of the WEB server.

5. Repeat step 3 and step 4 until achieving the best reading index, then remove the antenna alignment kit.

Note: The AK-100 will beep more rapidly while getting better link quality. It beeps continuously after the best link quality
is achieved.

6. Put the console port cover back to the console port.

Note: The signal strength should be well aligned on both the Remote unit (RU) and Basestation unit (BU).

2.6 Indoor Interface Unit

The front panel LEDs of indoor interface unit and functionality are listed below:

Function Naming Color Description
Power

System

RSSI L, M, H

Signal Quality

LAN

PWR

SYS

RSSI (L,
M ,H)

SNR

LAN 10M
LAN 100M

Green ON: The RU power is properly applied to the indoor unit

OFF: The power is disconnected or the fuse is blown

Green or
Red

Green ON: The receive signal strength link to remote A-6000 is established

Green ON: The PER is less than 8%

Green
Orange

ON and Green: The link to the outdoor unit is established
ON and RED: A serious fault of A-6000 is detected

OFF: The RF propagation path to remote A-6000 is not ready Note: L
is ON: the signal strength is Low L, M are ON: the signal strength is
Medium L, M, H are all ON: the signal strength is High

OFF: The PER is larger than 8%

ON: The LAN 10/100M connection is established Flash: The LAN
10/100M interface is transmitting/receiving
OFF: The LAN 10/100M connection is not ready

2.7 System LED Indication

For easily configuring A-6000 system status, we reserve system LED in IDU to indicate whether system run in ok state or in
failed state. If system LED is green light, that means system ok; if system LED flash with red/green light, it means system is
disconnected; once in red light, it means A-6000 500A with some system errors there. There are some events to lead system
LED into red light mode; and events are listed as following:

ODU/IDU connection fails.
END devices Init Fail.
BU init fails.
Memory Allocate Descriptor error.
H/W Allocate Descriptor error.
BU Trap Monitor Task.

Hardware Installation 2-10

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

2.8 RSSI LED Indication

For easily configuring A-6000 radio status, 3 RSSI LED are designed in IDU to indicate radio RSSI status. The
following mapping table explains the meaning of RSSI – “L”, “M”, and “H” LED signal status.

RSSI (dBm) L M H

<= –65 Off Off Off

-65<RSSI<=-60 Flash Off Off

-60<RSSI<=-55 On Off Off

-55<RSSI<=-50 On Flash Off

-50<RSSI<=-45 On On Off

-45<RSSI<=-40 On On Flash
RSSI>-40 On On On

2.9 Alignment Tools

While easily adjusting directional antenna, we design alignment tools to indicate radio signal strong or not. In alignment
tools, we use Level to display current RSSI status and design beep in different frequency to represent different SNR value.
Following two tables are Alignment Tools Level value mapping with RSSI, and Alignment Tools vs. SNR mapping table,
respectively.

Alignment Tools Level vs. RSSI :

RSSI (dBm) Level

-90 0
… (RSSI+90)*2

-45 90

Alignment Tools vs. SNR :

Beep Frequency SNR (dB)

0 SNR< =25

0.975Hz 25<SNR<=30

1.95Hz 30<SNR<=35

3.9Hz 35<SNR<=40

7.8Hz 40<SNR<=45

15.6Hz 45<SNR<=55

31.2Hz 55<SNR<=60
∞ SNR>60

Hardware Installation 2-11

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Chapter 3 Initial Setup

This chapter explains how to perform the initial A-6000 setup and gives an overview of WEB menus.

3.1 Network Topology Planning

The A-6000 is designed to build up a secure Inter-building wireless communication system between offices’ Ethernet
connection. Your A-6000 can be applied for Point to Point (PTP) application. The A-6000 consists of basestation unit
(BU) and remote unit (RU). The A-6000 basestation unit can communicate with one A-6000 remote unit for PTP
connection on the air. The network topology for PTP wireless connection is shown below.

Figure 3-1 A-6000 Networking Topology

The networking operation mode of A-6000 is bridge mode. The bridge mode supports only the PTP connection. You
have to appropriately configure your A-6000 Basestation unit and Access Client for normal operation according to
your network topology and requirements before physical installation.

3.2 Configure A-6000

This guide shows you the default factory configuration of A-6000 and how to configure the A-6000 for appropriate
operation at the first time. See the User’s Guide for configuration details.

3.2.1. Default Configuration

The A-6000 is shipped with following factory default configurations:

Table 3-1 Default configuration

BU RU
LAN IP 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Wireless ESSID Wireless Wireless
Username/Password admin/1234 admin/1234

Note: before operation please change the RU LAN IP setting to 192.168.1.2 to make a successful telnet or web page access.

Initial Setup 3-1

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

3.2.2. Access the A-6000 System WEB Server

There are three tags on left-top of the Web Server System Status window: Status, Configuration and Syslog. Each of
the tag contains different functions of the A-6000 management.

Follow these steps to setup the channel frequency and SSID using a web browser:

1. Launch a web browser (Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer are examples of commonly used
web browsers).

2. From the HPC, enter the IP address that is assigned to the system as the URL address, for example

http://192.168.1.1

3. A dialog box appears requesting login authorization. When prompted, enter the following information
to log in:

.

Figure 3-2 Login authorization

Log in: admin (case-sensitive)
Password: 1234
Click OK to complete the login process.

NOTE: The web browser must support frames and Java script must be enabled.

4. The A-6000 Web Server System Status window appears as below:

Initial Setup 3-2

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Figure 3-3 System Status window

5. Press the Wireless Information, then current Radio Status will be catched.

Figure 3-4 Wireless Information

Initial Setup 3-3

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

3.2.3. System Configuration

The web server windows allow you to setup the configuration information for the BU. The web server provides
functions for system setup and firmware updates by clicking the “ Configuration” tag on left-top of the WEB window.
To access any of these system configuration screens, click on the desired hotlink from the navigation bar in the
“Configuration” screen.

3.2.4. Working with Configuration Windows – System Setup

The Web Server configuration windows provide a user-friendly interface to aid in quick configuration of the system.
After making any additions or changes to any configuration window, update the configuration file to save the changes.
The new configuration is not in effect until the system reboots.

Figure 3-5 System Setup-configuration update

Figure 3-6 System Setup-Wireless

Initial Setup 3-4

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

To update configuration files:

1. Enter the configuration updates or changes in the appropriate configuration fields.

2. Click Update.

After click Update, there will appear red string alarm to let you press the

REBOOT BU to reboot system to make the changes effective.

3. Click Reboot BU to make the changes effective.

The web server loses connectivity with the Web Server as the BU reboots. To reestablish the connection with the
Web Server, wait until the BU has completed rebooting and navigate to the Web Server to resume

System Configuration Description

User Name Specifies the user name.

Password Specifies the password.

Telnet Enable Use the checkbox to allow telneting into the BU.
Access Control

Specifies the RU’s MAC address allowed to join.

Wireless Configuration Description

SSID Identification of the BU. Enter a number or

address between 1 and 32 characters in length
that the RU is associating with. Use the System
Name field to uniquely identify each BU..

Country

Display country name; it’s related to channel
frequency base.

RF Channel Frequency Select the desired frequency of operation from

the drop-down menu, or choose SmartSelect.
The radio frequencies that appear in the Radio
Channel drop-down menu are dependent on the
wireless mode selection. Select “SmartSelect” to
automatically search through the frequency list to
find a used or less congested channel. It only
works on AP system. AC will scan the right
channel.

Data Rate (Mbps) Specifies rate of data transmission. Select the

desired rate from the drop-down menu. The Best
selection will adapt the rate to the best available.
Value unit in Mega bit per second

Transmit Power Specifies the level of transmit power. Choose the

value of the transmit power from the dropdown
menu. Decrease the transmit power if more than
one AP is co-located using the same channel
frequency. Maximum transmit power depends on
channel frequency. In selected item, ‘Full’ means
maximum transmit power; ‘Half’ means Full –
3dB; ‘Quarter’ means Full –6dB; ‘Eighth’ means
Full –9dB; and ‘Minimum’ means 0dB.

Beacon Interval (20 - 1000) Specifies the beacon interval value. Enter a value

between 20 and 1000. It only works on AP
system.

Data Beacon Rate (1 - 255) Specifies the Data Beacon Rate. Enter a value

between 1 and 255 that specifies the delivery
traffic indication message (DTIM). It only works

on AP system.
Fragment Length (2346) Shows the fragment length.
RTS/CTS Threshold (256 - 2346) Specifies the value of the RTS/CTS threshold.

Enter a value between 256 and 2346.

Initial Setup 3-5

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Security

Security Key

Ethernet Configuration Description

LAN IP Address Specifies the IP address of the BU.

Subnet Mask Specifies the subnet mask for the BU.

Default Gateway Address Specifies the default gateway for the BU.

Table 3-2 Descriptions of setting parameters

Specifies the security policy in AES, or TKIP

Specifies key setting related to security policy.

Maximum length is 64 characters.

3.2.5. System Configuration Windows - Software Download

The Firmware Update configuration window allows viewing of the FTP location of new firmware. The default values
for the FTP Host Name, User Name, Password, Image Path, Image Name appear in the window. To access the
Firmware Update window, click on Update button. The Firmware Update configuration window appears as
following.

Figure 3-7 Software Download Windows

The BU uses the file transfer protocol (FTP) to download the Operating image from the HPC. An FTP server utility
is required to perform the data transfer between the BU and HPC.

To enable firmware updates:

1. Enter the host PC’s IP address, User Name, Password, Image Path, and Image Name
data-entry fields.

2. Click Update Firmware to store the new firmware changes.

Note: The red reminders only appear if you update setting in Configuration/System Setup page.

3.2.6. System Log Windows

The System Log window logs system events for detail descriptions of system status log. This is very useful to track
system. It shows important successful states and critical system logs.

Initial Setup 3-6

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Figure 3-8 System Log Windows

Initial Setup 3-7

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Chapter 4 CLI commands

4.1 command list

How to use CLI commands to get or set system information , frequency, and other different parameters, following
pages give you detailed information for each command.
Use CLI commands to display the current system configuration, you may also set the system parameters to
configure your system. Contents of the CLI commands are listed as below:.

(1) To display/modify the function of auto channel selection
(2) To display system configuration
(3) To display/modify frequency radio channel
(4) To display/modify gateway IP address
(5) To display hardware
(6) To display platform hardware version
(7) To display/modify IP address
(8) To display/modify IP subnet mask
(9) To display security policy
(10) To modify security policy
(11) Security Key Configuration
(12) System Configuration
(13) To display/modify login user name
(14) To modify login password
(15) To display/modify power
(16) To display/modify data rate
(17) To display/modify SNTP Server
(18) To display station status
(19) To display/modify SSID
(20) To display/modify SSID Suppress
(21) To display/modify System Name
(22) To display/modify Telnet
(23) To display/modify Time Zone
(24) To display elapsed time
(25) To display time and date
(26) To display software version

4.2 Details

(1) To display/modify the function of auto channel selection

Use the get/set autochannelselect command to get status or set functions of the auto channel selection.
Examples are shown as below:

-> get autochannelselect
Auto Channel Select: Enabled

-> set autochannelselect disabled
Auto Channel Select: Disabled

-> set autochannelselect enabled
Auto Channel Select: Enabled

(2) To display system configuration

Use the get config command to display the system configuration. For example:

-> get config

(3) To display/modify frequency radio channel

Use the get/set frequency command to display or modify the radio channel. For example:

-> get frequency
Radio Frequency: 5250 MHz (IEEE 50)

-> set frequency 5250
Radio Frequency: 5250 MHz (IEEE 50)

(4) To display/modify gateway IP address

Use the get/set gateway command to display or modify the gateway IP address.

CLI commands 4-1

-> get gateway
Gateway IP Address:

-> set gateway 192.168.0.1
Gateway IP Address: 192.168.0.1

(5) To display hardware

Use the get hardware command to display the vendor ID and chip (MAC, PHY and analog) revisions.

-> get hardware
PCI Vendor ID: 0x168c, Device ID: 0x207, Sub Vendor ID: 04, Sub Device
ID: 0
WLAN revisions: mac 3.0 phy 2.0 analog 1.6

(6) To display platform hardware version

Use the get hardware command to display the vendor ID and chip (MAC, PHY and analog) revisions.

-> get hw_ver
A-6000 System Hardware Platform: 1.00a

(7) To display/modify IP address

Use the get/set ipaddr command to display or modify the basestation unit IP address.

-> get ipaddr
IP Address: 192.168.1.20

-> set ipaddr 192.168.1.40
IP Address: 192.168.1.40

(8) To display/modify IP subnet mask

Use the get/set ipmask command to display or modify the basestation unit IP subnet mask.

-> get ipmask
IP Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

-> set ipmask 255.255.0.0
IP Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0

(9) To display security policy

Use the set security command to view or modify the authentication type.
wlan0 -> get security
Security Policy: AES.
wlan0 -> set security TKIP
Security Policy: TKIP

(10) To modify security policy

Use the set security command to view or modify the authentication type.
wlan0 -> set security AES
Security Policy: AES.
wlan0 -> set security TKIP
Security Policy: TKIP

(11) Security Key Configuration

Sets the PSK passphrase. Hit return at the old passphrase prompt and enter the new passphrase. Maximum is
63 characters. For examples:

-> set passphrase
Old PassPhrase: 12345678

(12) System Configuration

Following table lists the steps to configure the system. Remember to reboot the system to make configuration
works.

Command Description

set factory

set ipaddr <IP Address> Sets the IP address of the BU ethernet interface

Sets the BU to factory defaults.

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

CLI commands 4-2

set ipmask 255.0.0.0

set autochannel disable Disables autochannel selection. (optional)

set channel <channel
number>

set ssid <desired SSID> Sets the desired SSID.
set system <System

Name>
set passphrase Sets the PSK passphrase

set security AES Enables encryption on the system.

reboot

Display/Modify Key Entry Method

Use the get/set keyentrymethod command to display or modify the method of entering encryption keys;
either ASCII or hexadecimal.

-> get keyentrymethod
Key Entry Method: ASCII text

-> set keyentrymethod hex
Key Entry Method: Hexadecimal - Keys 0-9, A-F

-> set keyentrymethod ascii - All keyboard characters supported
Key Entry Method: ASCII text

Sets the subnet mask for the BU ethernet
interface

Selects a channel. This command is only needed
if autochannel selection is disabled. (optional)

Sets the desired system name. (optional)

Reboots the BU for the configuration to take
effect.

(13) To display/modify login user name

Use the get/set login command to display or modify the login user name. The login user name is a text string
of up to 32 characters long. Control characters are not permitted.

-> get login
Login Username:

-> set login Foobar
Login Username: Foobar

-> get login
Login Username: Foobar

(14) To modify login password

Use the set password command to modify the login password. Type the new password twice to confirm the
use of the new password. The password is a text string of up to 32 characters long. Control characters are not
permitted.

-> set password
Password: *******
Type password again to confirm: *******
Password confirmed

(15) To display/modify power

Use the get/set power command set or modify the transmit power setting. Set the transmit power for full, half
(-3 dBm), quarter (-6 dBm), eighth (-9 dBm), or minimum (0 dBm). Use this command to decrease the transmit
power, and thereby reducing the range of the radio when more than one BU with the same channel frequency
are located close together.

-> get power
Transmit Power: full

-> set power half
Transmit Power: half

-> set power quarter
Transmit Power: quarter

-> set power eighth
Transmit Power: eighth

-> set power min
Transmit Power: min

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

CLI commands 4-3

(16) To display/modify data rate

Use the get/set rate command to display or modify the data rate. Select one of the following data rates: 6, 9,
12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54, and best, respectively. The first 8 data rates are fixed rates and the last one is a variable
rate. When choosing the best rate, the BU attempts to deliver unicast data packets at the highest possible
optimum data rate. If there are obstacles or interference, the BU automatically steps down to an optimum data
rate that allows for reliable data transmission. In addition, the optimum data rate is adjusted periodically by the
BU, based on past performance of the data transmissions at different neighboring data rates.

-> get rate
Data Rate: best

-> set rate 36
Data Rate: 36

(17) To display/modify SNTP Server

Use the get sntpserver command to display or modify the SNTP/NTP server IP address.

-> get sntpserver
SNTP/NTP Server IP address:

-> set sntpserver 192.168.1.20
SNTP/NTP Server IP address: 192.168.1.20

(18) To display station status

Use the get station command to display station information and status.

-> get station
MacAddr: 00:03:7f:00:00:01, State: associated, AID: 1
Authentication Type: Open System
Encryption: ON, slot 4 shared[1] 40b key: aabbccddee
Power Save Mode: OFF
Rx Data Rate: 36, RxSignalStrength: 46, AckSignalStrength: 45
MSDU Data Mcast Mgmt Ctrl Errors
Rx 70 68 68 2 0 0
Tx 227 225 0 2 0 0

(19) To display/modify SSID

Use the get/set ssid command to display or modify the SSID. The SSID is a text string of up to 32 characters
in length. Control characters are not allowed.

-> get ssid
SSID: ZyXEL 802.11a Wireless Network

-> set ssid Internet Cafe Access Point
SSID: Internet Cafe Access Point

(20) To display/modify SSID Suppress

Use the get/set ssidsuppress command to display or modify the SSID suppress mode. When enable, the
SSID in beacons are not transmitted and only STAs with knowledge of an BU’s SSID are able to associate with
the BU.

-> get ssidsuppress
SSID Suppress Mode: Disabled

-> set ssidsuppress enable
SSID Suppress Mode: Enabled

-> set ssidsuppress disable
SSID Suppress Mode: Disabled

(21) To display/modify System Name

Use the get/set systemname command to display or modify the basestation unit system name. The system
name is the name of the basestation unit, and is a text string of up to 32 characters in length. Control
characters are not allowed.

-> get systemname
System Name:

-> set systemname My BU
System Name: My BU
My BU ->

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

CLI commands 4-4

(22) To display/modify Telnet

Use the get/set telnet command to enable or disable telnet access to the BU.

-> get telnet
Telnet Access: Enabled

-> set telnet disable
Telnet Access: Disabled

-> set telnet enable
Telnet Access: Enabled

To display/modify Timeout
Use the get/set timeout command to display or modify the telnet timeout.

-> get timeout
Telnet Timeout:

-> set timeout
Telnet Timeout:

(23) To display/modify Time Zone

Use the get/set tzone command to display or modify the time zone setting.

-> get tzone
SNTP/NTP Time Zone

-> set tzone

(24) To display elapsed time

Use the get uptime command to To display the elapsed time the BU has been up and running.

-> get uptime
BU Uptime -- Day 0, 15:32:29

(25) To display time and date

Use the timeofday command to to display the current time and date.. This command allows the BU to use the
SNTP protocol to get the current time from the SNTP/NTP server. First set up the IP address of the SNTP/NTP
server before using this command. If no time zone is defined, the GMT time is returned else local time for the

specified time zone is returned. Use “set tzone” to set the local time zone. For example, use “set tzone –8”
to set the time zone for the west coast. Once time zone is defined, the adjusted daylight saving local time of the

time zone is returned. The daylight saving time applies only to the United States.

-> time
SNTP/NTP Server is not configured.
Use "set sntpServer" to configure the SNTP server IP Address

-> set sntpserver 129.6.15.28
SNTP/NTP Server IP Address: 129.6.15.28
SNTP/NTP Server returns GMT time. Use "set tzone" to set up your local
time zone

-> get sntpserver
SNTP/NTP Server IP Address: 129.6.15.28

-> time
THU FEB 23 01:55:35 2003 GMT

-> set tzone -8
SNTP/NTP Time Zone: -8

-> time
WED FEB 22 17:55:57 2003

(26) To display software version

Use the version command to To display the version number of the current software.

-> version
version:0.9.0.1
Feb 19 2003 00:15:45

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

CLI commands 4-5

A-6000 High Speed, Long Range Ethernet Wireless Bridge

Chapter 5 Glossary of Terms

10BaseT The 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification that uses two pairs of

twisted-pair cabling (Category 3 or 5): one pair for transmitting data and the
other for receiving data.

ARP Address Resolution Protocol is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol

address (IP address) to a physical machine address that is recognized in the
local network.

Authenticity Proof that the information came from the person or location that reportedly sent

it. One example of authenticating software is through digital signatures.

Back Door A deliberately planned security breach in a program. Back doors allow special

access to a computer or program. Sometimes back doors can be exploited and
allow a cracker unauthorized access to data.

Backbone A high-speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway within a

network.

BackOrifice BackOrifice is a remote administration tool which allows a user to control a

computer across a TCP/IP connection using a simple console or GUI
application. BackOrifice is a potentially disastrous Trojan horse since it can

provide the user unlimited access to a system.
Bandwidth This is the capacity on a link usually measured in bits-per-second (bps).
Bit (Binary Digit) -- A single digit number in base-2, in other words, either a 1 or a

zero. The smallest unit of computerized data.
Brute Force

Hacking

Byte A set of bits that represent a single character. There are 8 bits in a Byte.
Camping Out Staying in a "safe" place once a hacker has broken into a system. The term

Channel A specific frequency and bandwidth combination. In the present context, it

CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol is an alternative protocol that

Cipher Text Text that has been scrambled or encrypted so that it cannot be read without

Client A software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a Server

Cookie A string of characters saved by a web browser on the user's hard disk. Many

Countermeasures Techniques, programs, or other tools that can protect your computer against

Cracker Another term for hackers. Generally, the term cracker refers specifically to a

Cracker Tools Programs used to break into computers. Cracker tools are widely

Cracking The act of breaking into computers or cracking encryptions.

A technique used to find passwords or encryption keys. Force Hacking involves

trying every possible combination of letters, numbers, etc. until the code is

broken.

can be used with a physical location, electronic reference, or an entry point for

future attacks.

means TV channels for television services and downstream data for cable

modems.

avoids sending passwords over the wire by using a challenge/response

technique.

deciphering it. See Encryption

software program on another computer. Each Client program is designed to

work with one or more specific kinds of Server programs, and each Server

requires a specific kind of Client. A Web Browser is a specific kind of Client.

web pages send cookies to track specific user information. Cookies can be used

to retain information as the user browses a web site. For example, cookies are

used to 'remember' the items a shopper may have in a shopping cart.

threats.

person who maliciously attempts to break encryption, software locks, or network

security.

distributed on the Internet. They include password crackers, Trojans, viruses,

war-dialers, and worms.

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Crossover
Ethernet cable

A cable that wires a pin to its opposite pin, for example, RX+ is wired to TX+.

This cable connects two similar devices, for example, two data terminal

equipment (DTE) or data communications equipment (DCE) devices.
Cryptoanalysis The act of analyzing (or breaking into) secure documents or systems that are

protected with encryption.
Decryption The act of restoring an encrypted file to its original state.
Denial of Service Act of preventing customers, users, clients or other machines from

accessing data on a computer. This is usually accomplished by interrupting or

overwhelming the computer with bad or excessive information requests.
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol automatically assigns IP addresses to

clients when they log on. DHCP centralizes IP address management on central

computers that run the DHCP server program. DHCP leases addresses for a

period of time which means that addresses are made available to assign to

other systems.
Digital Signature Digital code that authenticates whomever signed the document or software.

Software, messages, Email, and other electronic documents can be signed

electronically so that they cannot be altered by anyone else. If someone alters a

signed document, the signature is no longer valid. Digital signatures are created

when someone generates a hash from a message, then encrypts and sends

both the hash and the message to the intended recipient. The recipient decrypts

the hash and original message, makes a new hash on the message itself, and

compares the new hash with the old one. If the hashes are the same, the

recipient knows that the message has not been changed. Also see Public-key

encryption.
DNS Domain Name System. A database of domain names and their IP addresses.

DNS is the primary naming system for many distributed networks, including the

Internet.

Domain Name The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have 2

or more parts, separated by dots. The part on the left is the most specific, and

the part on the right is the most general.
DRAM Dynamic RAM that stores information in capacitors that must be refreshed

periodically.
DTE Originally, the DTE (data terminal equipment) meant a dumb terminal or printer,

but today it is a computer, or a bridge or router that interconnects local area

networks.
EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference. The interference by electromagnetic signals that

can cause reduced data integrity and increased error rates on transmission

channels.
Encryption The act of substituting numbers and characters in a file so that the file is

unreadable until it is decrypted. Encryption is usually done using a

mathematical formula that determines how the file is decrypted.

Ethernet A very common method of networking computers in a LAN. There are a number

of adaptations to the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard, including adaptations with

data rates of 10 Mbits/sec and 100 Mbits/sec over coaxial cable, twisted-pair

cable, and fiber-optic cable. The latest version of Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet,

has a data rate of 1 Gbit/sec.
Events These are network activities. Some activities are direct attacks on your system,

while others might be depending on the circumstances. Therefore, any activity,

regardless of severity is called an event. An event may or may not be a direct

attack on your system.
FCC The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is in charge of allocating the

electromagnetic spectrum and thus the bandwidth of various communication

systems.
Firewall A hardware or software "wall" that restricts access in and out of a network.

Firewalls are most often used to separate an internal LAN or WAN from the

Internet.

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Flash memory The nonvolatile storage that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed so

that data can be stored, booted, and rewritten as necessary.
FTP File Transfer Protocol is an Internet file transfer service that operates on the

Internet and over TCP/IP networks. FTP is basically a client/server protocol in

which a system running the FTP server accepts commands from a system

running an FTP client. The service allows users to send commands to the

server for uploading and downloading files. FTP is popular on the Internet

because it allows for speedy transfer of large files between two systems.
Gateway A gateway is a computer system or other device that acts as a translator

between two systems that do not use the same communication protocols, data

formatting structures, languages, and/or architecture.
Hacker Generally, a hacker is anyone who enjoys experimenting with technology

including computers and networks. Not all hackers are criminals breaking into

systems. Some are legitimate users and hobbyists. Nevertheless, some are

dedicated criminals or vandals.

HDLC HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) is a bit-oriented (the data is monitored bit

by bit), link layer protocol for the transmission of data over synchronous

networks.
Host Any computer on a network that is a repository for services available to other

computers on the network. It is quite common to have one host machine provide

several services, such as WWW and USENET.
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. The most common protocol used on the Internet.

HTTP is the primary protocol used for web sites and web browsers. It is also

prone to certain kinds of attacks.
IANA Internet Assigned Number Authority acts as the clearinghouse to assign and

coordinate the use of numerous Internet protocol parameters such as Internet

addresses, domain names, protocol numbers, and more. The IANA Web site is

at http://www.isi.edu/iana.
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol is a message control and error-reporting

protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses

Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are processed by the

TCP/IP software and are not directly apparent to the application user.
Integrity Proof that the data is the same as originally intended. Unauthorized software or

people have not altered the original information.
internet (Lower case i) Any time you connect 2 or more networks together, you have an

internet.
Internet (Upper case I) The vast collection of inter-connected networks that all use the

TCP/IP protocols and that evolved from the ARPANET of the late 60’s and early

70’s. The Internet now (July 1995) connects roughly 60,000 independent

networks into a vast global internet
Internet Worm See Worm.

Intranet A private network inside a company or organization that uses the same kinds of

software that you would find on the public Internet, but that is only for internal

use.
Intruder Person or software interested in breaking computer security to access, modify,

or damage data. Also see Cracker.
IP Internet Protocol, is the underlying protocol for routing packets on the Internet

and other TCP/IP-based networks.
IPCP (PPP) IP Control Protocol allows changes to IP parameters such as the IP address.
IPX Internetwork Packet eXchange The native NetWare internetworking protocol is

IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange). Like IP (Internet Protocol), IPX is an

internetworking protocol that provides datagram services.
IRC Internet Relay Chat. IRC was developed in the late 1980s as a way for multiple

users on a system to “chat” over the network. Today IRC is a very popular way

to “talk” in real time with other people on the Internet. However, IRC is also one

avenue hackers use to get information from you about your system and your

company. Moreover, IRC sessions are prone to numerous attacks that while not

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dangerous can cause your system to crash.

ISP Internet Service Providers provide connections into the Internet for home users

and businesses. There are local, regional, national, and global ISPs. You can

think of local ISPs as the gatekeepers into the Internet.
LAN Local Area Network is a shared communication system to which many

computers are attached. A LAN, as its name implies, is limited to a local area.

This has to do more with the electrical characteristics of the medium than the

fact that many early LANs were designed for departments, although the latter

accurately describes a LAN as well. LANs have different topologies, the most

common being the linear bus and the star configuration.
Linux A version of the UNIX operating system designed to run on IBM Compatible

computers.
Logic Bomb A virus that only activates itself when certain conditions are met. Logic bombs

usually damage files or cause other serious problems when they are activated.
MAC On a local area network (LAN) or other network, the MAC (Media Access

Control) address is your computer's unique hardware number. (On an Ethernet

LAN, it's the same as your Ethernet address.) The MAC layer frames data for

transmission over the network, then passes the frame to the physical layer

interface where it is transmitted as a stream of bits.
Name Resolution The allocation of an IP address to a host name. See DNS

NAT Network Address Translation is the translation of an Internet Protocol address

used within one network to a different IP address known within another network

- see also SUA.

NDIS Network Driver Interface Specification is a Windows specification for how

communication protocol programs (such as TCP/IP) and network device drivers

should communicate with each other.
NetBIOS Network Basic Input / Output System. NetBIOS is an extension of the DOS

BIOS that enables a PC to connect to and communicate with a LAN.
Network Any time you connect 2 or more computers together so that they can share

resources, you have a computer network. Connect 2 or more networks together

and you have an internet.
NIC Network Interface Card. A board that provides network communication

capabilities to and from a computer system. Also called an adapter.
Node Any single computer connected to a network
Packet Filter A filter that scans packets and decides whether to let them through.

PAP Password Authentication Protocol PAP is a security protocol that requires users

to enter a password before accessing a secure system. The user’s name and

password are sent over the wire to a server, where they are compared with a

database of user account names and passwords. This technique is vulnerable

to wiretapping (eavesdropping) because the password can be captured and

used by someone to log onto the system.
Password

Cracker
Password

encryption
Password

Shadowing

A program that uses a dictionary of words, phrases, names, etc. to guess a

password.

A system of encrypting electronic files using a single key or password. Anyone

who knows the password can decrypt the file.

The encrypted password is no visible in the passwd file but stored in a shadow

file that is only readable by root. This prevents brute force attacks on the

encrypted field to guess the password. see e.g.:

http://whatis.com/shadowpa.htm
Penetration Gaining access to computers or networks by bypassing security programs and

passwords.
Phreaking Breaking into phone or other communication systems. Phreaking sites on the

Internet are popular among crackers and other criminals

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Ping Attack An attack that slows down the network until it is unusable. The attacker sends a

"ping" command to the network repeatedly to slow it down. See also Denial of

Service.
Pirate Someone who steals or distributes software without paying the legitimate owner

for it. This category of computer criminal includes several different types of

illegal activities Making copies of software for others to use. Distributing pirated

software over the Internet or a Bulletin Board System. Receiving or

downloading illegal copies of software in any form.
Pirated Software Software that has been illegally copied, or that is being used in violation of the

software's licensing agreement. Pirated software is often distributed through

pirate bulletin boards or on the Internet. In the internet underground it is known

as Warez.
Plain Text The opposite of Cipher Text, Plain Text is readable by anyone.
PNS PPTP Network Server. A PNS must have IP connectivity.
POP Post Office Protocol. This is a common protocol used for sending, receiving,

and delivering mail messages.
Port An Internet port refers to a number that is part of a URL, appearing after a colon

(:) right after the domain name. Every service on an Internet server listens on a

particular port number on that server. Most services have standard port

numbers, e.g. Web servers normally listen on port 80.
Port (H/W) An interface on a computer for connecting peripherals or devices to the

computer. A printer port, for example, is an interface that is designed to have a

printer connected to it. Ports can be defined by specific hardware (such as a

keyboard port) or through software.
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service is the analog telephone service that runs over

copper twisted-pair wires and is based on the original Bell telephone system.

Twisted-pair wires connect homes and businesses to a neighborhood central

office. This is called the local loop. The central office is connected to other

central offices and long-distance facilities.
PPP Point to Point Protocol. PPP encapsulates and transmits IP (Internet Protocol)

datagrams over serial point-to-point links. PPP works with other protocols such

as IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange). The protocol is defined in IETF

(Internet Engineering Task Force) RFC 1661 through 1663. PPP provides

router-to-router, host-to-router, and host-to-host connections.
PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol.
Promiscuous

Packet Capture

Actively capturing packet information from a network. Most computers only

collect packets specifically addressed to them. Promiscuous packet capture

acquires all network traffic it can regardless of where the packets are

addressed.
Protocol A “language” for communicating on a network. Protocols are sets of standards

or rules used to define, format, and transmit data across a network. There are

many different protocols used on networks. For example, most web pages are

transmitted using the HTTP protocol.
Proxy Server A server that performs network operations in lieu of other systems on the

network. Proxy Servers are most often used as part of a firewall to mask the

identity of users inside a corporate network yet still provide access to the

Internet. When a user connects to a proxy server, via a web browser or other

networked application, he submits commands to the proxy server. The server

then submits those same commands to the Internet, yet without revealing any

information about the system that originally requested the information. Proxy

servers are an ideal way to also have all users on a corporate network channel

through one point for all external communications. Proxy servers can be

configured to block certain kinds of connections and stop some hacks.
Public Key

Encryption

System of encrypting electronic files using a key pair. The key pair contains a

public key used during encryption, and a corresponding private key used during

decryption.
PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit. A PVC is a logical point-to-point circuit between

customer sites. PVCs are low-delay circuits because routing decisions do not

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need to be made along the way. Permanent means that the circuit is

preprogrammed by the carrier as a path through the network. It does not need

to be set up or torn down for each session.

Reconnaissance The finding and observation of potential targets for a cracker to attack.
RFC An RFC (Request for Comments) is an Internet formal document or standard

that is the result of committee drafting and subsequent review by interested

parties. Some RFCs are informational in nature. Of those that are intended to

become Internet standards, the final version of the RFC becomes the standard

and no further comments or changes are permitted. Change can occur,

however, through subsequent RFCs.
RIP Routing Information Protocol is an interior or intra-domain routing protocol that

uses the distance-vector routing algorithms. RIP is used on the Internet and is

common in the NetWare environment as a method for exchanging routing

information between routers.
Router A device that connects two networks together. Routers monitor, direct, and filter

information that passes between these networks. Because of their location,

routers are a good place to install traffic or mail filters. Routers are also prone to

attacks because they contain a great deal of information about a network.
SAP In NetWare, the SAP (Service Advertising Protocol) broadcasts information

about available services on the network that other network devices can listen to.

A server sends out SAP messages every 60 seconds. A server also sends out

SAP messages to inform other devices that it is closing down. Workstations use

SAP to find services they need on the network.
SATAN A UNIX program that gathers information on networks and stores it in

databases. It is helpful in finding security flaws such as incorrect settings,

software bugs and poor policy decisions. It shows network services that are

running, the different types of hardware and software on the network, and other

information. It was written to help users find security flaws in their network

systems.
Server A computer, or a software package, that provides a specific kind of service to

client software running on other computers.
Set-Top Box A set-top box is a device that enables a television set to become a user

interface to the Internet and also enables a television set to receive and decode

digital television (DTV) broadcasts.
SNMP System Network Management Protocol is a popular management protocol

defined by the Internet community for TCP/IP networks. It is a communication

protocol for collecting information from devices on the network.
Snooping Passively watching a network for information that could be used to a hacker's

advantage, such as passwords. Usually done while Camping Out.
SOCKS A protocol that handles TCP traffic through proxy servers.
SPAM Unwanted e-mail, usually in the form of advertisements.

Splitter Passive devices that divide the traffic on trunk cables and send it down feeder

cables.
Spoofing To forge something, such as an IP address. IP Spoofing is a common way for

hackers to hide their location and identity
SSL (Secured

Socket Layer)

Technology that allows you to send information that only the server can read.

SSL allows servers and browsers to encrypt data as they communicate with

each other. This makes it very difficult for third parties to understand the

communications.
STP Twisted-pair cable consists of copper-core wires surrounded by an insulator.

Two wires are twisted together to form a pair, and the pair form a balanced

circuit. The twisting prevents interference problems. STP (shielded twisted-pair)

provides protection against external crosstalk.
Straight through

Ethernet cable

A cable that wires a pin to its equivalent pin. This cable connects two dissimilar

devices, for example, a data terminal equipment (DTE) device and a data

communications equipment (DCE) device. A straight through Ethernet cable is

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the most common cable used.
SUA Single User Account – The Prestige's SUA (Single User Account) feature allows

multiple user Internet access for the cost of a single ISP account - see also

NAT.
TCP Transmission Control Protocol handles flow control and packet recovery and IP

providing basic addressing and packet-forwarding services.
Telnet Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and

in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is

to allow users to log into remote host systems.
Tempest Illegal interception of data from computers and video signals.
Terminal A device that allows you to send commands to a computer somewhere else. At

a minimum, this usually means a keyboard and a To display screen and some

simple circuitry.
Terminal

Software

Software that pretends to be (emulates) a physical terminal and allows you to

type commands to a computer somewhere else.
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an Internet file transfer protocol similar to FTP

(File Transfer Protocol), but it is scaled back in functionality so that it requires

fewer resources to run. TFTP uses the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) rather

than TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).
Trojan or Trojan

Horse

Like the fabled gift to the residents of Troy, a Trojan Horse is an application

designed to look innocuous. Yet, when you run the program it installs a virus or

memory resident application that can steal passwords, corrupt data, or provide

hackers a back door into your computer. Trojan applications are particularly

dangerous since they can often run exactly as expected without showing any

visible signs of intrusion.
UDP UDP is a connectionless transport service that dispenses with the reliability

services provided by TCP. UDP gives applications a direct interface with IP and

the ability to address a particular application process running on a host via a

port number without setting up a connection session.
UNIX A widely used operating system in large networks.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) URL is an object on the Internet or an intranet that

resides on a host system. Objects include directories and an assortment of file

types, including text files, graphics, video, and audio. A URL is the address of

an object that is normally typed in the Address field of a Web browser. The URL

is basically a pointer to the location of an object.
VPN Virtual Private Network. These networks use public connections (such as the

Internet) to transfer information. That information is usually encrypted for

security purposes.
Vulnerability Point where a system can be attacked.

WAN Wide Area Network s link geographically dispersed offices in other cities or

around the globe. Just about any long-distance communication medium can

serve as a WAN link, including switched and permanent telephone circuits,

terrestrial radio systems, and satellite systems.
War Dialer A program that automatically dials phone numbers looking for computers on the

other end. They catalog numbers so that hackers can call back and try to break

in.
Warez A term that describes Pirated Software on the Internet. Warez include cracked

games or other programs that software pirates distribute on the Internet
Web

Configurator

This is a web-based router (not all) configurator that includes an Internet Access

Wizard, Advanced.
Wire Tapping Connecting to a network and monitoring all traffic. Most wire tapping features

can only monitor the traffic on their subnet.
Worm A program that seeks access into other computers. Once a worm penetrates

another computer it continues seeking access to other areas. Worms are often

equipped with dictionary-based password crackers and other cracker tools that

enable them to penetrate more systems. Worms often steal or vandalize

computer data.

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WWW (World Wide Web) -- Frequently used when referring to "The Internet", WWW

has two major meanings - First, loosely used: the whole constellation of

resources that can be accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, telnet, USENET,

WAIS and some other tools. Second, the universe of hypertext servers (HTTP

servers).

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