Valleylab SSE3B User manual

TN
Valleylab
Prior
(General)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
To
Know instruction
Have
designed
Check
operation electrode
Replace
return
Do
not
Avoid or
ether.
Use
which
all
the
the
E.S.U.
equipment
and
operation
of on
all
electrodes.
cut,
use
will
manual.
approved
the
return
the
patient.
broken,
crease
of
flammable
ELECTROSURGICAL
be
used
and
and
accessories
for
the
unit.
of
the
alarm
bent,
or
sharply
cable
sentry
excessively
bend a disposable
prep
SAFETY
how
available
systems.
prior
scratched
solutions
to
TIPS
use
it.
and use
If
applicable,
to
placement
such
or
return
as
acetone,
Consult
only
accessories
check
of
otherwise
electrode.
the
the
the
return
damaged
alcohol
7.
Avoid should
8.
Always
as
9.
Do
10.
Replace
11.
Check
not:
12.
Do frayed
13.
Use a conductive
14.
Have
(Patient
Always
15.
electrosurgical scarred
the
be
place
possible.
not
use
uninsulated
the
be
used.
not
use any or
back-up
Returr
place
areas
use
of
evident
E.C.G.
needle
line
cord
power
taped.
equipment
tlectrode
the
site
and
flammable
on
the
electrodes
E.C.G.
instruments
and
plug
or
accessory
gel
specifically
available.
Placement)
return
bony
electrode
as
possible.
protuberances.
anesthetics.
E.S.U.
electrodes.
as
with
on
cover.)
the
(A
far
away
updated
E.S.U.
cord that
designed
on
the
patient
Avoid
fatty,
warning
from
equipment.
Extension
is
broken,
for
electrosurgery.
the
as
bony,
to
site
|
close
this
of
cords
cracked,
to
hairy,
effect
surgery
should
the
heavily
|
|
16.
17.
Avoid
Do
not
should
placing
slide
be
lifted
the
the
return
return
and
placed
electrode
electrode
on
the
where
under
return
fluids
the
patient.
electrode.
may
pool.
The
patient
18.
During
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
If
the
patient
far
from
Use
Use
the
effect.
wrong.
Position
wheel
If
electrode
an not
When
field
all
Do leakage
equipment
the
patient
adhesive
just
an
and
outputs
not
coil
it
as
lowest
The
need
cords
is
still
electrode,
the
adhesive
active
contact
are
up
active
currents
has a pacemaker,
possible.
possible
for
so
that
over
is
moved
in
accessory
with
"hot"
and
power
abnormally
they
present
electrical
or
repositioned,
good
border.
when
or
present a potential
make
is
the
patient.
one
patient
contact
sure
not
the
return
settings
high
cords.
the
in
is
activated.)
cables - this
settings
no
with
gelled
use,
(With
to
tripping
electrode
achieve
check
the
patient.
area
remove
most
danger
should
the
desired
indicates
hazard.
that
the
(If
is
in
it
from
of
today's
will
to
increase
the
be
something
Do
not
return
using
good
contact,
the
surgical
generators,
R.F.
patient.
as
surgical
is
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
After
1.
2.
Do
not
the
unit.
Do
not
Avoid
the (This
Only
Keep
reduce
Do
accessory
Turn
Turn
"buzzina"
forceps
will
use
active
not
Use
the
all
spark
activate
performance,
submerse
the
This
may
the
forceps
with
eliminate
endoscopes
electrodes
the
to
activate.
unit
off.
dials
to
active
the
0.
electrode
damage
electrosurgical
electrode the
with
and
active
the
and
majority
insulated
clean.
require
accessory
to
ground
unit
or
introduce a patient
unit
for
creating a metal
and
then
"jolts"
eye
pieces.
build-up
power
in
activate
liquids.
of
Eschar
higher
to
confirm
long
lengths
to
metal
the
to
the
will
settings.
This
operation
hazard.
of
arc.
generator.
surgeon.)
increase
may
cause
of
time.
Touch
resistance,
the
Disconnect the
power
Coil
electrical
Do
not
reuse
all
cords
supply
disposable
cord
cords
by
grasping
first.
when
storing:
accessories.
the
plug,
don't
not
bend
the
or
cord;
kink
disconnect
them.
Routinely every
Wash
or
ETO
life.
3-4
all
soak.
sterilize
replace
months,
reusable
accessories
all
"permanent"
depending
accessories
if
cables
upon
usage
with a damp
at
rate.
possible - this
appropriate
cloth.
will
Do
not
prolong
intervals
immerse
their
-
SSE3B
INSTRUCTION
MANUAL
EFFECTIVITY:
VALLEYLAB
PART
PRINTED
NUMBER
AUGUST
IN
A
USA
1,
945
1984
110
016
A
~
ELECTROSURGICAL
VALLEYLAB
GENERATOR
SSE3B
PRODUCT
INFORMATION
INTENDED
The
Model generator monopolar for
cutting
BLEND degrees respectively.
procedures
cutting settings for
details. desiccation
independently
instruments, instruments.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
There
The
patient's
use
use
with
and
#3
or
are
USES
SSE3B
intended
and
and
of
must
no
of
condition
Electrosurgical
bipolar
a
patient
fulguration.
COAG
hemostatis,
The
including
fulguration
be
used
The
bipolar
without
controlled.
it
is
known
external
for
output
return
are
intended
monopolar
transurethral
and
fulguration
also
absolute
or
may
require
Generator
use.
in connections.
electrode
Its
voltage
and
output
using
output
possible
internal
the
the
surgeon
Although
contraindications
special
the
operating
for
smooth
fulguration
is
resections.
monopolar
is
is
an
isolated
or
cutting.
designed
to
use the
pacemakers,
precautions.
is a general
The
and
is
waveforms,
cutting,
with
powerful
output
referred
The
primarily
bipolar
to
monitoring
room.
monopolar
designed
CUT,
cutting
a
enough
Desiccation
to
output
bipolar
the use
purpose
The
output
for
BLEND.
minimum
is
practical,
the
which
for
output
equipment,
electrosurgical
SSE3B
is
electrosurgical
fl,
with
of
for
Instruction
output
use
of
all
with
is
intended
with
with
electrosurgery.
has
BLEND
increasing
power
monopolar
both
intended
cutting,
common
minimal
but
Manual
bipolar
and
#2,
low
for
is
the
WARNINGS
Never
both
Burns
monopolar
surgeon's inherently
or
Electrosurgical
pacemaker
the electrosurgical mode
increase
the
to
objects.
heart
or
active
the
active
hands.
unsafe
because
which
inhibit
the
and
the
surgeon's
electrode
Electrosurgery for
units
of
could
current
the
pacemaker
power
use
the
beyond
patient
hands
with
should
danger
cause
can
return
are
is
touched
involves
flammable
be
of
fibrillation.
cause
entirely.
the
normal
electrodes
possible
used
introducing
a
pacemaker
settings
in
to
a
electric
anesthetics
with
caution
without
and
their
most
metal
clinical
instrument
sparking
or
in
electrosurgical
Also,
to
interference
revert
connections.
situations
to
near
flammable
the
to
first
held
tissue
presence
currents
an
asynchronous
checking
in
and
fluids
from
if
of
into
a
the
is
a
the
PRECAUTIONS
The
surgeon such standby a cannot higher Low return
pass
as
significant
frequency
directly
should random generator
detect
than
electrode
normal
component
and
risk
loose
current
should
through
be
aware
failure
accessories
to
the
connections
low
frequency
components
be
the
region
that
patient.
placed
the
or
defective
are
in
the
components
could
so
that
of
the
Model
recommended
The
SSE3B
SSE3B
active
cause
the
heart.
can
malfunction
active
electrode
in
electrosurgical
or
patient
if
generator
Return
the
electrosurgical
fibrillation,
Fault
which
for
electrodes.
malfunction
safety system
may
result
current.
so
the
current
will
reasons
A
is
in
patient
not
POTENTIAL
The
most
unintended
patient
combinations complication bipolar
PREVENTATIVE
To
insure
checked
Of
particular
lint
A
steps
Test
thorough
that
to
insure
and
taken
the
Procedure,"
COMPLICATIONS
common
burns
return
of
is
the
electrosurgery
MAINTENANCE
safe
and
for
wear
and
importance
dirt
build-up,
visual
to
correct
generator
outlined
continued
complications
to
the
patient
electrodes,
fault
dependable
inspection
be
efficacy
conditions,
explosion
are
tear.
are:
power
any
inspected
in
very
operation,
printed
cord
of
and
the
and
associated
and
insufficient
of
flammable
unusual.
wear,
the
all
of
at
least twice
service
safety.
surgeon
or
poor
this
circuit
and
generator
the
above
manual,
with
monopolar
caused
patient
surgical
bowel
generator
board
looseness
should
conditions.
a
year
be
by
gas.
should
contact
of
mechanical
be
made
and
performed
electrosurgery
defective
electrode technique.
Complications
be
finger
and
It
is
that
the
at
active
contact,
À
rare with
periodically
corrosion,
parts.
appropriate.
recommended
"Acceptance
these
times
are
or
ii
THE
SSE3B
SYSTEM
Congratulations. generator available rivals effect. cutting irrigated directly separate, characteristic applications. bipolar
SSE3B
safety grounded
Electrode
In
order capabilities information facts understanding situations
For
the Sections and
limitations
should
must
be
ever in
the
The
and
procedures.
in
isolated
instruments
is
equipped
system
electrosurgery.
Monitoring
to
and
surgeon
1
be
able
used
Your
built.
a
single
best
PURE
watts
spark
variable
CUT
with
bipolar
which
Hand-switch
with
which
instruct
and
must
specifications.
and
and
to
limitations
be
of
his
recognize
the
2.
These
of
the
to
decide
accomplish
new
It
generator.
gap
BLEND
is
exceptionally
For
a
large
is
ideal
as
well
the
combines
System
the
provided.
equipment
potential
most
sections
generator.
what
SSE3B
offers
generators
gives
your
lighted,
output
for
activation
as
conventional
"Balanced
the
The
SSE3B
(REM).
user
Ideally,
important
procedures
them.
is
the
features
The
a
convenience
which
neurosurgery,
may
significant
may
of
an
of
his
The
user
so
he
hazards
contain
After
most
and
SSE3B
and
wide
smooth
digital
has
Output"
also
electrosurgical
he
can
parts
reading his
has
with
range
and
the
display.
a
non-sparking
be
used with
footswitch
patient
advantages
be
generator,
must
before
the
be
should
use the
of
basic
SSE3B
versatile
performance
COAG
a
minimum
of
starts
output
laparoscopy,
both
equipped
a
given
be
given
they
occur.
these
surgical
these
sections
can
electrosurgical
never
fulguration
of
hemostasis
promptly
is
The
SSE3B
(desiccation)
monopolar
activation.
return
of
isolated
with
generator
great
more
a
generator
instructions
capabilities
handle
and
before
which
cutting
while
even
calibrated
has
or
other
electrode
the
Return
of
deal
than
a
just
complete
in
surgeon
how
in
a
and
The
and
the
of
new
are
it
The
basic their Section
electrical
The
technical increasingly such
Sections
If
Valleylab
hesitate Service Department problems.
generator
remainder
as
any
problem
is a lack
9
is
a
layman
of
topics
relevant
the
circulating
3
through
questions
representative.
to
call
Department,
are
always
most
short
and
the
which
8
as
arise
or
surgeons
of
primer
Section
Instruction
are
for
the
nurse
well
about using
If
write
Maintenance
our
happy
and
knowledge
on
10
is a glossary
of
less
hospital
and
as
Sections
there
factory.
Service
to
nurses
of
electricity.
electricity
Manual,
concern
engineer.
OR
supervisor
1
and
your
are
questions
The
help
you
have
Sections
new
Department,
in
and
of
terms.
to
will
2.
SSE3B,
he
personnel
with
trying
To
fill
electronics
3
through
the
surgeon
Other
be
call
can't
in
and
your
electrosurgical
to
understand this
8,
OR
personnel
interested
your
answer,
our
Customer
Engineering
for
but
need,
cover
local
do
the
are
in
not
iii
SECTION
1.
Electrosurgical
Theory
Applied
CONTENTS
to
the
LOM,
SSE3B
Electrosurgery
-
Gastrointestinal
-
Laparoscopic
-
Urologic
-
Neurosurgery
-
Patients
-
General
Description
The
SSE3B
Patient
REM/CoHesive
Surgery
with
Electrosurgery
of
Patient
Return
in
the
Endoscopy
Sterilization
Pacemakers
Controls
Return
Electrode
System
Operating
and
Generator
Electrode
Recommendations
Room
Safety
Design
System
26
27
36
45
49
51
53
57
66
85
89
Interference
Technical
A
of
Glossary
10.
Warranty
il.
Specifications
Primer
Electrosurgery
on
to
Basic
Monitoring
Electricity
Equipment
for
iv
Better
92
96
Understanding
109
122
131
SECTION
1
ELECTROSURGICAL
Electrosurgery
to
sever
a
low
muscles
could
Although
to
4,000,000 become confine
operates extremes.
Medical
is
passed
used
is
never
diathermy" difference electric
tissue
frequency,
and
electrocute
a
quite
these
at
diathermy
so
that
high
current.
THEORY
can
or
nerves.
generator
Hz
prominent
radio
750,000
through
the
enough
for
electrosurgery.
between
be
achieve
say
Putting
the
patient.
could
(4
MHz),
frequency
Hz
is
similar
the
current
these
APPLIED
defined
below
at
(750
patient's
density
to
cause
two
TO
THE
as
the
hemostasis,
100,000
it
another
perform
reactive
such
high
currents
KHz)
to
electrosurgery
body.
is
necrosis.
This
techniques
SSE3B
use
of a radio
A
high
Hz
(cycles
way,
electrosurgery
phenomena,
frequencies
to
wires.
which
kept
is
Large
low
The
is
very
is
the
radio
per
a
low
quite capacitance and
For
a
compromise
in
that
entry
and
the
British
descriptive.
density
frequency
frequency
second)
frequency
well
it
becomes
these
radio
and
resulting
use
of
at
reasons
between
frequency
exit
the
the
electric
is
used
will
electric
frequencies
and
difficult
electrodes
tissue
term
since
radio
current
because
stimulate
current
inductance,
the
SSE3B
these
current
heating
"surgical
the
major
frequency
up
to
two
are
There
electrosurgery.
Electrosurgical
Electrosurgical
effect.
Electrosurgical
significant char
The
1.
Electrosurgical
Of
waveform
passed
in wire through
are
tissue.
SSE3B
the
the
is
three,
(either
through tissue.
in a toaster
it.
only
Desiccation
Cutting
Fulguration
cutting.
optimized
Desiccation
desiccation
the
This
three
They
CUT
or
electrical
is
or
surgical
are:
-
-
Electric
Fulguration
to
perform
COAG)
exactly
stove
which
Low
-
Electric
is
technically
can
resistance
the
effects
power
sparking
can
all
three
be
used.
same
becomes
which
coagulation
to
sparking
coagulate
of
these
the
In
of
the
phenomenon
hot
when
can
be
without
tissue
to
large
functions,
simplest
desiccation,
tissue
as
the
achieved
with
tissue
bleeders
because
and
the
current
sparking.
a
cutting
without
current
heat
arises
resistance
passes
with
and
ANY
is
When
tissue the
the active imperative
A
the
tissue
water
dirty
tissue
and
hence
turns
is
electrode
that
or
charred
becomes
the
a
driven
in
the
electrode
light
electrode
name,
off.
good
hot,
the
desiccation.
‘brown
Since
electrical
be
desiccates
water
color,
desiccation
kept
DESICCATION
is
.
What
then
contact
clean
poorly.
slowly
one
it
steams
with
and
sees
takes
free
[1]
driven
and
place
the
of
out
is
that
bubbles
tissue,
dried
of
with
tissue.
the
first
as
the
it is
Electrode
contact
Deep spreads Relatively
brown
Desiccation be
performed
to
desiccate
larger
produce
setting,
desiccation
in
good
with
the
coagulation
radially.
soft,
eschar.
TYPICAL
with
with
depends
the
electrode
the
same
the
more
will
tissue.
light
CURRENT
the
SSE3B
either
current
current
proceed.
CUT,
on
the
contact
density.
using
BLEND
area
area,
that
ELECTRODE
=
0.5
AMP
either
or
COAG.
of
the
the
Then
is
delivered
of
active
more
too,
RMS
the
The
current
monopolar
exact
electrode
the
higher
and
TISSUE
setting
is
the
outputs
since
required
the
control
faster
can
needed
the
to
the
The
bipolar
panel)
to
electrode
currents,
Shortly,
fulguration.
Desiccation long
is
deliver
group
output
optimized
large
is in
the
maximum
the
bipolar
can
of
five
(the
for
currents
firm
also
contact
receptacles
four
desiccation.
voltage
output
be
done
receptacles
to
low
with
is
is
with
at
resistance,
the
very
poor
the
the
lower
at
This
tissue.
for
means
low,
electrosurgical
monopolar
left
the
and
that
moist
In
as
output
of
lower
spite
will
the
right
it
tissue
of be
which
panel.
is
designed
when
the
explained
cutting
of
large
is
the
the
or
the
The
and
the
BLEND,
monopolar
thus
surgery
or
very
COAG
in
output
low
the
may
is
primarily
settings
desiccation
be
used
(less
for
designed
than
mode.
desiccation.
30
As
for
watts)
stated
fulguration
must
above,
be
any
and
used
mode,
cutting
to
keep CUT,
Electrosurgical
In
electrosurgical
so
rapidly
matrix.
conduct
The
through
electrode
exploded
It
is
electrosurgical
tissues,
and
also
much
electrode
considerably electrosurgical be
mentioned current cells
When the
that
the
bright
passing
radio
"spark".
intervals Significant
Cutting
that
heat
is
moved
the
possible,
the
is
pressed helped
that
it
contacts.
frequency
light
An
"arc"
to
become
role
cutting
they
is
the
explode
dissipated
tissue
and
incision
and
electrode.
way
cooking
against
by
cutting
a
hot
into
in
the
the
is
in
electrosurgery.
the
objective
into
in
to
fresh
is
made.
even
useful,
Moreover,
softens tissue,
electrosurgical
involves
cautery
tissue)
current
air
gap
a
similar
established
steam
the
dry
tissue
[2]
sparking
wire
can
jumps
is
technically
phenomenon
and
is
leaving
steam
out
is
to
cut
desiccation
a
tough
the
desiccation.
(a
heated
also
across
probably
to
heat
and
therefore
adjacent
contacted,
mechanically
pot
mechanical
to
tissue.
wire
cut
an
known
which
a
cavity
roast.
tissue
air
does
the
cells.
new
softens
cutting
However,
It
with
gap as an
requires
tissue
in
it
cells
with
If
should no
by
to
not
cells
the
cell
does
not
When
are
a
sharp
many
a
sharp
may
true also
electric
exploding
tissue,
electric
longer
play
the
be
a
To
understand electrosurgical with
"7" is leaves Voltage
also
voltage
since
a
on
high,
the
air,
small
the
the
the
is
force
is
desiccated
Once
result
the where
from
the
two the
the
a
spark
of
two
current
the
spark
energy
spark
types
heating
desiccation
wire
SSE3B.
tissue
tissue,
the
force that
high
once
tissue.
to
phenomena.
passing
dissipated
is
actually
of
heating
is
the
cutting,
electrode
Because
becomes
the
that
drives
enough,
it is
the
tissue
through
strikes
extremely
phenomenon
difference
let's
the
electrical
drives
electric
a
spark
ionized,
is
The
the
flesh,
in
the
greater
together
concentrated.
alone
between
suppose
at a relatively
power
level
desiccated
resistance
current
sparks
will
jump
makes
established,
first
the
spark
than
are
is
resistance
The
itself.
that
capable
is
practically
the
remainder
that
(heat
very
through
across
to
a
better
of
arising
It
the
one
high
the
the
tissue
the
The
of
exploding
turns
quickly.
cautery
tries
setting
delivered
of
the
a
resistance.
an
air
nearest
conductor
tissue
heating tissue
of
the
heat
in
the
out
that
impossible.
wire
to
desiccate
of
CUT,
per
As
the
tissue
gap.
moist
than
heating
produced
at
the
heating
originating
tissue.
cells
cutting
[3]
and
say
second)
water
rises,
It
If
the
tissue
the
is
the
point
comes
The
because
by
is
by
in
σος
The
essential
continuous
is
plotted
alternating
the
generator,
ELECTROSURGICAL
Electrode tissue Short, cells can scalpei.
TYPICAL
sinewaves.
over
from
is
separated
by
thin
intense
into
steam.
be
minimai
CURRENT
characteristic
time,
positive
750
KHz,
layer
of
sparks
Hemostasis
and
That
a
pure
from
steam.
flash
mimics
TISSUE
=
0.1
is,
to
AMP
of
if
CUT
negative
CUTTING
the
SPARKS
output
is
a
operating
is
that
of
continuous
they
the
generator
sinewave
frequency
RMS
CUT
the
voltage
waveform
waveforms
at
are
of
EQUAL
PEAK
WAVEFORMS
ーー
A
GUT
TEA-
HH
A
COAG
The
peak waveforms, COAG
voitage
but
waveform.
the
τ
==
waveform - a
waveform - bursts
is
ΜΗ
pure
the
power
VOLTAGE
sine
wave.
Crest
HH
af
sina
waves.
Crest
same
is
in
both
about
factor
factar
1/3
1.4
4,3
of
these
in
the
=
~
Electrosurgical
The
SSE3B
sinewaves.
bursts
waveform had delivered
most
Now voltage) second.
produce
voltages
occur
the
same
of
the
suppose
the
and
is
as Because
COAG
The
the
(heat
time.
that
the
same currents
Fulguration
waveform
frequency
31,250
pause
peak
per
the
CUT
the
RMS
consists
times/second.
between
voltage
second)
COAG
waveform
COAG
voltage
during
of
the
each
as
the
is
waveform
and
is
turned
the
less
as
periods
of
sinewave
The
burst.
CUT
had
thus
off
the
short
important
Suppose
waveform,
because
the
could
most
CUT
when
bursts
is
the
same deliver
of
by
the
of
radio
750
KHz
feature
that
a
but
the
COAG
average voltage
the
having
generator
the time,
very
is
same
and
of
COAG
average
turned
it
large
is
frequency
the
COAG
the
COAG
waveform
power
off
(RMS heat can
on.
per
only
peak
A
good
effect
and
because
the
water
In
this
form
an
waveform,
this out general
way
of
EQUAL
A
COAG second) COAG example. are
equal.
COAG
because
the
waveform
the
in
the
way
the
incision.
it
can
it is
tissue
term
which
POWER
RMS
volts
Peak
volta
ЕТ
ESA.
waveform
to
the
peak
voltage
Note
the
heat
heating
cells
celis
Because
drive
possible
and
includes
AMS
voits
above
aiso
can
are
actually
A
CUT
wavetarm
with
is
that
spark
is
effect
does
dehydrated
of
a
current
to
both
CUT
about
the
more
not
fulgurate
with
low
equal
waveform.
root
to
widely
is
get
the
high
char
desiccation
WAVEFORMS
peak
voltage.
power
three
mean
tissue
intermittent.
high
slowly
through
it
times
dispersed
peak
long
to
a
(energy
Note
square
without
enough
very
after
carbon.
that
higher
to
but are not
voltage
high
and
fulguration.
per
the
in
this
voltages
significant
by
the
The
temperature
flash
torn
of a quality
resistances.
the
water
"Coagulation"
long
into
is
cutting
sparks
steam.
apart
driven
COAG
In
is
of
to
a
Fulguration First,
always surprising
Spark desiccation, contact may
For
efficient only
For
electrode
The will out,
Since jump
the
sparking produces
and
or.
may
a
given
one
example,
initial
be
its
moist
to
voltage
when
each
between
not
at
fifth
will
tissue
high,
resistance
tissue
the
nearest
is
can
be
to
necrosis
you
spark
the
the
produce
level
producing
the
if
a
begin
typically
high
contrasted
tissue
consider
current
electrode
of
average
ball
in
resistance
rises
is
moist
enough
with
anywhere
that
has
an
is
necrosis,
current
necrosis.
current
electrode
desiccation
0.5
to
until
no
longer
tissue to
extremely no and
is
0.8
make
with any
practical
the
each
more
the
tissue.
depending
flow,
In
flow
is
pressed
mode,
quite
amperes
the
touching
in
the
a
spark.
desiccation
sparks
cycle
concentrated
general,
of
low
electrical
of
high
As
on
fulguration
desiccation.
against
regardless
and
RMS.
the
fulguration
[1]
in
fulguration
land.
voltage
current
than
a
result
the
current
fulguration
moist
of
the
resulting
As
the
contact
electrode,
mode,
several
This
produces
density.
is
the
generator
is
the
area
desiccation
density.
always
requires
tissue,
waveform.
current
tissue
is
broken.
sparks
as
long
ways.
not
à
new
more
the
dries
will
In of
as
Electrode Long
sparks resuit coagulation
as continues.
in
then
deeper
tulguration
hard
and
superficial
TYPICAL
FULGURATION
free
from
tissue.
to
tissue
first,
necrosis
Eschar
black.
is
CURRENT
=
0.1
AMP
RMS
LT
The
on-off quantity peak is
voltage
1.4.
constant
factor
COAG
generator,
ever
is
adjustments
characteristic
called
to
The
crest
over
the
offered
capable
but
or
parts
crest
RMS
factor
entire
of
has
of
factor.
voltage.
of
control
in
a
full
fulgurating
no
spark
replacement.
COAG
The
the
power
Crest
SSE3B
as
gaps
waveforms
factor
crest
COAG
range.
solid
well
and
is
factor
is
This
state
as
does
can
be
defined
of a pure
10.0 is
generator.
a
good
not
described
as
and
is
the
highest
spark
require
with
the
ratio
CUT
sinewave
essentially
The
gap
routine
a
of
crest
SSE3B
type
Blended
As
one hemostatic BLEND
the
The
have
current
electrode.
SSE3B
a
sinewave this
reason
urologists
#1
which
higher
high
crest
solid
state electrode surgeons because
without
the
same area
CUT
might
expect,
effect,
has a crest
crest
cuts
the
find
has a crest
crest
factors,
factor
generators.
where
doing
it
will
having
of
Crest
that
will
factor
too
The
be
finer
cleanly
SSE3B
that
even
factor
that
a
maximum
polypectomy
allow
to
worry
electrode
Factor
the
is,
well
factor
of
CUT
3.6
it
BLEND
them
about
=
BLEND
the
fulgurated,
the
electrode,
of
1.4,
and
crest
the
SSE3B
of
and
is
equivalent
of
hemostasis
through
to
as
more
Peak
RMS
is
walls
1.9
but
the
2.6.
4.4
#3
cut
bleeding.
hemostasis
Voltage
(effective
a
cutting
of
depending
the
in
CUT.
many
surgeons
incision
factor
CUT
is
BLEND
respectively.
to
is
useful
is
an
endoscope
through
average)
the
cleaner
A
bleeds
is
too
#2
"COAG"
for
needed.
the
BLEND
is
waveform
incision
on
pure
slightly
clean
and
BLEND
BLEND
in
cutting
will
pedicle
powers
added.
voltage
with
made
the
fineness
the
cut.
CUT
sinewave
find
that
excessively.
higher.
and
prefer
#3
#3
many
competitive
with
For
example,
prefer
in
are
with
have
has
BLEND
one
equal
moderate
the
would
a
pure
For
Many BLEND still
such
a
thin
many
pass
for
of
a
#3
A.
common
that
the
can
be
COAG
knobs.
Valleylab
level
button COAG
is
The
relationship
next
page.
three
mode
is
tissue contact moist it
will
continue
misunderstanding
degree
varied
This
generators
is
controlled
is
pushed,
unaffected.
Coagulation
modes
is
identical
around
with
the
tissue.
jump
for
sparks the
of
by
shown
the
Since
hemostasis
dialing
is
by
the
between
and
electrode
metal
the
to
longest
about
in
true
of
have
the
CUT
CUT,
of
as
power
thus
electrode,
peak
more
period
American
(the
various
some
fixed
CUT
waveform
BLEND
liver
plotted
each
becomes
voltage
distant
of
crest
“percentages"
generators
BLEND
knob.
is
and
with
mode
sparks
of
moist
time.
electrosurgical
factor)
made
crest
In
factors
other
converted
COAG
test
electrodes
over
desiccates
too
time.
dry
begin
the
COAG
tissue
The
COAG
of
on
in
words,
to
is
illustrated
equally.
for
to
jump
waveform
and
waveform
the
both
a
The
the
generators
BLEND
Europe,
and
when
BLEND
in
power
good
to
sparking
waveform
the
CUT
but
the
a
and
on
each
of
in
After
electrical
the
nearest
is
highest,
fulgurates
is
and all
power
BLEND
the
the
the
each
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will
POWER {WATTS)
COAGULATION
30
20
10
0
WITH A LOW
start.
0 2
POWER
CUT
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hence
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4 6
WAVEFORM
tissue
phase
ューーーー
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resistance)
begins
8
about
here.
Sharp
6
sparking
phase one
voltage)
to
essentially
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10
time
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spike
phase
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spark
waveform.
stops.
12 14
(seconds)
power
back
seen
is
begins.
to
essentially
with a cut
zero
after
when
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Power
/
\
Sparking
drops
the
time
16
Warts
(
)
COAGULATION
POWER
(WATTS)
30
20
10
0
WITH A LOW
30. ]
20
7
10
J
¥
0
POWER
1
2
BLEND
7 1 Τ
4
6 8
WAVEFORM
Initial
two but the greatly
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10
time
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two but the longer the
electrode Vertical large
visible
phases
sparking
prolonged
the
peak
12
14 16
(seconds)
phases
sparking
and
the
tissues
becomes
spikes
coincide
sparks.
are
phase
as
are
phase
identical
is
the
crest
voltage)
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with
time
(
Je
COAGULATION
0
WITH A LOW
COAGULATION
USING
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POWER
A
VALLEYLAB
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2
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1
4
WAVEFORM
SSE2
1
6 8
SAMPLES
ELECTROSURGICAL
WITH
time
1
4
10
time
TEST
1
12 14
(seconds)
ELECTRODE GENERATOR
i
16
jp
“a
An
experiment
contact
With
the plate” sparking
phase
between
needle
and
soon
to
show
the
electrode
loosely
desiccation
begins
the
effect
inserted,
to
char
of
and
the phase the
tissue.
good
the
tissue.
“patient
are
physical
short
and
POWER
(WATTS)
COAGULATION TWO
FOLDS
POWER
(WATTS)
a.
20
-~
0
WITH
OF
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20..
blanching
|
began
|
mm
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.
0
THE
SALPINX.
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5
NEEDLE
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1
20
time - (seconds)
LOOSELY
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With contacted.
better
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25 30
USED)
the
tissue
and
the
starting
blanching
began
sparking
o
INSERTED
packed
the
needle
proionged
was
not
power
!
35
INTO
onto
and
therefore
the
desiccation
(and
significantly
Abu,
an
40
the
thus
lower.
<=>
45
needle,
dissipated
phase.
the
starting
sparking
1
more
time
je
tissue
heat
Surpris-
»
——
104
0
COAGULATION NEEDLE
p
ELECTRODE.
COAGULATION
7
0
WITH
THE
USING
SALPINX
(COAG.
OF
A
VALLEYLAB
5
T
10
TISSUE
WAVEFORM
PIG
SALPINX
SSE2
7
15
7 т
20
time - (seconds)
PACKED
WAS
USED)
The
lesson
more
grasped
is
tightly
SAMPLES
ELECTROSURGICAL
т
25 30 35
TIGHTLY
quickly
will
grasped.
WITH
here
than
spark
TEST
ONTO
is
that
large
more
GENERATOR
,
THE
small
electrodes
quickly
ELECTRODE
т
40
electrodes
and
than
tissue
T
45
spark
tissue
ーー
loosely
which
a
wide area
concentrates they
explode
One
way
to
electrodes electrode
the
electrode output resistances designed available desiccation small,
so
bipolar
keep
so
is
that
at
in
power.
with
is
a
the
power
to
produce
the
that
prevented
from
it
which
this
complete.
generators
low
output
sparking
will
way.
It
power
so
that
the
of a generator
the
the
desiccates
desiccation
from
not
sparking
It
designed
density
tissue
cutting
sparking
to
deliver
has
It
is
tissue
starts.
a
very
rapidly
comparable
for
while
cells
effect.
phase
to
tissue.
is
power
low
and
neurosurgery.
CUT
has
are
heated
from
cutting
is
to
design
efficiently
The
SSE3B
output
stops
in
a
low
intensely
is
prolonged
Another
the
to
bipolar
impedance
abruptly
performance
voltage
to
way
those
output
and
until
use
large
and
generator
and
when
to
tissue
to
the
keep
less
the the
TS
is
MONOPOLAR
The
pin
five
radio
patient's dispersive
The
detect
If will
In
addition,
dangerous
PROCEDURES
SSE3B
receptacles
SSE3B
1)
the
also
5)
7)
has
receptacle
frequency
is
the
Patient
2)
Broken
REM
detect:
3)
Insufficient
4)
Patient
ground
Active
6)
Excessive
(Current
than A patient's
detected
two
on
jacks
body
electrode
following
and
equipped
patient
System
the
currents actually
electrode
2000
single
WITH
separate
current
plate
plate
SSE3B
THE
the
lower
on
returns
which
with
fault
and
CoHesive
contact
will
current
.flowing
ohms
area
skin
as a fault.
SSE3B
outputs.
the
travels
contacts
a
conditions
cable
plate
not
touching
detect
touching
through
impedance
patient
(less
right.
lower
to
unigue
not
cable.
Return
area
flowing
than
The
The
left.
from
the
a
patient
during
plugged
of
patient's
these
result:
grounded
from
more
between
plate
one
bipolar
monopolar
In
the
generator
large
plate
into
Electrode
the
patient
hazards,
the
than
active
which
cm2
contact
output
monopolar
active
area
surgery:
generator.
skin.
object.
active
120
and
is
outputs
electrode,
via
a
of
monitor
is
being
plate.
provided
electrode
pf
ground.)
barely
area)
is
the
group
are
electrosurgery
patient
the
patient's
system
used,
that
capacitance
contacting
can
frequently
of
the
group
through
plate
which
the
potentially
to
ground.
or
four
of
the
the
or
skin.
will
SSE3B
less
|
the
be
10
CONNECTING
MONOPOLAR
INSTRUMENTS
11
TO
THE
SSE3B
When
will operate, by
The
To actually lights
on
power
on
no
any illuminate
pushing
CUT
detect
the
until
significant
one
the
the
and
a
working,
will
output
controls
the
of
fault
indicator
COAG
fault
only
jacks.
control
RF
these
and
must
Lights
in
the
illuminate
to
zero
output
seven
the
the
is
generator
be
button.
as
Safety
ACTIVE
CUT
You
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and
advanced
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faults
corrected
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and
when
test
keying
this
will
and
COAG
there
the
to
is
detected,
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and
Check-Out
or
indicator
is
this
generator.
at
least
setting.
the
a
by
the
operate.
Return
Indicators
to
find
lights
useful
turning
"1",
RETURN
To
make
Fault
out
if may
radio
either
The
lights
indicating
FAULT
the
indicator
the
generator
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used.
frequency
the
CUT
will
that
indicator generator
reset
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output
or
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light illuminates,
circuit)
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inward. is is
tone
RETURN
return simplest 1
the
generator
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detect
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RETURN
intact. pressed,
and
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aluminum
return
applied
return
FAULT
fault
to
the
circuit
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the
patient
OFF,
active generator
the
Return
FAULT
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indicator
If
the
no
CUT
way
to
10,
should
indicator
area
by
fault
and
should
but
the
you
may
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to
Fault
monitor
one
attempts generator or
circuitry
system
do
this then handle
that
touch
deactivate.
only
have
indicator
noting
alarm
touching
disable
plate
generator
conclude
or
electrode
the
Monitor
system
should
COAG
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is
is
the
of
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reset
responds
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can
seems
active
light
to
should
indicator
operational.
to
actually
to
set
active
the
SSE3B.
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by
to
yet
(REM)
REM
alarm
also
the
electrode
the
generator.
to
be
does
not
that
and
electrode.
System
can
be
and
activate
not
lamps.
either
electrode
RETURN
pressing
actual
produced
can
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even
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applied
operate. the the
and
tested
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the
activate,
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simulate
power
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it
ground
excessive
tested
tested
to
properly,
problem
current
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by
verifies
generator
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only
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to a grounded
indicator
FAULT
inward.
before
when
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after
the
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the
is
cannot
Area
pressing
as
indicated
verifies
way
a
fault
should
indicator
Note,
current
ground
generator
placement
handle.
a
that
while
to
to
flow.
current.
the
the
return
CUT
or
defective
complete
(REM)
the
red
the
the
by
that
most test condition.
any
setting
object,
light
should
that
return
is
by
Either
COAG
the
System
indicator
light
indicator
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the
such
and
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the
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electrode
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keying
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fault light
(open
path
bulb
audio
of
the
entire
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from
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lit
RETURN
keyed.
the
these
as
Dispersive Section
(10
square close as
as
large
electrode
6.
In
inches)
possible
an
area
summary,
for
to
of
skin
placement
we each
the
site
as
and
recommend
100
of
surgery
possible.
watts
12
size
using
of
requirements
a
patient
power.
and
should
plate
The
be
plate
in
are
firm
discussed
of
about
should
contact
65
be
in
cm2
as
with
We
recommend
placed
used,
touch curved surgery. should to
all firm relocate trouble comes
unless
on
it
is
before
or
be
adhesive
contact
the
with
on,
the
a
the
plate.
critical
it is
convex
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shaved.
of the
pad
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the
problem
thin
applied
area
bony
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areas.
after
patient
adhesive
obviously
layer
to
prominences
conductive
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of
pad
of
a
insure
dry
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its
cable
good
disposable,
that
to
the skin,
and
the
pad
press
gel
initial
assembly,
should
has
some
conductive
pregelled,
the
gel
skin.
as
near
fatty
carefully
the
back
with
application.
be
removed
other
pad
Apply
tissue.
of the
the
that
cause.
gel,
is
the
as
possible
and
apply
patient.
is, from
such
dispersive
the
as
thoroughly
return
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fingertip
entire
In
case
RETURN
the
skin
Lectrogel
electrode
to
pad
Do
not
electrode
wet
the
hairy
pressure
to
reuse
of
suspected
FAULT
and
replaced
to
site
assure
light
,
be
is
the
to
of
areas
or
a
Limitations
The
SSE3B
devised.
to
the
operating
do
not
occur:
l.
2.
Insufficient
A
patient
than appears which
electrode
area. for
Careless
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perhaps
("hot") surgeon
holster
of
RETURN
However,
20
the
should
A
units
Placement
example,
in
at
is
to
the
SSE3B
FAULT
there
room
Patient
electrode
cm2)
same
have
area
special
featuring
if
a
coronary
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certain
Return
system
are
staff
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which
in
good
electrically
at
monitor
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REM.
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two
active
same
with
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certain
to
electrical
least
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section
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bypass
time
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Fault
is
insure
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it
Safety System
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faults
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only
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system
patient
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electrodes
procedure,
must
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best
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of
it
monopolar
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the
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contact
contact
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electrode
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are
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guarded
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touch
cannot
following
area
with
applied
area.
detect
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being
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returned
the
patient
safety
detect
unsafe
(small, the
patient
The
insufficient:
(E7505)
Electrodes
used
electrodes
carefully.
system
and
it
conditions
yet
greater
patient's
electrode
patient
contact
is
required
simultaneously,
are
When
to
an
insulated
accidentally.
ever
is
skin
return
active
one
up
3.
Damaged
For
example, Sparks laid
Insulation
can
against
if
jump
the
on
the
active
from
that
patient's
the
Active
cable
metal
skin.
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to
13
is
frayed
the
or
patient
and
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bare
if
the
metal
damaged
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exposed,
cable
is
4,
5.
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Ground
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the electrical the
RETURN
current
patient
if
the
Do
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of
the
If
the
than
RETURN
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than
flow.
the
situation which which
active
the
spark
painful
2000
infinite,
finger
might
most
hemostat
may
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patient
contact
FAULT
flowing
electrode
dual
RETURN
section
Touch
impedance
ohms
FAULT
if
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is
closely
electrode
jump
burn.
the
FAULT
detector
the
COAG
which
not
be
encountered
is
through
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electrode
with
circuit
through
cable.
pad
Active
Circuit.
between
(resistive,
impedance
the
generator
mode
could
very
approaches
to
a
bare
not
in
his
Patient's
falls
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grounded
will
the
is
Electrode
will
especially, inflict
representative
good
not
ground
The
REM
used.
the
demonstrator's
capacitive,
not
to
ground
will
in
surgery.
this
metal
electrical
glove
away object be
System
with
allow
a
painful
hemostat
to
his
from
able
path
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or
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activate
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of
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is
the
contact
hand,
Skin
such
to
and
detect
Finger
body
inductive
than
might
burn.
possible
operating
practice
held
But
Making
the
patient
as
the
distinguish
that
generator
and
returning
a
as a Demonstration
and
2000
some
be
a
Fortunately,
fault
by
an
with
giving
Contact
operating
between
loose
ground
at
750
to
ohms
current
small
room
of
touching
assistant.
the
patient,
him
a
With
and
makes
table,
via the
electrode
is
less
KHz)
activate.
but
less will
spark
this
conditions
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small
TN
the
the
to
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If
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but
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Bipolar
active electrode
through
"patient"
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PROCEDURES
electrodes
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the
bipolar
WITH
return
is
required.
tissue
electrode
SSE3B
procedures.
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are
electrodes
which
located
bipolar
SSE3B
simply
The
output
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on
forceps
built
current
grasped
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same
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or
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flows
or
tool.
isolated
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touched,
electrodes
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ground,
tool.
"active"
and
which have
No
electrode
returns
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may
patient
to
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used
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the
14
«tt
SENER
a:
A
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SWITCHING
(E4045 & E4506)
THE
BIPOLAR
SINGLE
BIPOLAR
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FORCEPS
PLUG INTO
OUTPUT
CONNECTOR
BY
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CONVENTIONAL
(SW2
SERIES)
WITH
THE
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PLATE
THE
IM
BIPOLAR USED
E0024
BIPOLAR
ADAPTER
NEED
FORCEPS
IN
CONJUNCTION
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ELIM-
FOR A PATIENT
ONLY
PROCEDURES
NOTE: With instruments instruments. output If RETURN @
monopolar
come
pe
one
Bipolar
the
which attempts FAULT
on
and
Valleylab
directly
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does
patient
set
the
instruments
SSE2
is
possible
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to
use
plate
up
with
generator
can
and
SurgiStat
into
discriminate
bipolar
safety
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be
disabled.
only
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because
forceps
system
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used
models
same
those
between
in
patient
15
output
the
may
with
it
generators
monopolar
interpret
plate.
the
is
permissible receptacles
monopolar
separate
a
The
have
and
output
bipolar
RETURN
a
bipolar
bipolar
to
plug
as
simple
of a SSE3B,
instrument
FAULT
output.
bipolar
monopolar
isolated
operation.
light
the
as
may
CONNECTING
BIPOLAR
INSTRUMENTS
TO
THE
SSE3B
TN
Applications
general biterminal
the
conventional
and
thus
Second, extremely fine
neural
the
Biopolar output
forceps.
tissue
electrodes
is
electrode attached
made
grounded
monopolar
grasped more current patient's
to
to
of
spread
than
ground.
surgery
electrodes.
one
of
the
local
localized.
procedures
used
attached
to
the
wood.
place
radially
electrode.
between
about
is
returning
skin,
for
in
monopolar
the
The
is
necrotized
the
and
“patient"
When
on
the
a
or,
the
bipolar
which
The
most
nature
way
to
the
millimeter
common
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advantage
it
require
the
the
the
majority
patient's
away
In
two
electrodes
to
at
best,
output
desiccation
bipolar
electrode.
sources
of
the
current
neurosurgery,
of
because
does
with
an
patient's
isolated
"active" terminal
of
body,
from
ground
true
the
from
it
bipolar
through
is
include
instrument
of
desiccation
the
bipolar
the
monopolar
body
terminal will
the
the
active
is
desiccated.
the
direct
leaving
is
performed
First,
accidents
flow
desiccation
forceps.
output.
happens
will
appear
current
coagulation electrode,
operation,
path
some
grounded
the
neurosurgery,
with
has
two
the
patient
is
entirely
means
forceps
appear
no
is
patient's
that
is
commonly
doesn't
If
to
more
returning
of
just
only
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between
is
be
to
active
the
forceps
basic
plate
the
that
radiate
a
grounded
grounded,
work.
the
as
the
coagulation
the
contact
body
laparoscopy,
or
advantages
is
not
eliminated.
desiccation
done
than
via tissue
it
tissue
two
via
with
a
minimum
away
generator
only
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electrode
if
some
will
does
which
electrodes,
point
capacitance
and
other
over
used
very
from
the
it
were
distant
tend
with
spreads
on
the
is
of
a
is
It
is output. bipolar generator. will
Because if cannot designed cannot
To bipolar available, available bipolar bottom used. E0024 bipolar
behave
all
connect
adapter
not
practical
If
this
instrument
Even
like a grounded
of
the
monopolar
do
ali
to
fulgurate
compete
a
plug
it
universally
tool are not For
REM
procedure.
is
if
inherent
tools
the
successfully
bipolar
which
is
possible
has.no
needed
system
should
to
attempted,
as
an
the
tasks
or
instrument has
and
hand
and
equipped
be
used
use
inadeguate
RETURN
output
safety
could
done
cut,
with
four
to
are
switching
only
to
bipolar
the
FAULT
as
of
bipolar
be
eliminated. with they monopolar.
to
the
pins.
use
ordinary
commonly
capability,
the
two
generators
cover
instruments
RETURN
patient
circuit
described
monopolar. are
clumsy
SSE3B, If
found
larger
used
both
FAULT
plate
does
above.
procedures,
Unfortunately,
it is
the
special
(large)
on
the
jacks
in
active
with
circuit
connection
not
While
to
use
best
banana plugs
bipolar
small
to
the
and
patient
the
may
trip,
it
would
bipolar
and
to
use the
bipolar
instruments.
jacks
the
left
bipolar
SSE3B
interpret
and
the
bipolar
tools
present
plug
on
and
only
jacks
monopolar
disable
desiccation
be
desirable
can
designs
Valleylab
is
which
If
the
top
right
mode,
during
the the
tools
be
not are
the and are the the
16
As
described
that
it
The
bipolar
and
thus output, waveforms
earlier,
desiccates
output
the
power
the
BLENDS
will
desiccate,
well
also
can
are
the
but
be
bipolar
has
more
not
there
is
a
very
poor
lower
finely
is
output
for
output
linear
not
differs
cutting
power
controlled.
and
are not
need
for
from
or
fulgurating.
at
When used
BLENDS
the
monopolar
a
given
with recommended. with
the
control
the
BIPOLAR
output
setting bipolar
Since
output.
in
ALL
CONTROL
All
Valleylab markings power
available
knob
used
approximately
There resulting greatly impossible setting. the
Power
Power differences
tissue
mode
These
actual widely
maximum maximum
a
to a 300
in
skirts
with
are
peak
is
cut
selected
numbers
surgery,
from
given
TAPERS
of O to
that
in
of
the
monopolar
two
output
influenced
to
However,
votage
defined
in
or
moment
power
power
setting
ohm
load.
AND
CALIBRATION
generators
10
mode.
that
predict
occurs
mode.
the
SSE3B
to
the
ways
which
to
energy.
by
power
at a given
as
electrode
fulgurated
is
displayed
are
a
the
to
equals
which
For
example,
and are
output
same
impedance
can
settings
look
the
exactly
available
the
amount
size,
calibration.
moment.
be
at
about
the
prior
correspond
These
at
setting
each
obtained
amount
arbitrary
the
the Because size
what
of
this
second.
on
the
of
Consequently,
300
to
the
to
a
setting
identical
SSE3B
on
Valleylab
SSE3B
and
effect
are
the
ohms load
of
CUT
the
configuration
at
the
useful
energy
does
front
They
tissue,
from
power
SSE3B
the
markings
0
to
electrosurgical
will
most
delivered
not
The
panel
are
the
in
were
approximate
of
4
to
those
10
dial
SSE2
and
COAG
be
efficient
guides.
relate
monopolar
with
not
an
and
the
calibration
generator
impedance.
watts
calibrated
was
about
are
on
settings
models.
control
of
achieved
each
well
output
actual
therefore
at
which
percentage
40%
still
the
Model
effect
the
electrode,
by a given
load
second.
to
the
lighted
measurement.
the
that
The
number
would
in
arbitrary
of
of
the
present
SSE3.
also
settings
the
power
is
correspond
produced
resistance
Because
quantity
for
numerals.
power, varies
given
setting.
readout
be
delivered
maximum
power
on
When
and
it
control
and
each
as
the
This
the
the
is is
of of
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at
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first
of
the
demands three ranges that
for a given
rough
the
of
actual
step
categories
power
amount
in
of
and
powers
deciding
the
the O to
of
knob
what
procedure.
of
low,
in
watts
rotation.
10
power
medium,
dial
are
setting
Table
and
settings
generally
17
1
you
need
divides
high
found greater
is
various
"power"
on
the
for
to
and
knob
CUT
have
a
procedures
gives
skirts.
modes
rough
typical
than
idea into
Note COAG
For
example,
235
watts,
appear impossible
very
when
while
crude,
to
list
CUT
the
or
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exact
COAG
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power
differences
settings.
both
will
be
set
only
to
in
"8",
be
about
technique
the
CUT
90
and
power
watts.
electrodes
will
Table
be
1
make
about
will
it
Output
Voltage distance centimeter can
produce
The
peak
touching
bipolar
Voltage
is
sparks
through
output
tissue)
outputs
the
jump
longer
on
force
depends
air.
sparks.
voltages,
are
plotted
page
which
Because
22.
makes
on
measured
against
sparks
electrode
COAG
open
jump
shape,
has
circuit
control
higher
settings
to
12,000
peak
(with
the
tissue.
volts
voltages
the
for
active
the
can
electrode
monopolar
Although
jump
than
CUT,
about
the
a
it
not and
18
+ 110 hidden pages