Tektronix 2016 User manual

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Model 2016 THD Multimeter

User’s Manual

2016-900-01 Rev. C / August 2003

A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE

Model 2016 THD Multimeter

User’s Manual

Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Third Printing, August 2003

Document Number: 2016-900-01 Rev. C

Manual Print History

The print history shown below lists the printing dates of all Revisions and Addenda created for this manual. The Revision Level letter increases alphabetically as the manual undergoes subsequent updates. Addenda, which are released between Revisions, contain important change information that the user should incorporate immediately into the manual. Addenda are numbered sequentially. When a new Revision is created, all Addenda associated with the previous Revision of the manual are incorporated into the new Revision of the manual. Each new Revision includes a revised copy of this print history page.

Revision A (Document Number 2016-900-01)................................................................ May 1999

Revision B (Document Number 2016-900-01) ....................................................... December 2001

Revision C (Document Number 2016-900-01) ............................................................ August 2003

All Keithley product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Keithley Instruments, Inc. Other brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

Safety Precautions

The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation. Although some instruments and accessories would normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous conditions may be present.

This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required to avoid possible injury. Read and follow all installation, operation, and maintenance information carefully before using the product. Refer to the user documentation for complete product specifications.

If the product is used in a manner not specified, the protection provided by the product warranty may be impaired. The types of product users are: Responsible body is the individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment, for ensuring

that the equipment is operated within its specifications and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained.

Operators use the product for its intended function. They must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper use of the instrument. They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits.

Maintenance personnel perform routine procedures on the product to keep it operating properly, for example, setting the line voltage or replacing consumable materials. Maintenance procedures are described in the user documentation. The procedures explicitly state if the operator may perform them. Otherwise, they should be performed only by service personnel.

Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits, perform safe installations, and repair products. Only properly trained service personnel may perform installation and service procedures.

Keithley Instruments products are designed for use with electrical signals that are rated Measurement Category I and Measurement Category II, as described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC

60664. Most measurement, control, and data I/O signals are Measurement Category I and must not be directly connected to mains voltage or to voltage sources with high transient over-voltages. Measurement Category II connections require protection for high transient over-voltages often associated with local AC mains connections. Assume all measurement, control, and data I/O connections are for connection to Category I sources unless otherwise marked or described in the user documentation.

Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present. Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test fixtures. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) states that a shock hazard exists when voltage levels greater than 30V RMS, 42.4V peak, or 60VDC are present. A good safety practice is to expect that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown circuit before measuring.

Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that operators are prevented access and/or insulated from every connection point. In some cases, connections must be exposed to potential human contact. Product operators in these circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric shock. If the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000 volts, no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed.

Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits. They are intended to be used with impedancelimited sources. NEVER connect switching cards directly to AC mains. When connecting sources to switching cards, install protective devices to limit fault current and voltage to the card.

Before operating an instrument, make sure the line cord is connected to a properly grounded power recep tacle. Inspect the connecting cables, test leads, and jumpers for possible wear, cracks, or breaks before each use.

When installing equipment where access to the main power cord is restricted, such as rack mounting, a separate main input power disconnect device must be provided in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of the operator.

11/07

For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instruments while power is applied to the

circuit under test. ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before: connecting or disconnecting cables or jumpers, installing or removing switching cards, or making internal changes, such as installing or removing jumpers.

Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line (earth) ground. Always make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry, insulated surface capable of withstanding the voltage being measured.

The instrument and accessories must be used in accordance with specifications and operating instructions, or the safety of the equipment may be impaired.

Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instruments and accessories, as defined in the specifications and operating information, and as shown on the instrument or test fixture panels, or switching card.

When fuses are used in a product, replace with the same type and rating for continued protection against fire hazard. Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits, NOT as safety earth ground

connections. If you are using a test fixture, keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test. Safe operation

requires the use of a lid interlock. If a screw is present, connect it to safety earth ground using the wire recommended in the user documentation. The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user shoul d refer to the operating instructions located in the

documentation. The symbol on an instrument shows that it can source or measure 1000 volts or more, including the combined

effect of normal and common mode voltages. Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.

The symbol on an instrument shows that the surface may be hot. Avoid personal contact to prevent burns. The symbol indicates a connection terminal to the equipment frame.

If this symbol is on a product, it indicates that mercury is present in the display lamp. Please note that the lamp must be properly disposed of according to federal, state, and local laws.

The WARNING heading in the user documentation explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death. Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.

The CAUTION heading in the user documentation explains hazards that could damage the instrument. Such damage may invalidate the warranty.

Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans. Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line cord and all test cables. To maintain protecti on from electri c shock and fire, re placement components in mains circuits - including the power

transformer, test leads, and input jacks - must be purchased from Keithley Instruments. Standard fuses with applicable national safety approvals may be used if the rating and type are the same. Other components that are not safety-related may be purchased from other suppliers as long as they are equivalent to the original component (note that selected parts should be purchased only through Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and functionality of the product). If you are unsure about the applicability of a replacement component, call a Keithley Instruments office for information.

T o clean an instrument, use a damp cloth or mild, water-based cleaner . Clean the exterior of the instrument only . Do not apply cleaner directly to the instrument or allow liquids to enter or spill on the instrument. Products that consist of a circuit board with no case or chassis (e.g., data acquisition board for installation into a computer) should never require cleaning if handled according to instructions. If the board becomes contaminated and operation is affected, the board should be returned to the factory for proper cleaning/servicing.

Table of Contents

1 General Information

Introduction ................................................................................ 1-2

Feature overview ........................................................................ 1-2

Warranty information ................................................................. 1-3

Manual addenda ......................................................................... 1-3

Safety symbols and terms .......................................................... 1-3

Specifications ............................................................................. 1-3

Inspection ................................................................................... 1-4

Options and accessories ............................................................. 1-4

General purpose probes ....................................................... 1-4

Low thermal probes ............................................................ 1-5

Cables and adapters ............................................................. 1-5

Rack mount kits .................................................................. 1-5

Carrying case ...................................................................... 1-5

2 Basic Measurements

Introduction ................................................................................ 2-2

Front panel summary ................................................................. 2-3

Rear panel summary ................................................................... 2-6

Power-up .................................................................................... 2-8

Line power connection ........................................................ 2-8

Setting line voltage and replacing fuse ............................... 2-9

Power-up sequence ........................................................... 2-10

High energy circuit safety precautions ............................. 2-11

Power-on defaults ............................................................. 2-12

GPIB primary address ....................................................... 2-15

Warm-up time ................................................................... 2-15

Display ..................................................................................... 2-16

Status and error messages ................................................. 2-16

Measuring voltage .................................................................... 2-16

Connections ....................................................................... 2-16

Crest factor ........................................................................ 2-17

Low level considerations .................................................. 2-17

Measuring current .................................................................... 2-20

Connections ....................................................................... 2-20

AMPS fuse replacement ................................................... 2-21

Measuring resistance ................................................................ 2-22

Connections ....................................................................... 2-22

Shielding ........................................................................... 2-23

Measuring frequency and period .............................................. 2-24

Trigger level ...................................................................... 2-24

Gate time ........................................................................... 2-24

Connections ....................................................................... 2-25

Measuring temperature ............................................................. 2-26

Connections ....................................................................... 2-26

Configuration .................................................................... 2-27

Math .......................................................................................... 2-27

MX + B .............................................................................. 2-28

Percent ............................................................................... 2-29

dBm calculation ................................................................. 2-30

dB calculation .................................................................... 2-31

Measuring continuity ................................................................ 2-32

Connections ....................................................................... 2-32

Threshold resistance level ................................................. 2-32

Testing diodes ........................................................................... 2-33

Connections ....................................................................... 2-33

Range ................................................................................. 2-33

Measuring distortion ................................................................. 2-34

Configuration .................................................................... 2-35

Connections ....................................................................... 2-40

Measurement examples ..................................................... 2-42

3 Measurement Options

Introduction ................................................................................ 3-2

Measurement configuration ........................................................ 3-2

Range ................................................................................... 3-2

Filter .................................................................................... 3-3

Relative ................................................................................ 3-5

Digits ................................................................................... 3-5

Rate ...................................................................................... 3-6

Trigger operations ...................................................................... 3-8

Trigger model ...................................................................... 3-8

Reading hold (autosettle) .................................................. 3-11

External triggering ............................................................. 3-11

Buffer operations ...................................................................... 3-16

Storing readings ................................................................. 3-17

Recalling readings ............................................................. 3-17

Buffer statistics .................................................................. 3-18

Limit operations ........................................................................ 3-18

Setting limit values ............................................................ 3-19

Enabling limits .................................................................. 3-20

Scan operations ........................................................................ 3-21

Scanning overview ............................................................ 3-21

Front panel scanner controls ............................................. 3-21

Stepping and scanning trigger model additions ................ 3-21

Using SHIFT-CONFIG to configure stepping

and scanning ................................................................... 3-23

Scanning examples ............................................................ 3-24

System operations .................................................................... 3-26

Calibration ......................................................................... 3-26

4 Remote Operation

Introduction ................................................................................ 4-2

Selecting an interface .......................................................... 4-2

RS-232 ................................................................................ 4-3

GPIB bus ............................................................................. 4-3

RS-232 operation ....................................................................... 4-4

Sending and receiving data ................................................. 4-4

Selecting baud rate .............................................................. 4-4

Selecting signal handshaking (flow control) ....................... 4-5

Setting terminator ................................................................ 4-5

RS-232 connections ............................................................ 4-6

Error messages .................................................................... 4-6

GPIB bus operation and reference ............................................. 4-7

Introduction ......................................................................... 4-7

GPIB bus standards ............................................................. 4-7

GPIB bus connections ......................................................... 4-8

Selecting the primary address ........................................... 4-10

QuickBASIC 4.5 programming ........................................ 4-10

General bus commands ..................................................... 4-12

Front panel GPIB operation .............................................. 4-15

Status structure ......................................................................... 4-16

Condition registers ............................................................ 4-17

Event registers ................................................................... 4-17

Enable registers ................................................................. 4-17

Queues ............................................................................... 4-20

Status byte and service request (SRQ) .............................. 4-21

Trigger model (GPIB operation) .............................................. 4-24

Idle and initiate ................................................................. 4-25

Trigger model operation ................................................... 4-25

Programming syntax ................................................................. 4-27

Command words ............................................................... 4-27

Query commands ............................................................... 4-29

Case sensitivity .................................................................. 4-29

Long-form and short-form versions .................................. 4-29

Short-form rules ................................................................ 4-30

Program messages ............................................................. 4-30

Response messages ........................................................... 4-33

Message exchange protocol .............................................. 4-33

Common commands ................................................................. 4-34

*CLS — Clear Status ........................................................ 4-35

*ESE <NRf> — Event Enable .......................................... 4-35

*ESE? — Event Enable Query .......................................... 4-35

*ESR? — Event Status Register Query ............................ 4-36

*IDN? — Identification Query ......................................... 4-38

*OPC — Operation Complete ........................................... 4-38

*OPC? — Operation Complete Query .............................. 4-40

*OPT? — Option Identification Query ............................. 4-41

*RCL — Recall ................................................................. 4-41

*RST — RESET ............................................................... 4-42

*SAV — Save ................................................................... 4-42

*SRE <NRf> — Service Request Enable ......................... 4-42

*SRE? — Service Request Enable Query ......................... 4-42

*STB? — Status Byte Query ............................................. 4-44

*TRG — Trigger ............................................................... 4-45

*TST?-Self-Test Query ..................................................... 4-45

*WAI — Wait-to-Continue ............................................... 4-46

5 SCPI Command Reference

SCPI Signal oriented measurement commands .......................... 5-2

CONFigure command ......................................................... 5-2

FETCh? command ............................................................... 5-4

READ? command ............................................................... 5-5

MEASure command ............................................................ 5-6

SCPI command subsystems reference tables ............................. 5-7

Calculate subsystem ................................................................. 5-22

:CALCulate[1] ................................................................... 5-22

:CALCulate2 ..................................................................... 5-24

:CALCulate3 ..................................................................... 5-26

DISPlay subsystem ................................................................... 5-28

FORMat subsystem .................................................................. 5-30

:DATA command .............................................................. 5-30

:BORDer command ........................................................... 5-32

:ELEMents command ........................................................ 5-33

OUTPut subsystem .................................................................. 5-34

ROUTe subsystem ................................................................... 5-36

[SENSe[1]] subsystem ............................................................. 5-37

:FUNCtion command ........................................................ 5-37

:DATA command .............................................................. 5-38

:HOLD command .............................................................. 5-38

Speed commands .............................................................. 5-39

:RANGe commands .......................................................... 5-40

:REFerence <n> commands .............................................. 5-42

:DIGits command .............................................................. 5-44

:AVERage commands ....................................................... 5-45

Bandwidth command ........................................................ 5-47

:THReshold commands ..................................................... 5-47

Thermocouple commands ................................................. 5-48

:DIODe command ............................................................. 5-49

:CONTinuity command .................................................... 5-49

:DISTortion commands ..................................................... 5-49

STATus subsystem .................................................................. 5-53

[:EVENt]? command ........................................................ 5-54

:ENABle command ........................................................... 5-56

:CONDition? command .................................................... 5-58

:PRESet command ............................................................ 5-59

:QUEue commands ........................................................... 5-59

SYSTem subsystem ................................................................. 5-61

:BEEPer command ............................................................ 5-61

:PRESet command ............................................................ 5-61

:KCLick command ............................................................ 5-61

:POSetup <name> command ............................................ 5-62

:FRSWitch? command ...................................................... 5-62

:VERSion? command ........................................................ 5-62

:ERRor? command ............................................................ 5-63

:AZERo commands ........................................................... 5-63

:CLEar command .............................................................. 5-64

:KEY <NRf> command .................................................... 5-64

RS-232 interface commands ............................................. 5-66

Line frequency query ........................................................ 5-66

TRACe subsystem .................................................................... 5-67

:CLEar command .............................................................. 5-67

:FREE? command ............................................................. 5-67

:POINts command ............................................................. 5-67

:FEED command ............................................................... 5-68

:DATA? command ............................................................ 5-68

Trigger subsystem .................................................................... 5-69

:INITiate commands .......................................................... 5-69

:ABORt command ............................................................. 5-69

:TRIGger commands ......................................................... 5-70

UNIT subsystem ....................................................................... 5-72

:TEMPerature command ................................................... 5-72

:VOLTage commands ....................................................... 5-72

:DISTortion commands ..................................................... 5-74

A Specs and Accessories

Accuracy calculations ................................................................ A-6

Calculating DC characteristics accuracy ............................ A-6

Calculating AC characteristics accuracy ............................ A-6

Calculating dBm characteristics accuracy .......................... A-7

Calculating dB characteristics accuracy ............................. A-8

Additional derating factors ................................................. A-8

Optimizing measurement accuracy ........................................... A-9

Optimizing measurement speed ................................................ A-9

B Status and Error Messages C Example Programs

Program examples ..................................................................... C-2

Changing function and range ............................................. C-2

One-shot triggering ............................................................ C-4

Generating SRQ on buffer full ........................................... C-5

Storing readings in buffer ................................................... C-6

Taking readings using the :READ? command ................... C-8

Controlling the Model 2016 via the RS-232 COM2 port ... C-8

D IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Introduction ............................................................................... D-2

Bus description .......................................................................... D-4

Bus lines .................................................................................... D-6

Data lines ............................................................................ D-6

Bus management lines ........................................................ D-6

Handshake lines .................................................................. D-7

Bus commands .......................................................................... D-8

Uniline commands ............................................................. D-9

Universal multiline commands .......................................... D-9

Addressed multiline commands ....................................... D-10

Address commands .......................................................... D-10

Unaddress commands ...................................................... D-10

Common commands ........................................................ D-11

SCPI commands ............................................................... D-11

Command codes ............................................................... D-11

Typical command sequences ........................................... D-13

IEEE command groups .................................................... D-14

Interface function codes .......................................................... D-15

E IEEE-488 and SCPI Conformance Information

Introduction ................................................................................ E-2

List of Illustrations

2 Basic Measurements

Figure 2-1 Model 2016 front panel .......................................................... 2-3

Figure 2-2 Model 2016 rear panel ........................................................... 2-6

Figure 2-3 Power module ........................................................................ 2-8

Figure 2-4 DC and AC voltage measurements ...................................... 2-17

Figure 2-5 DC and AC current measurements ...................................... 2-20

Figure 2-6 Two- and four- wire resistance measurements .................... 2-23

Figure 2-7 Frequency and period measurements ................................... 2-25

Figure 2-8 Thermocouple temperature measurements .......................... 2-26

Figure 2-9 Continuity measurements .................................................... 2-32

Figure 2-10 Diode testing ........................................................................ 2-33

Figure 2-11 Distortion measurements ..................................................... 2-41

Figure 2-12 Function generator connections ........................................... 2-42

3 Measurement Options

Figure 3-1 Moving average and repeating filters .................................... 3-4

Figure 3-2 Front panel triggering without stepping/scanning ................. 3-8

Figure 3-3 Rear panel pinout ................................................................. 3-11

Figure 3-4 Trigger link input pulse specifications (EXT TRIG) ........... 3-12

Figure 3-5 Trigger link output pulse specifications (VMC) .................. 3-12

Figure 3-6 DUT test system .................................................................. 3-13

Figure 3-7 Trigger link connections ...................................................... 3-13

Figure 3-8 Operation model for triggering example ............................. 3-14

Figure 3-9 DIN to BNC trigger cable .................................................... 3-16

Figure 3-10 Buffer locations .................................................................... 3-17

Figure 3-11 Using limit test to sort 100W, 10% resistors ....................... 3-20

Figure 3-12 Front panel triggering with stepping .................................... 3-22

Figure 3-13 Front panel triggering with scanning ................................... 3-22

Figure 3-14 External scanning example with Model 7001 ...................... 3-25

4 Remote Operation

Figure 4-1 RS-232 interface connector ................................................... 4-6

Figure 4-2 IEEE-488 connector ............................................................... 4-8

Figure 4-3 IEEE-488 connections ........................................................... 4-8

Figure 4-4 IEEE-488 connector location ................................................. 4-9

Figure 4-5 Model 2016 status register structure .................................... 4-16

Figure 4-6 Standard event status ........................................................... 4-18

Figure 4-7 Operation event status .......................................................... 4-19

Figure 4-8 Measurement event status .................................................... 4-19

Figure 4-9 Questionable event status ..................................................... 4-20

Figure 4-10 Status byte and service request (SRQ) ................................. 4-21

Figure 4-11 Trigger model (remote operation) ........................................ 4-24

Figure 4-12 Device action (trigger model) .............................................. 4-26

Figure 4-13 Standard event enable register ............................................. 4-36

Figure 4-14 Standard event status register ............................................... 4-37

Figure 4-15 Service request enable register ............................................. 4-43

Figure 4-16 Status byte register ............................................................... 4-45

5 SCPI Command Reference

Figure 5-1 ASCII data format ................................................................ 5-31

Figure 5-2 IEEE754 single precision data format (32 data bits) ........... 5-31

Figure 5-3 IEEE754 double precision data format (64 data bits) .......... 5-32

Figure 5-4 Measurement event register ................................................. 5-55

Figure 5-5 Questionable event register .................................................. 5-55

Figure 5-6 Operation event register ....................................................... 5-56

Figure 5-7 Measurement event enable register ...................................... 5-57

Figure 5-8 Questionable event enable register ....................................... 5-57

Figure 5-9 Operation event enable register ............................................ 5-58

Figure 5-10 Key-press codes ................................................................... 5-65

D IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Figure D-1 IEEE-488 bus conﬁguration .................................................. D-5

Figure D-2 IEEE-488 handshake sequence ............................................. D-7

Figure D-3 Command codes .................................................................. D-12

List of Tables

2 Basic Measurements

Table 2-1 Fuse ratings ............................................................................ 2-9

Table 2-2 Factory defaults .................................................................... 2-13

3 Measurement Options

Table 3-1 Rate settings for the measurement functions ......................... 3-7

Table 3-2 Auto delay settings ................................................................ 3-9

4 Remote Operation

Table 4-1 RS-232 connector pinout ....................................................... 4-6

Table 4-2 General bus commands and associated statements .............. 4-12

Table 4-3 IEEE-488.2 common commands and queries ...................... 4-34

5 SCPI Command Reference

Table 5-1 Signal oriented measurement command summary ................ 5-2

Table 5-2 CALCulate command summary ............................................ 5-8

Table 5-3 DISPlay command summary ................................................. 5-9

Table 5-4 FORMat command summary ............................................... 5-10

Table 5-5 OUTPut command summary ............................................... 5-10

Table 5-6 ROUTe command summary ................................................ 5-11

Table 5-7 SENSe command summary ................................................. 5-11

Table 5-8 STATus command summary ............................................... 5-18

Table 5-9 SYSTem command summary .............................................. 5-19

Table 5-10 TRACe command summary ................................................ 5-19

Table 5-11 Trigger command summary ................................................. 5-20

Table 5-12 UNIT command summary ................................................... 5-21

B Status and Error Messages

Table B-1 Status and error messages ..................................................... B-2

D IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Table D-1 IEEE-488 bus command summary ........................................ D-8

Table D-2 Hexadecimal and decimal command codes ........................ D-11

Table D-3 Typical addressed command sequence ................................ D-13

Table D-4 Typical addressed command sequence ................................ D-13

Table D-5 IEEE command groups ....................................................... D-14

Table D-6 Model 2016 interface function codes .................................. D-15

E IEEE-488 and SCPI Conformance Information

Table E-1 IEEE-488 documentation requirements ................................ E-2

Table E-2 Coupled commands ............................................................... E-3

General

Information

General

Information

1-2 General Information

Introduction

This section contains general information about the Model 2016 THD Multimeter. The

information is organized as follows:

• Feature overview

• Warranty information

• Manual addenda

• Safety symbols and terms

• Speciﬁcations

• Inspection

• Options and accessories

If you have any questions after reviewing this information, please contact your local Keithley representative or call one of our Applications Engineers at 1-800-348-3735 (U.S. and Canada only). Worldwide phone numbers are listed at the front of this manual.

Feature overview

The Model 2016 is a 6½-digit high-performance digital multimeter. It has 0.002% 90-day basic DC voltage accuracy and 0.008% 90-day basic resistance accuracy. At 6 multimeter delivers 50 triggered readings/sec over the IEEE-488 bus. At 4 up to 2000 readings/sec into its internal buffer. The Model 2016 has broad measurement ranges:

-digits, the

-digits, it can read

• THD, THD+n, and SINAD from 20Hz to 50kHz with 0.0001% (0.00001 dB) resolution.

• DC voltage from 0.1

• AC (RMS) voltage from 0.1

• DC current from 10nA to 3A.

• AC (RMS) current from 1

• Two and four-wire resistance from 100µ

• Frequency from 3Hz to 500kHz.

• Thermocouple temperature from -200°C to +1372°C.

Some additional capabilities of the Model 2016 include:

• Built-in function generator — Provides 10Hz to 20kHz sinewave or pulse outputs. Maximum sinewave amplitude is 2V rms (50

• Full range of functions — In addition to those listed above, the Model 2016 functions include period, dB, dBm, continuity, diode testing, mX+b, and percent.

• Optional scanning — For external scanning, Model 2016 is compatible with Keithley’s Model 7001 and 7002 switch matrices and cards.

• Programming language and remote interfaces — The Model 2016 has the SCPI programming language and two remote interface ports (IEEE-488/GPIB and RS-232C).

• Reading and setup storage — Up to 1024 readings and two setups (user and factory defaults) can be stored and recalled.

• Closed-cover calibration — The instrument can be calibrated either from the front panel or remote interface.

V to 1000V.

A to 3A.

V to 750V, 1000V peak.

to 120MΩ.

Ω

or 600Ω) or 9.5V rms (HI Z).

Warranty information

Warranty information is located at the front of this instruction manual. Should your Model 2016 require warranty service, contact the Keithley representative or authorized repair facility in your area for further information. When returning the instrument for repair, be sure to ﬁll out and include the service form at the back of this manual to provide the repair facility with the necessary information.

Manual addenda

Any improvements or changes concerning the instrument or manual will be explained in an addendum included with the manual. Be sure to note these changes and incorporate them into the manual.

Safety symbols and terms

General Information 1-3

The following symbols and terms may be found on the instrument or used in this manual.

The symbol on the instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating instructions located in the manual.

The

symbol

Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.

The

WARNING

injury or death. Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.

The instrument. Such damage may invalidate the warranty.

Speciﬁcations

Full Model 2016 speciﬁcations are included in Appendix A.

CAUTION

on the instrument shows that high voltage may be present on the terminal(s).

heading used in this manual explains dangers that might result in personal

heading used in this manual explains hazards that could damage the

1-4 General Information

Inspection

The Model 2016 was carefully inspected electrically and mechanically before shipment. After unpacking all items from the shipping carton, check for any obvious signs of physical damage that may have occurred during transit. (Note: There may be a protective ﬁlm over the display lens, which can be removed.) Report any damage to the shipping agent immediately. Save the original packing carton for possible future reshipment. The following items are included with every Model 2016 order:

• Model 2016 THD Multimeter with line cord.

• Safety test leads (Model 1751).

• Accessories as ordered.

• Certiﬁcate of calibration.

• Product Information CD-ROM that contains a PDF of the Model 2016 User's Manual.

If an additional manual is required, order the appropriate manual package. The manual packages include a manual and any pertinent addenda.

Options and accessories

The following options and accessories are available from Keithley for use with the Model 2016.

General purpose probes

Model 1754 Universal Test Lead Kit:

lugs, two banana plugs, two hooks, and two alligator clips.

Model 8605 High Performance Modular Test Leads:

test probes and leads. The test leads are terminated with a banana plug with retractable sheath on each end.

Model 8606 High Performance Probe Tip Kit:

clips, and two spring hook test probes. (The spade lugs and alligator clips are rated at 30V RMS,

42.4V peak; the test probes are rated at 1000V.) These components are for use with high performance test leads terminated with banana plugs, such as the Model 8605.

The following test leads and probes are rated at 30V RMS, 42.4V peak:

Models 5805 and 5805-12 Kelvin Probes:

with banana plug termination. Designed for instruments that measure 4-terminal resistance. The Model 5805 is 0.9m long; the Model 5805-12 is 3.6m long.

Model 5806 Kelvin Clip Lead Set:

plug termination. Designed for instruments that measure 4-terminal resistance. A set of eight replacement rubber bands is available as Keithley P/N GA-22.

Consists of one set of test leads (0.9m), two spade

Consists of two high voltage (1000V)

Consists of two spade lugs, two alligator

Consists of two spring-loaded Kelvin test probes

Includes two Kelvin clip test leads (0.9m) with banana

General Information 1-5

Model 8604 SMD Probe Set:

surface mount device “grabber” clip on one end and a banana plug with a retractable sheath on the other end.

Low thermal probes

Model 8610 Low Thermal Shorting Plug:

1-inch square circuit board, interconnected to provide a short circuit among all plugs.

Cables and adapters

Models 7007-1 and 7007-2 Shielded GPIB Cables:

bus using shielded cables and connectors to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). The Model 7007-1 is 1m long; the Model 7007-2 is 2m long.

Models 8501-1 and 8501-2 Trigger Link Cables:

instruments with Trigger Link connectors (e.g., Model 7001 Switch System). The Model 8501-1 is 1m long; the Model 8501-2 is 2m long.

Model 8502 Trigger Link Adapter:

of the Model 2016 to instruments that use the standard BNC trigger connectors.

Model 8504 DIN to BNC Trigger Cable:

(Voltmeter Complete) and two (External Trigger) of the Model 2016 to instruments that use BNC trigger connectors. The Model 8504 is 1m long.

Consists of two test leads (0.9m), each terminated with a

Consists of four banana plugs mounted to a

Connect the Model 2016 to the GPIB

Connect the Model 2016 to other

Allows you to connect any of the six Trigger Link lines

Allows you to connect Trigger Link lines one

Rack mount kits

Model 4288-1 Single Fixed Rack Mount Kit:

19-inch rack.

Model 4288-2 Side-by-Side Rack Mount Kit:

486, 487, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2010, 2015, 2016, 6514, 6517, 7001) side-by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.

Model 4288-3 Side-by-Side Rack Mount Kit:

side-by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.

Model 4288-4 Side-by-Side Rack Mount Kit:

instrument (Models 195A, 196, 220, 224, 230, 263, 595, 614, 617, 705, 740, 775, etc.) side-by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.

Carrying case

Model 1050 Padded Carrying Case:

shoulder strap.

Mounts a single Model 2016 in a standard

Mounts two instruments (Models 182, 428,

Mounts a Model 2016 and a Model 199

Mounts a Model 2016 and a 5.25-inch

A carrying case for a Model 2016. Includes handles and

1-6 General Information

Basic Mea-

surements

Basic

Measurements

2-2 Basic Measurements

Introduction

This section summarizes front panel operation of the Model 2016. It is organized as follows:

•

Front panel summary —

connections.

•

Rear panel summary —

•

Power-up —

the warm-up time, and default conditions.

•

Display —

instrument.

•

Measuring voltage —

level voltage considerations.

•

Measuring current —

fuse replacement.

•

Measuring resistance —

shielding considerations.

•

Measuring frequency and period —

connections.

•

Measuring temperature —

measurements.

•

Math —

readings.

•

Measuring continuity —

•

Testing diodes —

•

Measuring distortion —

calculations used.

Includes an illustration and summarizes keys, display, and

Includes an illustration and summarizes connections.

Describes connecting the instrument to line power, the power-up sequence,

Discusses the display format and messages that may appear while using the

Covers DC and AC voltage measurement connections and low

Covers DC and AC current measurement connections and current

Details two and four-wire measurement connections and

Covers frequency and period measurement

Describes the use of thermocouples for temperature

Covers the mX+b, percent, dBm, and dB math functions performed on single

Explains setting up and measuring continuity of a circuit.

Describes testing general-purpose and zener diodes.

Explains how to measure total harmonic distortion and the

Front panel summary

M f

The front panel of the Model 2016 is shown in Figure 2-1. This ﬁgure includes important

abbreviated information that should be reviewed before operating the instrument.

Basic Measurements 2-3

igure 2-1

odel 2016

ront panel

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

1 Function keys

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

SCAN

TALK

LSTN

SRQ SHIFT TIMER

MATH

DCV

EX TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

CH1REM

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

THD

ACV

HOLD

TRIG

MEAS

THD

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

RECALL

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

ACI

REL FILT

CONT

Ω2Ω

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

(shifted and unshifted)

RELFILTER

RS232

CAL

BUFFER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

MATH REAR

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

TEMP

RANGE

AUTO

EXIT ENTER

RANGE

350V PEAK

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

78 2

INPUT

1000V

PEAK

500V

PEAK

3A 250V

AMPS

Select measurement function (DC and AC voltage, DC and AC current, 2-wire and 4-wire resistance, frequency, period, temperature with thermocouples), math function (mX+b, %, dBm, dB), THD (total harmonic distortion) or special function (continuity, diode test).

2 Operation keys

EX TRIG Selects external triggers (front panel, bus, trigger link) as the trigger

source. TRIG Triggers a measurement from the front panel. STORE Enables reading storage. RECALL Displays stored readings and buffer statistics (maximum, minimum, aver-

FILTER Displays digital ﬁlter status for present function and toggles ﬁlter on/off. REL Enables/disables relative reading on present function (not applicable for

age, standard deviation). Use ▲ and ▼ to scroll through buffer; use

and to toggle between reading number and reading.

distortion measurements).

and Moves through selections within functions and operations. If scanner

card installed, manually scans channels. THD SOURCE Selects and conﬁgures the internal function generator. THD MEAS Conﬁgures distortion measurements. STEP Steps through channels; sends a trigger after each channel. SCAN Scans through channels; sends a trigger after last channel. DIGITS Changes number of digits of resolution. RATE Changes reading rate: fast, medium, slow. EXIT Cancels selection, moves back to measurement display. ENTER Accepts selection, moves to next choice or back to measurement display. SHIFT Used to access shifted keys. LOCAL Cancels GPIB remote mode.

2-4 Basic Measurements

3 Shifted operation keys

DELAY Sets user delay between trigger and measurement. HOLD Holds reading when the selected number of samples is within the selected

LIMITS Sets upper and lower limit values for readings. ON/OFF Enables/disables limits; selects beeper operation for limit testing. TEST Selects built-in tests, diagnostics, display test. CAL Accesses calibration. SAVE Saves present conﬁguration for power-on user default. SETUP Restores factory or user default conﬁguration. CONFIG Selects minimum/maximum channels, timer, and reading count for step/scan. HALT Turns off step/scan. GPIB Enables/disables GPIB interface; selects address and language. RS232 Enables/disables RS-232 interface; selects baud rate, ﬂow control, terminator.

4 Range keys

▲ Moves to higher range; increments digit; moves to next selection. ▼ Moves to lower range; decrements digit; moves to previous selection.

AUTO Enables/disables autorange. SHIFT-AUTO displays the most recent error

5 Annunciators

* (asterisk) Reading being stored.

(diode) Instrument is in diode testing function.

)))

(speaker) Beeper on for continuity or limits testing. (more) Indicates additional selections are available. 4W 4-wire resistance reading displayed. AUTO Autoranging enabled. BUFFER Recalling stored readings. ERR Questionable reading; invalid cal step. FAST Fast reading rate. FILT Digital ﬁlter enabled. HOLD Instrument is in hold mode. LSTN Instrument addressed to listen over GPIB. MATH Math function (mX+b, %, dB, dBm) enabled. MED Medium reading rate. REAR Reading acquired from rear inputs. REL Relative reading displayed. REM Instrument is in GPIB remote mode. SCAN Instrument is in scan mode. SHIFT Accessing shifted keys. SLOW Slow reading rate. SRQ Service request over GPIB. STAT Displaying buffer statistics. STEP Instrument is in step mode. TALK Instrument addressed to talk over GPIB. TIMER Timed scans in use. TRIG Indicates external trigger (front panel, bus, trigger link) selected.

tolerance.

message.

Basic Measurements 2-5

6 Input connections

INPUT HI and LO Used for making DC volts, AC volts, 2-wire resistance measurements. AMPS Used in conjunction with INPUT LO to make DC current and AC

SENSE

Ω4 WIRE Used with INPUT HI and LO to make 4-wire resistance measure-

HI and LO ments.

current measurements. Also holds current input fuse (3A, 250V, fast blow, 5×20mm).

7 INPUTS

Selects input connections on front or rear panel.

8 Handle

Pull out and rotate to desired position.

2-6 Basic Measurements

Rear panel summary

The rear panel of the Model 2016 is shown in Figure 2-2. This ﬁgure includes important

abbreviated information that should be reviewed before operating the instrument.

Figure 2-2

Model 2016 rear panel

23 4

42V PEAK

INPUT

1000V PEAK

INV/PULSE

SOURCE OUTPUT

500V PEAK

350V PEAK

SOURCE OUTPUT

SENSE

Ω 4W

7 6

FUSE

500 mAT

(SB)

250 mAT

(SB)

TRIGGER

LINK

3 5

VMC

4 6

EXT TRIG

LINE

LINE RATING

100 VAC

50, 60Hz

120 VAC

40 VA MAX

220 VAC 240 VAC

EXTERNAL TRIGGER INPUT

Trigger Reading

>10µsec

TTL HI

TTL LO

MADE IN

U.S.A.

RS232

(CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS

FROM FRONT PANEL)

VOLT METER COMPLETE OUTPUT

Reading

Complete

>10µsec

TTL HI

TTL LO

IEEE-488

120

Basic Measurements 2-7

1 Input connections

INPUT HI and LO Used for making DC volts, AC volts, 2-wire resistance measurements. SENSE

Ω4 WIRE Used with INPUT HI and LO to make 4-wire resistance measurements.

HI and LO

2 TRIGGER LINK

One 8-pin micro-DIN connector for sending and receiving trigger pulses among other instruments. Use a trigger link cable or adapter, such as Models 8501-1, 8501-2, 8502, 8504.

3 RS-232

Connector for RS-232 operation. Use a straight-through (not null modem) DB-9 cable.

4 IEEE-488

Connector for IEEE-488 (GPIB) operation. Use a shielded cable, such as Models 7007-1 and 7007-2.

5 Power module

Contains the AC line receptacle, power line fuse, and line voltage setting. The Model 2016 can be conﬁgured for line voltages of 100V/120V/220V/240VAC at line frequencies of 45Hz to 66Hz.

6 INV/PULSE SOURCE OUTPUT

A BNC connector that provides an inverted sine wave or pulsed output for exciting devices under test during distortion measurement or for general purpose use. This connector also may provide a square wave pulse for triggering or synchronizing other systems to the SOURCE OUTPUT sine wave.

7 SOURCE OUTPUT

A BNC connector that provides a sine wave output for exciting devices under test during distortion measurement or for general purpose use.

WARNING:NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.

CAUTION:FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.

2-8 Basic Measurements

Power-up

Line power connection

Follow the procedure below to connect the Model 2016 to line power and turn on the

instrument.

1. Check to see that the line voltage selected on the rear panel (see Figure 2-3) is correct for the operating voltage in your area. If not, refer to the next procedure, “Setting line voltage and replacing fuse.”

CAUTION Operating the instrument on an incorrect line voltage may cause damage to

2. Before plugging in the power cord, make sure that the front panel power switch is in the off (0) position.

3. Connect the female end of the supplied power cord to the AC receptacle on the rear panel. Connect the other end of the power cord to a grounded AC outlet.

WARNING The power cord supplied with the Model 2016 contains a separate ground

the instrument, possibly voiding the warranty.

wire for use with grounded outlets. When proper connections are made, instrument chassis is connected to power line ground through the ground wire in the power cord. Failure to use a grounded outlet may result in personal injury or death due to electric shock.

4. Turn on the instrument by pressing the front panel power switch to the on (1) position.

Figure 2-3

Power module

350V PEAK

SOURCE OUTPUT

Model 2016

1000V

TRIGGER

PEAK

500V

PEAK

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4W

42V PEAK

INV/PULSE

SOURCE OUTPUT

3 5

4 6

FUSE LINE

100 VAC

500 mAT

120 VAC

(SB)

220 VAC

250 mAT

240 VAC

(SB)

LINK

VMC EXT TRIG

LINE RATING

50, 60

25 VA MAX

MADE IN

U.S.A.

RS232

IEEE-488

(CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS

FROM FRONT PANEL)

120

Fuse

Spring

120

Line Voltage Selector

Window

Fuse Holder Assembly

Setting line voltage and replacing fuse

A rear panel fuse located next to the AC receptacle protects the power line input of the instrument. If the line voltage setting needs to be changed or the line fuse needs to be replaced, perform the following steps.

WARNING Make sure the instrument is disconnected from the AC line and other

equipment before changing the line voltage setting or replacing the line fuse.

1. Place the tip of a ﬂat-blade screwdriver into the power module by the fuse holder assembly (see Figure 2-3). Gently push in and to the left. Release pressure on the assembly and its internal spring will push it out of the power module.

2. Remove the fuse and replace it with the type listed in Table 2-1.

CAUTION For continued protection against ﬁre or instrument damage, only replace

fuse with the type and rating listed. If the instrument repeatedly blows fuses, locate and correct the cause of the trouble before replacing the fuse. See the Model 2016 Service Manual for troubleshooting information.

3. If conﬁguring the instrument for a different line voltage, remove the line voltage selector from the assembly and rotate it to the proper position. When the selector is installed into the fuse holder assembly, the correct line voltage appears inverted in the window.

4. Install the fuse holder assembly into the power module by pushing it in until it locks in place.

Basic Measurements 2-9

Table 2-1

Fuse ratings

Line voltage Fuse rating Keithley P/N

100/120V 220/240V

0.5A, 250V, slo-blo, 5 × 20 mm

0.25A, 250V, slo-blo, 5 × 20 mm

FU-71 FU-96-4

2-10 Basic Measurements

Power-up sequence

On power-up, the Model 2016 performs self-tests on its EPROM and RAM and momentarily lights all segments and annunciators. If a failure is detected, the instrument momentarily displays an error message and the ERR annunciator turns on. (Error messages are listed in Appendix B.)

NOTE If a problem develops while the instrument is under warranty, return it to Keithley

If the instrument passes the self-tests, the ﬁrmware revision levels are displayed. An example of this display is:

REV: A01 A02

where: A01 is the main board ROM revision.

NOTE The unit will display USER SETUP during power-up if a user setup has been saved.

After the power-up sequence, the instrument begins its normal display of readings.

Instruments, Inc., for repair.

A02 is the display board ROM revision.

High energy circuit safety precautions

To optimize safety when measuring voltage in high energy distribution circuits, read and use

the directions in the following warning.

WARNINGS Dangerous arcs of an explosive nature in a high energy circuit can cause

severe personal injury or death. If the multimeter is connected to a high energy circuit when set to a current range, low resistance range, or any other low impedance range, the circuit is virtually shorted. Dangerous arcing can result even when the multimeter is set to a voltage range if the minimum voltage spacing is reduced in the external connections.

• When making measurements in high energy circuits, use test leads that meet the following requirements:

• Test leads should be fully insulated.

• Only use test leads that can be connected to the circuit (e.g., alligator clips, spade lugs, etc.) for hands-off measurements.

• Do not use test leads that decrease voltage spacing. These diminish arc protection and create a hazardous condition.

Use the following sequence when testing power circuits:

Basic Measurements 2-11

1. De-energize the circuit using the regular installed connect-disconnect

device, such as a circuit breaker, main switch, etc.

2. Attach the test leads to the circuit under test. Use appropriate safety

rated test leads for this application.

3. Set the multimeter to the proper function and range.

4. Energize the circuit using the installed connect-disconnect device and

make measurements without disconnecting the multimeter.

5. De-energize the circuit using the installed connect-disconnect device.

6. Disconnect the test leads from the circuit under test.

The maximum common-mode voltage (voltage between INPUT LO and the chassis ground) is 500V peak. Exceeding this value may cause a breakdown in insulation, creating a shock hazard.

The maximum common-made voltage (voltage between SOURCE OUTPUT and the chassis ground, and INV/PULSE SOURCE OUTPUT and the chassis ground) is 42V peak. Exceeding this value may cause a breakdown in insulation, creating a shock hazard.

2-12 Basic Measurements

Power-on defaults

Power-on defaults are the settings the instrument assumes when it is turned on. The Model 2016 offers two choices for the settings: factory and user. The power-on default will be the last conﬁguration you saved. The SAVE and SETUP keys select the two choices of power-on defaults.

To save present conﬁguration as user settings:

1. Conﬁgure the instrument as desired for USER default.

2. Press SHIFT then SAVE.

3. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select FACTory or USER.

4. Press ENTER.

NOTE The unit will display USER SETUP during power-up if a user setup has been saved.

To restore factory or user settings:

1. Press SHIFT then SETUP.

2. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select FACTory or USER.

3. Press ENTER.

Since the basic measurement procedures in this manual assume the factory defaults, reset the instrument to the factory settings when following step-by-step procedures. Table 2-2 lists the factory default settings.

Table 2-2

Factory defaults

Setting Factory default

Basic Measurements 2-13

Autozero Buffer Continuity

Beeper Digits Rate Threshold

Current (AC and DC)

Digits (AC) Digits (DC) Filter

Count

Mode Range Relative

Value

Rate (AC) Rate (DC)

Diode test

Digits Range Rate

Distortion

Measurement type Frequency Number of harmonics Units Shaping ﬁlter Fundamental frequency Bandpass ﬁlter

Low cutoff

State

High cutoff

State

Frequency and Period

Digits Range Relative

Value Rate

Function

*DETector:BANDwidth 30

On No effect

On 4H Fast (0.1 PLC) 10Ω

5½ 6½ On 10 Moving average Auto Off

0.0 Medium* Medium (1 PLC)

6½ 1mA Medium (1 PLC)

THD Auto 2 Percent None 60Hz

20Hz Off 50kHz Off

6½ 10V Off

0.0 Slow (1 sec) DCV

2-14 Basic Measurements

Table 2-2 (cont.)

Factory defaults

Setting Factory default

GPIB

Address

Limits

Beeper High limit Low limit

mX+b

Scale factor Offset

Percent

References

Resistance (2-wire and 4-wire)

Digits Filter

Count

Mode Range Relative

Value

Rate

RS-232

Baud Flow Tx term

Scanning Source output

Sine wave frequency Sine wave output impedance Sine wave amplitude Sine wave channel 2 shape

Temperature

Digits Filter

Count

Mode Junction

Temperature Relative

Value Rate Thermocouple Units

*DETector:BANDwidth 30

No effect (16 at factory) Off Never +1

-1 Off

1.0

0.0 Off

1.0

½

On 10 Moving average Auto Off

0.0 Medium (1 PLC) Off No effect No effect No effect Off Off 60Hz 50Ω

0.5Vrms with 50Ω impedance Inverted sine

5½ On 10 Moving average Simulated 23°C Off

0.0 Medium (1 PLC) J °C

Table 2-2 (cont.)

Factory defaults

Setting Factory default

Triggers

Continuous Delay Source

Voltage (AC and DC)

dB reference dBm reference Digits (AC) Digits (DC) Filter

Count

Mode Range Relative

Value Rate (AC) Rate (DC)

*DETector:BANDwidth 30

On Auto Immediate

No effect 75Ω 5½

½

On 10 Moving average Auto Off

0.0 Medium* Medium (1 PLC)

Basic Measurements 2-15

GPIB primary address

The GPIB primary address of the instrument must be the same as the primary address you specify in the controller’s programming language. The default primary address of the instrument is 16, but you can set the address to any value from 0 to 30 by using the following step by step instructions.

1. Press SHIFT then GPIB.

2. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select ADDRess. Or, press ENTER. Once you have pressed ENTER, the unit automatically displays the address selection.

3. Use the and keys to toggle from ADDRess to the numeric entry. Notice the values are blinking.

4. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to change the numeric entries to the desired address.

5. Press ENTER.

See Section Four — Remote Operation for more GPIB information.

Warm-up time

The Model 2016 is ready for use as soon as the power-up sequence has completed. However, to achieve rated accuracy, allow the instrument to warm up for one hour. If the instrument has been subjected to extreme temperatures, allow additional time for internal temperatures to stabilize.

2-16 Basic Measurements

Display

The display of the Model 2016 is primarily used to display readings, along with the units and type of measurement. Annunciators are located on the top, bottom, right, and left of the reading or message display. The annunciators indicate various states of operation. See Figure 2-1 for a complete listing of annunciators.

Status and error messages

Status and error messages are displayed momentarily. During Model 2016 operation and programming, you will encounter a number of front panel messages. Typical messages are either of status or error variety, as listed in Appendix B.

Measuring voltage

The Model 2016 can make DCV measurements from 0.1µV to 1000V and ACV measurements from 0.1µV to 750V RMS, 1000V peak.

Connections

Assuming factory default conditions, the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect test leads to the INPUT HI and LO terminals. Either the front or rear inputs can

2. Select the measurement function by pressing DCV or ACV.

3. Pressing AUTO toggles autoranging. Notice the AUTO annunciator is displayed with

4. Connect test leads to the source as shown in Figure 2-4.

WARNING

CAUTION

5. Observe the display. If the “OVERFLOW” message is displayed, select a higher range

6. Take readings from the display.

be used; place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position.

autoranging. If you want manual ranging, use the RANGE measurement range consistent with the expected voltage.

Maximum common mode voltage (voltage between LO and chassis ground) is 500V peak. Exceeding this value may cause a shock hazard.

Do not apply more than 1000V peak to the input or instrument damage may occur. The voltage limit is subject to the 8

until a normal reading is displayed (or press AUTO for autoranging). Use the lowest possible range for the best resolution.

▲

and ▼ keys to select a

107V•Hz product.

Basic Measurements 2-17

gure 2-

C and AC voltage

measurements

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

TALK LSTN SRQ SHIFT TIMER

MATH

DCV

EX TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

THD

Model 2016

CH1REM

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

SCAN

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

RECALL

REL FILT

ACI

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

THD

ACV

HOLD

TRIG

MEAS

CONT

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

RELFILTER

RS232

CAL

BUFFER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

EXIT ENTER

MATH REAR

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

TEMP

RANGE

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V PEAK

AUTO

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

1000V

PEAK

500V PEAK

3A 250V

AMPS

DC Voltage

Source

Input Impedance = 10M on 1000V and 100V ranges;

> 10G on 10V, 1V and 100mV ranges

Caution: Maximum Input = 1010V peak

Maximum Common Mode = 500V peak

Model 2016

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

1000V

PEAK

500V PEAK

3A 250V

AMPS

AC Voltage

Source

CAL

RELFILTER

RS232

MATH REAR

BUFFER

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

TEMP

EXIT ENTER

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

CH1REM

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

SCAN TALK LSTN SRQ SHIFT TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

MATH

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

DCV

EX TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

THD

ACV

HOLD

TRIG

MEAS

THD

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

RECALL

REL FILT

CONT

ACI

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

Input Impedance = 1M and 100pF

Caution: Maximum Input = 1000V peak, 8

Maximum Common Mode = 500V peak

Crest factor

AC voltage and current accuracies are affected by the crest factor of the waveform, the ratio of the peak value to the RMS value. 500Hz is the maximum fundamental frequency at which the corresponding crest factor must be taken into account for accuracy calculations.

Low level considerations

For sensitive measurements, external considerations beyond the Model 2016 affect the accuracy. Effects not noticeable when working with higher voltages are signiﬁcant in microvolt signals. The Model 2016 reads only the signal received at its input; therefore, it is important that this signal be properly transmitted from the source. The following paragraphs indicate factors that affect accuracy, including stray signal pick-up and thermal offsets.

× 107 V•Hz

2-18 Basic Measurements

Shielding

AC voltages that are extremely large compared with the DC signal to be measured may produce an erroneous output. Therefore, to minimize AC interference, the circuit should be shielded with the shield connected to the Model 2016 INPUT LO (particularly for low level sources). Improper shielding can cause the Model 2016 to behave in one or more of the following ways:

• Unexpected offset voltages.

• Inconsistent readings between ranges.

• Sudden shifts in reading.

To minimize pick-up, keep the voltage source and the Model 2016 away from strong AC magnetic sources. The voltage induced due to magnetic ﬂux is proportional to the area of the loop formed by the input leads. Therefore, minimize the loop area of the input leads and connect each signal at only one point.

Thermal EMFs

Thermal EMFs (thermoelectric potentials) are generated by thermal differences between the junctions of dissimilar metals. These can be large compared to the signal that the Model 2016 can measure. Thermal EMFs can cause the following conditions:

• Instability or zero offset is much higher than expected.

• The reading is sensitive to (and responds to) temperature changes. This effect can be demonstrated by touching the circuit, by placing a heat source near the circuit, or by a regular pattern of instability (corresponding to changes in sunlight or the activation of heating and air conditioning systems).

To minimize the drift caused by thermal EMFs, use copper leads to connect the circuit to the Model 2016. A banana plug generates a few microvolts. A clean copper conductor such as #10 bus wire is ideal for this application. The leads to the input may be shielded or unshielded, as necessary. Refer to “Shielding”.

Widely varying temperatures within the circuit can also create thermal EMFs. Therefore, maintain constant temperatures to minimize these thermal EMFs. A shielded enclosure around the circuit under test also helps by minimizing air currents.

The REL control can be used to null out constant offset voltages.

Basic Measurements 2-19

AC voltage offset

The Model 2016, at 5½-digits resolution, will typically display 100 counts of offset on AC volts with the input shorted. This offset is caused by the offset of the TRMS converter. This offset will not affect reading accuracy and should not be zeroed out using the REL feature. The following equation expresses how this offset (V

Displayed reading VIN()2V

Example: Range = 1VAC

Offset = 100 counts (1.0mV) Input = 100mV RMS

()

) is added to the signal input (VIN):

OFFSET

Displayed reading 100mV()21.0mV()

0.01V()1106–V×()+=

Displayed reading 0.100005=

The offset is seen as the last digit, which is not displayed. Therefore, the offset is negligible. If the REL feature were used to zero the display, the 100 counts of offset would be subtracted from V

, resulting in an error of 100 counts in the displayed reading.

See Section 3 — Measurement Options for information that explain the conﬁguration options for DC and AC voltage measurements.

2-20 Basic Measurements

Measuring current

The Model 2016 can make DCI measurements from 10nA to 3A and ACI measurements from

1µAm to 3A RMS.

NOTE See the previous discussion about crest factor in “Measuring voltage” in this section.

Connections

Assuming factory default conditions, the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect test leads to the AMPS and INPUT LO terminals. The front inputs must be used; place the INPUTS button in the FRONT position.

2. Select the measurement function by pressing DCI or ACI.

3. Pressing AUTO toggles autoranging. Notice the AUTO annunciator is displayed with autoranging. If you want manual ranging, use the RANGE ▲ and ▼ keys to select a measurement range consistent with the expected current.

4. Connect test leads to the source as shown in Figure 2-5.

CAUTION Do not apply more than 3A, 250V to the input or the AMPS fuse will

open-circuit.

Figure 2-5

DC and AC current measurements

5. Observe the display. If the “OVERFLOW” message is displayed, select a higher range until a normal reading is displayed (or press AUTO for autoranging). Use the lowest possible range for the best resolution.

6. Take readings from the display.

Model 2016

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

1000V

PEAK

500V PEAK

3A 250V

AMPS

Current Source

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

CH1REM

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

SCAN TALK LSTN SRQ SHIFT TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

MATH

THD

DCV

ACV

HOLD

EX TRIG

TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

MEAS

THD

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

RECALL

REL FILT

CONT

ACI

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

CAL

RELFILTER

RS232

MATH REAR

BUFFER

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

TEMP

EXIT ENTER

Caution: Maximum Input = 3A DC or RMS

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

AMPS fuse replacement

WARNING Make sure the instrument is disconnected from the power line and other

equipment before replacing the AMPS fuse.

1. Turn off the power and disconnect the power line and test leads.

2. From the front panel, gently push in the AMPS jack with your thumb and rotate the fuse carrier one-quarter turn counterclockwise. Release pressure on the jack and its internal spring will push the jack out of the socket.

3. Remove the fuse and replace it with the same type (3A, 250V, fast blow, 5 × 20mm). The Keithley part number is FU-99-1.

CAUTION Do not use a fuse with a higher current rating than speciﬁed or instrument

damage may occur. If the instrument repeatedly blows fuses, locate and correct the cause of the trouble before replacing the fuse. See the Model 2016 Service Manual for troubleshooting information.

4. Install the new fuse by reversing the procedure above.

See Section 3 — Measurement Options for information that explains the conﬁguration

options for DC and AC current measurements.

Basic Measurements 2-21

2-22 Basic Measurements

Measuring resistance

The Model 2016 can make 2-wire and 4-wire resistance measurements from 100µΩ to

120MΩ.

Connections

Assuming factory default conditions, the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect test leads to the Model 2016 as follows:

A. For Ω2-wire, connect the test leads to INPUT HI and LO. B. For Ω4-wire, connect the test leads to INPUT HI and LO, and SENSE Ω4 WIRE

HI and LO. Recommended Kelvin test probes include the Keithley Models 5805 and 5806. Either the front or rear inputs can be used; place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position.

2. Select the measurement function by pressing Ω2 or Ω4.

4. Connect test leads to the resistance as shown in Figure 2-6.

CAUTION Do not apply more than 1000V peak between INPUT HI and LO or

instrument damage may occur.

5. Observe the display. If the “OVERFLOW” message is displayed, select a higher range until a normal reading is displayed. Use the lowest possible range for the best resolution.

6. Take a reading from the display.

Basic Measurements 2-23

gure 2-

Two- and fourwire resistance measurements

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

Model 2016

SCAN

CH1REM

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

TALK LSTN SRQ

SHIFT

TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

REL FILT

dBm

MATH

DCV

EX TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

RECALL

CONT

ACI

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

THD

ACV

HOLD

TRIG

MEAS

THD

CAL

RELFILTER

RS232

MATH REAR

BUFFER

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

TEMP

EXIT ENTER

RANGE

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V

PEAK

INPUTS

AUTO

FRONT/REAR

3A 250V

AMPS

Shielded

Cable

1000V PEAK

500V

PEAK

Optional Shield

Resistance Under Test

Note: Source current flows from the INPUT HI to

INPUT LO terminals.

Model 2016

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V

PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

3A 250V

AMPS

CAL

RELFILTER

RS232

MATH REAR

BUFFER

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

TEMP

EXIT ENTER

RANGE

AUTO

SCAN

CH1REM

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10 TALK LSTN SRQ SHIFT TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

REL FILT

dBm

MATH

SHIFT

DCV

LOCAL

EX TRIG

POWER

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

Note: Source current flows from the INPUT HI to

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

RECALL

CONT

ACI

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

THD

ACV

HOLD

TRIG

MEAS

THD

Shielded

Cable

1000V PEAK

500V

PEAK

Optional Shield

Resistance

Under Test

INPUT LO terminals.

Shielding

resistance in a shielded enclosure and connect the shield to the INPUT LO terminal of the instrument electrically.

options for 2-wire and 4-wire resistance measurements.

To achieve a stable reading, it helps to shield resistances greater than 100kΩ. Place the

See Section 3 — Measurement Options for information that explains the conﬁguration

2-24 Basic Measurements

Measuring frequency and period

The Model 2016 can make frequency measurements from 3Hz to 500kHz on voltage ranges of 100mV, 1V, 10V, 100V, and 750V. Period measurements can be taken from 2µs to 333ms on the same voltage ranges as the frequency.

The instrument uses the volts input terminals to measure frequency. The AC voltage range can be changed with the RANGE ▲ and ▼ keys. The signal voltage must be greater than 10% of the full-scale range.

CAUTION The voltage limit is subject to the 8 × 10

Trigger level

Frequency and Period use a zero-crossing trigger, meaning that a count is taken when the frequency crosses the zero level. The Model 2016 uses a reciprocal counting technique to measure frequency and period. This method generates constant measurement resolution for any input frequency. The multimeter’s AC voltage measurement section performs input signal conditioning.

Gate time

The gate time is the amount of time the Model 2016 uses to sample frequency or period readings. The RATE key setting yields gate times as follows:

FAST = 0.01s

MEDium = 0.1s

SLOW = 1.0s

The Model 2016 completes a reading when it receives its ﬁrst zero-crossing after the gate time expires. In other words, the reading is completed 1/2 cycle after the gate time has expired. For example, with a 1sec gate time to sample a 3Hz frequency, you may wait up to 3 seconds before the Model 2016 returns a reading.

V•Hz product.

Connections

Assuming factory default conditions, the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect test leads to the INPUT HI and LO terminals of the Model 2016. Either the front

2. Select the FREQ or PERIOD function.

3. Connect test leads to the source as shown in Figure 2-7.

CAUTION Do not exceed 1000V peak between INPUT HI and INPUT LO or

4. Take a reading from the display.

See Section 3 — Measurement Options for information that explains the conﬁguration

options for frequency and period measurements.

Basic Measurements 2-25

or rear inputs can be used; place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position.

instrument damage may occur.

Figure 2-7

Frequency and period measurements

Model 2016

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

CH1REM

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

SCAN

TALK LSTN SRQ

SHIFT TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

MATH

THD

DCV

ACV

HOLD

EX TRIG

TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

MEAS

THD

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

RECALL

REL FILT

CONT

ACI

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

CAL

RELFILTER

RS232

MATH REAR

BUFFER

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

TEMP

EXIT ENTER

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

Input Impedance = 1M in parallel with <100pF

Caution: Maximum Input = 1000V peak, 8

× 107 V•Hz

350V PEAK

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

INPUT

1000V

PEAK

500V

PEAK

3A 250V

AMPS

AC Voltage

Source

2-26 Basic Measurements

Measuring temperature

The Model 2016 measures temperature with thermocouples. The temperature measurement

ranges available depend on the type of thermocouple chosen.

Thermocouples can be connected to an external thermocouple card, such as a Model 7057A,

7402, or 7014 installed in a Model 7001 or 7002 Switch System.

Connections

igure 2-8

Thermocouple temperature measurements

POWER

TALK LSTN SRQ SHIFT TIMER

MATH

SHIFT

DCV

LOCAL

EX TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

Note: This thermocouple card must be inserted into a

Keithley Model 7001 or 7002 Switch System.

Model 2016

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

CH1REM

SCAN

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

REL FILT

dBm

CONT

THD

ACI

ACV

HOLD

TRIG

MEAS

THD

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

CAL

RECALL

RELFILTER

RS232

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

MATH REAR

BUFFER

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

EXIT ENTER

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

TEMP

350V PEAK

INPUTS

RANGE

AUTO

FRONT/REAR

RANGE

Input

INPUT

3A 250V

AMPS

1000V PEAK

500V

PEAK

Input

Cable

Clamp

Out HI

Out LO

H L CH 9

H L CH 8

Math

Basic Measurements 2-27

Conﬁguration

The following information explains the various conﬁguration options for temperature

measurements. To select and conﬁgure the thermocouple measurement:

Press SHIFT then TCOUPL. Three choices are available using the ▲ and ▼ keys:

• UNITS — C, K, F (Centigrade, Kelvin, Fahrenheit). This parameter selects the displayed units for temperature measurements.

• TYPE — J, K, T (thermocouple type).

• JUNC — SIM. Typically, a thermocouple card uses a single reference junction. The Model 2016 simulates a reference junction temperature. Typical reference junction temperatures are 0°C and 23°C.

A simulated reference temperature is the temperature of the junction where the thermocouple voltage is sensed. It is room temperature if the thermocouple wire is terminated to banana jacks and corrected directly to the multimeter. The accuracy of a temperature measurement depends on the accuracy of the reference junction.

Model 2016 math operations are divided into four categories:

• mX+b and percent

• dBm and dB calculations

• Statistics of buffered readings

• Limit testing

The ﬁrst two categories are discussed here; buffered reading statistics and reading limit testing are described in Section 3 — Measurement Options.

The procedure to select and conﬁgure a math operation is summarized as follows:

1. Press SHIFT then the appropriate math key.

2. Conﬁgure the parameters for the math operation. Press ENTER when done. (Press SHIFT then the related math function to end the calculation.)

NOTES Once enabled for a function, the mX+b and percentage calculations are in effect

across function changes.

The Model 2016 uses IEEE-754 ﬂoating point format for math calculations.

2-28 Basic Measurements

MX + B

This math operation lets you manipulate normal display readings (X) mathematically

according to the following calculation:

Y= mX + b

where: X is the normal display reading

m and b are user-entered constants for scale factor and offset Y is the displayed result

Conﬁguration

To conﬁgure the mX+b calculation, perform the following steps:

1. Press SHIFT then MATH to display a math calculation. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select MX+B.

2. Press ENTER to display the present scale factor: M: +1.000000^

3. Enter a value and units preﬁx. Use the and keys to choose a numerical place and use the ▲ and ▼ keys to increment or decrement the digits.

4. Press ENTER to conﬁrm the M value and display the B value: B: +00.00000 m

5. Enter a value and units preﬁx.

6. Press ENTER to conﬁrm the B value and display the UNITS designation: MXB

7. Scroll through the letters to change and press ENTER when done.

The Model 2016 then displays the result of the calculation.

Percent

Basic Measurements 2-29

This item selects the percentage calculation and lets you specify a reference value. The displayed reading will be expressed as a percent deviation from the reference value. The percentage calculation is performed as follows:

Input - Reference

Percent

where: Input is the normal display reading.

Reference is the user entered constant. Percent is the displayed result.

------------------------------------------

Reference

100%×=

Conﬁguration

To conﬁgure the percent calculation, perform the following steps:

1. Press SHIFT then MATH to display a math calculation. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select PERC.

2. Press ENTER to display the present value: REF:+1.000000^

3. Enter a reference sign, value, and units preﬁx. Use the and keys to choose a numerical place and use the ▲ and ▼ keys to increment or decrement the digits.

4. Press ENTER when done.

The Model 2016 will display the result of the calculation. The result is positive when the input exceeds the reference and negative when the input is less than the reference. Engineering units are used to show values in the range 1 nano to 1000G. Exponential notation is used above that range.

2-30 Basic Measurements

dBm calculation

dBm is deﬁned as decibels above or below a 1mW reference. With a user-programmable reference impedance, the Model 2016 reads 0dBm when the voltage needed to dissipate 1mW through the reference impedance is applied. The relationship between dBm, a reference impedance, and the voltage is deﬁned by the following equation:

dBm = 10 log



REF



--------------------------------1mW

Where: V

is the DC or AC input signal.

is the speciﬁed reference impedance.

REF

NOTE Do not confuse reference impedance with input impedance. The input impedance of

the instrument is not modiﬁed by the dBm parameter.

If a relative value is in effect when dBm is selected, the value is converted to dBm then REL is applied to dBm. If REL is applied after dBm has been selected, dBm math has REL applied to it.

Conﬁguration

To set the reference impedance, perform the following steps:

1. After selecting dBm, the present reference impedance is displayed (1-9999Ω):

REF: 0000

2. To change the reference impedance, use the and keys to select the numeric position. Then use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select the desired value. Be sure to press ENTER after changing the reference impedance.

NOTES dBm is valid for positive and negative values of DC volts.

The mX+b and percent math operations are applied after the dBm or dB math. For example, if mX+b is selected with m=10 and b=0, the display will read 10.000 MXB for a 1VDC signal. If dBm is selected with Z

= 50Ω, the display will read 130MXB.

REF

dB calculation

Expressing DC or AC voltage in dB makes it possible to compress a large range of measurements into a much smaller scope. The relationship between dB and voltage is deﬁned by the following equation:

dB= 20 log

-----------------V

REF

Basic Measurements 2-31

where: V

is the DC or AC input signal.

is the speciﬁed voltage reference level.

REF

The instrument will read 0dB when the reference voltage level is applied to the input.

If a relative value is in effect when dB is selected, the value is converted to dB then REL is

applied to dB. If REL is applied after dB has been selected, dB has REL applied to it.

Conﬁguration

To set the reference voltage, perform the following steps:

1. After selecting dB, the present reference voltage level is displayed: REF: +0.000000

2. To change the reference level, use the and keys to select the numeric position. Then use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select the desired value. Be sure to press ENTER after changing the reference voltage.

NOTES The dB calculation takes the absolute value of the ratio V

The largest negative value of dB is -160dB. This will accommodate a ratio of V

= 1µV and V

REF

= 1000V.

/ V

REF

2-32 Basic Measurements

Measuring continuity

The Model 2016 uses the 1kΩ range to measure circuit continuity. After selecting continuity,

the unit prompts you for a threshold resistance level (1Ω-1000Ω). The Model 2016 alerts you with a beep when a reading is below the set level.

To measure the continuity of a circuit, press SHIFT then CONT, set the threshold resistance

level and connect the circuit.

NOTE Continuity has a non-selectable reading rate of FAST (0.1 PLC).

Connections

Connect the circuit you want to test to the INPUT HI and INPUT LO terminals of the

Model 2016. The test current ﬂows from the INPUT HI as shown in Figure 2-9.

igure 2-9

ontinuity

measurements

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10 TALK LSTN SRQ SHIFT TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

MATH

THD

DCV

ACV

HOLD

EX TRIG

TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

MEAS

THD

SCAN

CH1REM

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

RECALL

Model 2016

REL FILT

CONT

ACI

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

CAL

RELFILTER

RS232

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

MATH REAR

BUFFER

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

TEMP

EXIT ENTER

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

PEAK

350V

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

INPUT

1000V

PEAK

500V PEAK

3A 250V

AMPS

Resistance Under Test

Note: Source current flows from the INPUT

HI to INPUT LO terminals.

Threshold resistance level

You can deﬁne a threshold resistance from 1Ω to 1000Ω. The factory setting is 10Ω. Follow

these steps to deﬁne the resistance level:

1. Press SHIFT then CONT.

2. Use the and keys to choose a numerical place and use the ▲ and ▼ keys to increment or decrement the digits. Enter a value from 1 to 1000.

3. Press ENTER to conﬁrm your setting.

Testing diodes

With a Model 2016, you can measure the forward voltage drop of general-purpose diodes and the zener voltage of zener diodes. To test diodes, press SHIFT then , set the test current range, connect the diode, and take a reading from the display.

NOTE Diode test has a non-selectable reading rate of MEDium (1 PLC).

Connections

Connect the diode leads to the INPUT HI and INPUT LO terminals on the Model 2016. The test current ﬂows from the INPUT HI terminal as shown in Figure 2-10.

Basic Measurements 2-33

Figure 2-10

Diode testing

Range

Model 2016

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

PEAK

350V

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

1000V

PEAK

500V PEAK

3A 250V

AMPS

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

CH1REM

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

SCAN TALK LSTN SRQ SHIFT TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

MATH

DCV

HOLD

EX TRIG

TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

MEAS

THD

REL FILT

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

ACI

RECALL

CONT

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

THD

ACV

CAL

RELFILTER

RS232

MATH REAR

BUFFER

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

TEMP

EXIT ENTER

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

Model 2016

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

PEAK

350V

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

1000V

PEAK

500V PEAK

3A 250V

AMPS

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

SCAN

CH1REM TALK LSTN SRQ SHIFT TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

MATH

DCV

HOLD

EX TRIG

TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

MEAS

THD

REL FILT

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

ACI

RECALL

CONT

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

THD

ACV

CAL

RELFILTER

RS232

MATH REAR

BUFFER

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

TEMP

EXIT ENTER

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

Note: Source current flows from the INPUT HI to INPUT LO terminals.

General-Purpose

Diode

Zener

Diode

You can set the test current range from the front panel. The choices are 1mA, 100µA, and

10µA. The factory test current setting is 1mA. To set the test current, do the following:

1. Press SHIFT then .

2. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to scroll through the three test current selections.

The diode test measures voltages on the 3V range for the 1mA test current and the 10V range for the 100µA and 10µA ranges. If a reading is more than 10V, the Model 2016 displays the “OVERFLOW” status message.

2-34 Basic Measurements

Measuring distortion

The Model 2016 can make distortion measurements from 0.002% to 100% (-94dB to 0dB). The 2016 uses a digital signal processor (DSP) to perform a fast Fourier transform on the signal applied to the front or rear voltage inputs. It then analyzes the levels of the harmonics present in the signal to calculate THD, THD+noise, and SINAD. A direct digital synthesis module included in the distortion circuitry provides a programmable sine source. The source has a second output that can provide the inverse of the sine output (shifted 180˚), or output 0-5V logic level pulses in phase with the main output. Distortion measurement types are explained below:

• THD — Total harmonic distortion is the default distortion measurement type. It is expressed in percent or dB. The measurement is calculated as follows:

… h

where h

++ +

-------------------------------------------------------------------

is magnitude of the ith harmonic and f is the magnitude of the fundamental

waveform.

• THD+n — This is total harmonic distortion plus noise. It is what conventional (analog) THD meters display. A conventional THD meter has a notch ﬁlter that removes the fundamental frequency from the signal, and measures THD based on what remains. This includes all of the harmonics, but also includes any random noise in the signal. Since the Model 2016 uses a DSP to perform a Fourier transform on the signal, noise can be eliminated from the distortion measurement, thus providing a true reading. This measurement is expressed in percent or dB, and is calculated as follows:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

… h

2 1024

n++ + +

where h is the harmonic, n is the noise, and f is the magnitude of the fundamental waveform.

• SINAD — This is another way of expressing THD+noise. It is the RMS magnitude of the signal divided by the RMS magnitude of the difference between the signal and the fundamental. This measurement is expressed only in dB. The calculation is as follows:

… h

2 1024

… h

2 1024

++ + ++

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

++ + +

n2f

where h is the harmonic, n is the noise, and f is the magnitude of the fundamental waveform.

The digital averaging ﬁlter (moving or repeating) can be used with distortion measurements.

The RATE key has no effect on distortion measurements, because there is no NPLC setting.

NOTE The Rel key is not supported for distortion measurements.

Conﬁguration

These conﬁguration options are presented in the order commonly used to make a distortion measurement. The SCPI commands are generic; actual syntax depends on the test programming language used. Factory defaults are assumed.

Select the function

From the front panel, select the measurement function by pressing SHIFT then THD. For remote operation, send the command:

:SENSe:FUNCtion 'DISTortion' ;select distortion measurement function

Set the distortion measurement type

1. Press THD-MEAS and the display shows “TYPE: THD”.

2. Use the right cursor to highlight the type selection, then use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select THD, THD+N, or SINAD.

3. Press ENTER, then press EXIT.

For remote operation, send the command:

:SENSe:DISTortion:TYPE THD|THDN|SINAD ;select THD, THD+n, or SINAD

Set the distortion frequency acquisition

Basic Measurements 2-35

The Model 2016 must know the fundamental frequency of the input waveform. Even a difference of a few hertz can cause large errors. The choices are AUTO, SET, and ACQUIRE. AUTO acquires the frequency before each distortion reading. This slows down the reading rate, but it is useful if the source frequency is unknown or unstable. ACQUIRE takes a frequency measurement once and uses it for distortion measurements. SET allows you to select a frequency between 20 and 20kHz (60Hz is default). AUTO or ACQUIRE are recommended instead of SET, as the programmed frequency of the external source may not be accurate.

1. Press THD-MEAS.

2. Press ENTER once and the display shows “FREQ: AUTO”.

3. Use the cursor keys to select AUTO, SET, or ACQUIRE. (The source must be connected and turned on for ACQUIRE.)

4. Press ENTER. If SET was selected, you are prompted for the frequency to be used. Use the cursor keys and press ENTER to select it.

5. Press EXIT.

The following commands set the distortion frequency acquisition:

:SENSe:DISTortion:FREQuency:ACQuire ;acquire the frequency once :SENSe:DISTortion:FREQuency:AUTO ON|OFF ;turn AUTO on or off :SENSe:DISTortion:FREQuency xxxxx.xxx ;set frequency in hertz

2-36 Basic Measurements

Set number of highest harmonic

This option sets the number (n) of the highest harmonic included in the distortion calculation, where “n” is between 2 and 64 (2 is default). For example, the harmonic with a frequency twice that of the fundamental is the second harmonic (n=2). This function acts as a brick-wall, lowpass ﬁlter. It has an upper limit of 50kHz or 64 times the fundamental frequency, whichever is lower. This option has no effect in the THD+n or SINAD modes.

1. Press THD-MEAS.

2. Press ENTER until the display shows “UPPR HARM: 02”.

3. Set the number of the highest harmonic using the cursor keys.

4. Press ENTER, then press EXIT.

Use this remote command:

:SENSe:DISTortion:HARMonic xx ;set number of highest harmonic

Set measurement units

For the THD and THD+n modes, the measurement units can be percent or dB. SINAD is always displayed as dB.

1. Press THD-MEAS.

2. Press ENTER until the display shows “UNITS: PERC”.

3. Select PERC or dB using the cursor keys.

4. Press ENTER, then EXIT.

For remote operation, use this command:

:UNIT:DISTortion PERCent|DB ;select percent or dB for units

Select shaping ﬁlter

The Model 2016 has digital shaping ﬁlters to simulate having the sample signal pass through various types of telephone lines. The ﬁlter is turned off by default (NONE).

1. Press THD-MEAS.

2. Press ENTER until the display shows “SFIL: NONE”.

3. Select NONE, C (C message weighting), CCITT, CCIRARM, A (A weighting), or CCIR using the cursor keys.

4. Press ENTER.

For remote operation, use this command:

Set the voltage range

The Model 2016 defaults to autoranging for the voltage input range. If you prefer manual ranging, use the lowest possible range for the signal level. Not using the appropriate range causes inaccurate readings, or the display may show “OVRFLW” or “UDRFLW.”

Basic Measurements 2-37

While the 2016 is measuring distortion, press the manual range keys. The display shows the

new range brieﬂy. Press AUTO for autoranging. For remote operation, use these commands:

:SENSe:DISTortion:RANGe xxx.xx ;set range based on parameter :SENSe:DISTortion:RANGe:AUTO ON|OFF ;turn autoranging on or off

Conﬁgure the internal function generator

The Model 2016 has a 10Hz-20kHz (60Hz default) two-channel function generator. It can be

used to evaluate ampliﬁers, ﬁlters or other devices, or can be connected to the 2016 inputs. The function generator has selectable output impedances of 50Ω, 600Ω, and HIZ (50Ω default), and is unbalanced (coaxial). Its amplitude is 0-2Vrms for 50Ω and 600Ω (0.5Vrms default), and 0-9.5Vrms for HIZ (1.0Vrms default). A second output provides an inverted sine (opposite in phase to the main output), or a 0-5V logic level pulse in phase with the main output and having the same frequency.

NOTE The output impedance needs to be set before the amplitude. The impedance of the

second output reﬂects the impedance of the main output.

The only difference between 50Ω and HIZ is that the requested output voltage is corrected

for the actual load. For example, if 1.5V is requested:

1. With 50Ω selected and a 50Ω load, the result is 1.5V (correct).

2. With HIZ selected and a high impedance load, the result is 1.5V (correct).

3. With HIZ selected and a 50Ω load, the result is 0.75V (half of expected).

4. With 50Ω selected and a high impedance load, the result is 3.0V (twice expected).

5. With 50Ω selected and a 25Ω load, the result is 1.0V (incorrect for either 50Ω or high

impedance).

From the front panel:

1. Press THD-SOURCE and the display shows “SINE OUT: OFF”.

2. Use the cursor keys to select ON, then press ENTER.

3. When the display shows “FREQ: 00.0600k”, use the cursor keys to select the frequency (.01 to 20k), then press ENTER.

4. When the display shows “IMPEDANCE: 50”, use the cursor keys to select 50, HIZ, or 600, then press ENTER.

5. When the display shows “AMPL: 0.5000V”, use the cursor keys to set the amplitude (0 to 2V for 50Ω and 600Ω, 0 to 9.5V for HIZ), then press ENTER.

6. When the display shows “CHAN2: ISINE”, use the cursor keys to select ISINE (inverted sine) or PULSE (square wave), then press ENTER.

For remote operation:

:OUTPut ON|OFF ;turn output on or off :OUTPut:FREQuency xxxxx.xxx ;set frequency of source :OUTPut:IMPedance OHM50|OHM600|HIZ ;set output impedance :OUTPut:AMPLitude x.xxx ;set amplitude of source :OUTPut:CHANnel2:SHAPe ISINE|PULSE ;set Channel 2 waveform

2-38 Basic Measurements

Retrieve magnitude of individual harmonic

(remote operation only)

The 2016 can return the levels of individual harmonics (relative to the level of the fundamental, in dB). The parameters for this command are the starting and ending harmonics. Specify 2,3 for the second and third harmonics, or 2,2 for the second harmonic. The harmonic levels returned correspond to the last triggered reading, and the unit has to be set for one-shot readings (:INIT:CONT OFF). For remote operation, send this command:

:SENSe:DISTortion:HARMonic:MAGNitude? xx,xx ;query individual harmonic levels

Retrieve RMS volts, THD+n, or THD for an acquired reading

(remote operation only)

Once a single reading has been triggered, the corresponding RMS volts value, THD+noise value, or THD value can be read for the same set of data, regardless of what distortion mode is set. SINAD can be calculated from the THD+noise reading. Note that the following commands only work if the unit is set to trigger one reading at a time (:INIT:CONT OFF). Errors occur if the unit is continuously updating.

:SENSe:DISTortion:RMS? ;return the calculated RMS volts value for the last

:SENSe:DISTortion:THD? ;return the THD+noise reading for the last triggered

:SENSe:DISTortion:THDN? ;return the THD reading (number of harmonics depends

triggered reading

reading

on the last setting of harmonic number)

Querying the RMS volts value in the distortion mode with :sens:dist:rms? may yield a reading slightly different from a reading in AC volts mode. This is because of the differences in how the two modes make the measurement.

Basic Measurements 2-39

Conﬁguring and using the internal sweep

(remote operation only)

The Model 2016's internal source can be set to sweep up to 200 frequencies and then return the distortion and/or RMS volts for each frequency. Sweep results can be returned using the SREAL data format (fastest—IEEE754 single precision), DREAL data format (IEEE754 double precision), or in ASCII (default). The sweep uses the present distortion measurement settings and must be allowed to complete before requesting the data (otherwise the data will be incomplete). Sweep end can be detected by reading bit 3 of the Operation Event register (:stat:oper?) which is set to 1 at the end of a sweep. Bit 3 of the Operation Event register can also be used to trigger a service request when the sweep is completed.

The output sweep can only be performed in distortion mode. When performing a sweep, use SET mode for the distortion frequency acquisitions mode for maximum speed (remote command is :sens:dist:freq:auto off).

NOTE Do not place the unit in autorange mode while sweeping. A value of +812 (not

permitted in autorange) will be returned if this command is issued while in autorange mode. Refer to Appendix B for a complete list of status and error messages.

:OUTPut:LIST:MODE LIST ;Sets single frequency or sweep mode :OUTPut:LIST <ampl1>, <freq1>, <ampl2>, <freq2>… ;Creates a sweep list (50 points

max)

:OUTPut:LIST:APPend: <ampl#x>, <freq#x> ;Adds additional points to the existing

sweep list (change trigger count to match number of points)

:OUTPut:LIST:ELEMents DIST,AMPL ;Selects data to be returned (distortion,

RMS volts, or both)

:OUTPut:LIST:DELay xxx.xxx ;Sets the source delay time (the time

between setting the source and taking the measurement) in seconds

:TRIGger:COUNt xx ;Sets the number of measurements to make

during the sweep; must equal the number

of sweep points :OUTPut ON ;Output must be on before starting sweep :INIT ;Starts the sweep :OUTPut:LIST:DATA? ;Returns the list of sweep data in the format

<dist1>, <ampl1>, <dist2>,… (dependent

on data elements selected)

2-40 Basic Measurements

Conﬁguring high and low cutoff ﬁlters

(remote operation only)

The Model 2016 includes low and high cutoff ﬁlters used to limit the range of frequencies used in distortion measurements. The ﬁlters can be set in the range of 20Hz to 50kHz. Use the low cutoff to limit noise frequencies below the fundamental for THD+noise and SINAD measurements (the low ﬁlter does not have an effect in THD mode). When setting the low cutoff, set the value lower than the fundamental signal frequency. Similarly, the high cutoff ﬁlter limits noise frequencies above the speciﬁed frequency for THD+noise and SINAD measurements. In THD mode, the limiting frequency is equal to the lower of the high cutoff ﬁlter or the harmonic value.

:SENSe:DISTortion:LCO xxxx ;Sets the low cutoff frequency

:SENSe:DISTortion:LCO:STATe ON|OFF ;Turns the low cutoff on or off

:SENSe:DISTortion:HCO xxxx ;Sets the high cutoff frequency

:SENSe:DISTortion:HCO:STATe ON|OFF ;Turns the high cutoff on or off

The digital averaging ﬁlter (moving or repeat) can be used for THD. The RATE key sets the gate time (FAST = 0.01s, MEDium = 0.1s, and SLOW = 1.0s).

Auto or Acquire frequency modes are recommended instead of Set mode, as the programmed frequency of an external source may not be accurate.

Querying the RMS volts value in the distortion mode (:sens:dist:rms?) may yield a reading slightly different from a reading in AC volts modes due to a difference in the way each mode makes measurements.

The output impedance needs to be set prior to setting the amplitude of starting the sweep. The impedance of the second output reﬂects the impedance of the main output.

:LCO <NRf> ;Sets the low cutoff frequency of the Bandpass ﬁlter.

:LCO? ;Querys the low cutoff frequency of the Bandpass ﬁlter.

:HCO <NRf> ;Sets the high cutoff frequency of the Bandpass ﬁlter.

:HCO? ;Queries the high cutoff frequency of the Bandpass ﬁlter.

Connections

Distortion connections

Assuming factory default conditions, the basic procedure is as follows:

1. Connect test leads to the INPUT HI and LO terminals. Either the front or rear inputs can

NOTE If the internal source is connected directly to the inputs, be sure the outer conductor

:STATe <b> ;Sets LCO state on or off. :STATe? ;Queries LCO state.

:STATe <b> ;Sets HCO state on or off. :STATe? ;Queries HCO state.

be used; place the INPUTS button in the appropriate position.

is connected to INPUT LO.

gure 2-

istortion

measurements

Basic Measurements 2-41

2. Select the measurement function by pressing SHIFT then THD.

NOTE Pressing AUTO to turn off autoranging for distortion readings displays a message

indicating the present range.

4. Connect test leads to the source as shown in Figure 2-11.

Model 2016

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

350V PEAK

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

3A 250V

AMPS

V•Hz

1000V PEAK

500V

PEAK

AC Voltage

Source

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

CH1REM

SCAN

TALK

LSTN

SRQ SHIFT TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

MATH

THD

DCV

ACV

HOLD

EX TRIG

TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

MEAS

THD

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

RECALL

REL FILT

CONT

ACI

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

CAL

RELFILTER

RS232

MATH REAR

BUFFER

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

TEMP

EXIT ENTER

RANGE

AUTO

RANGE

Input Impedance = 1M and <100pF Caution: Maximum Input = 1000V peak, 8 × 10

CAUTION Do not apply more than 1000V peak to the input or instrument damage

may occur. The voltage limit is subject to the 8×10

V•Hz product.

5. Observe the display. If the “UDRFLW %THD” or “UDRFLW dB” message is displayed (2% of range), select a lower range until a normal reading is displayed (or press AUTO for autoranging). Use the lowest possible range for the best resolution.

NOTE Pressing the AUTO key to turn off autorange for distortion readings will display a

short message indicating the present range.

When the fundamental frequency is outside the 20Hz to 20kHz range, an underﬂow or overﬂow condition exists. When a traping ﬁlter is enabled, the range can be much narrower, depending on the type of ﬁlter enabled.

6. Take readings from the display.

NOTE When measuring distortion on the 100mV range or autoranging, open input leads

cause the distortion modes to display apparently valid readings. This is noise pickup at the power line frequency. The amplitude of the signal depends on the type and length of input connections. If the issue cannot be resolved by selecting a higher range, place a resistor across the input leads creating an underﬂow condition when the leads are open. The resistor value depends on the amount of noise present, but typically is 50kΩ to 150kΩ.

WARNING:NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.

CAUTION:FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.

2-42 Basic Measurements

Function generator connections

Figure 2-12 shows typical connections for the function generator. In this example,

connections are made to the SOURCE OUTPUT BNC jack using a coax cable. Connections to the INV/PULSE SOURCE OUTPUT jack are similar. See “Conﬁgure the internal function generator” earlier in this section for details on setting up the function generator.

WARNING Maximum voltage between SOURCE OUTPUT or INV/PULSE SOURCE

OUTPUT low (BNC jack shell) and chassis ground is 42V peak. Exceeding this value will result in a shock hazard.

gure 2-

unction generator

connections

Measurement examples

Model 2016

Coax

Cable

350V PEAK

SOURCE OUTPUT

1000V

TRIGGER

PEAK

500V

PEAK

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4W

42V PEAK

INV/PULSE

SOURCE OUTPUT

3 5

4 6

LINE

FUSE

100 VAC

500 mAT

120 VAC

(SB)

220 VAC

250 mAT

240 VAC

(SB)

LINK

VMC EXT TRIG

LINE RATING

50, 60

25 VA MAX

MADE IN

U.S.A.

RS232

IEEE-488

(CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS

FROM FRONT PANEL)

120

Warning: Maximum voltage between

SOURCE OUTPUT or INV/PULSE SOURCE OUTPUT and chassis ground is 42V peak.

Input

Device Under Test

Measuring distortion

NOTE The Rel key is not supported for distortion measurements.

Turn on the Model 2016 and connect the function generator output (SOURCE OUTPUT) to the front or rear voltage inputs (INPUT HI/LO). Set the INPUTS button accordingly.

1. Press SHIFT then ACV(THD) to put the 2016 into distortion measurement mode.

2. Press MEAS (the THD measure key).

3. When the display shows “TYPE” select THD and press ENTER.

4. When the display shows “FREQ:” select AUTO and press ENTER.

5. When the display shows “UPPR HARM:” select 02 and press ENTER.

6. When the display shows “UNITS:” select PERC and press ENTER.

7. When the display shows “SFIL:” select NONE and press ENTER.

8. Press SOURCE (the THD source key).

9. When the display shows “SINE OUT:” select ON and press ENTER.

10. When the display shows “FREQ:” select 01.0000kHz and press ENTER.

Basic Measurements 2-43

11. When the display shows “IMPEDANCE: 50”, select HIZ and press ENTER. (Setting is ignored in this example.)

12. When the display shows “AMPL:” select 1.0000V and press ENTER.

13. When the display shows “CHAN2:” select ISINE and press ENTER.

The display should read approximately 0.2 %THD.

To illustrate why the 2016 needs to know the exact source frequency, perform the following:

1. Press THD-MEAS and press ENTER once.

2. When the display shows “FREQ:”, select SET and press ENTER.

3. For the frequency, enter 01.0002kHz and press ENTER four times.

The display should read approximately 0.02 %THD and will be unstable. Note that the setting

for the function generator did not change.

Using the steps listed previously, return to the THD-MEAS menu and select ACQUIRE for

the frequency mode. The readings will return to approximately 0.02 %THD.

To perform this example remotely, send these commands:

*RST ;start from defaults :sens:func ‘dist’ ;select distortion function :sens:dist:type thd ;select THD type :sens:dist:harm 2 ;set highest harmonic to 2 :unit:dist:perc ;select percent distortion :sens:dist:sﬁl none ;no shaping ﬁlter :sens:dist:rang:auto on ;turn on autoranging :outp:freq 1000 ;set frequency to 1kHz :outp:imp HIZ ;set high impedance source :outp:ampl 1 ;set one volt :outp:chan2 isine ;select inverted sine :outp on ;turn on source :read? ;trigger one reading, the distortion measurement can be read from

the bus

:sens:dist:rms? ;return the RMS volts value corresponding to the above

measurement

2-44 Basic Measurements

Measuring AC volts or frequency

To measure AC volts or frequency using the Model 2016, follow this procedure. Note that the

function generator does not work outside the distortion function.

1. Select ACV or frequency. Front panel:

• Press ACV or FREQ. Remote:

:sens:func ‘volt:ac’ ;select ACV :sens:func ‘freq’ ;select frequency

2. Set voltage range. Front panel:

• Press RANGE ▲ and ▼. The display brieﬂy shows the new range. Autorange is

Remote: :sens:volt:ac:rang xxx.xxx ;select ACV range based on number :sens:volt:ac:rang:auto on|off ;turn autorange on or off :sens:freq:thr:volt:rang xxx.xxx ;select frequency range

3. Set integration rate for ACV. Front panel:

• Press RATE. An annunciator indicates FAST (0.1 NPLC), MED (1 NPLC), or SLOW

Remote: :sens:volt:ac:nplc xx.xx ;set number of power line cycles to integrate over

4. Set number of displayed digits. Front panel:

• Press DIGITS to cycle through the number of digits. Remote:

:sens:volt:ac:dig x ;select number of display digits in ACV :sens:freq:dig x ;select number of display digits in frequency

available for ACV but not frequency.

(10 NPLC).

Basic Measurements 2-45

5. Set digital ﬁlter for ACV. The 2016 has a digital averaging ﬁlter to stabilize readings. The repeating ﬁlter takes the

set number of readings, averages, then updates the display. The moving ﬁlter throws out the oldest reading, takes a new reading, then updates the display. The moving ﬁlter updates the display faster, but takes longer for readings to stabilize.

Front panel:

• Press FILTER.

• When the display shows “010 RDGS”, select the number of readings to average (1 to

100) and press ENTER.

• When the display shows “TYPE:MOVING AV”, select MOVING AV or REPEAT

and press ENTER.

• The display will have the FILT annunciator lit to indicate the ﬁlter is on. Press

FILTER again to disable the ﬁlter.

Remote: :sens:volt:ac:aver:tcon mov|rep ;select moving or repeating ﬁlter for ACV :sens:volt:ac:aver:coun xxx ;set number of averaged readings :sens:volt:ac:aver:stat on|off ;turn ﬁlter on or off

2-46 Basic Measurements

Distortion and RMS volts sweep example

This is an example of the bus commands which should be sent to the 2016 to conﬁgure1 start, and receive the data for a 10-point sweep. This also includes the use of the high and low cutoff ﬁlters.

*RST ;Resets the 2016 to default conditions

*CLS ;Clears the status registers

:STAT:OPER:ENAB 8 ;This will cause the Operation Summary Bit to set

*SRE 128 ;Enables the Operation Summary Bit mask to cause

:SENS:FUNC 'DIST' ;Selects Distortion mode

:SENS:DIST:RANG:AUTO OFF ;Disables auto range

:SENS:DIST:FREQ:AUTO OFF ;Turns off the AUTO frequency mode

:SENS:DIST:TYPE THDN ;Selects THD+noise mode

:SENS:DIST:LCO 500 ;Conﬁgures the low cutoff to ﬁlter out noise below

:SENS:DIST:LCO:STAT ON ;Turns on the low cutoff ﬁlter

:SENS:DIST:HCO 10000 ;Conﬁgures the high cutoff to ﬁlter out noise above

:SENS:DIST:HCO: STAT ON ;Tums on the high cutoff ﬁlter

:OUTP:LIST 1,1000,1,1100,1,1200,1,1300,1,1400,1,1500,1,1600,1,1700,1,1800,1,1900

:OUTP:MODE LIST ;Selects sweep mode

:OUTP:LIST:DEL .1 ;Sets a source delay of 0.1 seconds

:OUTP:LIST:ELEM DIST,AMPL ;Selects distortion and amplitude as the data

:TRIG:COUN 10 ;The 2016 will take 10 triggered measurements

OUTP ON ;Tums the output on

:INIT ;Begins the sweep (Wait for SRQ to be asserted)*

:OUTP:LIST:DATA? ;Queries the sweep data (Read data from the 2016)*

when the sweep has been completed, so that the sweep end can be detected

the SRQ line to be asserted when the sweep is completed

500 Hz

10kHz

;This will set 10 sweep points, from 1000 Hz to 1900 Hz in 100Hz steps, all at one volt amplitude

elements to be returned

The actual syntax for these steps depends on the type of GPIB interface and control software used. For example, the WaitSRQ function can be used with a National Instruments interface to wait for the SRQ, and the IBRD function can be used to read the data.

Running this same sweep again only requires sending *cls and init over the bus. Sending the *cls again is necessary to reset the sweep done bit.

Measure-

ment Options

Measurement

Options

3-2 Measurement Options

Introduction

This section describes the front panel features of the Model 2016. For those measurement options accessible only by a remote interface, refer to Sections 4 and 5. This section is organized as follows:

• Measurement conﬁguration — Describes ranging, ﬁltering, relative readings, digits of resolution, and measurement rate.

• Trigger operations — Uses a trigger model to explain trigger modes and sources.

• Buffer operations — Discusses the reading storage buffer and buffer statistics.

• Limit operations — Deﬁnes how to set reading limits.

• Scan operations — Explains the external scanning capabilities.

• System operations — Gives details on setup saving and restoring, selecting a remote interface, and accessing test and calibration.

Measurement conﬁguration

The following paragraphs discuss conﬁguring the multimeter for making measurements. See

the end of Appendix A for information about optimizing readings for speed or accuracy.

Range

The selected measurement range affects both the ultimate digits and accuracy of the measurements as well as the maximum signal that can be measured. The range setting (ﬁxed or auto) for each measurement function is saved when changing functions.

Maximum readings

The full scale readings for every range on each function are 20% overrange except for the 1000VDC, 750VAC, 3ADC, 3AAC, diode test, and distortion ranges.

Input values more than the maximum readings cause the “OVERFLOW” messages to be displayed.

Manual ranging

To select a range, simply press the RANGE ▲ or ▼ key. The instrument changes one range per keypress. The selected range is displayed for one second.

If the instrument displays the “OVERFLOW” message on a particular range, select a higher range until an on-range reading is displayed. Use the lowest range possible without causing an overﬂow to ensure best accuracy and resolution.

NOTE Temperature and continuity functions have just one range.

Filter

Measurement Options 3-3

Autoranging

To enable autoranging, press the AUTO key. The AUTO annunciator turns on when autoranging is selected. While autoranging is selected, the instrument automatically chooses the best range to measure the applied signal. Autoranging should not be used when optimum speed is required.

Note that up-ranging occurs at 120% of range, while down-ranging occurs at 10% of nominal range, except for distortion measurements. Up-ranging for the distortion function is 106-112% of range, while down-ranging is approximately 8.5% of range.

To cancel autoranging, press AUTO or the RANGE ▲ or ▼ key. Pressing AUTO to cancel autoranging leaves the instrument on the present range.

The AUTO key has no effect on the temperature, continuity, and diode test functions.

FILTER lets you set the ﬁlter response to stabilize noisy measurements. The Model 2016 uses a digital ﬁlter, which is based on reading conversions. The displayed, stored, or transmitted reading is simply an average of a number of reading conversions (from 1 to 100).

To select a ﬁlter:

1. Press FILTER once if the FILT annunciator is off; press twice if FILT is on.

2. Enter the number of readings.

3. Select the type of ﬁlter you want (moving average or repeating), then press ENTER.

The FILT annunciator turns on. When a ﬁlter is enabled, the selected ﬁlter conﬁguration for that measurement function is in effect.

Pressing FILTER once disables the ﬁlter.

NOTE The ﬁlter can be set for any measurement function except frequency, period,

continuity, and diode test.

3-4 Measurement Options

Filter types

The moving average ﬁlter (Figure 3-1) uses a ﬁrst-in, ﬁrst-out stack. When the stack becomes full, the measurement conversions are averaged, yielding a reading. For each subsequent conversion placed into the stack, the oldest conversion is discarded, and the stack is re-averaged, yielding a new reading.

For the repeating ﬁlter (Figure 3-1), the stack is ﬁlled and the conversions are averaged to yield a reading. The stack is then cleared and the process starts over. Choose this ﬁlter for scanning so readings from other channels are not averaged with the present channel.

igure 3-1

oving average and

repeating filters

Response time

Conversion #10 #9

Conversion #1

Conversion #10 #9

Conversion #1

#8 #7 #6 #5 #4 #3 #2

A. Type - Moving Average, Readings = 10

#8 #7 #6 #5 #4 #3 #2

B. Type - Repeating, Readings = 10

Reading

Conversion #11 #10

Conversion #2

Conversion #20 #19

Conversion #11

#9 #8 #7 #6 #5 #4 #3

#18 #17 #16 #15 #14 #13 #12

Conversion #12 #11

Reading

Conversion #3

Reading

#10 #9

#7 #6 #5 #4

Conversion #30 #29

#26

Conversion #21

#28 #27

#25 #24 #23 #22

Reading

The ﬁlter parameters have speed and accuracy tradeoffs for the time needed to display, store, or output a ﬁltered reading. These affect the number of reading conversions for speed versus accuracy and response to input signal changes.

Relative

Measurement Options 3-5

The rel (relative) function can be used to null offsets or subtract a baseline reading from present and future readings. When rel is enabled, the instrument uses the present reading as a relative value. Subsequent readings will be the difference between the actual input value and the rel value.

NOTE The rel function is not supported for distortion measurements.

You can deﬁne a rel value for each function. Once a rel value is established for a measurement function, the value is the same for all ranges. For example, if 50V is set as a rel value on the 100V range, the rel is also 50V on the 1000V, 10V, 1V, and 100mV ranges.

Thus, when you perform a zero correction for DCV, Ω2, and Ω4 measurements by enabling REL, the displayed offset becomes the reference value. Subtracting the offset from the actual input zeroes the display, as follows:

Actual Input – Reference = Displayed Reading

A rel value can be as large as the highest range.

Selecting a range that cannot accommodate the rel value does not cause an overﬂow condition, but it also does not increase the maximum allowable input for that range. For example, on the 10V range, the Model 2016 still overﬂows for a 12V input.

Digits

To set a rel (relative) value, press REL key when the display shows the value you want as the relative value. The REL annunciator turns on. Pressing REL a second time disables rel.

You can input a REL value manually using the mX+b function. Set M for 1 and B for any value you want. Pressing REL enables that value to be the relative value. See Section 2 for more information on the mX+b function.

The display resolution of a Model 2016 reading depends on the DIGITS setting. It has no effect on the remote reading format. The number of displayed digits does not affect accuracy or speed. Those parameters are controlled by the RATE setting.

Perform the following steps to set digits for a measurement function:

1. Press the desired function.

2. Press the DIGITS key until the desired number of digits is displayed (3½ to 6½).

NOTE Frequency and period can be displayed with four to seven digits.

3-6 Measurement Options

Rate

The RATE operation sets the integration time of the A/D converter, the period of time the input signal is measured (also known as aperture). The integration time affects the usable digits, the amount of reading noise, as well as the ultimate reading rate of the instrument. The integration time is speciﬁed in parameters based on a number of power line cycles (NPLC), where 1 PLC for 60Hz is 16.67msec and 1 PLC for 50Hz and 400Hz is 20msec.

In general, the fastest integration time [FAST (0.1 PLC) from the front panel, 0.01 PLC from the bus] results in increased reading noise and fewer usable digits, while the slowest integration time (10 PLC) provides the best common-mode and normal-mode rejection. In-between settings are a compromise between speed and noise.

The RATE parameters are explained as follows:

• FAST sets integration time to 0.1 PLC. Use FAST if speed is of primary importance (at the expense of increased reading noise and fewer usable digits).

• MEDium sets integration time to 1 PLC. Use MEDium when a compromise between noise performance and speed is acceptable.

• SLOW sets integration time to 10 PLC. SLOW provides better noise performance at the expense of speed.

NOTE The integration time can be set for any measurement function except frequency,

period, continuity (FAST), diode test (MEDium) and distortion. For frequency and period, this value is gate time or aperture.

For the AC functions, MEDium and SLOW have no effect on the number of power line cycles. See the discussion on “Bandwidth” that follows.

Measurement Options 3-7

Bandwidth

The rate setting for AC voltage and current measurements determines the bandwidth setting:

• Slow — 3Hz to 300kHz.

• Medium — 30Hz to 300kHz.

• Fast — 300Hz to 300kHz.

Bandwidth is used to specify the lowest frequency of interest. When the Slow bandwidth (3Hz to 300kHz) is chosen, the signal goes through an analog RMS converter. The output of the RMS converter goes to a fast (1kHz) sampling A/D and the RMS value is calculated from 1200 digitized samples (1.2s).

When the Medium bandwidth (30Hz to 300kHz) is chosen, the same circuit is used. However, only 120 samples (120ms) are needed for an accurate calculation because the analog RMS converter has turned most of the signal to DC.

In the Fast bandwidth (300Hz to 300kHz), the output of the analog RMS converter (nearly pure DC at these frequencies) is simply measured at 1 PLC (16.6ms).

Table 3-1 lists the rate settings for the various measurement functions. The FAST, MED, and

SLOW annunciators are only lit when conditions in the table are met. In other cases, the annunciators are turned off.

Table 3-1

Rate settings for the measurement functions

Function

DCV, DCI ACV, ACI Ω2W, Ω4W FREQ, PERIOD dB, dBm (ACV) dB, dBm (DCV) Continuity Diode test Distortion

Notes: NPLC = number of power line cycles. BW = lower limit of bandwidth (in Hz). APER = aperture in seconds. N/A = not available. X = setting ignored.

Fast Medium Slow

NPLC=0.1 NPLC=1, BW=300 NPLC=0.1 APER=0.01s NPLC=1, BW=300 NPLC=0.1 NPLC=0.1 N/A NPLC=X

NPLC=1 NPLC=X, BW=30 NPLC=1 APER=0.1s NPLC=X, BW=30 NPLC=1 N/A NPLC=1 NPLC=X

Rate

NPLC=10 NPLC=X, BW=3 NPLC=10 APER=1.0s NPLC=X, BW=3 NPLC=10 N/A N/A NPLC=X

3-8 Measurement Options

Trigger operations

The following paragraphs discuss front panel triggering, the programmable trigger delay, the

reading hold feature, and external triggering.

Trigger model

The ﬂowchart of Figure 3-2 summarizes triggering as viewed from the front panel. It is called a trigger model because it is modeled after the SCPI commands used to control triggering. Note that for stepping and scanning, the trigger model has additional control blocks. These are described in “Scan operations” later in this section.

igure 3-2

Idle

ront panel triggering

without stepping/scanning

Control

Source

Immediate

External

Event

Detection

Delay

Device

Action

Output Trigger

Idle

The instrument is considered to be in the idle state whenever it is not performing any measurements or scanning functions. From the front panel, the unit is considered idle at the end of a step or scan operation when the reading for the last channel remains displayed. To restore triggers, use the SHIFT-HALT keys.

Once the Model 2016 is taken out of idle, operation proceeds through the ﬂowchart.

Control source and event detection

The control source holds up operation until the programmed event occurs and is detected. The control sources are described as follows:

• Immediate — With this control source, event detection is immediately satisﬁed allowing operation to continue.

• External — Event detection is satisﬁed for any of three conditions:

• An input trigger via the Trigger Link line EXT TRIG is received.

• A bus trigger (GET or *TRG) is received.

• The front panel TRIG key is pressed. (The Model 2016 must be taken out of remote

before it will respond to the TRIG key. Use the LOCAL key or send LOCAL 716 over the bus.)

Measurement Options 3-9

Delay

A programmable delay is available after event detection. It can be set manually or an auto delay can be used. With auto delay, the Model 2016 selects a delay based on the function and range. The AUTO settings are listed in Table 3-2.

Table 3-2

Auto delay settings

Function Range and delay

DCV

ACV, Distortion

FREQ

DCI

ACI

Ω2W, Ω4W

Continuity

Diode testing

The delay function is accessed by pressing the SHIFT-DELAY keys. The present delay setting (AUTO or MANual) is displayed. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to select the type of delay. If MANual is chosen, also enter the duration of the delay. The maximum is shown following:

Press ENTER to accept the delay or EXIT for no change.

100mV 1ms 100mV 400ms 100mV 1ms

10mA 2ms

100Ω 3ms

1V 1ms 1V 400ms 1V 1ms

100mA 2ms

1kΩ 3ms 1kΩ 3ms 1mA 1ms

10V 1ms 10V 400ms 10V 1ms

1A 2ms 1A 400ms

10kΩ 13ms

100µA 1ms

99H:99M:99.999S

100V 5ms 100V 400ms 100V 1ms

3A 2ms 3A 400ms

100kΩ 25ms

10µA 1ms

1000V 5ms 750V 400ms 750V 1ms

1MΩ 100ms

10MΩ 150ms

100MΩ 250ms

Changing the delay to MANual on one function changes the delays on all functions to MANual.

3-10 Measurement Options

Device actions

The primary device action is a measurement. However, the device action block could include

the following additional actions:

• Source and Delay (while in LIST mode) — If MODE is set to LIST (rather than FIXED), readings will be taken for each listed amplitude and frequency pair, up to the maximum number of pairs allowed (see :OUTPut:LIST command in Section 5). This sweep functionality is tied into Device Action so all trigger model features such as SAMP:COUN, TRIG:COUN, and also the different trigger sources are functional while in LIST mode.

• Filtering — If the repeating ﬁlter is enabled, the instrument samples the speciﬁed number of reading conversions to yield single ﬁltered reading. Only one reading conversion is performed if the ﬁlter is disabled, or after the speciﬁed number of reading conversions for a moving average ﬁlter is reached. The output of ﬁlter feeds hold.

• Hold — With hold enabled, the ﬁrst processed reading becomes the “seed” reading and operation loops back within the device action block. After the next reading is processed, it is checked to see if it is within the selected window (0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%) of the “seed” reading. If the reading is within the window, operation again loops back within the device action block. This looping continues until the speciﬁed number (2 to 100) consecutive readings are within the window. If one of the readings is not within the window, the instrument acquires a new “seed” reading and the hold process continues.

• Channel closure — When stepping or scanning, the last device action is to open the previous channel (if closed) and close the next channel. Using the hold feature provides an auto settling time for the scanner relays. Each open/close transition will restart the hold process and a reading for each channel will not occur until the relay settles.

Output trigger

After the device action, an output trigger occurs and is available at the rear panel Trigger Link connector. This trigger can be used to trigger another instrument to perform an operation (e.g., select the next channel for an external scan).

Counters

The trigger model for stepping and scanning contains additional blocks for counting samples (the number of channels to scan) and counting triggers. These counters are explained in the paragraph “Scan operations” later in this section.

Reading hold (autosettle)

When a hold reading is acquired as described in “Device actions”, an audible beep is sounded (if enabled) and the reading is considered a “true measurement”. The reading is held on the display until an “out of window” reading occurs to restart the hold process.

When operating remotely or scanning, the hold process seeks a new “seed” once it has been satisﬁed and the reading has been released. When operating from the front panel, the hold process does not seek a new “seed” until the held condition is removed.

Hold example

1. Enable HOLD, select a window percentage and enter a count.

2. Apply test probes to a signal. Once the signal becomes stable enough to satisfy the hold condition, the reading is released, and the beeper sounds (if enabled).

3. Remove the hold condition by lifting the probes. Hold will then seek a new “seed”.

External triggering

The EXT TRIG key selects triggering from two external sources: trigger link and the TRIG key. When EXT TRIG is pressed, the TRIG annunciator lights and dashes are displayed to indicate that instrument is waiting for an external trigger. From the front panel, you can press the TRIG key to trigger a single reading. Pressing the EXT TRIG key again toggles you back to continuous triggers.

Measurement Options 3-11

The Model 2016 uses two lines of the Trigger Link rear panel connector as External Trigger (EXT TRIG) input and Voltmeter Complete (VMC) output. The EXT TRIG line allows the Model 2016 to be triggered by other instruments. The VMC line allows the Model 2016 to trigger other instruments.

At the factory, line 1 is conﬁgured as VMC and line 2 as EXT TRIG. (Changing this conﬁguration is described in the Model 2016 Service Manual.) A connector pinout is shown in

Figure 3-3.

igure 3-3

ear panel pinout

EXTERNAL

TRIGGER

INPUT

VOLT METER

COMPLETE

OUTPUT

Pin Number Description

1 Voltmeter Complete Output 2 External Trigger Input 3 no connection* 4 no connection* 5 no connection* 6 no connection* 7 Signal Ground 8 Signal Ground

* Either pin 3 or 5 may be configured as an output instead of pin 1. Either pin 4 or 6 may be configured as an inputinstead of pin 2. See the Model 2016 Service Manual for details.

3-12 Measurement Options

External trigger

The EXT TRIG input requires a falling-edge, TTL-compatible pulse with the speciﬁcations shown in Figure 3-4. In general, external triggers can be used to control measure operations. For the Model 2016 to respond to external triggers, the trigger model must be conﬁgured for it.

igure 3-4

Trigger link input

ulse specifications

(EXT TRIG)

Voltmeter complete

The VMC output provides a TTL-compatible output pulse that can be used to trigger other instruments. The speciﬁcations for this trigger pulse are shown in Figure 3-5. Typically, you would want the Model 2016 to output a trigger after the settling time of each measurement.

igure 3-5

Trigger link output pulse specifications (VMC)

TTL High (2V-5V)

TTL Low (≤0.8V)

TTL High

(3.4V Typical)

Triggers on Leading Edge

2µs Minimum

Meter

Complete

TTL Low

(0.25V Typical)

External triggering example

In a typical test system, you may want to close a channel and then measure the DUT connected to the channel with a multimeter. Such a test system is shown in Figure 3-6, which uses a Model 2016 to measure ten DUTs switched by a Model 7011 multiplexer card in a

10µs Minimum

Model 7001/7002 Switch System.

gure 3-

WARNING:NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.

CAUTION:FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.

WARNING:NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.

CAUTION:FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.

UT test system

DUT

Measurement Options 3-13

OUTPUT

igure 3-7

Trigger link connections

DUT

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

SCAN

CH1REM

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10 TALK LSTN SRQ SHIFT TIMER

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

REL FILT

dBm

MATH

THD

ACI

DCV

ACV

DCI

HOLD

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

EX TRIG

TRIG

STORE

RECALL

SAVE SETUP

CONFIG HALT

SOURCE

MEAS

STEP SCAN

THD

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4 WIRE

MATH REAR

350V

PERIODTCOUPL

FREQ

1100V

STAT

PEAK

2016 MULTIMETER

500V PEAK

INPUTS

TEMP

RANGE

AUTO

FRONT/REAR

2A 250V

AMPS

RANGE

EXIT ENTER

BUFFER

CONT

Ω2 Ω4

TEST

CAL

RELFILTER

RS232

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

2016 Multimeter

DUT

#10

Card 1

7011 MUX Card

The Trigger Link connections for this test system are shown in Figure 3-7. Trigger Link of the Model 2016 is connected to Trigger Link (either IN or OUT) of the Model 7001/7002. Note that with the default trigger settings on the Model 7001/7002, line #1 is an input and line #2 is an output. This complements the trigger lines on the Model 2016.

1000V

PEAK

500V

PEAK

INPUT

INV/PULSE

SOURCE

FUSE

OUTPUT

500 mAT

(SB)

250 mAT

(SB)

2016 Multimeter

MADE IN

U.S.A.

TRIGGER

LINK

RS232

3 5

VMC

4 6

EXT TRIG

LINE

LINE RATING

100 VAC

50, 60

120 VAC

25 VA MAX

220 VAC 240 VAC

Trigger

Link

IEEE-488

(CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS

FROM FRONT PANEL)

120

7001 or 7002 Switch System

MADE IN USA

OUT

Trigger

Link

350V PEAK

SENSE

SOURCE OUTPUT

Trigger

Link Cable

(8501)

Ω 4W

42V PEAK

For this example, the Model 2016 and 7001/7002 are conﬁgured as follows:

Model 2016:

Factory defaults restored (accessed from SHIFT-SETUP)

External scanning, channels 1 - 10, no timer, 10 readings (accessed from SHIFT-CONFIG)

External triggers (accessed from EXT TRIG)

Model 7001 or 7002:

Factory defaults restored

Scan list = 1!1-1!10,

Number of scans = 1

Channel spacing = TrigLink

To run the test and store readings in the Model 2016 with the unit set for external triggers, press STEP or SCAN. The Model 2016 waits (with the asterisk annunciator lit) for an external trigger from the Model 7001/7002.

3-14 Measurement Options

Press STEP on the Model 7001/7002 to take it out of idle and start the scan. The scanner’s output pulse triggers the Model 2016 to take a reading, store it, and send a trigger pulse. The following explanation on operation is referenced to the operation model shown in Figure 3-8.

igure 3-8

Operation model

or triggering

example

7001or 7002

Press STEP to start scan

Idle

Bypass

Wait for

Trigger Link

Trigger

2016

Arm

Trigger Link

Wait for

Trigger

Scan

Channel

Output Trigger

Scanned

Channels

Trigger

Make

Measurement

Output

Trigger

Made

Measurements

Yes

Measurement Options 3-15

Pressing EXT TRIG then STEP or SCAN on the multimeter places it at point A in the

ﬂowchart, where it is waiting for an external trigger.

Pressing STEP takes the Model 7001/7002 out of the idle state and places operation at

point B in the ﬂowchart.

For the ﬁrst pass through the model, the scanner does not wait at point B for a trigger.

Instead, it closes the ﬁrst channel.

After the relay settles, the Model 7001/7002 outputs a Channel Ready pulse. Since the instrument is programmed to scan ten channels, operation loops back up to point B, where it waits for an input trigger.

E F

and Remember that the Model 2016 operation is at point A waiting for a trigger. The output Channel Ready pulse from the Model 7001/7002 triggers the multimeter to measure DUT #1 (point E). After the measurement is complete, the Model 2016 outputs a completion pulse (point F) and then loops back to point A, where it waits for another input trigger.

The trigger applied to the Model 7001/7002 from the Model 2016 closes the next channel in the scan. This triggers the multimeter to measure the next DUT. The process continues until all ten channels are scanned and measured.

WARNING:NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.

CAUTION:FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.

3-16 Measurement Options

External triggering with BNC connections

An adapter cable is available to connect the micro-DIN Trigger Link of the Model 2016 to instruments with BNC trigger connections. The Model 8503 DIN to BNC Trigger Cable has a micro-DIN connector at one end and two BNC connectors at the other end. The BNC cables are labeled VMC (trigger line 1) and EXT TRIG (trigger line 2).

Figure 3-9 shows how a Keithley Model 706 Scanner can be connected to the Trigger Link

of the Model 2016 using the adapter cable. With this adapter, a Model 706 could be substituted for the Model 7001/7002 in the previous example. With the Model 706 set for External Triggering, the test would start when the single scan mode is selected and initiated.

If the Model 2016 trigger line conﬁguration has been changed from the factory setting, the Model 8502 Trigger Link Adapter must be used to interface with instruments having BNC trigger connections. It has two micro-DIN connectors and six BNC connectors, one for each trigger line.

igure 3-9

IN to BNC trigger cable

Model 8503 DIN to BNC Trigger Cable

350V PEAK

SOURCE

OUTPUT

1000V

TRIGGER

PEAK

500V PEAK

SENSE

INPUT

Ω 4W

42V PEAK

INV/PULSE

SOURCE OUTPUT

3 5

4 6

FUSE LINE

100 VAC

500 mAT

120 VAC

(SB)

220 VAC

250 mAT

240 VAC

(SB)

Model 2016

LINK

VMC

EXT TRIG

LINE RATING

50, 60

25 VA MAX

MADE IN

U.S.A.

RS232

IEEE-488

(CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS

FROM FRONT PANEL)

Channel

Ready

External

120

Trigger

706 Scanner

Buffer operations

The Model 2016 has a buffer to store from two to 1024 readings and units. It also stores the channel number for scanned readings and overﬂow readings. In addition, recalled data includes statistical information, such as minimum, maximum, average, and standard deviation.

The buffer ﬁlls with the requested number of readings and stops. Readings are placed in the buffer after any math operations are performed. Buffered data is overwritten each time the storage operation is selected. The data is volatile; it is not saved through a power cycle.

The following paragraphs discuss storing and recalling buffered data.

Storing readings

Use the following procedure to store readings:

1. Set up the instrument for the desired conﬁguration.

2. Press the STORE key.

3. Using the , , ▲, and ▼ keys, select the number of readings desired.

4. Press ENTER. The asterisk (*) annunciator turns on to indicate a data storage operation. It will turn off when the storage is ﬁnished.

Recalling readings

Use the following steps to view stored readings and buffer statistics:

1. Press RECALL. The BUFFER annunciator indicates that stored readings are being displayed. The arrow annunciator indicates that more data can be viewed with the ,

, ▲, and ▼ keys.

2. As shown in Figure 3-10, use the cursor keys to navigate through the reading numbers, reading values, and statistics. For any of the buffer statistics (maximum, minimum, average, standard deviation), the STAT annunciator is on.

3. Use the EXIT key to return to the normal display.

Measurement Options 3-17

igure 3-10

uffer locations

RANGE

RDG NO. 10 Reading Value RDG NO. 9 Reading Value RDG NO. 8 Reading Value RDG NO. 7 Reading Value RDG NO. 6 Reading Value RDG NO. 5 Reading Value RDG NO. 4 Reading Value RDG NO. 3 Reading Value RDG NO. 2 Reading Value RDG NO. 1 Reading Value STD DEV Standard Deviation Value Average Average Value Min At XX Minimum Value Max At XX Maximum Value

3-18 Measurement Options

Buffer statistics

The MAX AT and MIN AT values are the maximum and minimum values in the buffer. The AVERAGE value is the mean of the buffered readings. The equation used to calculate the mean is:

where: xi is a stored reading

The STD DEV value is the standard deviation of the buffered readings. The equation used to calculate the standard deviation is:

∑

i1=

-----------------=

n is the number of stored readings

where: xi is a stored reading

n is the number of stored readings

NOTE The Model 2016 uses IEEE-754 ﬂoating point format for math calculations.

Limit operations

Limit operations set and control the values that determine the HI / IN / LO status of subsequent measurements. Limits can be applied to all measurement functions except continuity. The limit test is performed after mX+b and percent math operations. Unit preﬁxes are applied before the limit test, for example:

• Low limit = -1.0, High limit = 1.0 A 150mV reading equals 0.15V (IN).

• Low limit = -1.0, High limit = 1.0 A 0.6kΩ reading equals 600Ω (HI).

You can conﬁgure the multimeter to beep or not when readings are inside or outside of the

limit range.

∑

y =

i1=

--------------------------------------------------------------





---X

–





n-1

   

i1=

∑

Setting limit values

Use the following steps to enter high and low limit values:

1. Press the SHIFT-LIMITS keys to view the present HI1 limit value:

Measurement Options 3-19

HI1:+1.000000

This value represents the absolute value of that function.

2. Use the or keys to move to the number ﬁeld. Use the , , ▲, and ▼ keys to enter the desired value. Move the cursor to the rightmost position (^) and use the ▲ and ▼ keys to move the decimal point.

3. Press ENTER to view the present LO1 limit value:

LO1:-1.000000

This value represents the absolute value of that function.

4. Enter the desired value for this low limit.

5. Press ENTER to view the present HI2 limits value:

HI2: +2.000000^

This value represents the absolute value of that function.

6. Enter the desired value for this high limit.

7. Press ENTER to view the present LO2 limit value:

LO2: -2.000000^

This value represents the absolute value of that function.

8. Enter the desired value for the low limit. Pressing ENTER returns to the normal display.

3-20 Measurement Options

Enabling limits

Use the following procedure to turn on the limits operation:

1. Press the SHIFT-ON/OFF keys to view the present beeper status:

BEEP: NEVER

2. Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to change the beeper status (NEVER, OUTSIDE, INSIDE). Press ENTER when done.

When the multimeter returns to the normal display, the HI/IN/LO status is displayed along with the reading. To disable limit testing, press SHIFT-ON/OFF again. An example of using limits to sort resistors is shown in Figure 3-11.

igure 3-11

Using limit test to sort 100Ω, 10% resistors

subsystem. From the front panel, the same menu is used to control the beeping state and conditions (inside or outside) for both limits. Since there is only one beeper, there are two distinct tones used for the two limits, but limit set 1 will take precedence.

Set the beeper to beep inside. Then, apply 0.9 volts. The beep will be higher in pitch. When the voltage is increased past 1V, the input is no longer inside limit set 1 but is still inside limit set 2. At that point, the tone of the beep will change, indicating that you are still inside limit set 2.

NOTE Limit 1 takes priority over Limit 2 when beeper is set to outside. No change in tone

LO IN HI

90Ω

LO Limit

110Ω

HI Limit

The CALC3:LIMit2 subsystem has all the same commands available as the CALC3:LIMit[1]

Example: Power up with default limits (HLIM1 = +1, LLIM1 = -1,HLIM2 = +2, LLIM2 = -2).

will be detected.

Scan operations

The Model 2016 can be used with external scanner card installed in switching mainframes such as the Models 707, 7001, and 7002. The following paragraphs discuss various aspects of using scanning with the Model 2016.

Scanning overview

A scanner lets you switch among a number of input signals to the Model 2016 for measurement. Refer to the documentation supplied with the scanner card for speciﬁc connection information.

When using external channels, the switching mainframe controls the opening and closing of individual channels. To synchronize Model 2016 measurements with external channel closures, connect the Trigger Link lines of the multimeter and switching mainframe. Refer to “Trigger operations” earlier in this section for details and an example on using external triggering.

Front panel scanner controls

In addition to the trigger keys discussed previously, front panel keys that affect scanner card operation include:

Measurement Options 3-21

• SHIFT-CONFIG — Selects scan list, time between scans, and reading count.

• STEP — Starts a stepping operation of consecutive channels, where output triggers are sent after every channel closure.

• SCAN — Starts a scanning operation of consecutive channels, where an output trigger is sent at the end of the scan list.

• SHIFT-HALT — Stops stepping or scanning and restores the trigger model to a nonscanning mode.

Stepping and scanning trigger model additions

The trigger model presented in “Trigger operations” earlier in this section has some addi-

tional capabilities when stepping or scanning. These are outlined below:

• Timer — With this control source, event detection is immediately satisﬁed on the initial pass. Each subsequent detection is satisﬁed when the programmed timer interval (up to 99H:99M:99.99S) elapses.

• Reading counter — For both stepping and scanning, the reading count can be entered from SHIFT-CONFIG. (This is referred to as the trigger counter over the bus.) The reading counter can bypass the idle state. Operation will wait until the programmed control source event occurs.

• Channel counter — For scanning, the scan list length (maximum channel less minimum channel) is used to bypass the control source allowing a speciﬁed number of device actions to occur. (This counter is referred to as the sample counter over the bus.)

3-22 Measurement Options

These additional blocks are shown in the trigger models of Figure 3-12 and Figure 3-13. Uses of the timer control source, reading counter, and channel counter are shown in the scanning examples later in this section.

igure 3-12

ront panel triggering

with stepping

gure 3-

ront panel triggering

with scanning

Control

Source

Immediate

External

Timer

Control

Source

Immediate

External

Timer

Idle

Event

Detection

Delay

Idle

Event

Detection

Device

Action

Yes

Readings

Output Trigger

Readings

Output Trigger

Channels

Reading

Count

(Trigger counter)

Reading

Count

(Trigger counter)

Scan List

Length

(Sample counter)

Delay

Device

Action

Measurement Options 3-23

Using SHIFT-CONFIG to conﬁgure stepping and scanning

From the SHIFT-CONFIG key combination, the minimum and maximum channels in the

scan list, the time between scans, and the reading count.

1. To conﬁgure stepping or scanning, perform the following:

2. Select the desired measurement function.

3. Press the SHIFT-CONFIG keys to access the step/scan conﬁguration.

4. Select the ﬁrst channel in the scan list (MINimum CHANnel) by using the , , ▲, and ▼ keys and pressing ENTER.

5. Select the last channel in the scan list (MAXimum CHANnel) and press ENTER to conﬁrm.

6. The next selection is for timed scans. (This is the Timer control source in the trigger model.) It sets a user-speciﬁed interval for starting scans. If you choose timed scans, the Model 2016 prompts for a time interval:

00H:00M:00.000S

Use the , , ▲, and ▼ keys to select a time interval and press ENTER to conﬁrm.

7. Next, you are prompted for a reading count (RDG CNT). This can be less than, equal to, or greater than the scan list length (up to 1024). It is the number of readings that will be stored in the buffer. The effects of these choices are further described in the scanning examples.

8. Press ENTER when done to return to the normal display. Note that scanned readings are always stored in the buffer, up to the setting for RDG CNT.

3-24 Measurement Options

Scanning examples

The following example demonstrates the use of external scanning.

External scanning

The example of Figure 3-14 shows the front panel operations to conﬁgure an external scan. The trigger and signal connections were shown previously in “Trigger operations”. Both instrument setups assume factory defaults. Set the Model 2016 for the desired measurement function.

On the Model 7001 Switch System, enter a scan list of channels 1 to 10 on card 1.

Also on the Model 7001, conﬁgure the instrument for Trigger Link triggers and one scan of ten channels.

On the Model 2016 Multimeter, conﬁgure an external scan of the ﬁrst ten channels.

Set the Model 2016 for external triggers by pressing EXT TRIG. The display will be dashes.

Press STEP or SCAN on the Model 2016. The asterisk and STEP or SCAN annunciator will light.

Press STEP on the Model 7001 to start channel closures.

After the scan, you can recall ten readings from the Model 2016 buffer.

NOTE When using an external thermocouple scanner card and channel 1 as a reference, the

Model 2016 recognizes only channel 1 when a step or scan is performed. If using a Model 7001 or 7002 to close channel 1 manually, the Model 2016 will not interpret that channel as the reference junction without a step or scan operation.

Measurement Options 3-25

gure 3-

xternal scanning

example with

odel 7001

CONFIGURE SCAN

Model 7001

(from “reset setup”)

SCAN CHANNELS 1!1-1!10

CHAN-CONTROL

CHANNEL-SPACING

TRIGLINK

ASYNCHRONOUS

CHAN-COUNT

SCAN-CONTROL

SCAN-COUNT

Model 2016

(from “factory setup”)

SHIFT-CONFIG

TYPE:EXT MIN CHAN: 001 MAX CHAN: 010 TIMER? OFF RDG CNT: 0010 ENTER

EXT TRIG

STEP or SCAN

STEP

RECALL (10 readings)

▲

, , ▲ , ▼

▲

EXIT

3-26 Measurement Options

System operations

The Model 2016 has other front panel operations. Saving and restoring setup information is described in Section 2 — Basic Measurements. Selecting the remote interface and language is covered in Section 4 — Remote Operation.

Calibration

The CAL selections are used to view the calibration date and next due date, to perform calibration, and to view the number of times calibration has been performed. Some of the items are password-protected to prevent unintended changing of calibration constants.

To view the calibration dates, press SHIFT-CAL. Press ENTER at the DATES prompt. The ﬁrst date is the last time calibration was performed. The NDUE date is the calibration due date.

Running calibration is password-protected. Refer to the Model 2016 Service Manual for details.

To view the calibration count, press ENTER at the COUNT prompt.

Remote

Operation

Remote

Operation

4-2 Remote Operation

Introduction

This section includes the following information:

• Selecting an interface

• RS-232 operation

• GPIB bus operation and reference

• Status structure

• Trigger model (GPIB operation)

• Programming syntax

• Common commands

Selecting an interface

The Model 2016 THD Multimeter supports two built-in remote interfaces:

• GPIB bus

• RS-232 interface

You can use only one interface at a time. The factory interface selection is the GPIB bus. You can select the interface only from the front panel. The interface selection is stored in non-volatile memory; it does not change when power has been off or after a remote interface reset.

NOTE Changing the interface (GPIB to RS-232 or RS-232 to GPIB) will clear the data

buffer.

RS-232

Remote Operation 4-3

You can connect a controller to the RS-232 interface. Some considerations for selecting the

RS-232 interface are the following:

• You must deﬁne the baud rate, enable or disable software handshake XON/XOF.

• You can only use the SCPI programming language with the RS-232 interface.

To select RS-232 as the remote interface, do the following:

1. Access the RS-232 conﬁguration by pressing SHIFT then RS232. You see:

2. Move to the on/off selection by pressing the key. You see

3. Turn on the RS-232 interface by toggling the selection to ON using the ▼ or ▲ key and press ENTER.

You can exit the conﬁguration menu by pressing EXIT.

For more information about the RS-232 interface, see section RS-232 operation.

RS232: OFF

OFF selection blinking.

GPIB bus

THD Multimeter. The address is displayed when the multimeter is turned on. At the factory, the address is set to 16.

the GPIB interface if you have been previously using the RS-232 remote programming interface:

interface.

The GPIB bus is the IEEE-488 interface. You must select a unique address for the Model 2016

Since GPIB is the interface selection deﬁned by the factory, only follow these steps to select

1. Select the GPIB option by pressing SHIFT then GPIB. You see: GPIB: OFF

2. Move to the on/off selection by pressing the key. You see

3. Turn on the GPIB interface by toggling the selection to ON using the ▼ or ▲ key and press ENTER.

Turning off the RS-232 interface automatically selects GPIB as the remote programming

OFF selection blinking slowly.

4-4 Remote Operation

RS-232 operation

Sending and receiving data

The RS-232 interface transfers data using 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and no parity. Make sure the

controller you connect to the multimeter also uses these settings.

You can break data transmissions by sending a ^C or ^X character string to the multimeter.

This clears any pending operation and discards any pending output.

Selecting baud rate

The baud rate is the rate at which the Model 2016 THD Multimeter and the programming

terminal communicate. Choose one these available rates:

• 19.2k

• 9600

• 4800

• 2400

• 1200

• 600

• 300

The factory selected baud rate is 4800.

When you choose a baud rate, make sure that the programming terminal that you are connecting to the Model 2016 THD Multimeter can support the baud rate you selected. Both the multimeter and the other device must be conﬁgured for the same baud rate. To select a baud rate, follow these steps:

1. Access the RS-232 conﬁguration by pressing SHIFT then RS232. You see: RS232: ON (assuming you have already selected the RS-232 interface).

2. Go to the baud rate ﬁeld by pressing the ▼ key. You see

3. Access the baud rate list by pressing the key. You see the rate selection blinking.

4. Scroll through the available rates by pressing the ▼ and ▲ key until you ﬁnd the rate you want.

5. Conﬁrm your selection by pressing ENTER. The multimeter prompts you to deﬁne signal handshaking. Continue for information about handshaking. You can return to measurement mode by pressing EXIT.

BAUD:<rate>.

Tektronix 2016 User manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual