Tektronix 2016 User manual

www.keithley.com

Model 2016 THD Multimeter

User’s Manual

2016-900-01 Rev. C / August 2003

A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE

Model 2016 THD Multimeter

User’s Manual

©1999, Keithley Instruments, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Third Printing, August 2003

Document Number: 2016-900-01 Rev. C

Manual Print History

The print history shown below lists the printing dates of all Revisions and Addenda created
for this manual. The Revision Level letter increases alphabetically as the manual undergoes sub­sequent updates. Addenda, which are released between Revisions, contain important change in­formation that the user should incorporate immediately into the manual. Addenda are numbered
sequentially. When a new Revision is created, all Addenda associated with the previous Revision
of the manual are incorporated into the new Revision of the manual. Each new Revision includes
a revised copy of this print history page.

Revision A (Document Number 2016-900-01)................................................................ May 1999

Revision B (Document Number 2016-900-01) ....................................................... December 2001

Revision C (Document Number 2016-900-01) ............................................................ August 2003

All Keithley product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Keithley Instruments, Inc.
Other brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

Safety Precautions

The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation.
Although some instruments and accessories would normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are
situations where hazardous conditions may be present.

This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety
precautions required to avoid possible injury. Read and follow all installation, operation, and maintenance
information carefully before using the product. Refer to the user documentation for complete product specifications.

If the product is used in a manner not specified, the protection provided by the product warranty may be impaired.
The types of product users are:
Responsible body is the individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment, for ensuring

that the equipment is operated within its specifications and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are
adequately trained.

Operators use the product for its intended function. They must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper
use of the instrument. They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits.

Maintenance personnel perform routine procedures on the product to keep it operating properly, for example,
setting the line voltage or replacing consumable materials. Maintenance procedures are described in the user
documentation. The procedures explicitly state if the operator may perform them. Otherwise, they should be
performed only by service personnel.

Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits, perform safe installations, and repair products. Only properly
trained service personnel may perform installation and service procedures.

Keithley Instruments products are designed for use with electrical signals that are rated Measurement Category I
and Measurement Category II, as described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC

60664. Most measurement, control, and data I/O signals are Measurement Category I and must not be directly
connected to mains voltage or to voltage sources with high transient over-voltages. Measurement Category II
connections require protection for high transient over-voltages often associated with local AC mains connections.
Assume all measurement, control, and data I/O connections are for connection to Category I sources unless
otherwise marked or described in the user documentation.

Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present. Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks
or test fixtures. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) states that a shock hazard exists when voltage
levels greater than 30V RMS, 42.4V peak, or 60VDC are present. A good safety practice is to expect that hazardous
voltage is present in any unknown circuit before measuring.

Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that
operators are prevented access and/or insulated from every connection point. In some cases, connections must be
exposed to potential human contact. Product operators in these circumstances must be trained to protect
themselves from the risk of electric shock. If the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000 volts, no conductive
part of the circuit may be exposed.

Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits. They are intended to be used with impedance­limited sources. NEVER connect switching cards directly to AC mains. When connecting sources to switching cards,
install protective devices to limit fault current and voltage to the card.

Before operating an instrument, make sure the line cord is connected to a properly grounded power recep tacle.
Inspect the connecting cables, test leads, and jumpers for possible wear, cracks, or breaks before each use.

When installing equipment where access to the main power cord is restricted, such as rack mounting, a separate
main input power disconnect device must be provided in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of
the operator.

11/07

For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instruments while power is applied to the

!

circuit under test. ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before:
connecting or disconnecting cables or jumpers, installing or removing switching cards, or making internal changes,
such as installing or removing jumpers.

Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line
(earth) ground. Always make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry, insulated surface capable of
withstanding the voltage being measured.

The instrument and accessories must be used in accordance with specifications and operating instructions, or the
safety of the equipment may be impaired.

Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instruments and accessories, as defined in the specifications and
operating information, and as shown on the instrument or test fixture panels, or switching card.

When fuses are used in a product, replace with the same type and rating for continued protection against fire hazard.
Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits, NOT as safety earth ground

connections.
If you are using a test fixture, keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test. Safe operation

requires the use of a lid interlock.
If a screw is present, connect it to safety earth ground using the wire recommended in the user documentation.
The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user shoul d refer to the operating instructions located in the

documentation.
The symbol on an instrument shows that it can source or measure 1000 volts or more, including the combined

effect of normal and common mode voltages. Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these
voltages.

The symbol on an instrument shows that the surface may be hot. Avoid personal contact to prevent burns.
The symbol indicates a connection terminal to the equipment frame.

If this symbol is on a product, it indicates that mercury is present in the display lamp. Please note that the lamp
must be properly disposed of according to federal, state, and local laws.

The WARNING heading in the user documentation explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death.
Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.

The CAUTION heading in the user documentation explains hazards that could damage the instrument. Such
damage may invalidate the warranty.

Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans.
Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line cord and all test cables.
To maintain protecti on from electri c shock and fire, re placement components in mains circuits - including the power

transformer, test leads, and input jacks - must be purchased from Keithley Instruments. Standard fuses with
applicable national safety approvals may be used if the rating and type are the same. Other components that are
not safety-related may be purchased from other suppliers as long as they are equivalent to the original component
(note that selected parts should be purchased only through Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and
functionality of the product). If you are unsure about the applicability of a replacement component, call a Keithley
Instruments office for information.

T o clean an instrument, use a damp cloth or mild, water-based cleaner . Clean the exterior of the instrument only . Do
not apply cleaner directly to the instrument or allow liquids to enter or spill on the instrument. Products that consist
of a circuit board with no case or chassis (e.g., data acquisition board for installation into a computer) should never
require cleaning if handled according to instructions. If the board becomes contaminated and operation is affected,
the board should be returned to the factory for proper cleaning/servicing.

Table of Contents

1 General Information

Introduction ................................................................................ 1-2

Feature overview ........................................................................ 1-2

Warranty information ................................................................. 1-3

Manual addenda ......................................................................... 1-3

Safety symbols and terms .......................................................... 1-3

Specifications ............................................................................. 1-3

Inspection ................................................................................... 1-4

Options and accessories ............................................................. 1-4

General purpose probes ....................................................... 1-4

Low thermal probes ............................................................ 1-5

Cables and adapters ............................................................. 1-5

Rack mount kits .................................................................. 1-5

Carrying case ...................................................................... 1-5

2 Basic Measurements

Introduction ................................................................................ 2-2

Front panel summary ................................................................. 2-3

Rear panel summary ................................................................... 2-6

Power-up .................................................................................... 2-8

Line power connection ........................................................ 2-8

Setting line voltage and replacing fuse ............................... 2-9

Power-up sequence ........................................................... 2-10

High energy circuit safety precautions ............................. 2-11

Power-on defaults ............................................................. 2-12

GPIB primary address ....................................................... 2-15

Warm-up time ................................................................... 2-15

Display ..................................................................................... 2-16

Status and error messages ................................................. 2-16

Measuring voltage .................................................................... 2-16

Connections ....................................................................... 2-16

Crest factor ........................................................................ 2-17

Low level considerations .................................................. 2-17

Measuring current .................................................................... 2-20

Connections ....................................................................... 2-20

AMPS fuse replacement ................................................... 2-21

Measuring resistance ................................................................ 2-22

Connections ....................................................................... 2-22

Shielding ........................................................................... 2-23

Measuring frequency and period .............................................. 2-24

Trigger level ...................................................................... 2-24

Gate time ........................................................................... 2-24

Connections ....................................................................... 2-25

Measuring temperature ............................................................. 2-26

Connections ....................................................................... 2-26

Configuration .................................................................... 2-27

Math .......................................................................................... 2-27

MX + B .............................................................................. 2-28

Percent ............................................................................... 2-29

dBm calculation ................................................................. 2-30

dB calculation .................................................................... 2-31

Measuring continuity ................................................................ 2-32

Connections ....................................................................... 2-32

Threshold resistance level ................................................. 2-32

Testing diodes ........................................................................... 2-33

Connections ....................................................................... 2-33

Range ................................................................................. 2-33

Measuring distortion ................................................................. 2-34

Configuration .................................................................... 2-35

Connections ....................................................................... 2-40

Measurement examples ..................................................... 2-42

3 Measurement Options

Introduction ................................................................................ 3-2

Measurement configuration ........................................................ 3-2

Range ................................................................................... 3-2

Filter .................................................................................... 3-3

Relative ................................................................................ 3-5

Digits ................................................................................... 3-5

Rate ...................................................................................... 3-6

Trigger operations ...................................................................... 3-8

Trigger model ...................................................................... 3-8

Reading hold (autosettle) .................................................. 3-11

External triggering ............................................................. 3-11

Buffer operations ...................................................................... 3-16

Storing readings ................................................................. 3-17

Recalling readings ............................................................. 3-17

Buffer statistics .................................................................. 3-18

Limit operations ........................................................................ 3-18

Setting limit values ............................................................ 3-19

Enabling limits .................................................................. 3-20

Scan operations ........................................................................ 3-21

Scanning overview ............................................................ 3-21

Front panel scanner controls ............................................. 3-21

Stepping and scanning trigger model additions ................ 3-21

Using SHIFT-CONFIG to configure stepping

and scanning ................................................................... 3-23

Scanning examples ............................................................ 3-24

System operations .................................................................... 3-26

Calibration ......................................................................... 3-26

4 Remote Operation

Introduction ................................................................................ 4-2

Selecting an interface .......................................................... 4-2

RS-232 ................................................................................ 4-3

GPIB bus ............................................................................. 4-3

RS-232 operation ....................................................................... 4-4

Sending and receiving data ................................................. 4-4

Selecting baud rate .............................................................. 4-4

Selecting signal handshaking (flow control) ....................... 4-5

Setting terminator ................................................................ 4-5

RS-232 connections ............................................................ 4-6

Error messages .................................................................... 4-6

GPIB bus operation and reference ............................................. 4-7

Introduction ......................................................................... 4-7

GPIB bus standards ............................................................. 4-7

GPIB bus connections ......................................................... 4-8

Selecting the primary address ........................................... 4-10

QuickBASIC 4.5 programming ........................................ 4-10

General bus commands ..................................................... 4-12

Front panel GPIB operation .............................................. 4-15

Status structure ......................................................................... 4-16

Condition registers ............................................................ 4-17

Event registers ................................................................... 4-17

Enable registers ................................................................. 4-17

Queues ............................................................................... 4-20

Status byte and service request (SRQ) .............................. 4-21

Trigger model (GPIB operation) .............................................. 4-24

Idle and initiate ................................................................. 4-25

Trigger model operation ................................................... 4-25

Programming syntax ................................................................. 4-27

Command words ............................................................... 4-27

Query commands ............................................................... 4-29

Case sensitivity .................................................................. 4-29

Long-form and short-form versions .................................. 4-29

Short-form rules ................................................................ 4-30

Program messages ............................................................. 4-30

Response messages ........................................................... 4-33

Message exchange protocol .............................................. 4-33

Common commands ................................................................. 4-34

*CLS — Clear Status ........................................................ 4-35

*ESE <NRf> — Event Enable .......................................... 4-35

*ESE? — Event Enable Query .......................................... 4-35

*ESR? — Event Status Register Query ............................ 4-36

*IDN? — Identification Query ......................................... 4-38

*OPC — Operation Complete ........................................... 4-38

*OPC? — Operation Complete Query .............................. 4-40

*OPT? — Option Identification Query ............................. 4-41

*RCL — Recall ................................................................. 4-41

*RST — RESET ............................................................... 4-42

*SAV — Save ................................................................... 4-42

*SRE <NRf> — Service Request Enable ......................... 4-42

*SRE? — Service Request Enable Query ......................... 4-42

*STB? — Status Byte Query ............................................. 4-44

*TRG — Trigger ............................................................... 4-45

*TST?-Self-Test Query ..................................................... 4-45

*WAI — Wait-to-Continue ............................................... 4-46

5 SCPI Command Reference

SCPI Signal oriented measurement commands .......................... 5-2

CONFigure command ......................................................... 5-2

FETCh? command ............................................................... 5-4

READ? command ............................................................... 5-5

MEASure command ............................................................ 5-6

SCPI command subsystems reference tables ............................. 5-7

Calculate subsystem ................................................................. 5-22

:CALCulate[1] ................................................................... 5-22

:CALCulate2 ..................................................................... 5-24

:CALCulate3 ..................................................................... 5-26

DISPlay subsystem ................................................................... 5-28

FORMat subsystem .................................................................. 5-30

:DATA command .............................................................. 5-30

:BORDer command ........................................................... 5-32

:ELEMents command ........................................................ 5-33

OUTPut subsystem .................................................................. 5-34

ROUTe subsystem ................................................................... 5-36

[SENSe[1]] subsystem ............................................................. 5-37

:FUNCtion command ........................................................ 5-37

:DATA command .............................................................. 5-38

:HOLD command .............................................................. 5-38

Speed commands .............................................................. 5-39

:RANGe commands .......................................................... 5-40

:REFerence <n> commands .............................................. 5-42

:DIGits command .............................................................. 5-44

:AVERage commands ....................................................... 5-45

Bandwidth command ........................................................ 5-47

:THReshold commands ..................................................... 5-47

Thermocouple commands ................................................. 5-48

:DIODe command ............................................................. 5-49

:CONTinuity command .................................................... 5-49

:DISTortion commands ..................................................... 5-49

STATus subsystem .................................................................. 5-53

[:EVENt]? command ........................................................ 5-54

:ENABle command ........................................................... 5-56

:CONDition? command .................................................... 5-58

:PRESet command ............................................................ 5-59

:QUEue commands ........................................................... 5-59

SYSTem subsystem ................................................................. 5-61

:BEEPer command ............................................................ 5-61

:PRESet command ............................................................ 5-61

:KCLick command ............................................................ 5-61

:POSetup <name> command ............................................ 5-62

:FRSWitch? command ...................................................... 5-62

:VERSion? command ........................................................ 5-62

:ERRor? command ............................................................ 5-63

:AZERo commands ........................................................... 5-63

:CLEar command .............................................................. 5-64

:KEY <NRf> command .................................................... 5-64

RS-232 interface commands ............................................. 5-66

Line frequency query ........................................................ 5-66

TRACe subsystem .................................................................... 5-67

:CLEar command .............................................................. 5-67

:FREE? command ............................................................. 5-67

:POINts command ............................................................. 5-67

:FEED command ............................................................... 5-68

:DATA? command ............................................................ 5-68

Trigger subsystem .................................................................... 5-69

:INITiate commands .......................................................... 5-69

:ABORt command ............................................................. 5-69

:TRIGger commands ......................................................... 5-70

UNIT subsystem ....................................................................... 5-72

:TEMPerature command ................................................... 5-72

:VOLTage commands ....................................................... 5-72

:DISTortion commands ..................................................... 5-74

A Specs and Accessories

Accuracy calculations ................................................................ A-6

Calculating DC characteristics accuracy ............................ A-6

Calculating AC characteristics accuracy ............................ A-6

Calculating dBm characteristics accuracy .......................... A-7

Calculating dB characteristics accuracy ............................. A-8

Additional derating factors ................................................. A-8

Optimizing measurement accuracy ........................................... A-9

Optimizing measurement speed ................................................ A-9

B Status and Error Messages
C Example Programs

Program examples ..................................................................... C-2

Changing function and range ............................................. C-2

One-shot triggering ............................................................ C-4

Generating SRQ on buffer full ........................................... C-5

Storing readings in buffer ................................................... C-6

Taking readings using the :READ? command ................... C-8

Controlling the Model 2016 via the RS-232 COM2 port ... C-8

D IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Introduction ............................................................................... D-2

Bus description .......................................................................... D-4

Bus lines .................................................................................... D-6

Data lines ............................................................................ D-6

Bus management lines ........................................................ D-6

Handshake lines .................................................................. D-7

Bus commands .......................................................................... D-8

Uniline commands ............................................................. D-9

Universal multiline commands .......................................... D-9

Addressed multiline commands ....................................... D-10

Address commands .......................................................... D-10

Unaddress commands ...................................................... D-10

Common commands ........................................................ D-11

SCPI commands ............................................................... D-11

Command codes ............................................................... D-11

Typical command sequences ........................................... D-13

IEEE command groups .................................................... D-14

Interface function codes .......................................................... D-15

E IEEE-488 and SCPI Conformance Information

Introduction ................................................................................ E-2

List of Illustrations

2 Basic Measurements

Figure 2-1 Model 2016 front panel .......................................................... 2-3

Figure 2-2 Model 2016 rear panel ........................................................... 2-6

Figure 2-3 Power module ........................................................................ 2-8

Figure 2-4 DC and AC voltage measurements ...................................... 2-17

Figure 2-5 DC and AC current measurements ...................................... 2-20

Figure 2-6 Two- and four- wire resistance measurements .................... 2-23

Figure 2-7 Frequency and period measurements ................................... 2-25

Figure 2-8 Thermocouple temperature measurements .......................... 2-26

Figure 2-9 Continuity measurements .................................................... 2-32

Figure 2-10 Diode testing ........................................................................ 2-33

Figure 2-11 Distortion measurements ..................................................... 2-41

Figure 2-12 Function generator connections ........................................... 2-42

3 Measurement Options

Figure 3-1 Moving average and repeating filters .................................... 3-4

Figure 3-2 Front panel triggering without stepping/scanning ................. 3-8

Figure 3-3 Rear panel pinout ................................................................. 3-11

Figure 3-4 Trigger link input pulse specifications (EXT TRIG) ........... 3-12

Figure 3-5 Trigger link output pulse specifications (VMC) .................. 3-12

Figure 3-6 DUT test system .................................................................. 3-13

Figure 3-7 Trigger link connections ...................................................... 3-13

Figure 3-8 Operation model for triggering example ............................. 3-14

Figure 3-9 DIN to BNC trigger cable .................................................... 3-16

Figure 3-10 Buffer locations .................................................................... 3-17

Figure 3-11 Using limit test to sort 100W, 10% resistors ....................... 3-20

Figure 3-12 Front panel triggering with stepping .................................... 3-22

Figure 3-13 Front panel triggering with scanning ................................... 3-22

Figure 3-14 External scanning example with Model 7001 ...................... 3-25

4 Remote Operation

Figure 4-1 RS-232 interface connector ................................................... 4-6

Figure 4-2 IEEE-488 connector ............................................................... 4-8

Figure 4-3 IEEE-488 connections ........................................................... 4-8

Figure 4-4 IEEE-488 connector location ................................................. 4-9

Figure 4-5 Model 2016 status register structure .................................... 4-16

Figure 4-6 Standard event status ........................................................... 4-18

Figure 4-7 Operation event status .......................................................... 4-19

Figure 4-8 Measurement event status .................................................... 4-19

Figure 4-9 Questionable event status ..................................................... 4-20

Figure 4-10 Status byte and service request (SRQ) ................................. 4-21

Figure 4-11 Trigger model (remote operation) ........................................ 4-24

Figure 4-12 Device action (trigger model) .............................................. 4-26

Figure 4-13 Standard event enable register ............................................. 4-36

Figure 4-14 Standard event status register ............................................... 4-37

Figure 4-15 Service request enable register ............................................. 4-43

Figure 4-16 Status byte register ............................................................... 4-45

5 SCPI Command Reference

Figure 5-1 ASCII data format ................................................................ 5-31

Figure 5-2 IEEE754 single precision data format (32 data bits) ........... 5-31

Figure 5-3 IEEE754 double precision data format (64 data bits) .......... 5-32

Figure 5-4 Measurement event register ................................................. 5-55

Figure 5-5 Questionable event register .................................................. 5-55

Figure 5-6 Operation event register ....................................................... 5-56

Figure 5-7 Measurement event enable register ...................................... 5-57

Figure 5-8 Questionable event enable register ....................................... 5-57

Figure 5-9 Operation event enable register ............................................ 5-58

Figure 5-10 Key-press codes ................................................................... 5-65

D IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Figure D-1 IEEE-488 bus configuration .................................................. D-5

Figure D-2 IEEE-488 handshake sequence ............................................. D-7

Figure D-3 Command codes .................................................................. D-12

List of Tables

2 Basic Measurements

Table 2-1 Fuse ratings ............................................................................ 2-9

Table 2-2 Factory defaults .................................................................... 2-13

3 Measurement Options

Table 3-1 Rate settings for the measurement functions ......................... 3-7

Table 3-2 Auto delay settings ................................................................ 3-9

4 Remote Operation

Table 4-1 RS-232 connector pinout ....................................................... 4-6

Table 4-2 General bus commands and associated statements .............. 4-12

Table 4-3 IEEE-488.2 common commands and queries ...................... 4-34

5 SCPI Command Reference

Table 5-1 Signal oriented measurement command summary ................ 5-2

Table 5-2 CALCulate command summary ............................................ 5-8

Table 5-3 DISPlay command summary ................................................. 5-9

Table 5-4 FORMat command summary ............................................... 5-10

Table 5-5 OUTPut command summary ............................................... 5-10

Table 5-6 ROUTe command summary ................................................ 5-11

Table 5-7 SENSe command summary ................................................. 5-11

Table 5-8 STATus command summary ............................................... 5-18

Table 5-9 SYSTem command summary .............................................. 5-19

Table 5-10 TRACe command summary ................................................ 5-19

Table 5-11 Trigger command summary ................................................. 5-20

Table 5-12 UNIT command summary ................................................... 5-21

B Status and Error Messages

Table B-1 Status and error messages ..................................................... B-2

D IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Table D-1 IEEE-488 bus command summary ........................................ D-8

Table D-2 Hexadecimal and decimal command codes ........................ D-11

Table D-3 Typical addressed command sequence ................................ D-13

Table D-4 Typical addressed command sequence ................................ D-13

Table D-5 IEEE command groups ....................................................... D-14

Table D-6 Model 2016 interface function codes .................................. D-15

E IEEE-488 and SCPI Conformance Information

Table E-1 IEEE-488 documentation requirements ................................ E-2

Table E-2 Coupled commands ............................................................... E-3

General

Information

1

General

Information

1-2 General Information

Introduction

This section contains general information about the Model 2016 THD Multimeter. The

information is organized as follows:

• Feature overview

• Warranty information

• Manual addenda

• Safety symbols and terms

• Specifications

• Inspection

• Options and accessories

If you have any questions after reviewing this information, please contact your local
Keithley representative or call one of our Applications Engineers at 1-800-348-3735 (U.S.
and Canada only). Worldwide phone numbers are listed at the front of this manual.

Feature overview

The Model 2016 is a 6½-digit high-performance digital multimeter. It has 0.002% 90-day
basic DC voltage accuracy and 0.008% 90-day basic resistance accuracy. At 6
multimeter delivers 50 triggered readings/sec over the IEEE-488 bus. At 4
up to 2000 readings/sec into its internal buffer. The Model 2016 has broad measurement ranges:

½

-digits, the

½

-digits, it can read

• THD, THD+n, and SINAD from 20Hz to 50kHz with 0.0001% (0.00001 dB) resolution.

• DC voltage from 0.1

• AC (RMS) voltage from 0.1

• DC current from 10nA to 3A.

• AC (RMS) current from 1

• Two and four-wire resistance from 100µ

• Frequency from 3Hz to 500kHz.

• Thermocouple temperature from -200°C to +1372°C.

Some additional capabilities of the Model 2016 include:

• Built-in function generator — Provides 10Hz to 20kHz sinewave or pulse outputs.
Maximum sinewave amplitude is 2V rms (50

• Full range of functions — In addition to those listed above, the Model 2016 functions
include period, dB, dBm, continuity, diode testing, mX+b, and percent.

• Optional scanning — For external scanning, Model 2016 is compatible with Keithley’s
Model 7001 and 7002 switch matrices and cards.

• Programming language and remote interfaces — The Model 2016 has the SCPI
programming language and two remote interface ports (IEEE-488/GPIB and RS-232C).

• Reading and setup storage — Up to 1024 readings and two setups (user and factory
defaults) can be stored and recalled.

• Closed-cover calibration — The instrument can be calibrated either from the front panel
or remote interface.

µ

V to 1000V.

µ

µ

A to 3A.

V to 750V, 1000V peak.

to 120MΩ.

Ω

Ω

or 600Ω) or 9.5V rms (HI Z).

Warranty information

Warranty information is located at the front of this instruction manual. Should your
Model 2016 require warranty service, contact the Keithley representative or authorized
repair facility in your area for further information. When returning the instrument for repair,
be sure to fill out and include the service form at the back of this manual to provide the
repair facility with the necessary information.

Manual addenda

Any improvements or changes concerning the instrument or manual will be explained in
an addendum included with the manual. Be sure to note these changes and incorporate them
into the manual.

Safety symbols and terms

General Information 1-3

The following symbols and terms may be found on the instrument or used in this manual.

The symbol on the instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating
instructions located in the manual.

The

symbol

Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.

The

WARNING

injury or death. Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the
indicated procedure.

The
instrument. Such damage may invalidate the warranty.

Specifications

Full Model 2016 specifications are included in Appendix A.

!

CAUTION

on the instrument shows that high voltage may be present on the terminal(s).

heading used in this manual explains dangers that might result in personal

heading used in this manual explains hazards that could damage the

1-4 General Information

Inspection

The Model 2016 was carefully inspected electrically and mechanically before shipment.
After unpacking all items from the shipping carton, check for any obvious signs of physical
damage that may have occurred during transit. (Note: There may be a protective film over the
display lens, which can be removed.) Report any damage to the shipping agent immediately.
Save the original packing carton for possible future reshipment. The following items are
included with every Model 2016 order:

• Model 2016 THD Multimeter with line cord.

• Safety test leads (Model 1751).

• Accessories as ordered.

• Certificate of calibration.

• Product Information CD-ROM that contains a PDF of the Model 2016 User's Manual.

If an additional manual is required, order the appropriate manual package. The manual
packages include a manual and any pertinent addenda.

Options and accessories

The following options and accessories are available from Keithley for use with the
Model 2016.

General purpose probes

Model 1754 Universal Test Lead Kit:

lugs, two banana plugs, two hooks, and two alligator clips.

Model 8605 High Performance Modular Test Leads:

test probes and leads. The test leads are terminated with a banana plug with retractable sheath
on each end.

Model 8606 High Performance Probe Tip Kit:

clips, and two spring hook test probes. (The spade lugs and alligator clips are rated at 30V RMS,

42.4V peak; the test probes are rated at 1000V.) These components are for use with high
performance test leads terminated with banana plugs, such as the Model 8605.

The following test leads and probes are rated at 30V RMS, 42.4V peak:

Models 5805 and 5805-12 Kelvin Probes:

with banana plug termination. Designed for instruments that measure 4-terminal resistance. The
Model 5805 is 0.9m long; the Model 5805-12 is 3.6m long.

Model 5806 Kelvin Clip Lead Set:

plug termination. Designed for instruments that measure 4-terminal resistance. A set of eight
replacement rubber bands is available as Keithley P/N GA-22.

Consists of one set of test leads (0.9m), two spade

Consists of two high voltage (1000V)

Consists of two spade lugs, two alligator

Consists of two spring-loaded Kelvin test probes

Includes two Kelvin clip test leads (0.9m) with banana

General Information 1-5

Model 8604 SMD Probe Set:

surface mount device “grabber” clip on one end and a banana plug with a retractable sheath on
the other end.

Low thermal probes

Model 8610 Low Thermal Shorting Plug:

1-inch square circuit board, interconnected to provide a short circuit among all plugs.

Cables and adapters

Models 7007-1 and 7007-2 Shielded GPIB Cables:

bus using shielded cables and connectors to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). The
Model 7007-1 is 1m long; the Model 7007-2 is 2m long.

Models 8501-1 and 8501-2 Trigger Link Cables:

instruments with Trigger Link connectors (e.g., Model 7001 Switch System). The Model 8501-1
is 1m long; the Model 8501-2 is 2m long.

Model 8502 Trigger Link Adapter:

of the Model 2016 to instruments that use the standard BNC trigger connectors.

Model 8504 DIN to BNC Trigger Cable:

(Voltmeter Complete) and two (External Trigger) of the Model 2016 to instruments that use
BNC trigger connectors. The Model 8504 is 1m long.

Consists of two test leads (0.9m), each terminated with a

Consists of four banana plugs mounted to a

Connect the Model 2016 to the GPIB

Connect the Model 2016 to other

Allows you to connect any of the six Trigger Link lines

Allows you to connect Trigger Link lines one

Rack mount kits

Model 4288-1 Single Fixed Rack Mount Kit:

19-inch rack.

Model 4288-2 Side-by-Side Rack Mount Kit:

486, 487, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2010, 2015, 2016, 6514, 6517, 7001) side-by-side in a standard
19-inch rack.

Model 4288-3 Side-by-Side Rack Mount Kit:

side-by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.

Model 4288-4 Side-by-Side Rack Mount Kit:

instrument (Models 195A, 196, 220, 224, 230, 263, 595, 614, 617, 705, 740, 775, etc.)
side-by-side in a standard 19-inch rack.

Carrying case

Model 1050 Padded Carrying Case:

shoulder strap.

Mounts a single Model 2016 in a standard

Mounts two instruments (Models 182, 428,

Mounts a Model 2016 and a Model 199

Mounts a Model 2016 and a 5.25-inch

A carrying case for a Model 2016. Includes handles and

1-6 General Information

Basic Mea-

surements

2

Basic

Measurements

2-2 Basic Measurements

Introduction

This section summarizes front panel operation of the Model 2016. It is organized as follows:

•

Front panel summary —

connections.

•

Rear panel summary —

•

Power-up —

the warm-up time, and default conditions.

•

Display —

instrument.

•

Measuring voltage —

level voltage considerations.

•

Measuring current —

fuse replacement.

•

Measuring resistance —

shielding considerations.

•

Measuring frequency and period —

connections.

•

Measuring temperature —

measurements.

•

Math —

readings.

•

Measuring continuity —

•

Testing diodes —

•

Measuring distortion —

calculations used.

Includes an illustration and summarizes keys, display, and

Includes an illustration and summarizes connections.

Describes connecting the instrument to line power, the power-up sequence,

Discusses the display format and messages that may appear while using the

Covers DC and AC voltage measurement connections and low

Covers DC and AC current measurement connections and current

Details two and four-wire measurement connections and

Covers frequency and period measurement

Describes the use of thermocouples for temperature

Covers the mX+b, percent, dBm, and dB math functions performed on single

Explains setting up and measuring continuity of a circuit.

Describes testing general-purpose and zener diodes.

Explains how to measure total harmonic distortion and the

Front panel summary

F

M
f

The front panel of the Model 2016 is shown in Figure 2-1. This figure includes important

abbreviated information that should be reviewed before operating the instrument.

Basic Measurements 2-3

igure 2-1

odel 2016

ront panel

5

1

3

SHIFT

LOCAL

POWER

1 Function keys

STEP CH2 CH3 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7 CH8 CH9 CH10

SCAN

TALK

LSTN

SRQ
SHIFT
TIMER

MATH

DCV

EX TRIG

SAVE SETUP

SOURCE

CH1REM

HOLD TRIG FAST MED SLOW AUTO ERR

THD

ACV

HOLD

TRIG

MEAS

THD

dBm

DCI

LIMITS ON/OFFDELAY

STORE

RECALL

CONFIG HALT

STEP SCAN

dB

ACI

REL FILT

CONT

Ω2Ω

TEST

GPIB

DIGITS RATE

(shifted and unshifted)

RELFILTER

RS232

CAL

BUFFER

4

PERIOD TCOUPL

FREQ

MATH
REAR

4W

STAT

2016 THD MULTIMETER

TEMP

RANGE

AUTO

EXIT ENTER

RANGE

4

350V
PEAK

F

SENSE

Ω 4 WIRE

INPUTS

FRONT/REAR

78 2

INPUT

HI

1000V

!

PEAK

LO

500V

PEAK

R

3A 250V

AMPS

6

Select measurement function (DC and AC voltage, DC and AC current, 2-wire and 4-wire
resistance, frequency, period, temperature with thermocouples), math function (mX+b, %,
dBm, dB), THD (total harmonic distortion) or special function (continuity, diode test).

2 Operation keys

EX TRIG Selects external triggers (front panel, bus, trigger link) as the trigger

source.
TRIG Triggers a measurement from the front panel.
STORE Enables reading storage.
RECALL Displays stored readings and buffer statistics (maximum, minimum, aver-

FILTER Displays digital filter status for present function and toggles filter on/off.
REL Enables/disables relative reading on present function (not applicable for

age, standard deviation). Use ▲ and ▼ to scroll through buffer; use

and to toggle between reading number and reading.

distortion measurements).

and Moves through selections within functions and operations. If scanner

card installed, manually scans channels.
THD SOURCE Selects and configures the internal function generator.
THD MEAS Configures distortion measurements.
STEP Steps through channels; sends a trigger after each channel.
SCAN Scans through channels; sends a trigger after last channel.
DIGITS Changes number of digits of resolution.
RATE Changes reading rate: fast, medium, slow.
EXIT Cancels selection, moves back to measurement display.
ENTER Accepts selection, moves to next choice or back to measurement display.
SHIFT Used to access shifted keys.
LOCAL Cancels GPIB remote mode.

2-4 Basic Measurements

3 Shifted operation keys

DELAY Sets user delay between trigger and measurement.
HOLD Holds reading when the selected number of samples is within the selected

LIMITS Sets upper and lower limit values for readings.
ON/OFF Enables/disables limits; selects beeper operation for limit testing.
TEST Selects built-in tests, diagnostics, display test.
CAL Accesses calibration.
SAVE Saves present configuration for power-on user default.
SETUP Restores factory or user default configuration.
CONFIG Selects minimum/maximum channels, timer, and reading count for step/scan.
HALT Turns off step/scan.
GPIB Enables/disables GPIB interface; selects address and language.
RS232 Enables/disables RS-232 interface; selects baud rate, flow control, terminator.

4 Range keys

▲ Moves to higher range; increments digit; moves to next selection.
▼ Moves to lower range; decrements digit; moves to previous selection.

AUTO Enables/disables autorange. SHIFT-AUTO displays the most recent error

5 Annunciators

* (asterisk) Reading being stored.

(diode) Instrument is in diode testing function.

)))

(speaker) Beeper on for continuity or limits testing.
(more) Indicates additional selections are available.
4W 4-wire resistance reading displayed.
AUTO Autoranging enabled.
BUFFER Recalling stored readings.
ERR Questionable reading; invalid cal step.
FAST Fast reading rate.
FILT Digital filter enabled.
HOLD Instrument is in hold mode.
LSTN Instrument addressed to listen over GPIB.
MATH Math function (mX+b, %, dB, dBm) enabled.
MED Medium reading rate.
REAR Reading acquired from rear inputs.
REL Relative reading displayed.
REM Instrument is in GPIB remote mode.
SCAN Instrument is in scan mode.
SHIFT Accessing shifted keys.
SLOW Slow reading rate.
SRQ Service request over GPIB.
STAT Displaying buffer statistics.
STEP Instrument is in step mode.
TALK Instrument addressed to talk over GPIB.
TIMER Timed scans in use.
TRIG Indicates external trigger (front panel, bus, trigger link) selected.

tolerance.

message.

Basic Measurements 2-5

6 Input connections

INPUT HI and LO Used for making DC volts, AC volts, 2-wire resistance measurements.
AMPS Used in conjunction with INPUT LO to make DC current and AC

SENSE

Ω4 WIRE Used with INPUT HI and LO to make 4-wire resistance measure-

HI and LO ments.

current measurements. Also holds current input fuse (3A, 250V, fast
blow, 5×20mm).

7 INPUTS

Selects input connections on front or rear panel.

8 Handle

Pull out and rotate to desired position.

2-6 Basic Measurements

Rear panel summary

The rear panel of the Model 2016 is shown in Figure 2-2. This figure includes important

abbreviated information that should be reviewed before operating the instrument.

Figure 2-2

Model 2016
rear panel

23 4

1

HI

!

LO

42V PEAK

INPUT

1000V
PEAK

!

INV/PULSE

SOURCE
OUTPUT

500V
PEAK

350V
PEAK

SOURCE
OUTPUT

SENSE

Ω 4W

7
6

FUSE

500 mAT

(SB)

250 mAT

(SB)

TRIGGER

LINK

!

3 5

1

VMC

4 6

2

EXT TRIG

!

LINE

LINE RATING

100 VAC

50, 60Hz

120 VAC

40 VA MAX

220 VAC
240 VAC

8

7

5

2

1

#2

EXTERNAL TRIGGER INPUT

Trigger Reading

>10µsec

TTL HI

TTL LO

MADE IN

U.S.A.

RS232

(CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS

FROM FRONT PANEL)

6

34

#1

VOLT METER COMPLETE OUTPUT

Reading

Complete

>10µsec

TTL HI

TTL LO

IEEE-488

120

5