Yamaha YFZ450 User Manual

YFZ450S

5TG2-AE1

SERVICE MANUAL

EBS00000

YFZ450S

SERVICE MANUAL

First Edition, April 2003

Any reproduction or unauthorized use

without the written permission of

Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. is expressly prohibited.

EBS00002

NOTICE

This manual was produced by the Yamaha Motor Company primarily for use by Yamaha dealers and their qualified mechanics. It is not possible to include all the knowledge of a mechanic in one manual, so it is assumed that anyone who uses this book to perform maintenance and repairs on Yamaha machine has a basic understanding of the mechanical ideas and the procedures of machine repair. Repairs attempted by anyone without this knowledge are likely to render the machine unsafe and unfit for use.

Yamaha Motor Company, Ltd. is continually striving to improve all its models. Modifications and significant changes in specifications or procedures will be forwarded to all authorized Yamaha dealers and will appear in future editions of this manual where applicable.

NOTE:

Designs and specifications are subject to change without notice.

EBS00003

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Particularly important information is distinguished in this manual by the following notations.

WARNING

CAUTION:

NOTE:

The Safety Alert Symbol means ATTENTION! BECOME ALERT! YOUR SAFETY IS INVOLVED!

Failure to follow WARNING instructions could result in severe injury or death

to the machine operator, a bystander or a person checking or repairing the machine.

A CAUTION indicates special precautions that must be taken to avoid damage to the machine.

A NOTE provides key information to make procedures easier or clearer.

EBS00004

HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL

MANUAL ORGANIZATION

This manual consists of chapters for the main categories of subjects. (See “symbols”) 1st title 1: This is the title of the chapter with its symbol in the upper right corner of each page. 2nd title 2: This title indicates the section of the chapter and only appears on the first page of each section. It is located in the upper left corner of the page. 3rd title 3: This title indicates a sub-section that is followed by step-by-step procedures accompanied by corresponding illustrations.

EXPLODED DIAGRAMS

To help identify parts and clarify procedure steps, there are exploded diagrams at the start of each removal and disassembly section.

1. An easy-to-see exploded diagram 4 is provided for removal and disassembly jobs.

2. Numbers 5 are given in the order of the jobs in the exploded diagram. A number that is enclosed by a circle indicates a disassembly step.

3. An explanation of jobs and notes is presented in an easy-to-read way by the use of symbol marks

. The meanings of the symbol marks are given on the next page.

4. A job instruction chart 7 accompanies the exploded diagram, providing the order of jobs, names of parts, notes in jobs, etc.

5. For jobs requiring more information, the step-by-step format supplements 8 are given in addition to the exploded diagram and the job instruction chart.

GEN

SPEC

INFO

CHK

ENG

ADJ

COOL

CARB

EBS00006

SYMBOLS

The following symbols are not relevant to every machine. Symbols 1 to 9 indicate the subject of each chapter.

General information

Specifications

Periodic checks and adjustments

Engine

Cooling system

Carburetor

Chassis

Electrical

Troubleshooting

CHAS

ELEC

–+

TRBL SHTG

EFG

HIJ

KLM

Symbols 0 to G indicate the following

Serviceable with engine mounted

Filling fluid

Lubricant

Special tool

Torque

Wear limit, clearance

Engine speed

Electrical data (Ω, V, A)

Symbols H to N in the exploded diagrams indicate the types of lubricants and lubrication points.

Apply engine oil

Apply gear oil

Apply molybdenum disulfide oil

Apply wheel bearing grease

Apply lithium-soap-based grease

Apply molybdenum disulfide grease

New

Symbols N to O in the exploded diagrams indicate where to apply a locking agent N and when to install a new part O.

Apply the locking agent (LOCTITE

Replace

)

EBS00008

– +

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL INFORMATION

SPECIFICATIONS

PERIODIC CHECKS AND ADJUSTMENTS

ENGINE

COOLING SYSTEM

GEN

INFO

SPEC

CHK

ADJ

ENG

COOL

CARBURETOR

CHASSIS

ELECTRICAL

TROUBLESHOOTING

CARB

CHAS

ELEC

TRBL SHTG

GEN

INFO

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL INFORMATION

GEN

INFO

MACHINE IDENTIFICATION

VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER .....................................................1-1

MODEL LABEL..........................................................................................1-1

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

PREPARATION FOR REMOVAL AND DISASSEMBLY........................... 1-2

REPLACEMENT PARTS...........................................................................1-2

GASKETS, OIL SEALS AND O-RINGS .................................................... 1-2

LOCK WASHERS/PLATES AND COTTER PINS .....................................1-3

BEARINGS AND OIL SEALS ....................................................................1-3

CIRCLIPS ..................................................................................................1-3

CHECKING THE CONNECTIONS............................................................1-4

SPECIAL TOOLS

............................................................................................1-5

...........................................................................1-1

.........................................................................1-2

GEN

INFO

MACHINE IDENTIFICATION

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GENERAL INFORMATION

MACHINE IDENTIFICATION

EBS00010

VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

The vehicle identification number 1 is stamped into the left side of the frame.

EBS00011

MODEL LABEL

The model label 1 is affixed to the air filter case cover. This information will be needed to order spare parts.

GEN

INFO

1 - 1

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

EBS00013

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

PREPARATION FOR REMOVAL AND DISASSEMBLY

1. Before removal and disassembly remove all dirt, mud, dust and foreign material.

2. Use only the proper tools and cleaning equipment. Refer to “SPECIAL TOOLS”.

3. When disassembling always keep mated parts together. This includes gears, cylinders, pistons and other parts that have been “mated” through normal wear. Mated parts must always be reused or replaced as an assembly.

4. During disassembly, clean all of the parts and place them in trays in the order of disassembly. This will speed up assembly and allow for the correct installation of all parts.

5. Keep all parts away from any source of fire.

GEN

INFO

EBS00014

REPLACEMENT PARTS

1. Use only genuine Yamaha parts for all replacements. Use oil and grease recommended by Yamaha for all lubrication jobs. Other brands may be similar in function and appearance, but inferior in quality.

EBS00015

GASKETS, OIL SEALS AND O-RINGS

1. When overhauling the engine, replace all gaskets, seals and O-rings. All gasket surfaces, oil seal lips and O-rings must be cleaned.

2. During reassembly properly oil all mating parts and bearings, and lubricate the oil seal lips with grease.

1 - 2

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

EBS00016

LOCK WASHERS/PLATES AND COTTER PINS

After removal, replace all lock washers/plates

and cotter pins. After the bolt or nut has been tightened to specification, bend the lock tabs along a flat of the bolt or nut.

EBS00017

BEARINGS AND OIL SEALS

Install bearings and oil seals so that the manufacturer’s marks or numbers are visible. When installing oil seals, lubricate the oil seal lips with a light coat of lithium-soap-based grease. Oil bearings liberally when installing, if appropriate.

Oil seal

GEN

INFO

CAUTION:

Do not spin the bearing with compressed air because this will damage the bearing surfaces.

Bearing

EBS00018

CIRCLIPS

Before reassembly, check all circlips carefully and replace damaged or distorted circlips. Always replace piston pin clips after one use. When installing a circlip 1, make sure the sharp-edged corner 2 is positioned opposite the thrust 3 that the circlip receives.

Shaft

1 - 3

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

EBS00019

CHECKING THE CONNECTIONS

Check the leads, couplers, and connectors for stains, rust, moisture, etc.

1. Disconnect:

• lead

• coupler

• connector

2. Check:

• lead

• coupler

• connector

Moisture → Dry with an air blower. Rust/stains → Connect and disconnect several times.

3. Check:

• all connections Loose connection → Connect properly.

NOTE:

If the pin 1 on the terminal is flattened, bend it up.

GEN

INFO

4. Connect:

• lead

• coupler

• connector

NOTE:

Make sure all connections are tight.

5. Check:

• continuity (with the pocket tester)

Pocket tester

P/N. YU-03112-C, 90890-03112

NOTE:

• If there is no continuity, clean the terminals.

• When checking the wire harness, perform

steps (1) to (3).

• As a quick remedy, use a contact revitalizer available at most part stores.

1 - 4

GEN

SPECIAL TOOLS

EBS00021

SPECIAL TOOLS

The following special tools are necessary for complete and accurate tune-up and assembly. Use only the appropriate special tools; this will help prevent damage caused by the use of inappropriate tools or improvised techniques. Special tools may differ by shape and part number from country to country. In such a case, two types are provided. When placing an order, refer to the list provided below to avoid any mistakes. For US and CDN

P/N. YM-, YU-, YS-, YK-, ACC-

Except for US and CDN

P/N. 90890-

Tool No. Tool name/Function Illustration

Crankcase separating tool

90890-01135

YU-01135-A

This tool is used to separate the crankcase.

INFO

Pot

90890-01274

Bolt

90890-01275

YU-90050

Adapter

90890-01278

YM-90063

Spacer

90890-04081

YM-91044

90890-01304

YU-01304

Crankshaft installer pot Crankshaft installer bolt

These tools are used to install the crankshaft.

Crankshaft installer set

These tools are used to install the crankshaft.

Adapter Spacer (crankshaft installer)

These tools are used to install the crankshaft.

Piston pin puller

90890-01325 YU-24460-01

This tool is used to remove the piston pin.

Radiator cap tester

This tool is used to check the cooling system.

1 - 5

GEN

SPECIAL TOOLS

Tool No. Tool name/Function Illustration

Radiator cap tester adapter

90890-01352

YU-33984

This tool is used to check the cooling system.

Damper rod holder (30 mm)

90890-01327

YM-01327

This tool is needed to loosen and tighten the steering stem bearing retainer.

Steering nut wrench

90890-01443

YU-33975

This tool is needed to loosen and tighten the front shock absorber and rear shock absorber locknuts.

INFO

90890-01474

YM-01474

90890-01480

YM-01480

90890-01701

YS-01880-A

90890-03112

YU-03112-C

Ball joint remover/installer set

These tools are used to removing or installing the ball joints.

Ball joint remover/installer attachment set

These tools are used to removing or installing the ball joints.

Sheave holder

This tool is needed to hold the A.C. magneto rotor when loosen or tighten the A.C. magneto rotor nut.

Pocket tester

This instrument is needed for checking the electrical system.

90890-03141

YM-33277-A

Timing light

This tool is necessary for checking ignition timing.

1 - 6

GEN

SPECIAL TOOLS

Tool No. Tool name/Function Illustration

INFO

Compressor

90890-04019

YM-04019

Attachment

90890-04114

YM-04114

90890-04086

YM-91042

90890-04097

YM-04097

90890-04116

YM-04116

90890-04098

YM-04098

90890-04117

YM-04117

Valve spring compressor Valve spring compressor attachment

This tool is needed to remove and install the valve assemblies.

Universal clutch holder

This tool is needed to hold the clutch carrier when removing or installing the carrier nut.

Valve guide remover (ø 5) Valve guide remover (ø 4.5)

This tool is needed to remove and install the valve guides.

Valve guide installer (ø 5) Valve guide installer (ø 4.5)

This tool is needed to install the valve guides.

90890-04099

YM-04099

90890-04118

YM-04118

90890-04101

90890-04142

YM-04142

90890-06588

Valve guide reamer (ø 5) Valve guide reamer (ø 4.5)

This tool is needed to rebore the new valve guides.

Valve lapper

This tool is needed to remove and install the valve lifters.

Rotor puller

These tools are needed to remove the A.C. magneto rotor.

PTT wrench 46

This tool is needed to loosen or tighten the rear axle nut.

1 - 7

GEN

SPECIAL TOOLS

Tool No. Tool name/Function Illustration

Axle nut wrench (46 mm)

YM-37134

This tool is needed to loosen or tighten the rear axle nut.

Ignition checker

90890-06754

This instrument is necessary for checking the ignition system components.

Dynamic spark tester

YM-34487

This instrument is necessary for checking the ignition system components.

INFO

Bond

90890-85505

Sealant

ACC-11001-05-01

Yamaha bond No. 1215 Sealant (Quick Gasket

This sealant (bond) is used on crankcase mating surfaces, etc.

)

1 - 8

SPEC

CHAPTER 2

SPECIFICATIONS

SPEC

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

CHASSIS SPECIFICATIONS

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS

TIGHTENING TORQUES

ENGINE TIGHTENING TORQUES ........................................................2-16

CHASSIS TIGHTENING TORQUES ...................................................... 2-19

HOW TO USE THE CONVERSION TABLE

GENERAL TIGHTENING TORQUE SPECIFICATIONS

LUBRICATION POINTS AND LUBRICANT TYPES

ENGINE...................................................................................................2-22

........................................................................2-1

............................................................................2-4

........................................................................2-12

.................................................................2-14

..............................................................................2-16

..................................................2-21

...............................2-21

....................................2-22

COOLANT FLOW DIAGRAMS

OIL FLOW DIAGRAMS

CABLE ROUTING

.................................................................................2-26

.........................................................................................2-28

.....................................................................2-24

SPEC

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

EBS01001

SPECIFICATIONS

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

Item Standard

Model code

Dimensions

Overall length 1,840 mm (72.4 in) Overall width 1,170 mm (46.1 in) Overall height 1,090 mm (42.9 in) Seat height 800 mm (31.5 in) Wheelbase 1,280 mm (50.4 in) Minimum ground clearance 255 mm (10.04 in) Minimum turning radius 3,500 mm (137.8 in)

Basic weight

With oil and full fuel tank 169 kg (373 lb)

Engine

Engine type Liquid-cooled 4-stroke, DOHC Cylinder arrangement Forward-inclined single cylinder Displacement 439 cm Bore × stroke 95.0 × 62.0 mm (3.74 × 2.44 in) Compression ratio 11.9:1 Starting system Electric starter

Lubrication system Oil type or grade

Engine oil

For CDN

0° 10° 30° 50° 70° 90° 110°

130°F

5TG1 (For Oceania) 5TG2 (For CDN) 5TG3 (For Europe)

(26.79 cu in)

Dry sump

API service SE, SF, SG type or higher

SPEC

YAMALUBE4 (20W40) or SAE 20W40

YAMALUBE4 (10W30) or SAE 10W30

SAE 5W30

-20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40°

For Europe, Oceania

50°C

2 - 1

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

Item Standard

Oil capacity

Engine oil

Periodic oil change 1.75 L (1.54 Imp qt, 1.85 US qt) With oil filter replacement 1.85 L (1.63 Imp qt, 1.96 US qt) Total amount 1.95 L (1.72 Imp qt, 2.06 US qt)

Radiator capacity (including all routes) Air filter Fuel

Type Premium unleaded gasoline only Fuel tank capacity 10.0 L (2.20 Imp gal, 2.64 US gal) Fuel reserve amount 1.9 L (0.42 Imp gal, 0.50 US gal)

Carburetor

Type/quantity 5TG1 00 × 1 Manufacturer KEIHIN

Spark plug

Type/manufacturer CR8E/NGK Spark plug gap 0.7 ~ 0.8 mm (0.028 ~ 0.031 in)

Clutch type Transmission

Primary reduction system Spur gear Primary reduction ratio 62/22 (2.818) Secondary reduction system Chain drive Secondary reduction ratio 38/14 (2.714) Transmission type Constant mesh, 5-speed Operation Left foot operation Gear ratio

1st gear 29/12 (2.416) 2nd gear 27/14 (1.928) 3rd gear 25/16 (1.562) 4th gear 23/18 (1.277) 5th gear 21/20 (1.050)

Chassis

Frame type Steel tube frame Caster angle 5° Camber angle –1.5° Kingpin angle 15.4° Kingpin offset 1.0 mm (0.04 in) Trail 21.0 mm (0.83 in) Tread (STD) front 950 mm (37.40 in)

rear 900 mm (35.43 in)

Toe-in (with tires touching the ground) 2 ~ 12 mm (0.08 ~ 0.47 in)

1.3 L (1.14 Imp qt, 1.37 US qt) Wet type element

Wet, multiple disc

SPEC

2 - 2

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

Item Standard

Tire

Type Tubeless Size front AT21 × 7-10

rear AT20 × 10-9

Manufacturer front DUNLOP

rear DUNLOP

Type front KT331A Radial

rear KT355 Radial

Tire pressure (cold tire)

Maximum load* 100 kg (220 lb) Off-road riding front 30 kPa (0.30 kg/cm

rear 35 kPa (0.35 kg/cm *Load in total weight of cargo, rider and accessories

Brake

Front brake type Dual disc brake

operation Right hand operation Rear brake type Single disc brake

operation Right foot operation

Suspension

Front suspension Double wishbone Rear suspension Swingarm (link suspension)

Shock absorber

Front shock absorber Coil spring/gas-oil damper Rear shock absorber Coil spring/gas-oil damper

Wheel travel

Front wheel travel 230 mm (9.06 in) Rear wheel travel 256 mm (10.08 in)

Electrical

Ignition system DC-C.D.I. Generator system A.C. magneto Battery type GT7B-4 Battery capacity 12 V 6.5 Ah

Headlight type Bulb voltage/wattage × quantity

Headlight 12 V 30 W/30 W × 2 Tail/brake light 12 V 5 W/21 W × 1 Indicator and warning lights

Neutral 12 V 1.7 W × 1 Coolant temperature 12 V 1.7 W × 1

Krypton bulb

, 4.4 psi)

, 5.0 psi)

SPEC

2 - 3

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

EBS01002

SPEC

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

Item Standard Limit

Cylinder head

Warp limit ---- 0.05 mm

(0.002 in)

Cylinder

Bore size 95.00 ~ 95.01 mm (3.7402 ~ 3.7406 in) ----

Camshaft

Drive method Chain drive (Left) Camshaft cap inside diameter 22.000 ~ 22.021 mm (0.8661 ~ 0.8670 in) ---Camshaft journal diameter 21.967 ~ 21.980 mm (0.8648 ~ 0.8654 in) ---Camshaft-journal-to-camshaft-cap

clearance Camshaft lobe dimensions

0.020 ~ 0.054 mm (0.0008 ~ 0.0021 in) 0.080 mm (0.0032 in)

Intake “A” 31.200 ~ 31.300 mm (1.2283 ~ 1.2323 in) 31.100 mm

(1.2244 in)

“B” 22.550 ~ 22.650 mm (0.8878 ~ 0.8917 in) 22.450 mm

(0.8839 in)

Exhaust “A” 30.950 ~ 31.050 mm (1.2185 ~ 1.2224 in) 30.850 mm

(1.2146 in)

“B” 22.494 ~ 22.594 mm (0.8856 ~ 0.8895 in) 22.394 mm

(0.8817 in)

Camshaft runout limit ---- 0.03 mm

(0.0012 in)

Timing chain

Timing chain type/No. of links 98XRH2010-118M ---Timing chain adjustment method Automatic ----

2 - 4

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

Item Standard Limit

Valve, valve seat, valve guide

Valve clearance (cold) IN 0.10 ~ 0.15 mm (0.0039 ~ 0.0059 in) ----

EX 0.20 ~ 0.25 mm (0.0079 ~ 0.0098 in) ----

Valve dimensions

SPEC

Head Diameter Face Width Seat Width Margin Thickness

“A” head diameter IN 26.9 ~ 27.1 mm (1.0591 ~ 1.0669 in) ----

EX 27.9 ~ 28.1 mm (1.0984 ~ 1.1063 in) ----

“B” face width IN 2.26 mm (0.0890 in) ----

EX 2.26 mm (0.0890 in) ----

“C” seat width IN 0.9 ~ 1.1 mm (0.0354 ~ 0.0433 in) 1.6 mm

EX 0.9 ~ 1.1 mm (0.0354 ~ 0.0433 in) 1.6 mm

“D” margin thickness IN 1.0 mm (0.0394 in) 0.85 mm

EX 1.0 mm (0.0394 in) 0.85 mm

Stem outside diameter IN 4.475 ~ 4.490 mm (0.1762 ~ 0.1768 in) 4.445 mm

EX 4.965 ~ 4.980 mm (0.1955 ~ 0.1961 in) 4.935 mm

Guide inside diameter IN 4.500 ~ 4.512 mm (0.1772 ~ 0.1776 in) 4.550 mm

EX 5.000 ~ 5.012 mm (0.1969 ~ 0.1973 in) 5.050 mm

Stem-to-guide clearance IN 0.010 ~ 0.037 mm (0.0004 ~ 0.0015 in) 0.080 mm

EX 0.020 ~ 0.047 mm (0.0008 ~ 0.0019 in) 0.100 mm

Valve stem runout ---- 0.01 mm

Valve seat width IN 0.9 ~ 1.1 mm (0.0354 ~ 0.0433 in) 1.6 mm

EX 0.9 ~ 1.1 mm (0.0354 ~ 0.0433 in) 1.6 mm

(0.06 in)

(0.033 in)

(0.175 in)

(0.194 in)

(0.179 in)

(0.199 in)

(0.003 in)

(0.004 in)

(0.0004 in)

(0.06 in)

2 - 5

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

Item Standard Limit

Valve spring

Free length IN 37.03 mm (1.46 in) 35.17 mm

EX 37.68 mm (1.48 in) 35.79 mm

Set length (valve closed) IN 27.87 mm (1.10 in) ----

EX 27.38 mm (1.08 in) ----

Compressed pressure (installed) IN 111.3 ~ 127.9 N

(11.35 ~ 13.04 kg, 25.02 ~ 28.75 lb)

EX 127.4 ~ 146.4 N

(12.99 ~ 14.93 kg, 28.64 ~ 32.91 lb)

Tilt limit IN ---- 2.5°/1.61 mm

EX ---- 2.5°/1.65 mm

SPEC

(1.38 in)

(1.41 in)

----

(2.5°/0.063 in)

(2.5°/0.065 in)

Direction of winding (top view) IN Clockwise ----

EX Clockwise ----

Piston

Piston to cylinder clearance 0.040 ~ 0.065 mm (0.0016 ~ 0.0026 in) 0.10 mm

(0.004 in)

Piston size “D” 94.945 ~ 94.960 mm (3.7380 ~ 3.7386 in) ----

Measuring point “H” 10 mm (0.39 in) ---Piston off set 1.0 mm (0.0394 in) ---Offset direction Intake side ---Piston pin bore inside diameter 20.004 ~ 20.015 mm (0.7876 ~ 0.7880 in) 20.045 mm

(0.789 in)

Piston pin outside diameter 19.991 ~ 20.000 mm (0.7870 ~ 0.7874 in) 19.971 mm

(0.786 in)

Piston-pin-to-piston-pin-bore clearance

0.004 ~ 0.024 mm (0.0002 ~ 0.0009 in) 0.074 mm (0.0029 in)

2 - 6

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

SPEC

Item Standard Limit

Piston rings

Top ring

Type Barrel ---Dimensions (B × T) 1.2 × 3.5 mm (0.047 × 0.138 in) ----

End gap (installed) 0.20 ~ 0.30 mm (0.008 ~ 0.012 in) 0.55 mm

(0.022 in)

Side clearance 0.030 ~ 0.065 mm (0.0012 ~ 0.0026 in) 0.12 mm

(0.0047 in)

2nd ring

Type Taper ---Dimensions (B × T) 1.00 × 3.35 mm (0.039 × 0.132 in) ---End gap (installed) 0.35 ~ 0.50 mm (0.014 ~ 0.020 in) 0.85 mm

(0.034 in)

Side clearance 0.020 ~ 0.055 mm (0.0008 ~ 0.0022 in) 0.12 mm

(0.0047 in)

Oil ring

Dimensions (B × T) 2.0 × 2.9 mm (0.079 × 0.114 in) ---End gap (installed) 0.20 ~ 0.50 mm (0.008 ~ 0.020 in) ----

Crankshaft

Crank width “A” 61.95 ~ 62.00 mm (2.439 ~ 2.441 in) ---Runout limit C1 0.03 mm (0.0012 in) 0.05 mm

(0.002 in)

C2 0.03 mm (0.0012 in) 0.05 mm

(0.002 in)

Big end side clearance “D” 0.15 ~ 0.45 mm (0.0059 ~ 0.0177 in) 0.50 mm

(0.0197 in)

Big end radial clearance “E” 0.010 ~ 0.025 mm (0.0004 ~ 0.0010 in) ----

2 - 7

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