DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DOSHI SANKET D. - 146170319026
KANSARA NIL M. -146170319040
MACWAN SWAPNIL N. - 146170319045
MAKWANA JAYDIP B. - 146170319046
PAL NILESH K. - 146170319055
SUBJECT: PROJECT-I (Course code: 3351908)
PROJECT TITLE HYDRAULIC FORK LIFT
GROUP NO. 06
S.H. SUNDARANI C. M. PATEL
L.M.E MECH ENGG DEPT. H.O.D
PROJECT GUIDE
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MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
1
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AHMEDABAD
DOSHI SANKET D. - 146170319026
KANSARA NIL M. - 146170319040
MACWAN SWAPNIL N. - 146170319045
MAKWANA JAYDIP B. - 146170319046
PAL NILESH K. - 146170319055
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that following students as below has
satisfactorily completed their term work for subject
PROJECT-1 (3351908) and submitted the report on
HYDRAULIC FORKLIFT for year 2016-17
GROUP NO. 06
DATE: DATE:
S.H. SUNDARANI C. M. PATEL
L.M.E MECH ENGG DEPT.
PROJECT GUIDE MECH. ENGG. DEPT.
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H.O.D
2
INDEX
SR.NO
TITLE
PAGE
1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
4
2.
AIM OF PROJECT
5
3.
PROJECT SELECTION
6
4.
PROJECT PLANNING
8
5.
INTRODUCTION OF FORKLIFT
9
6.
HISTORY OF FORKLIFT
11
7.
TYPES OF FORKLIFT
12
8.
HYDRAULIC FORKLIFT
19
9.
CONSTRUCTION & DESCRIPTION OF
HYDRAULIC FORKLIFT
23
10.
DETAIL AND ASSEMBLY DRWINGS
31
11.
SPECIFICATION OF FORKLIFT
33
12.
MAKE OR BY DECISION
35
13.
COST ESTIMATION
36
14.
PLANNING FOR THE NEXT
SEMESTER
41
15.
REFERENCES
42
16.
WORK LOG BOOK
43
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this project would not have been possible
without the expert guidance and support of our respected project
guide and the Head of our department for his continuous support
and also valuable suggestions when required by our respected
Professors at the college.
We would be leaving a great dent in the work if we don’t thank
the following persons. We are very much thankful to,
Shri S.H. Sundarani for his valuable guidance and support for
work and also the encouragement.
Shri C. M. Patel for his support and suggestion when required.
At last but not the least I am also thankful to my team members
for their effort, participation, enthusiasm, helping to build and
bring out great team work to bring success of the project.
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AIM OF PROJECT
Attitude of Inquiry.
Ability of exploring Ideas
Ability of selection
Market Surveying Skill
Ability of process/product planning
Decision making ability
Team Work and etc
We as students of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering have
studied in detail about fundamentals of engineering,
manufacturing processes, machine design, strength of material,
metallurgy, maintenance, costing, management, etc. In this
semester we have been given opportunity to exhibit our learning
abilities through project work.
During the project work most aspects of engineering fields are
covered. In Diploma in Mechanical Engineering the purpose of
introduction of project is to develop
In short PROJECT summarizes the course of Diploma in
Mechanical Engineering.
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SELECTION OF PROJECT
Solar Operated Bicycle
Wind Operated Bicycle
Hydraulic Forklift
Electricity Generation by Speed Beaker
Multi Hacksaw Cutter
Mechanical Segway
Selection of project is an important aspect of this course. Project
must be appealing in learning aspects and should provide a scope
of developing the qualities – technical and managerial both. The
group had a thorough discussion and analysis of various ideas.
This discussion included talks on new trends in the fields,
learning aspects provided by them, cost consideration, SWOT
analysis of them, weightage of work provided to have inclusive
participation and many other factors.
After the discussion and literature study the team had come down
to a shortlist of few ideas that would serve the purpose to its
whole content. The projects considered were
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The team after discussion on certain factors came to the selection
The Forklift Project includes a well enough use of
The project has good scope of testing the skill and
The project has a various parts that would be required to
There is a wide scope of Hydraulic forklift in every Industry
Without the forklifts no warehouse industry will work
Hydraulic Forklifts uses hydraulic principle for lifting Heavy
Forklifts are very compact in size and can be used in very
of Hydraulic forklift. This decision was an inclusive one where
all the team members brought in their views of advantages and
backdrops. The discussion helped to develop the quality of
considering factor, evaluation, and also to bring out ideas and also
how to conduct them.
The team selected The Project of Hydraulic Forklift because of
these aspects:
manufacturing processes and thus will develop a practical
knowledge of carrying them out and apparatus used.
knowledge of estimating and costing.
purchase thus exposing us to market survey and develop skill
of compare and purchase.
where Material Handling is required.
efficiently.
loads so there is no fuel required hence no environment
pollution will occur.
small passages so material handling can be carried out
success fully for indoor uses.
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PROJECT PLANNING
Selection of project
Production Capacity
Investment Decision
Design and Drawings
Selection of Material
Selection of Machine tools and equipment required.
Resource labor, transportation and loss in manufacturing.
Inventory planning
Process planning
Preparation of F.P.C and O.P.C
Costing and Estimating
Testing of project
Market response of project
Before starting any project its planning is to be done. Planning of
project is a very important task and should be taken up with great
care as the effective implementation of the whole project largely
depends upon unit planning.
Project planning consisted of following steps:
Project planning is thus helpful to totally prepare an action plan
that would lead to success of the project. As it is said “A work
well begun is half done.” The same sense is applied here “A
project well planned is half done.”
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INTRODUCTION OF FORKLIFT
In general the forklift can be defined as a tool capable of lifting
hundreds of kilograms. A forklift is a vehicle similar to a small
truck that has two metal forks on the front used to lift the load.
The forklift operator drives the forklift forward until the forks
push under the cargo, and can then lift the cargo several feet in
the air by operating the forks. The forks, also known as blades or
tines, are usually made out of steel and can lift up to a few tons.
Forklifts are either powered by gasoline, or electricity. Electric
forklifts relay on batteries to operate. Gasoline or propane
forklifts are sometimes stronger or faster than electric forklifts,
but they are more difficult to maintain, and fuel can be costly.
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Electric forklifts are great for warehouse use because they do not
give off noxious fumes like gas powered machines do. Forklifts
are most often used in warehouses, but some are meant to be used
outdoors. The vast majority of rough terrain forklifts operate on
gasoline, but some use diesel or natural gas. Rough terrain
forklifts have the highest lifting capacity of all forklifts and heavy
duty tires (like those found on trucks), making it possible to drive
them on uneven surfaces.
Forklifts have revolutionized warehouse work. They made it
possible for one person to move thousands of pounds at once.
Well-maintained and safely operated forklifts make lifting and
transporting cargo infinitely easier. This is the general description
of a normal forklift.
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HISTORY OF FORKLIFT
Just like many other inventions, the forklift was born out of
necessity. The two-wheel hand operated forklift first appeared
over one hundred years ago. These original units were wroughtiron axle and cast iron wheels which enabled loads to be lifted
and transported without manual labor. In the early 1900s the
evolution to combine horizontal and vertical motion resulted in
the first hand operated forklift capable of lifting a few inches of
the ground. And with this the development of the forklift are on
fastrack till today.
In 1917 the Clark Company, manufacturers of axles, created a
truck called the Tructractor to move materials around their factory.
As people visited the factory and saw the Tructractor at work they
placed orders from Clark to build Tructractors for their companies.
A few years later the first hydraulic powered lift was added to
some trucks to give them lifting power. In 1923, Yale was the
first company to use forks that lifted loads off the ground and an
elevated mast that could extend beyond the height of the truck.
The Yale truck is considered to be the first forklift.
A few developments helped the forklift to increase in production
including the introduction of the standardized pallet in 1930 and
World War II. Both of these developments increased production
of forklifts and allowed distributors the means to efficiently move
heavy loads.
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TYPES OF FORKLIFT
1. 3 or 4 wheel forklift truck
Three wheel forklift trucks are used for indoor and warehouses
While four-wheel forklift trucks are used for lifting heavy
Used for loading trucks and moving pallets and other loads.
It may be electric, diesel or gasoline operated.
Diesel and gasoline powered forklifts will generate more
Capacity ranging from 3 ton- 40 ton.
were space requirement is very important.
loads in outdoor uses and transportation at long distances.
power than electric lifts and move faster over long distances.
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2. Reach trucks/ Narrow-Aisle forklift
Perfect for optimizing storage space use.
Use to rack pallets on smooth surfaces.
Are generally electric powered.
Very much useful at small passages in warehouses and small
industries.
Can lift heights upto 10 meters.
Ranging from 1-3 tons load lifting capacity.
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3. Order-pickers/ Stock-pickers
Use for rider to stand on an elevating platform along with forks
so rider may rise to select the materials.
Very much useful for packaging industries and warehouses
Used in very narrow paths.
Generally electric powered.
Capacity ranging from 1-3 ton.
were they are constantly required to pick and put heavy
packages at certain level.
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4. Turret trucks type forklift
In this type of forklift, Forks are mounted on a mast and
carriage that operates on a turret able to rotate at 90 degrees in
Use in very narrow aisles and employ a rotating mast.
Generally electric powered.
Capacity of lifting load is from 1.5- 4 ton.
either direction for picking the loads without turning the base
of the forklift.
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5. Rough Terrain Forklifts
Rough terrain forklifts are used for outdoor works where
uneven surface conditions needs to be faced.
It is an one type of heavy capacity forklift widely used for
It is generally gasoline, diesel or CNG operated.
Load capacity is 15 ton or more according to size and
Ideal for lumberyards, construction projects, landscaping and
engineering and construction purposes.
operations.
other outdoor uses.
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6. Hydraulic Fork Lift or Pallet truck
Hydraulic forklift is the most compact design from the overall
forklift family.
It is widely use in all types of industry where indoor material
It is the most economical solution for small scale industry as
It is generally hydraulic operated which utilizes the pascal’s
According to the type of hydraulic cylinder use the forklift can
transportation are essential.
well as big ones for transporting loads at short distances.
principle for lifting heavy loads at negligible efforts applied.
lift the load from 1- 3 ton.
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7. Side Loader Forklift
In this type of forklifts the load lifting pallets are fitted by the side
of the truck, so that while traveling at long distances operator
Use for narrow aisle work where space between racks are
This type of forklifts may be electric or gasoline powered.
Loading or unloading can be done by the sides.
Lifting capacity are high for this type of forklifts.
doesn’t get any kind of trouble.
limited.
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HYDRAULIC FORKLIFT
Hydraulic forklift also know as hydraulic hand pallets is a tool
used to lift and transport heavy load for sort distances with the
help of pallets.
Pallet jacks are the most compact and modern form of forklifts
and are intended to move heavy and light weight materials within
a warehouses.
Like other forms of fork lift hydraulic forklift doesn’t require any
kind of electric power source or diesel and gasoline. Because
hydraulic forklifts works on the principle of hydraulic force
transmission.
Lifting of heavy loads are accomplished with the help of
hydraulic cylinder in the forklift. Cylinder are generally fited at
upperparts of the pallet.
Working principle of hydraulic forklift
The hydraulic forklift works on the principle of hydro static force
transmission which utilizes a non-compressible fluid for
transmission of pressure from fluid to lifting heavy loads. The
principle of hydraulic forklift can be easily understand by the
Pascal’s law.
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Pascal’s law
Pascal’s law is very popular in every equipment where heavy
loads needs to be lifted by applying negligible amount of forces.
“ Pascal’s law simply states that when there is an increase in
pressure at any point in confined fluid, there is an equal
increase in pressure at every other point in the container.”
Pressure is equal to the force divided by the area on which it acts.
According to the Pascal’s law, in a hydraulic system a pressure
exerted on a piston produces an equal increase in another piston in
the system. If the second piston has an area 10 times that of the
first piston, the force produced on second piston will be 10 times
more than the force applied on the first piston.
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OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC FORKLIFT
The jack is steered by a ‘tiller’ like lever that also acts as the
handle for raising the forklift pallets on which load are resting. A
small lever provided on handle will releases the hydraulic fluid,
causing the forks to lower.
The front wheel inside the end of the forks are mounted on levers
attached to the hydraulic cylinder. As the hydraulic jack at the
‘tiller’ end is raised, the links forces the wheel down, raising the
forks vertically above the front wheels, raising the load upward
until it clears the floor space. The pallet is only lifted enough to
clear the floor for subsequent travel.
Often, hydraulic pallet jacks are used to move and organize
pallets inside a trailer, especially when there is no forklift truck
available.
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OPERATING MECHANISM
Pallet jack in lowered position, allowing it to be inserted under a load on a
pallet.
Forklift showing how wheels drop, lifting forks and load. The steering
tiller and raised hydraulic cylinder are clearly visible on the right side.
Under side of forklift showing Push rod under the forks.
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CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULIC FORKLIFT
1. Body or frame 5. Load Roller
2. Hydraulic pump unit 6. Handle
3. Steer wheels 7. Handle Trigger
4. Push rod
MAIN PART
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1. Body or Main frame:
Body is the most important part of forklift. It supports all other
2. Hydraulic pump unit:
3. Steer wheels:
4. Push rod:
parts of the forklift. The main frame of the forklift is made from
Mild steel plates.
Pump is the main element of the hydraulic forklift and mainly
responsible for lifting heavy load at minimum efforts.
It utilizes an non-compressible liquid mainly oil for transferring
pressure of piston and lifting the load resting on the pallet.
Hydraulic pump unit comprises of so many parts like Piston and
Cylinder, Fluid release valve, push springs and other welding
joints for connecting all the parts rigidly.
Steer wheel are the primary wheels of the forklift for the rotation
of forklift from one direction to another.
The steering wheels are generally made from Nylon, rubber, or
from any other metal or non metal material. The only must have
requirement is that wheel should work efficiently on rough
surfaces and must sustain the load lifted by the pallets.
The push rod is a round long rod which connects the load roller
and hydraulic cylinder for transmitting the pressure to lift the load
wheels above the surface.The push rod is mounted below the two
forks of the forklift. And are generally made from mild steel bars.
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5. Load roller:
Load rollers are the front wheels of the forklifts. And Is intended
6. Handle:
1. For creating pressure in the cylinder by tilting or pushing the
2. For the proper direction alignment of the forklift by hand.
3. For the traveling of forklift by pushing the handle in forward
for the lifting of load and traveling of forklift at short distances.
The front wheels are generally made from nylon, high grade
plastic or from any other metal or non metal. The main
requirement for the material is that it must work on rough surfaces
and lift the load according to its capacity without bending and
cracks.
Handle is also very important part of the fork lift. It is used for
mainly three purposes.
handle frequently.
direction.
The fork lift handle works as a lever for lifting the load. And is
generally made from a round bar of mild steel. Proper gripping is
to be given at the handle for efficient traveling.
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7. Handle trigger:
Handle trigger is lever or clutch type small element provided at
upper part of the forklift handle. The main function of the Trigger
is to release the fluid pressure and lower the forks and front wheel
for loading the pallets on the fork.
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
1) Hydraulic forklift utilizes the non-compressible fluid like oil
2) No environment pollution and health hazards occurs while
3) Hydraulic forklifts are the most economical solution for indoor
4) The best thing is that you can choose a forklift with the right
5) One advantage of forklifts is that they can reach at higher
6) Without these machines, the warehouses would not be able to
7) They perform eco-friendly operation and have very long
Advantages
for lifting the heavy loads with the help of hydraulic cylinder
arrangement, so there is no fuel required like other power
operated forklifts.
using hydraulic forklifts.
and warehouse uses because it requires very small space to
operate.
configuration and capacity depending on your need.
altitude for loading and unloading of the materials.
operate efficiently and with easiness.
working life span.
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Disadvantages
1) According to the capacity and size of the forklift limited weight
is lifted.
2) The capacity of the hydraulic hand operated forklift is limited
to some 1.5- 3 ton.
3) Manually operated so long distance can not be traveled.
4) One person is required for the operation.
5) More time consuming than the other types of powered forklifts.
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APPLICATION OF FORKLIFT
1) There is hardly any industry where material handling is not
require. The Hydraulics and other type of forklifts are the most
economical solution for all the industries and warehouses where
material handling as well as transportation of it at short distances
is required.
2) Fork lifts are used for lifting and transporting all kind of
materials like packaged products, raw material and other
equipment.
3) Warehousing is the most popular area where forklifts have
proven their worth. In a warehouse, materials are constantly being
move around. Most of the activity is focused around the loading
and unloading of trucks. The warehousing operation can
sometimes take on the appearance of a hive as forklifts of every
size and description scurry about, ferrying boxes and crates from
one place to another. A forklift’s design also makes them
excellent machines for stacking and unstacking boxes and crates.
Forklifts extreme maneuverability means that they also fit into
small spaces to retrieve cargo. It is hard to imagine such an
operation getting alone without forklifts.
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4) Another popular place where forklifts are used is transportation
industry. It may be ship ports, railways or an air line
transportation. Everywhere forklifts are used. The principle and
application are same MATERIAL HANDLING, the only thing
differs is the the size and power source of the forklift according to
the application for which it is used.
5) Forklifts are also proven very useful for ship crushing, metal
scraps etc. Industry where heavy materials are required to be
lifted and transported.
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DETAIL AND ASSEMBLY DRAWING
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SPECIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC FORKLIFT
Load lifting capacity
1500-2000 kg
Fork length
82 cm
Distance between two forks
43 cm
Fork width
10.5 cm
Max. Lift height
10 cm
Handle length
90 cm
Gripping handle width
25 cm
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MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
Equipment Required:
1. Hacksaw Cutter or Machine
2. Welding Machine
3. Hand Drilling Machine
4. Color sprayer
Tools Required:
1. Cutting tools (for above stated machines)
2. Hacksaw
3. Hammers
4. Measure tape
5. Spanner set
6. Screwdriver
Materials Required:
1. M.S. Plate( 7 mm thick)
2. M.S. Hollow round bars
3. Arc welding electrodes
4. Spraying color
5. Coolants and oil
6. Fasteners
7. Safety wears
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MAKE OR BUY DECISION CHART
SR.NO
NAME OF
COMPONENT
QUANTITY
MAKE
/BUY
1
Base Frame
1
Make
2
Hydraulic cylinder
1
Buy
3
Double Steering wheels
1
Buy
4
Forklift handle
1
Make
5
Load wheels
2
Buy
6
Push lever
1
Make
7
Nut-bolts
As required
Buy
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COST ESTIMATION
1. Material Cost
2. Labor Cost
3. Other expenses or overhead
Object
Weight
Price(per kg)
Cost
M.S. plate
(7mm thick)
36 kg(body)
Rs 45/kg
Rs 1620
M.S. hollow pipe
(7 mm thick,
30 mm dia.)
2 kg (handle)
Rs 40/kg
Rs 80
Cylinder and other
joining links
1 kg
Rs 40/kg
Rs 40
Cost estimating is an art of finding the cost which is likely to be
incurred on manufacturing of an article before it is actually
manufactured. This calculates material cost. It prepares the
estimate for labor cost based on production time and wages of
worker. Based on these estimated cost data decides the cost of
production, selling prize and profit estimates.
Estimating prepares the records showing all the above details,
which can be used in material and product. It requires a highly
technical knowledge hence an estimator is basically an engineer.
Elements of Cost:
Material Cost
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Standard calculation ( all dimension in cm)
i. Front plate = ( L×H×t )
ii. Upper plate = ( 35×18×0.7)
iii.2 side plates= 2 ( 27×18×0.7)
1)volume
A) 2 Forks = 2 (l×b×t)
= 2 (82×10.5×0.7)
= 2 ( 602.5 )
= 1205 cm
3
Fork also have a side plates at its base. volume of which will be
1200 cm3. So total volume of base will be 2400 cm
3.
B) Upper body
The upper body of the forklift have total 4 plates welded together.
= ( 64×27×0.7 )
= 1200 cm
3
= 440 cm
= 340 cm
3
3
Total volume of body above the fork= 1200＋440＋340
= 1980 cm
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C) Fork lift handle:
I. Long hollow handle = P÷4 (D
O
2 _
Di2) × L
II. Gripping handle = 70 cm3.
2) Weight of body
= p/4 ( 32- 2.32) × 90
= 260 cm
3
Total volume of Whole body and handle= A+B+C
= 2400+2000+250
= 4650 cm
3.
Mass = Volume × Density
Density of mild steel = 7.8 gm/cm
3
Mass = 4650 × 7.8
= 36270 gm
= 36.2 kg
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3) Material cost:
Material cost = Mass × Price/ kg
According to our survey market price of the mild steel is 45/kg.
Material cost = 36 × 45
= Rs. 1620
Welding Cost
The total length of plates which needs to be joined by welding is
around 600 cm. Or around 20 feet.
Considering market cost of welding Rs 40 per feet. The estimated
welding length will be around 20 feet. Hence
Welding cost= 20 × 40
= Rs. 800
Total Cost of Manufacturing Components
Material cost+ Welding Cost+ Overheads
1600+800+500 = Rs.2900
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Cost chart of Bought Elements
Sr. No
Product
Quantity
Cost
1.
Hydraulic cylinder
unit
1
1200
2.
Fasteners
As required
300
3.
Steering wheel
1
250
4.
Load wheel
2
150
5.
Paint Color Spray
2
300
Total
2200
Total Cost of Project
Total Cost = Manufacturing cost + Cost of Bought Element +
other overheads
= 2900 + 2200 + 1000
= 6100
Total project cost = 6100
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PLANNING FOR THE NEXT SEMESTER
1) Cleaning work of the Hydraulic forklift.
2) Dis mental all the parts of Hydraulic forklift.
3) Identify which parts are working properly and which needs to
4) Retrofitting of the Hydraulic Cylinder.
5) Welding of the supporting link of Hydraulic cylinder.
6) Changing the steering wheels.
7) Changing the Load wheels.
8) Adding some innovative and creative Elements in the forklift
9) Painting of whole Forklift by spray paint.
10) Testing the successful operation of Forklift.
In our next semester we are going to do a Retrofitting of our
Hydraulic Forklift in which we are Determine to do the
Following Practical work.
manufactured and replacement.
which are absent in the Traditional hydraulic forklift.
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REFERENCE
1) www.Atlantaforklift.com
2) www.Wikipedia.com
3) www.academia.edu
4) www.mechengg.net
5) www.Toyotaforklift.com
6) www.Grabcad.com
To complete our project HYDRAULIC FORKLIFT, help is taken
from various resources. In which Internet has been the most
essential tool for any kind of information we needed for our
project. If we don’t mention the resources from which we have
gathered all the information about our project, our project will be
incomplete. So here we would like to thank all of the websites and
books which have been proven the most essential tool for the
successful completion of our project.
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Work Log Book
Date
Details of work carried out
Sign.
2-7-16
Searching for the project ideas
16-7-16
Study of selected project
30-7-16
Gathering all the information
required for the project
6-8-16
Preparing the Drawings
6-8-16
Make or Buy Decisions
20-8-16
Market survey
3-9-16
Identifying the required resources,
materials, machine tools and
workshop tools required.
17-9-16
Cost Estimation
17-9-16
Preparation of notes individually
on:
1. Extent to which he has
achieved learning outcomes
2. Own experience in executing
project.
3. Technical problem faced and
solutions found
1-10-16
Preparation of list of references
Preparation of project report
15-10-16
Presentation
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