Tektronix 2002 User manual
Model 2002
Multimeter
User’s Manual
2002-900-01 Rev. F August 2022
tek.com/keithley
*P2002-900-01F*
2002-900-01F
Model 2002 Multimeter
User’s Manual
© 2022, Keithley Instruments, LLC
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
All rights re
Any unauthorized reproduction, photocopy, or use of the information herein, in whole or in part, without the prior written
approval of Keithley Instruments, LLC, is strictly prohibited.
TSP™, TSP-Link™, and TSP-Net™ are trademarks of Keithley Instruments, LLC. All Keithley Instruments product names are
trademarks or registered trademarks of Keithley Instruments, LLC. Other brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of
their respective holders.
Document Number: 2002-900-01 Rev. F August 2022
served.
Safety precautions
The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation. Although
some instruments and accessories would normally be used with nonhazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous
conditions may be present.
This product is intended for use by personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required
to avoid possible injury. Read and follow all installation, operation, and maintenance information carefully before using the
product. Refer to the user documentation for complete product specifications.
If the product is used in a manner not specified, the protection provided by the product warranty may be impaired.
The types of product users are:
Responsible body is the individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment, for ensuring that the
equipment is operated within its specifications and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained.
Operators use the product for its intended function. They must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper use of the
instrument. They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits.
Maintenance personnel perform routine procedures on the product to keep it operating properly, for example, setting the line
voltage or replacing consumable materials. Maintenance procedures are described in the user documentation. The procedures
explicitly state if the operator may perform them. Otherwise, they should be performed only by service personnel.
Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits, perform safe installations, and repair products. Only properly trained
service personnel may perform installation and service procedures.
Keithley products are designed for use with electrical signals that are measurement, control, and data I/O connections, with low
transient overvoltages, and must not be directly connected to mains voltage or to voltage sources with high transient
overvoltages. Measurement Category II (as referenced in IEC 60664) connections require protection for high transient
overvoltages often associated with local AC mains connections. Certain Keithley measuring instruments may be connected to
mains. These instruments will be marked as category II or higher.
Unless explicitly allowed in the specifications, operating manual, and instrument labels, do not connect any instrument to mains.
Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present. Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test
fixtures. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) states that a shock hazard exists when voltage levels greater than
30 V RMS, 42.4 V peak, or 60 VDC are present. A good safety practice is to expect that hazardous voltage is present in any
unknown circuit before measuring.
Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that operators
are prevented access and/or insulated from every connection point. In some cases, connections must be exposed to potential
human contact. Product operators in these circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric shock. If
the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000 V, no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed.
Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits. They are intended to be used with impedance-limited
sources. NEVER connect switching cards directly to AC mains. When connecting sources to switching cards, install protective
devices to limit fault current and voltage to the card.
Before operating an instrument, ensure that the line cord is connected to a properly-grounded power receptacle. Inspect the
connecting cables, test leads, and jumpers for possible wear, cracks, or breaks before each use.
When installing equipment where access to the main power cord is restricted, such as rack mounting, a separate main input
power disconnect device must be provided in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of the operator.
For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under
test. ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before connecting or disconnecting
cables or jumpers, installing or removing switching cards, or making internal changes, such as installing or removing jumpers.
Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line (earth)
ground. Always make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry, insulated surface capable of withstanding the
voltage being measured.
For safety, instruments and accessories must be used in accordance with the operating instructions. If the instruments or
accessories are used in a manner not specified in the operating instructions, the protection provided by the equipment may be
impaired.
Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instruments and accessories. Maximum signal levels are defined in the
specifications and operating information and shown on the instrument panels, test fixture panels, and switching cards.
When fuses are used in a product, replace with the same type and rating for continued protection against fire hazard.
Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits, NOT as protective earth (safety ground)
connections.
If you are using a test fixture, keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test. Safe operation requires the use
of a lid interlock.
If a screw is present, connect it to protective earth (safety ground) using the wire recommended in the user documentation.
The symbol on an instrument means caution, risk of hazard. The user must refer to the operating instructions located in the
user documentation in all cases where the symbol is marked on the instrument.
The symbol on an instrument means warning, risk of electric shock. Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal
contact with these voltages.
The symbol on an instrument shows that the surface may be hot. Avoid personal contact to prevent burns.
The symbol indicates a connection terminal to the equipment frame.
If this symbol is on a product, it indicates that mercury is present in the display lamp. Please note that the lamp must be
properly disposed of according to federal, state, and local laws.
The WARNING heading in the user documentation explains hazards that might result in personal injury or death. Always read
the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.
The CAUTION heading in the user documentation explains hazards that could damage the instrument. Such damage may
invalidate the warranty.
The CAUTION heading with the symbol in the user documentation explains hazards that could result in moderate or minor
injury or damage the instrument. Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated
procedure. Damage to the instrument may invalidate the warranty.
Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans.
Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line cord and all test cables.
To maintain protection from electric shock and fire, replacement components in mains circuits — including the power
transformer, test leads, and input jacks — must be purchased from Keithley. Standard fuses with applicable national safety
approvals may be used if the rating and type are the same. The detachable mains power cord provided with the instrument may
only be replaced with a similarly rated power cord. Other components that are not safety-related may be purchased from other
suppliers as long as they are equivalent to the original component (note that selected parts should be purchased only through
Keithley to maintain accuracy and functionality of the product). If you are unsure about the applicability of a replacement
component, call a Keithley office for information.
Unless otherwise noted in product-specific literature, Keithley instruments are designed to operate indoors only, in the following
environment: Altitude at or below 2,000 m (6,562 ft); temperature 0 °C to 50 °C (32 °F to 122 °F); and pollution degree 1 or 2.
To clean an instrument, use a cloth dampened with deionized water or mild, water-based cleaner. Clean the exterior of the
instrument only. Do not apply cleaner directly to the instrument or allow liquids to enter or spill on the instrument. Products that
consist of a circuit board with no case or chassis (e.g., a data acquisition board for installation into a computer) should never
require cleaning if handled according to instructions. If the board becomes contaminated and operation is affected, the board
should be returned to the factory for proper cleaning/servicing.
Safety precaution revision as of June 2018.
Table of Contents
1 General Information
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1-1
1.2 Features .............................................................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.3 Warranty information ......................................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.4 Manual addenda ................................................................................................................................................. 1-2
1.5 Safety symbols and terms .................................................................................................................................. 1-2
1.6 Specifications ..................................................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.7 Inspection ........................................................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.8 Options and accessories ..................................................................................................................................... 1-2
2 Front Panel Operation
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2 Power-up ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2.1 Line power connections ............................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2.2 Line fuse replacement ................................................................................................................................ 2-2
2.2.3 Power-up sequence .................................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.2.4 High energy circuit safety precautions ....................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.5 Power-on default conditions ...................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.6 Warm-up period ......................................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.7 IEEE-488 primary address ......................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3 Display ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.1 Multiple displays ........................................................................................................................................ 2-4
2.3.2 Information messages ................................................................................................................................ 2-7
2.3.3 Status and error messages .......................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.3.4 Navigating menus ...................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.4 Functions ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-9
2.4.1 DC and AC voltage .................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.4.2 DC and AC current .................................................................................................................................. 2-23
2.4.3 Two and four-wire resistance ................................................................................................................... 2-28
2.4.4 Frequency ................................................................................................................................................. 2-32
2.4.5 Temperature ............................................................................................................................................. 2-33
2.5 Range ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-40
2.5.1 Display resolution .................................................................................................................................... 2-40
2.5.2 Maximum readings .................................................................................................................................. 2-40
2.5.3 Manual ranging ........................................................................................................................................ 2-40
2.5.4 Autoranging ............................................................................................................................................. 2-40
2.6 Relative ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-40
2.6.1 Configuring rel ......................................................................................................................................... 2-41
2.6.2 Enabling rel .............................................................................................................................................. 2-41
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2.6.3 Multiple display of rel .............................................................................................................................. 2-41
2.7 Triggers ............................................................................................................................................................. 2-41
2.7.1 Trigger model ........................................................................................................................................... 2-41
2.7.2 Configuring the measure layer ................................................................................................................. 2-46
2.7.3 Configuring the scan layer ........................................................................................................................ 2-48
2.7.4 Configuring the arm layer ........................................................................................................................ 2-49
2.7.5 Halting triggers ......................................................................................................................................... 2-50
2.7.6 External triggering .................................................................................................................................... 2-50
2.7.7 Trigger Link .............................................................................................................................................. 2-53
2.8 Buffer ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-64
2.8.1 Burst mode ................................................................................................................................................ 2-65
2.8.2 Configuring data storage .......................................................................................................................... 2-67
2.8.3 Storing and recalling readings .................................................................................................................. 2-69
2.8.4 Buffer multiple displays ........................................................................................................................... 2-70
2.9 Filter ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-71
2.9.1 Filter types ................................................................................................................................................ 2-71
2.9.2 Filter modes .............................................................................................................................................. 2-71
2.9.3 Response time ........................................................................................................................................... 2-73
2.9.4 Auto filtering ............................................................................................................................................ 2-73
2.9.5 Configuring the filters .............................................................................................................................. 2-74
2.10 Math .................................................................................................................................................................. 2-75
2.10.1 Polynomial ................................................................................................................................................ 2-75
2.10.2 Percent ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-76
2.10.3 Percent deviation ...................................................................................................................................... 2-76
2.10.4 Selecting and configuring math ................................................................................................................ 2-76
2.10.5 Calculate multiple display ........................................................................................................................ 2-77
2.11 Scanning ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-77
2.11.1 Scanning overview ................................................................................................................................... 2-77
2.11.2 Front panel scanner controls ..................................................................................................................... 2-77
2.11.3 Using CHAN key to close and open internal channels ............................................................................ 2-78
2.11.4 Using CONFIGURE CHAN to configure channels ................................................................................. 2-79
2.11.5 Using CONFIG-SCAN to configure scanning ......................................................................................... 2-80
2.11.6 Using SCAN to configure scan parameters .............................................................................................. 2-81
2.11.7 Starting and stopping scanning ................................................................................................................. 2-83
2.11.8 Scanner operation examples ..................................................................................................................... 2-83
2.12 Menu ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-87
2.12.1 SAVESETUP ........................................................................................................................................... 2-90
2.12.2 GPIB ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-96
2.12.3 CALIBRATION ....................................................................................................................................... 2-96
2.12.4 TEST ......................................................................................................................................................... 2-97
2.12.5 LIMITS ..................................................................................................................................................... 2-97
2.12.6 STATUS-MSG ......................................................................................................................................... 2-99
2.12.7 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................... 2-99
3 IEEE-488 Reference
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.2 IEEE-488 bus connections ................................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.3 Primary address selection ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.4 QuickBASIC 4.5 programming .......................................................................................................................... 3-3
3.5 General bus commands ....................................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.5.1 REN (remote enable) .................................................................................................................................. 3-4
3.5.2 IFC (interface clear) ................................................................................................................................... 3-4
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3.5.3 LLO (local lockout) ................................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.5.4 GTL (go to local) ....................................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.5.5 DCL (device clear) ..................................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.5.6 SDC (selective device clear) ...................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.5.7 GET (group execute trigger) ...................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.5.8 SPE, SPD (serial polling) ........................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.6 Front panel aspects of IEEE-488 operation ....................................................................................................... 3-5
3.6.1 Error and status message ............................................................................................................................ 3-5
3.6.2 IEEE-488 status indicators ......................................................................................................................... 3-5
3.6.3 LOCAL key ................................................................................................................................................ 3-6
3.7 Status structure ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.7.1 Condition registers ..................................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.7.2 Transition filters ......................................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.7.3 Event registers ............................................................................................................................................ 3-8
3.7.4 Enable registers .......................................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.7.5 Queues ...................................................................................................................................................... 3-16
3.7.6 Status byte and service request (SRQ) ..................................................................................................... 3-16
3.8 Trigger model (IEEE-488 operation) ............................................................................................................... 3-18
3.9 Programming syntax ........................................................................................................................................ 3-23
3.10 Common commands ........................................................................................................................................ 3-29
3.10.1 *CLS — clear status ................................................................................................................................ 3-29
3.10.2 *ESE <NRf> — event enable .................................................................................................................. 3-30
*ESE? — event enable query ................................................................................................................... 3-30
3.10.3 *ESR? — event status register query ....................................................................................................... 3-31
3.10.4 *IDN? — identification query ................................................................................................................. 3-32
3.10.5 *OPC — operation complete ................................................................................................................... 3-33
3.10.6 *OPC? — operation complete query ....................................................................................................... 3-34
3.10.7 *OPT? — option identification query ...................................................................................................... 3-35
3.10.8 *RCL — recall ......................................................................................................................................... 3-35
3.10.9 *RST — reset ........................................................................................................................................... 3-36
3.10.10 *SAV — save ........................................................................................................................................... 3-36
3.10.11 *SRE <NRf> — service request enable ................................................................................................... 3-36
*SRE? — service request enable query ................................................................................................... 3-36
3.10.12 *STB? — status byte query ..................................................................................................................... 3-38
3.10.13 *TRG — trigger ....................................................................................................................................... 3-39
3.10.14 *TST? — self-test query .......................................................................................................................... 3-39
3.10.15 *WAI — wait-to-continue ....................................................................................................................... 3-40
3.11 Signal oriented measurement commands ......................................................................................................... 3-41
3.12 Calculate subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 3-67
3.12.1 :CALCulate[1] ......................................................................................................................................... 3-67
3.12.2 :CALCulate2 ............................................................................................................................................ 3-69
3.12.3 :CALCulate3 ............................................................................................................................................ 3-71
3.13 :DISPlay subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 3-76
3.14 :FORMat subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 3-79
3.15 :INPut subsystem ............................................................................................................................................. 3-84
3.16 :OUTPut subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 3-85
3.17 :ROUTe subsystem .......................................................................................................................................... 3-86
3.17.1 :CLOSe <list> .......................................................................................................................................... 3-86
3.17.2 :OPEN <list> ............................................................................................................................................ 3-86
3.17.3 :OPEN:ALL ............................................................................................................................................. 3-87
3.17.4 :SCAN commands .................................................................................................................................... 3-87
3.18 Sense subsystems ............................................................................................................................................. 3-91
3.18.1 [:SENSe[1]] subsystem ............................................................................................................................ 3-91
3.18.2 :ALTernate[1] commands ........................................................................................................................ 3-91
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3.18.3 :FUNCtion <name> .................................................................................................................................. 3-91
3.18.4 :DATA commands .................................................................................................................................... 3-92
3.18.5 :APERture <n> ......................................................................................................................................... 3-93
3.18.6 :NPLCycles <n> ....................................................................................................................................... 3-94
3.18.7 :COUPling AC|DC ................................................................................................................................... 3-96
3.18.8 RANGe commands ................................................................................................................................... 3-96
3.18.9 :REFerence <n> ........................................................................................................................................ 3-99
3.18.10 :DIGits <n> ............................................................................................................................................. 3-101
3.18.11 :AVERage commands ............................................................................................................................ 3-102
3.18.12 [:FUNCTION] <name> .......................................................................................................................... 3-105
3.18.13 :PWINdow <n> ...................................................................................................................................... 3-106
3.18.14 :METHod <name> ................................................................................................................................. 3-106
3.18.15 :SOURce <name> ................................................................................................................................... 3-106
3.18.16 THReshold commands ........................................................................................................................... 3-107
3.18.17 :TRANsducer <name> ........................................................................................................................... 3-108
3.18.18 :RTD commands ..................................................................................................................................... 3-109
3.18.19 :TCouple:TYPE <name> ........................................................................................................................ 3-111
3.18.20 :RJUNctionX commands ........................................................................................................................ 3-112
3.18.21 :OCOMpensated <b> ............................................................................................................................. 3-114
3.18.22 :DTCouple commands ............................................................................................................................ 3-114
3.18.23 :SENSe2 subsystem ................................................................................................................................ 3-115
3.19 :SOURce subsystem ....................................................................................................................................... 3-116
3.20 :STATus subsystem ........................................................................................................................................ 3-117
3.20.1 [:EVENt]? ............................................................................................................................................... 3-117
3.20.2 :ENABle <NRf> ..................................................................................................................................... 3-122
3.20.3 :PTRansition <NRf> ............................................................................................................................... 3-125
3.20.4 :NTRansition <NRf> .............................................................................................................................. 3-132
3.20.5 :CONDition? ........................................................................................................................................... 3-134
3.20.6 :PRESET ................................................................................................................................................. 3-134
3.20.7 :QUEue commands ................................................................................................................................. 3-135
3.21 :SYSTem subsystem ....................................................................................................................................... 3-137
3.21.1 :PRESet ................................................................................................................................................... 3-137
3.21.2 :POSetup <name> ................................................................................................................................... 3-137
3.21.3 :FRSWitch? ............................................................................................................................................ 3-137
3.21.4 :VERSion? .............................................................................................................................................. 3-138
3.21.5 :ERRor? .................................................................................................................................................. 3-138
3.21.6 :AZERo commands ................................................................................................................................ 3-138
3.21.7 :AMEThod <name> ............................................................................................................................... 3-139
3.21.8 :LSYNc:STATe <b> .............................................................................................................................. 3-143
3.21.9 :KEY <NRf> .......................................................................................................................................... 3-143
3.21.10 :CLEar .................................................................................................................................................... 3-145
3.21.11 :LFRequency .......................................................................................................................................... 3-145
3.21.12 :DATE <yr>, <mo>, <day> .................................................................................................................... 3-145
3.21.13 :TIME <hr>, <min>, <sec> .................................................................................................................... 3-145
3.21.14 :TSTamp commands ............................................................................................................................... 3-146
3.21.15 :RNUMber:RESet ................................................................................................................................... 3-146
3.22 :TRACe subsystem ......................................................................................................................................... 3-147
3.22.1 :CLEar .................................................................................................................................................... 3-147
3.22.2 :FREE? ................................................................................................................................................... 3-147
3.22.3 :EGRoup <name> ................................................................................................................................... 3-147
3.22.4 :POINts <n> ........................................................................................................................................... 3-148
3.22.5 :FEED <name> ....................................................................................................................................... 3-148
3.22.6 :DATA? .................................................................................................................................................. 3-151
3.22.7 :TSTamp:FORMat <name> ................................................................................................................... 3-151
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3.23
3.23.1 :INITiate commands .............................................................................................................................. 3-152
3.23.2 :ABORt .................................................................................................................................................. 3-152
3.23.3 :IMMediate ............................................................................................................................................. 3-152
3.23.4 :COUNt <n> ........................................................................................................................................... 3-153
3.23.5 :DELay <n> ............................................................................................................................................ 3-153
3.23.6 :SOURce <name> .................................................................................................................................. 3-154
3.23.7 :TIMer <n> ............................................................................................................................................. 3-154
3.23.8 :SIGNal .................................................................................................................................................. 3-155
3.23.9 TCONfigure commands ......................................................................................................................... 3-155
3.23.10 RTCLock commands ............................................................................................................................. 3-157
3.24 :UNIT subsystem ........................................................................................................................................... 3-159
Trigger subsystem .......................................................................................................................................... 3-152
A Specifications
B Interface Function Codes
C ASCII Character Codes and IEEE-488 Multiline Interface Command Messages
D IEEE-488 Bus Overview
E IEEE-488 Conformance Information
F SCPI Conformance Information
G Example Programs
H HP3458A Emulation Mode
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List of Illustrations
2 Front Panel Operation
Figure 2-1 Bar graph (zero-at-left) multiple display .................................................................................................... 2-6
Figure 2-2 Zero-centered bar graph multiple display .................................................................................................. 2-6
Figure 2-3 Maximum and minimum multiple display ................................................................................................. 2-7
Figure 2-4 Positive and negative peak spikes ............................................................................................................ 2-15
Figure 2-5 DC voltage multifunction multiple displays ............................................................................................ 2-16
Figure 2-6 AC voltage multifunction multiple displays ............................................................................................ 2-20
Figure 2-7 DC in-circuit current measurements ........................................................................................................ 2-26
Figure 2-8 AC current multifunction multiple displays ............................................................................................. 2-28
Figure 2-9 3-wire RTD temperature measurements .................................................................................................. 2-34
Figure 2-10 2-wire RTD temperature measurements .................................................................................................. 2-35
Figure 2-11 Temperature equations ............................................................................................................................. 2-38
Figure 2-12 Trigger model (front panel operation) ...................................................................................................... 2-44
Figure 2-13 External triggering connectors (BNC) ..................................................................................................... 2-50
Figure 2-14 External triggering and asynchronous trigger link input pulse specifications ......................................... 2-50
Figure 2-15 Meter complete and asynchronous trigger link output pulse specifications ............................................ 2-51
Figure 2-16 DUT test system ....................................................................................................................................... 2-51
Figure 2-17 External trigger connectors ...................................................................................................................... 2-52
Figure 2-18 Trigger link connectors ............................................................................................................................ 2-53
Figure 2-19 DUT test system ....................................................................................................................................... 2-54
Figure 2-20 Trigger Link connections (asynchronous example #1) ............................................................................ 2-54
Figure 2-21 Operation model for asynchronous trigger link example #1 .................................................................... 2-56
Figure 2-22 Connections using Trigger Link adapter .................................................................................................. 2-57
Figure 2-23 DUT test system (asynchronous example #2) .......................................................................................... 2-57
Figure 2-24 Trigger Link connections (asynchronous example #2) ............................................................................ 2-58
Figure 2-25 Operation model for asynchronous Trigger Link example #2 ................................................................. 2-60
Figure 2-26 Semi-synchronous Trigger Link specifications ....................................................................................... 2-61
Figure 2-27 Typical semi-synchronous mode connections ......................................................................................... 2-61
Figure 2-28 Trigger Link connections (semi-synchronous example) .......................................................................... 2-62
Figure 2-29 Operation mode for semi-synchronous Trigger Link example ................................................................ 2-63
Figure 2-30 Averaging and advanced filter types ........................................................................................................ 2-72
Figure 2-31 Moving and repeating filter modes .......................................................................................................... 2-73
Figure 2-32 SCAN key menu structure ....................................................................................................................... 2-82
Figure 2-33 SCAN key menu structure for ratio and delta .......................................................................................... 2-83
Figure 2-34 Limits bar graph example ........................................................................................................................ 2-98
Figure 2-35 Using limit test to start 100 Ω resistor ...................................................................................................... 2-99
Figure 2-36 Digital I/O port ....................................................................................................................................... 2-100
Figure 2-37 Digital I/O port simplified schematic ..................................................................................................... 2-101
Figure 2-38 Sample externally powered relay sample ............................................................................................... 2-102
Figure 2-39 Line cycle synchronization .................................................................................................................... 2-104
vii
3 IEEE-488 Reference
Figure 3-1 IEEE-488 connector ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
Figure 3-2 IEEE-488 connections ................................................................................................................................ 3-2
Figure 3-3 IEEE-488 connector location ..................................................................................................................... 3-2
Figure 3-4 Model 2002 status register structure ........................................................................................................... 3-7
Figure 3-5 Standard event status .................................................................................................................................. 3-9
Figure 3-6 Operation event status .............................................................................................................................. 3-10
Figure 3-7 Arm event status ....................................................................................................................................... 3-11
Figure 3-8 Sequence event status ............................................................................................................................... 3-12
Figure 3-9 Trigger event status .................................................................................................................................. 3-13
Figure 3-10 Measurement event status ......................................................................................................................... 3-14
Figure 3-11 Questionable event status ......................................................................................................................... 3-15
Figure 3-12 Status byte and service request (SRQ) ..................................................................................................... 3-17
Figure 3-13 Trigger Model (IEEE-488 bus operation) ................................................................................................ 3-19
Figure 3-14 Standard Event Enable Register ............................................................................................................... 3-31
Figure 3-15 Standard Event Status Register ................................................................................................................ 3-32
Figure 3-16 Service Request Enable Register .............................................................................................................. 3-37
Figure 3-17 Status Byte Register ................................................................................................................................. 3-39
Figure 3-18 ASCII data format .................................................................................................................................... 3-79
Figure 3-19 IEEE754 single precision data format (32 data bits) ................................................................................ 3-80
Figure 3-20 IEEE754 double precision data format (64 data bits) .............................................................................. 3-81
Figure 3-21 Measurement Event Register .................................................................................................................. 3-118
Figure 3-22 Questionable Event Register .................................................................................................................. 3-119
Figure 3-23 Operation Event Register ....................................................................................................................... 3-120
Figure 3-24 Trigger Event Register ........................................................................................................................... 3-120
Figure 3-25 Arm Event Register ................................................................................................................................ 3-121
Figure 3-26 Sequence Event Register ........................................................................................................................ 3-121
Figure 3-27 Measurement Event Enable Register ...................................................................................................... 3-123
Figure 3-28 Questionable Event Enable Register ...................................................................................................... 3-123
Figure 3-29 Operation Event Enable Register ........................................................................................................... 3-124
Figure 3-30 Trigger Event Enable Register ............................................................................................................... 3-124
Figure 3-31 Arm Event Enable Register .................................................................................................................... 3-124
Figure 3-32 Sequence Event Enable Register ............................................................................................................ 3-125
Figure 3-33 Measurement Transition Filter ............................................................................................................... 3-126
Figure 3-34 Questionable Transition Filter ................................................................................................................ 3-127
Figure 3-35 Operation Transition Filter ..................................................................................................................... 3-128
Figure 3-36 Trigger Transition Filter ......................................................................................................................... 3-129
Figure 3-37 Arm Transition Filter .............................................................................................................................. 3-130
Figure 3-38 Sequence Transition Filter ...................................................................................................................... 3-131
Figure 3-39 Key-press codes ...................................................................................................................................... 3-144
D IEEE-488 Bus Overview
Figure D-1 IEEE-488 bus configuration ...................................................................................................................... D-2
Figure D-2 IEEE-488 handshake sequence .................................................................................................................. D-3
Figure D-3 Command codes ........................................................................................................................................ D-6
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Ω
Ω
Ω
List of Tables
2 Front Panel Operation
Table 2-1 Data checked on power-up ......................................................................................................................... 2-3
Table 2-2 Power-up error messages ........................................................................................................................... 2-3
Table 2-3 Multiple displays by function .................................................................................................................... 2-5
Table 2-4 Status and error messages .......................................................................................................................... 2-8
Table 2-5 EXIT key actions ....................................................................................................................................... 2-9
Table 2-6 CONFIGURE DCV menu structure ........................................................................................................ 2-10
Table 2-7 CONFIGURE ACV menu structure ........................................................................................................ 2-11
Table 2-8 DCV and ACV integration times set-by-resolution ................................................................................. 2-12
Table 2-9 DCV and ACV auto filter ........................................................................................................................ 2-13
Table 2-10 DCV and ACV auto resolution ................................................................................................................ 2-13
Table 2-11 CONFIGURE DCI menu structure .......................................................................................................... 2-24
Table 2-12 CONFIGURE ACI menu structure .......................................................................................................... 2-24
Table 2-13 DCI and ACI integration time set-by-resolution ...................................................................................... 2-25
Table 2-14 DCI and ACI auto filter ........................................................................................................................... 2-25
Table 2-15 DCI and ACI auto resolution ................................................................................................................... 2-26
Table 2-16 CONFIGURE OHMS-2W menu structure .............................................................................................. 2-29
Table 2-17 CONFIGURE OHMS-4W menu structure .............................................................................................. 2-29
Table 2-18
Table 2-19
Table 2-20
Table 2-21 Trigger level range and increments .......................................................................................................... 2-32
Table 2-22 CONFIGURE FREQUENCY menu structure ......................................................................................... 2-33
Table 2-23 CONFIG TEMPERATURE menu structure ............................................................................................ 2-36
Table 2-24 Temperature integration time set-by-resolution ....................................................................................... 2-39
Table 2-25 Temperature auto resolution .................................................................................................................... 2-39
Table 2-26 Allowable rel values ................................................................................................................................. 2-41
Table 2-27 CONFIGURE TRIGGER menu structure ................................................................................................ 2-42
Table 2-28 Reading storage options ........................................................................................................................... 2-64
Table 2-29 CONFIGURE DATA STORE menu structure ........................................................................................ 2-65
Table 2-30 Available functions in burst mode ........................................................................................................... 2-66
Table 2-31 Burst mode sequence ............................................................................................................................... 2-67
Table 2-32 Fill-and-stop sequence ............................................................................................................................. 2-69
Table 2-33 Continuous sequence ................................................................................................................................ 2-70
Table 2-34 Pretrigger sequence .................................................................................................................................. 2-70
Table 2-35 Auto filters ............................................................................................................................................... 2-74
Table 2-36 CONFIGURE FILTER menu structure ................................................................................................... 2-74
Table 2-37 CONFIGURE MATH menu structure ..................................................................................................... 2-76
Table 2-38 CHANNEL SELECTION menu structure ............................................................................................... 2-78
Table 2-39 CONFIGURE CHANNELS menu structure ............................................................................................ 2-79
Table 2-40 SCAN OPERATION menu structure ...................................................................................................... 2-81
Table 2-41 Main menu structure ................................................................................................................................ 2-88
Table 2-42 Factory default conditions ........................................................................................................................ 2-91
2 and Ω 4 integration time set-by-resolution ......................................................................................... 2-30
2 and Ω 4 auto filter ............................................................................................................................... 2-30
2 and Ω 4 auto resolution ....................................................................................................................... 2-31
ix
3 IEEE-488 Reference
Table 3-1 General bus commands and associated statements .................................................................................... 3-4
Table 3-2 IEEE-488.2 common commands and queries .......................................................................................... 3-29
Table 3-3 Signal oriented measurement command summary ................................................................................... 3-41
Table 3-4 CALCulate command summary ............................................................................................................... 3-46
Table 3-5 DISPlay command summary .................................................................................................................... 3-48
Table 3-6 FORMat command summary ................................................................................................................... 3-48
Table 3-7 INPut command summary ........................................................................................................................ 3-49
Table 3-8 OUTput command summary .................................................................................................................... 3-49
Table 3-9 ROUTe command summary ..................................................................................................................... 3-50
Table 3-10 SENSe command summary ...................................................................................................................... 3-50
Table 3-11 SOURce command summary ................................................................................................................... 3-59
Table 3-12 STATus command summary .................................................................................................................... 3-60
Table 3-13 SYSTem command summary ................................................................................................................... 3-62
Table 3-14 TRACe command summary ..................................................................................................................... 3-63
Table 3-15 Trigger command summary ..................................................................................................................... 3-63
Table 3-16 UNIT command summary ........................................................................................................................ 3-65
Table 3-17 Minimum delay times for stream mode .................................................................................................. 3-142
B Interface Function Codes
Table B-1 Model 2002 interface function codes ........................................................................................................ B-1
D IEEE-488 Bus Overview
Table D-1 IEEE-488 bus command summary ............................................................................................................ D-4
Table D-2 Hexadecimal and decimal command codes ............................................................................................... D-7
Table D-3 Typical addressed command sequence ...................................................................................................... D-7
Table D-4 Typical common command sequence ....................................................................................................... D-7
Table D-5 IEEE command groups .............................................................................................................................. D-8
E IEEE-488 Conformance Information
Table E-1 IEEE-488 documentation requirements .................................................................................................... E-1
Table E-2 Coupled commands ................................................................................................................................... E-3
H HP3458A Emulation Mode
Table H-1 Commands not supported by HP3458A emulation mode ......................................................................... H-2
Table H-2 Supported HP3458A commands ............................................................................................................... H-3
x
1
General Information
1.1 Introduction
This section contains general information about the Model
2002 Multimeter. It is arranged in the following manner:
1.2 Features
1.3 Warranty information
1.4 Manual addenda
1.5 Safety symbols and terms
1.6 Specifications
1.7 Inspection
1.8 Options and accessories
1.2 Features
Some important Model 2002 features include:
• Full range of functions Among other functions, the
multimeter can measure DC voltage (normal and peak
spikes), AC voltage (RMS, average, and peak), DC
current (normal and in-circuit), AC current (RMS and
average), two and four-wire resistance (normal and
offset-compensated), frequency (voltage and current),
and temperature (resistance temperature devices or
thermocouples).
• T wo-line display Readings and front panel messages
are shown on an alphanumeric display having a 20character top line and a 32-character bottom line.
• Multifunction measuring and display From the front
panel, you can configure the instrument to sequentially
measure and simultaneously display readings of multiple functions.
• Reading and setup storage Readings and setup data
can be stored and recalled from the front panel or over
the IEEE-488 bus. For example, the buffer can be programmed to store up to 850 readings at 4.5 digits, or up
to 250 time-stamped readings at 6.5 digits. The Model
2002 can be configured with memory options that
extend the storage capacity up to 30,000 readings and
ten setups.
• High-speed measurements The instrument is capable
of acquiring, for example, 2000 readings/second at 4.5
digits of resolution, and 215 readings/second at 6.5
digits.
• T alk-only mode From the front panel, you can set the
instrument to send readings to an IEEE-488 printer or,
with an optional adapter, to a Centronics printer.
• Digital calibration The instrument may be digitally
calibrated from either the front panel or over the bus.
• Standard IEEE-488 interface Bus operation conforms to the IEEE-488.2 and SCPI standards.
• Trigger link This is a new trigger concept that provides more versatile and precise external triggering. It
is in addition to the standard Trigger In/Measurement
Complete BNC external triggering techniques.
• Optional field-installable internal scanner This is a
10-channel scanner card, which includes eight channels
of 2-pole relay switching and two channels of 2-pole
solid-state switching. All channels can be configured
for 4-pole operation.
1-1
General Information
1.3 Warranty information
For warranty information, go to:
tek.com/services/repair/warranty-status-search.
If you need to return the Model 2002 for repair or
calibration, call 1-800-408-8165 or complete the form at
https://www.tek.com/en/services/repair/rma-request.
1.4 Manual addenda
Any improvements or changes concerning the instrument or
manual will be explained in an addendum included with the
manual. Be sure to note these changes and incorporate them
into the manual.
1.5 Safety symbols and terms
The following symbols and terms may be found on an instrument or used in this manual.
!
The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user
should refer to the operating instructions located in the manual.
The symbol on an instrument shows that high voltage
may be present on the terminal(s). Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.
which can be removed.) Report any damage to the shipping
agent immediately. Save the original packing carton for possible future reshipment. The following items are included
with every Model 2002 order:
• Model 2002 Multimeter (with MEM1 or MEM2 memory option, if ordered) with line cord.
• Model 8605 High Performance Modular Test Leads.
• Accessories as ordered.
• Full calibration data (conforming to MIL-STD
45662A).
For documention, refer to tek.com\keithley. The
following manuals are available:
• Keithley part number 2002-900-01, User’s Manual.
• Keithley part number 2002-902-01, Repair Manual.
• Keithley part number 2002-903-01, Getting Started
Manual.
• Keithley part number 2002-905-01, Calibration
Manual.
1.8 Options and accessories
For available options and accessories, refer to Model
2002 product page on tek.com\keithley.
The WARNING heading used in this manual explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death. Always
read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.
The CAUTION heading used in this manual explains hazards that could damage the instrument. Such damage may
invalidate the warranty.
1.6 Specifications
For the latest specifications, please refer to
tek.com\keithley.
1.7 Inspection
The Model 2002 was carefully inspected, both electrically
and mechanically before shipment. After unpacking all
items from the shipping carton, check for any obvious signs
of physical damage that may have occurred during transit.
(Note: There may be a protective film over the display lens,
1-2
2
Front Panel Operation
2.1 Introduction
This section contains detailed reference information for front
panel operation of the Model 2002. It is organized as
follows:
2.2 Power-up: Covers information on connecting the
instrument to line power, w arm-up period, default conditions, and the power-up sequence.
2.3 Display: Covers display format and messages that
may appear while using the instrument.
2.4 Functions: Describes the measurement functions of
the instrument (DC and AC voltage, DC and AC
current, 2-wire and 4-wire resistance, frequency, and
temperature).
2.5 Range: Covers both manual and autoranging
operation.
2.6 Relative: Gives details on using the relative feature
that can be used to null offsets or subtract a baseline
value from present and future readings.
2.7 Triggering: Details types of trigger modes as well as
trigger sources that can be used.
2.8 Buffer: Covers use of the reading buf fer including pro-
gramming buffer size and recalling data, time stamp,
and statistics information.
2.9 Filter: Covers the use of the digital filter types that can
be used to reduce reading noise.
2.10 Math: Describes the calculations that can be per-
formed on readings in continuous operation.
2.11 Scanning: Discusses setting up internal and external
scans, along with ratio and delta calculations.
2.12 Menu: Covers selections controlled from the main
menu, such as saving instrument setups, GPIB (IEEE488 bus) configuration, calibration, self-tests, limits,
and the digital I/O port.
2.2 Power-up
2.2.1 Line power connections
Follow the procedure below to connect the Model 2002 to
line power and turn on the instrument.
1. The Model 2002 operates from a line voltage in the
range of 90-134V or 180-250V at a frequency of 50, 60,
or 400Hz. Check to see that the operating voltage in
your area is compatible.
CAUTION
Operating the instrument on an incorrect line voltage may cause damage to
the instrument, possibly voiding the
warranty.
2. Before plugging in the power cord, make sure the front
panel power switch is in the off (0) position.
3. Connect the female end of the supplied power cord to
the AC receptacle on the rear panel. Connect the other
end of the power cord to a grounded AC outlet.
2-1
Front Panel Operation
WARNING
The power cord supplied with the Model
2002 contains a separate ground wire
for use with grounded outlets. When
proper connections are made, instrument chassis is connected to power line
ground through the ground wire in the
power cord. Failure to use a grounded
outlet may result in personal injury or
death due to electric shock.
2.2.2 Line fuse replacement
A rear panel fuse located below the AC receptacle protects
the power line input of the instrument. If the fuse needs to be
replaced, perform the following steps:
WARNING
Make sure the instrument is disconnected from the power line and other equipment before replacing the line fuse.
1. With the power off, place the end of a flat-blade screwdriver into the rear panel LINE FUSE holder. Push in
gently and rotate the fuse carrier one-quarter turn counterclockwise. Release pressure on the holder and its
internal spring will push the fuse carrier out of the
holder.
2. Remove the fuse and replace it with the same type
(0.5A, 250V, slow blow, 5 × 20mm). The Keithley part
number is FU-71.
CAUTION
Do not use a fuse with a higher current
rating than specified, or instrument
damage may occur. If the instrument
repeatedly blows fuses, locate and correct the cause of the trouble before
replacing the fuse. See the optional
Model 2002 Repair Manual for troubleshooting information.
2.2.3 Power-up sequence
On power-up, the Model 2002 performs self-tests on its
EPROM and RAM, and checksum tests on data stored in
non-volatile memory . (See Table 2-1.) If a failure is detected,
the instrument momentarily displays an error message and
the ERR annunciator turns on. (Messages are listed in Table
2-2.)
NOTE
If a problem develops while the
instrument is under warranty, return it to
Keithley Instruments, Inc. for repair.
If the instrument passes the self-tests, the firmware revision
levels, memory option (if installed), and presently selected
IEEE-488 primary address are displayed. An e xample of this
display is shown as follows:
Model 2002
Rev . A01 A01 MEM1 IEEE Addr=16
The firmware revision levels (left to right) are for the main
microcontroller and display microcontroller. The revision
level number may be different in your particular unit. If the
MEM1 or MEM2 memory options are not present, that portion of the bottom line is left blank. The IEEE-488 address is
its default value of 16.
Next, if the unit is configured to display the calibration due
date at power-up, the unit shows the following:
Model 2002
Calibration due: mmm/dd/yy
where “mmm” is the month abbreviation, “dd” is the day,
and “yy” is the year. If no calibration date is set, the display
shows that it is due now. (See the Model 2002 Calibration
Manual to set the calibration due date and paragraph 2.12.3
of this manual to set the display option.)
After the power-up sequence, the instrument begins its normal display, for example:
3. Install the new fuse and fuse carrier into the holder by
reversing the above procedure.
2-2
000.0000 mVDC
Power-up error messages
Error messages that may be displayed during power-up are
summarized in Table 2-2. These are shown when one of the
checksum tests of Table 2-1 fails.
Table 2-1
Data checked on power-up
Data Type of storage Memory option
Front Panel Operation
IEEE-488 address
Power-on default
Calibration constants
Calibration dates
Instrument setups 1 in electrically-erasable PROM
Reading buffer (Volatile RAM)
Note: STD is standard memory, MEM1 is memory option #1, MEM2 is memory option #2.
Table 2-2
Power-up error messages
Message Action
Error +515,
Calibration dates lost
Error +514,
DC calibration data lost
The cal dates are set to factory default values, but they are not stored into EEPROM.
To do this, perform a comprehensive calibration.
DC cal constants are set to factory default values, but they are not stored into
EEPROM. To do this, perform a comprehensive calibration.
Electrically-erasable PROM
Electrically-erasable PROM
Electrically-erasable PROM
Electrically-erasable PROM
4 more in non-volatile RAM
9 more in non-volatile RAM
Non-volatile RAM
STD, MEM1, MEM2
STD, MEM1, MEM2
STD, MEM1, MEM2
STD, MEM1, MEM2
STD, MEM1, MEM2
MEM1
MEM2
STD
MEM1, MEM2
Error +513,
AC calibration data lost
Error +512,
AC cal constants are set to factory default values, but they are not stored into
EEPROM. To do this, perform a comprehensive calibration.
Power-on defaults are reset to factory defaults (bench) and stored into EEPROM.
Power-on state lost
Error +511,
GPIB address is reset to factory default (16) and stored into EEPROM.
GPIB address lost
Error +510,
Reading buffer data lost
Error -314,
The reading buffer controls are reset to factory defaults, but they are not stored into
NVRAM. To do this, store readings in the buffer.
Instrument setup is reset to bench defaults and stored into EEPROM.
Save/recall memory lost
Notes:
1. Any of these error conditions may occur the first time a unit is turned on or after replacing the firmware.
2. Error +510, Reading buffer data lost, applies to units with optional memory.
3. Error +512, Power-on state lost, may occur the first time the unit is powered-up after replacing the MEM2 memory option with MEM1.
2-3
Front Panel Operation
2.2.4 High energy circuit safety precautions
To optimize safety when measuring voltage in high energy
distribution circuits, read and use the directions in the following warning.
WARNING
Dangerous arcs of an explosive nature
in a high energy circuit can cause severe
personal injury, or death. If the multimeter is connected to a high energy circuit when set to a current range, low
resistance range, or any other low
impedance range, the circuit is virtually
shorted. Dangerous arcing can result
even when the multimeter is set to a
voltage range if the minimum voltage
spacing is reduced.
When making measurements in high energy circuits, use test
leads that meet the following requirements:
• Test leads should be fully insulated.
• Only use test leads that can be connected to the circuit
(e.g., alligator clips, spade lugs, etc.) for hands-off measurements.
• Do not use test leads that decrease voltage spacing. This
diminishes arc protection and creates a hazardous
condition.
Use the following sequence when testing power circuits:
1. De-energize the circuit using the regular installed
connect-disconnect device, such as a circuit breaker,
main switch, etc.
2. Attach the test leads to the circuit under test. Use appropriate safety rated test leads for this application.
3. Set the multimeter to the proper function and range.
4. Energize the circuit using the installed connectdisconnect device and make measurements without
disconnecting the multimeter.
5. De-energize the circuit using the installed connectdisconnect device.
6. Disconnect the test leads from the circuit under test.
2.2.5 Power-on default conditions
Power-on default conditions are those conditions the instrument assumes when it is first turned on. You can change these
power-on default conditions (e xcept the primary address) by
using the save setup feature that is av ailable with the MENU
key, as described in paragraph 2.12.1. Depending on the
installed memory option, either one, five, or ten user-defined
setups can be stored, any one of which could be selected as
the power-on default.
Table 2-42 in paragraph 2.12.1 lists the default conditions
that are set at the factory to optimize bench and GPIB (IEEE-
488) operation.
2.2.6 W arm-up period
The Model 2002 can be used within one minute after it is
turned on. However, the instrument should be turned on and
allowed to warm up for at least four hours before use to
achieve rated accuracy.
2.2.7 IEEE-488 primary address
The IEEE-488 primary address of the instrument must be the
same as the primary address you specify in the controller’s
programming language. The default primary address of the
instrument is 16, but you can set the address to any value
from 0 to 30 by using the MENU key. Refer to paragraph
2.12.2 for step-by-step instructions on setting the primary
address. Section 4 contains details on using the Model 2002
over the IEEE-488 bus.
2.3 Display
The display of the Model 2002 is primarily used to display
readings along with the units and type of measurement.
When not displaying readings, it is used for informational
messages, such as menu headings and selections. At the top
of the display are annunciators to indicate various states of
operation. The Getting Started manual covers the display
basics.
2-4
WARNING
The maximum common-mode voltage
(voltage between INPUT LO and chassis ground) is 500V peak. Exceeding this
value may cause a breakdown in insulation, creating a shock hazard.
2.3.1 Multiple displays
Each measurement function has its own set of “multiple displays” shown on the bottom line of the front panel display.
The PREVious and NEXT DISPLAY keys scroll through the
selections for the present function.
Front Panel Operation
Some of the multiple displays are for multiple functions,
where different functions are measured sequentially from the
same set of test leads. The readings are shown simultaneously, such as:
• T op line sho ws a DC v oltage measurement; bottom line
shows positive and negative peak spike measurements.
• Top line shows an AC RMS voltage reading; bottom
line shows an AC frequency measurement and a crest
factor calculation.
Also, the multiple displays can sho w a reading in a dif ferent
form, or give additional information about the reading, for
example:
• Top line shows a reading; bottom line shows a zerocentered bar graph with adjustable limits.
Table 2-3
Multiple displays by function
Function Next display Paragraph
All
Bar graph
Zero-centered bar graph
Maximum and minimum values
Relative and actual values
Calculated and actual values (see Note 1)
Limits bar graph (see Note 1)
Adjacent channel readings (see Note 2)
DC voltage
DC volts, AC ripple voltage and frequency
Positive peak spikes and highest value
Negative peak spikes and lowest value
Positive and negative peak spikes
AC voltage
AC RMS voltage, frequency, and crest factor
AC RMS, average, and peak voltages
DC current
AC current
(none specific to function)
AC RMS (or average) current and frequency
AC RMS and average current
2-wire resistance
Source current
Voltage drop across DUT
4-wire resistance
Source current
Voltage drop across DUT
Lead resistance
Frequency
Period calculation
Trigger level
Temperature
Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin units
RTD resistance (or thermocouple voltage)
Reference junction (thermocouples only)
Data storage buffer
Maximum and minimum values
Average and standard deviation
Notes:
1. Multiple displays for calculated values and limits bar graph are not available for the frequenc y function.
2. The multiple display for adjacent channel readings is not available for the DC and AC current functions.
• Top line shows a frequency measurement; bottom line
shows the adjustable trigger level.
To scroll through the multiple displays available for each
measurement function, repeatedly press and release the
NEXT DISPLAY key. The same action with the PREVious
DISPLAY key does a reverse scroll through the displays. To
return to the default reading display, just press and hold
either key.
Multiple displays that are specific to a particular function or
operation are discussed later in this section, such as the peak
spikes displays in DC voltage, and the calculations display in
math. (See T able 2-3 for paragraph references.) Displays that
are common to most of the measurement functions are discussed here.
2.3.1
2.3.1
2.3.1
2.6
2.10
2.12.5
2.11
2.4.1
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
2.8
2-5
Front Panel Operation
Bar graph
The “normal” bar graph, with a zero at the left end, is a
graphical representation of a reading as a portion of a range.
(See Figure 2-1.) The vertical lines displayed along the bar
designate 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of full scale. Each
full segment of the bar represents approximately 4% of the
range limit.
-11.96859 VDC
0 -20V
Full
Range
25% of
full range
50% of
full range
75% of full range
Figure 2-1
Bar graph (zero-at-left) multiple display
For measurement functions with a range (voltage, current,
and resistance), the right endpoint of the bar graph is plus full
scale of the present range for positive readings, and minus
full scale for negative readings. When the 100% line changes
to an arrow, the reading exceeds the present range.
Note that the normal bar graph is not available when the
ACV units are dB or dBm.
For functions without a range (frequency and temperature),
the right endpoint of the bar graph is user-programmable by
pressing either CONFIG-NEXT DISPLAY or CONFIGPREV DISPLAY. Note that these configuration menus are
context-sensitive. If the unit is in any function except frequency or temperature, CONFIG-NEXT DISPLAY results
in the zero bar graph configuration display.
Perform the following to view or change the range of the bar
graph:
1. From the frequency or temperature function, press the
CONFIG key and then the NEXT or PREV DISPLAY
key. The following menu is displayed:
BARGRAPH TYPE
ZERO-AT-LEFT ZERO-CENTERED
2. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to place the cursor on
ZERO-AT -LEFT and press ENTER. Y ou will access one
of the following menus:
For frequency:
FREQ BARGRAPH RANGE
2Hz 20Hz 200Hz 2kHz 20kHz
200kHz 2MHz 15MHz
For temperature:
BARGRAPH:0 to 0040°C
3. Change the frequency range by highlighting one of the
selections and pressing ENTER. For the temperature
range, use the cursor keys and the RANGE ▲ and ▼
keys to enter a numeric value (0 - 9999°C). Press ENTER when done.
Zero-centered bar graph
The zero-centered bar graph is a graphical representation of
a reading with plus and minus limits. (See Figure 2-2.) The
limits are expressed in a user-selectable percentage of range
for voltage, current, and resistance, and a user-selectable value for frequency and temperature.
-05.95770 VDC
-50% +50%
-50% of range
-25% of range
0%
+50% of range
25% of range
Figure 2-2
Zero-centered bar graph multiple display
The vertical lines displayed along the bar designate the plus
and minus limits, zero, and halfway to either limit. There are
ten full segments between zero and each end, so each full
segment represents 10% of the limit. When a line at the limit
changes to an arrow, the reading exceeds the programmed
range.
The plus and minus percentage of range that is programmed
(0.01 - 99.99%) applies to all voltage, current, and resistance
functions. Because of rounding, values greater than 99.5%
are shown as 100% and, likewise, values greater than 1%
(such as 1.67%) are shown rounded to the nearest integer
percent.
Note that the zero-centered bar graph is not available when
the ACV units are dB or dBm.
2-6
Figure 2-3
Maximum and minimum multiple display
Minimum
value
-15.82867 VDC
Max = -05.74602 Min = -15.82867
Maximum
value
Front Panel Operation
Perform the following to view or change the plus and minus
percentage of range:
1. From a voltage, current, or resistance function, press
CONFIG and then NEXT or PREV DISPLAY. The following is displayed:
ZERO-BARGRAPH±50.00%
2. Change the percentage by using the cursor keys and the
RANGE ▲ and ▼ keys to enter a numeric value (0.01 -
99.99%). Press ENTER when done. The same percentage of range is used for voltage, current, and resistance
measurements.
Perform the following to view or change the plus and minus
value limit:
1. From the frequency or temperature function, press
CONFIG and then NEXT or PREV DISPLAY. The following menu is displayed:
BARGRAPH TYPE
ZERO-AT-LEFT ZERO-CENTERED
2. Use the cursor keys ( and ) to place the cursor on
ZERO-CENTERED and press ENTER. You will access
one of the following menus:
For frequency:
FREQ ZEROBARGRAPH(±)
1Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1kHz 10kHz
100kHz 1MHz 10MHz 15MHz
• Pressing the present function key.
• Leaving the display by changing function or entering a
menu.
The resolution, units, and prefix on the bottom line are the
same as shown for top line reading. If necessary, the bottom
line values automatically change to scientific notation,
rounded to 4.5 digits.
2.3.2 Information messages
Press the INFO key to view context-sensitive information
from most of the displays. An arrow ( or ) on the bottom line indicates that there is more information. Use the
cursor keys ( and ) to view the complete line. To exit
an INFO display, just press INFO, ENTER, EXIT, or a function key.
2.3.3 Status and error messages
For temperature:
ZERO-BARGRAPH±0002°C
3. Change the frequency limits by highlighting one of the
selections and pressing ENTER. For the temperature,
use the cursor keys and the RANGE ▲ and ▼ keys to
enter a numeric value (0 - 9999°C). Press ENTER when
done.
Maximum and minimum
The maximum and minimum multiple display shows the
maximum and minimum readings since the display was entered. (See Figure 2-3.) The maximum and minimum values
are reset by the following:
During Model 2002 operation and programming, you will
encounter a number of front panel messages. Typical
messages are either of status or error variety, as listed in
Table 2-4.
The most recent status or error messages can be momentarily
displayed. Just enter a configuration menu or the main menu,
and press the PREV key . (The display is blank if no message
is queued.)
2-7
Front Panel Operation
Table 2-4
Status and error messages
Number Description Event
+900 “Internal System Error” EE
+611
+610
+519
+518
+517
+516
+515
+514
+513
+512
+511
+510
+444 to
+350
+312
+311
+310
+309
+308
+307
+306
+305
+304
+303
+302
+301
+174
+173
+172
+171
“Questionable T emperature”
“Questionable Calibration”
“Excessive temp drift during cal”
“Low level calibration data lost”
“Preamp calibration data lost”
“Install option id lost”
“Calibration dates lost”
“DC calibration data lost”
“AC calibration data lost”
“Power-on state lost”
“GPIB address lost”
“Reading buffer data lost”
Calibration Errors
(see Calibration Manual)
“Buffer pretriggered”
“Buffer lost”
“Buffer full”
“Buffer half full”
“Buffer A v ailable”
“Voltmeter complete”
“Reading A vailable”
“High limit 2 event”
“Low limit 2 event”
“High limit 1 event”
“Low limit 1 event”
“Reading overflow”
“Re-entering the idle layer”
“Waiting in arm layer 2”
“Waiting in arm layer 1”
“Waiting in trigger layer”
SE
SE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
+161 “Program running” SE
+126
+125
+124
+123
+122
+121
“Device calculating”
“Device measuring”
“Device sweeping”
“Device ranging”
“Device settling”
“Device calibrating”
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
+101 “Operation complete” SE
+000 “No error” SE
-100
-101
-102
-103
-104
-105
-108
-109
-110
-111
-112
“Command error”
“Invalid character”
“Syntax error”
“Invalid separator”
“Data type error”
“GET not allowed”
“Parameter not allowed”
“Missing parameter”
“Command header error”
“Header separator error”
“Program mnemonic too long”
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
Table 2-4
Status and error messages (cont.)
Number Description Event
-113
-114
-120
-121
-123
-124
-128
-140
-141
-144
-148
-150
-151
-154
-158
-160
-161
-168
-170
-171
-178
-200
-201
-202
“Undefined header”
“Header suffix out of range”
“Numeric data error”
“Invalid character in number”
“Exponent too large”
“Too many digits”
“Numeric data not allowed”
“Character data error”
“Invalid character data”
“Character data too long”
“Character data not allowed”
“String data error”
“Invalid string data”
“String too long”
“String data not allowed”
“Block data error”
“Invalid block data”
“Block data not allowed”
“Expression error”
“Invalid expression”
“Expression data not allowed”
“Execution error”
“Invalid while in local”
“Settings lost due to rtl”
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
(return to local)
-210
-211
-212
-213
-214
-215
-220
-221
-222
-223
-224
-230
-241
-260
-281
-282
-314
-315
-330
-350
-410
-420
-430
-440
“Trigger error”
“Trigger ignored”
“Arm ignored”
“Init ignored”
“Trigger deadlock”
“Arm deadlock”
“Parameter Error”
“Settings conflict”
“Parameter data out of range”
“Too much data”
“Illegal parameter value”
“Data corrupt or stale”
“Hardware missing”
“Expression Error”
“Cannot create program”
“Illegal program name”
“Save/recall memory lost”
“Configuration memory lost”
“Self T est failed”
“Queue overflow”
“Query interrupted”
“Query unterminated”
“Query deadlocked”
“Query unterminated after indefi-
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
nite response”
SE = Status event
EE = Error event
2-8
▼
Front Panel Operation
2.3.4 Navigating menus
There are basically two types of menu structures; the Main
Menu and the Configure menus. The Main Menu accesses
items for which there are no dedicated keys, and Configure
menus are used to configure measurement functions and other instrument operations.
Use the following rules to navigate through the menu structure:
1. The top level of the Main Menu is accessed by pressing
the MENU key. A Configuration menu is accessed by
pressing CONFIG and then the desired function (DCV,
ACV, etc.) or operation (TRIG, STORE, etc.).
2. A menu item is selected by placing the cursor on it and
pressing ENTER. Cursor position is denoted by the
blinking menu item or parameter. The cursor keys (
and ) control cursor position.
3. A displayed arrow ( and ) on the bottom line indicates that there are one or more additional items (messages) to select from. Use the appropriate cursor key to
display them.
4. A numeric parameter is keyed in by placing the cursor
on the digit to be changed and using the RANGE ▲ or
key to increment or decrement the digit.
5. A change is only executed when ENTER is pressed.
Entering an invalid parameter generates an error and the
entry is ignored.
6. The EXIT key is used to back out of the menu structure.
Any change that is not entered is cancelled when EXIT
is pressed. The EXIT key has additional actions and are
summarized in Table 2-5.
“remembers” its own unique setup configuration. Setup configuration parameters that are remembered include:
• Range
• Relative
• Integration time
• Filtering
• Display resolution
• Multiple displays
To access the configuration menus for the measurement
functions, press the CONFIG key and then a function key
(DCV, ACV, DCI, ACI, Ω 2, Ω 4, FREQ, TEMP). Rules for
navigating the menu structures are covered in paragraph
2.3.4.
2.4.1 DC and AC voltage
The Model 2002 can make DCV measurements from 1nV to
1100V and ACV measurements from 10nV to 775V. The
basic measurement procedures for DCV and ACV are contained in the Getting Started manual.
Voltage configuration
The following information explains the various configuration options for DC and AC voltage measurements. The configuration menus are summarized in Tables 2-6 and 2-7. The
menus are accessed by pressing CONFIG and then DCV or
ACV. Paragraph 2.3.5 summarizes the rules for navigating
through menus.
2.4 Functions
To minimize the need to reprogram setup conditions every
time you switch from one function to another, each function
Table 2-5
EXIT key actions
Condition EXIT key action
T emporary message displayed
(e.g., TRIGGERS HAL TED)
INFO message displayed
Reading display hold
Scanning
Data storage
Cancels display of temporary message.
Cancels INFO message, returns to menu or normal reading display.
Cancels reading display hold, resumes normal reading display.
Disables scanning. Also stops data storage if enabled.
Stops data storage. Temporary message STORAGE INTERRUPTED is displayed.
Note that a function does not have to be selected in order to
be configured. When the function is selected, it will assume
the programmed status.
2-9
Front Panel Operation
Table 2-6
CONFIGURE DCV menu structure
Menu item Description
SPEED
NORMAL
FAST
MEDIUM
HIACCURACY
SET-SPEED-EXACTLY
SET-BY-RSLN
FILTER
AUTO
AVERAGING
ADVANCED
AVERAGING-MODE
RESOLUTION
AUTO
3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d,
7.5d, 8.5d
Measurement speed (integration time) menu:
Select 1 PLC (power line cycle, 16.67msec for 60Hz, 20msec for 50Hz and 400Hz).
Select 0.01 PLC.
Select 0.1 PLC.
Select 10 PLC.
Set integration time in PLC (0.01-50).
Default to setting appropriate for resolution.
Digital filter menu:
Default to filter appropriate for integration time.
Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings).
Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance window (0-
100% of range).
Select moving average or repeating average mode.
Display resolution menu:
Default to resolution appropriate for integration time.
Select a specific resolution.
2-10
Table 2-7
CONFIGURE ACV menu structure
Menu item Description
Front Panel Operation
SPEED
NORMAL
FAST
MEDIUM
HIACCURACY
SET-SPEED-EXACTLY
SET-BY-RSLN
FILTER
AUTO
AVERAGING
ADVANCED
AVERAGING-MODE
RESOLUTION
AUTO
3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d,
7.5d, 8.5d
UNITS
VOLTS
dB
dBm
COUPLING
AC
AC+DC
Measurement speed (integration time) menu:
Select 1 PLC (power line cycle, 16.67msec for 60Hz, 20msec for 50Hz and 400Hz).
Select 0.01 PLC.
Select 0.1 PLC.
Select 10 PLC.
Set integration time in PLC (0.01-50).
Default to setting appropriate for resolution.
Digital filter menu:
Default to filter appropriate for integration time.
Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings).
Program a simple average filter (1-100 readings) with a noise tolerance
window (0-100% of range).
Select moving average or repeating average mode.
Display resolution menu:
Default to resolution appropriate for integration time.
Select a specific resolution.
Display units menu:
Select volts.
Select dB and set voltage reference level.
Select dBm and set reference impedance.
Coupling menu:
Select AC coupled measurements.
Select DC coupled measurements.
AC-TYPE
RMS
AVERAGE
PEAK
LOW-FREQ-RMS
POSITIVE-PEAK
NEGATIVE-PEAK
Type of ACV measurement menu:
Select true RMS ACV.
Select average ACV.
Select peak ACV.
Select low frequency (typically <50Hz) true RMS ACV.
Select positive DCV peak spikes measurements.
Select negative DCV peak spikes measurements.
2-11
Front Panel Operation
SPEED
The SPEED parameter sets the integration time of the A/D
converter, the period of time the input signal is measured
(also known as aperture). The integration time affects the
usable resolution, the amount of reading noise, as well as the
ultimate reading rate of the instrument. From the front panel,
the integration time is specified in parameters based on a
number of power line cycles (NPLC), where 1 PLC for 60Hz
is 16.67msec and 1 PLC for 50Hz and 400Hz is 20msec.
The SPEED parameters for all functions (except frequency)
are explained as follows:
FAST: Sets integration time to 0.01 PLC. Use F AST if speed
is of primary importance at the expense of increased reading
noise and less usable resolution.
MEDIUM: Sets integration time to 0.1PLC. Use MEDIUM
when a compromise between noise performance and speed is
acceptable.
NORMAL: Sets integration time to 1 PLC. A compromise
like MEDIUM, but NORMAL provides better noise performance at the expense of speed.
HIACCURACY: Sets integration time to 10 PLC. Use
HI-ACCURACY when high common-mode and normalmode rejection is required.
SET-SPEED-EXACTLY: When this parameter is selected,
the current PLC value is displayed. By using the cursor keys
( and ) and the RANGE ▲ and ▼ keys, you can enter
any PLC value from 0.01 to 50. Be sure to press ENTER
after keying in a new value. Note that an integer PLC value
will increase noise rejection.
SET-BY-RSLN: This parameter optimizes the integration
time for the present resolution setting. See Table 2-8 for the
default integration times of the DCV and ACV functions.
The default set-by-resolution integration times of other functions are listed in Tables 2-13, 2-18 and 2-24.
FILTER
FILTER lets you set the digital filter response. The filter
menu is available from the function configuration menus (i.e.
CONFIGURE DCV) or by pressing CONFIGURE FILTER
with the desired function already selected. All of the parameters (menu items) for FILTER are explained in paragraph
2.9. Since the AUTO parameter has specific effects on DCV
and ACV, it is covered here.
AUTO: This parameter for a digital filter optimizes its use
for the present measurement function. The defaults for automatic filtering of DCV and ACV are listed in Table 2-9.
Table 2-8
DCV and ACV integration times set-by-resolution
Measurement
function and type Resolution
DCV 3.5d, 4.5d
5.5d
6.5d
7.5d
8.5d
Integration
time
0.01 PLC
0.02 PLC
0.10 PLC
1.00 PLC
10.00 PLC
DCV peak spikes 3.5d (to 7.5d) Not used
RMS, average 3.5d, 4.5d
5.5d
6.5d, 7.5d, 8.5d
0.01 PLC
0.02 PLC
10.00 PLC
Low frequency RMS 3.5d to 8.5d Not used
ACV peak 4d (to 8d) Not used
Notes:
1. For DCV measurements, if the integration time is SET-BY-RSLN
and the resolution AUTO, the integration time will be 1.0 PLC and
the resolution 7.5 digits.
2. For RMS and average measurements, if the integration time is SET-
BY-RSLN and the resolution is AUTO, the integration will be 1.0
PLC and the resolution 5.5 digits.
3. For DCV peak spikes, low frequency RMS, and ACV peak measure-
ments, the integration time setting is ignored.
4. The resolution of DCV peak spikes can be from 3.5d to 8.5d, but the
accuracy is specified at 3.5d. The resolution of ACV peak can be
from 4d to 8d, but the accuracy is specified at 4d.
2-12
Table 2-9
DCV and ACV auto filter
Front Panel Operation
Measurement function
and type Units State Type Readings
DCV - On Advanced 10 1.0% Moving
DCV peak spikes - On Advanced 10 5.0% Moving
RMS, average, low fre-
Any Off Advanced 10 5.0% Moving
quency RMS
ACV peak Volts
dB, dBm
On
On
RESOLUTION
Except for frequency , temperature, and some special cases of
AC voltage, all functions can operate with 3½ to 8½-digit
resolution, or they can default to a setting appropriate for the
selected integration time.
3.5d, 4.5d, 5.5d, 6.5d, 7.5d or 8.5d: Sets resolution to the
specified number of digits.
AUTO: optimizes the resolution for the present integration
time setting. See Table 2-10 for the default resolutions of the
DCV and ACV functions. The default resolutions of the
other functions are listed in Tables 2-15, 2-20 and 2-25.
UNITS
This parameter selects the displayed units for AC voltage
measurements.
VOLTS: With volts selected as the units, AC voltage measurements are expressed in volts.
dB: Expressing AC voltage in dB makes it possible to compress a large range of measurements into a much smaller
scope. The relationship between dB and voltage is defined by
the following equation:
V
IN
dB = 20 log
------------ V
REF
where: VIN is the AC input signal.
V
is the specified voltage reference level.
REF
Advanced
Averaging1010
Noise
tolerance
5.0%
–
Averaging
Mode
Moving
Moving
Table 2-10
DCV and ACV auto resolution
Measurement
function and type Integration time Resolution
DCV 0.01 to <0.02 PLC
0.02 to <0.10 PLC
0.10 to <1.00 PLC
1.00 to <10.00 PLC
10.00 to 50 PLC
4.5d
5.5d
6.5d
7.5d
8.5d
DCV peak spikes Not used 3.5d
RMS, average 0.01 to <0.02 PLC
0.02 to <10.00 PLC
10.00 to 50 PLC
4.5d
5.5d
6.5d
Low frequency RMS Not used 5.5d
ACV peak Not used 4d
Notes:
1. If the DCV resolution is AUTO and the integration time SET-BY-
RSLN, the resolution will be 7.5 digits and the integration time 1.0
PLC.
2. For DCV peak spikes, low frequency RMS, and ACV peak measure-
ments, the integration time setting is ignored.
3. For RMS and av erage measurements, if the resolution is A UT O and the
integration time is SET -BY-RSLN, the resolution will be 5.5 digits and
the integration time 1.0 PLC.
The instrument will read 0dB when the reference voltage
level is applied to the input. dB measurements are possible
on all ACV measurement types except positive peak spikes
and negative peak spikes, as these may be negative, and the
log of a negative number is not defined. Note that dB mea-
2-13
Front Panel Operation
surements are specified only for the low frequency RMS
measurement type.
If a relative value is in effect when dB is selected, the value
is converted to dB. If a relative value is stored after dB units
are selected, the units of the relative value are dB.
After selecting dB, the present reference voltage level is displayed. To change the reference level, use the cursor keys
( and ) and the RANGE ▲ and ▼ keys. Be sure to
press ENTER after changing the reference level.
dBm: dBm is defined as decibels above or below a 1mW ref-
erence. W ith a user-programmable reference impedance, the
Model 2002 reads 0dBm when the voltage needed to dissipate 1mW through the reference impedance is applied. The
relationship between dBm, a reference impedance, and the
voltage is defined by the following equation:
2
V
/Z
()
IN
REF
---------------------------- 1mW
where: V
dBm = 10 log
is the AC input signal.
IN
Z
is the specified reference impedance.
REF
NOTE
Do not confuse reference impedance with
input impedance. The input impedance of
the instrument is not modified by the dBm
parameter.
If a relative value is in ef fect when dBm is selected, the v alue
is converted to dBm. If a relative value is stored after dBm
units are selected, the units of the relative value is dBm.
T o set the reference impedance, perform the follo wing steps:
4. When units are changed from volts to dB or dBm, all
values less than zero that depend on the new units are
made equal to zero. This includes, for example, relative
values and stored readings. This avoids the overflow
condition of a log of a negative number.
COUPLING
This parameter selects the input coupling for the ACV
function.
AC: With AC coupling selected, a DC blocking capacitor is
placed in series with the input. This removes the DC component from the RMS, average or peak ACV measurement.
AC+DC: When AC+DC coupling is selected, the blocking
capacitor is removed. Subsequent RMS, average or peak
ACV measurements reflect both the AC and DC components
of the signal.
While displaying readings, the present coupling setting is
shown on the bottom line, if not showing a multiple display.
Note that the coupling settings for A CV and A CI are discrete.
Thus, setting the coupling of ACV has no effect on the coupling of ACI.
AC-TYPE
This parameter selects the measurement type for the ACV
function. The Model 2002 directly measures RMS, average,
and peak AC voltages. For a 330V peak-to-peak sine wave,
which is line voltage in the U.S., the measurements would
be:
• RMS = 117V
• Average = 105V (full wave rectified)
• Peak AC = 165V
After selecting dBm, the present reference impedance is
displayed (1-9999 Ω ). To change the reference impedance,
use the cursor keys ( and ) and the RANGE ▲ and ▼
keys. Be sure to press ENTER after changing the reference
impedance.
dB/dBm notes:
1. dB and dBm units are not allowed with positive or negative peak spike measurements.
2. dB and dBm units are not allowed with an advanced
filter.
3. With dB or dBm units selected, there is no bar graph or
zero-centered bar graph multiple display.
2-14
The peak detector is also used to measure positive and negative peak spikes riding on a DC signal and they are, therefore,
also configured from the AC-TYPE menu.
RMS and LOW-FREQ-RMS: Selecting between normal
RMS mode and low frequency RMS mode depends on the
desired accuracy and speed. Low frequency RMS mode is
more accurate, but slower.
Both modes are specified between 20Hz and 2MHz, with
low frequency RMS specified additionally down to 1Hz.
Some guidelines for choosing between the two modes
follow:
• Below 50Hz, use low frequency RMS mode for its
greater accuracy.
Front Panel Operation
• Between 50 and 100Hz, use either mode.
• Above 100Hz, use normal RMS mode for its greater
speed.
AVERAGE: When this item is selected, the signal path in
the instrument bypasses the RMS converter, and the average
ACV measurement is the filtered output of a full wave
rectifier.
PEAK: For AC peak measurements, the instrument displays
the largest peak (positive or ne gative) of the input signal. The
measurement window is fixed at 100msec.
Note that you can configure the resolution of A CV peak measurements from 4 digits (3.5d from SET ACV RESOLUTION menu) to 9 digits (8.5d), but the accuracy is specified
at 4 digits. In addition, the accuracy specifications for AC
peak measurements assume A C+DC coupling belo w 200Hz.
POSITIVE-PEAK and NEGATIVE-PEAK: Peak spike
measurements are available as an ACV primary display (top
line). They are also av ailable as a DCV multiple display (bottom line). The menu items POSITIVE-PEAK and NEGATIVE-PEAK enable the measurement as a primary display.
See Figure 2-4 for a description of the primary display.
Note that dB and dBm are not allowed as valid units for peak
spikes. Positive-going spikes on a negative DC level could
still read as a negative value, and the log of a negative number is not defined.
RANGE = Set by ACV range (auto or fixed).
REL = Operates normally.
SPEED = Set by peak window (0.1-9.9sec).
FILTER = Set by ACV filter (AUTO=ADV (10)).
RESOLUTION = Set by ACV resolution (AUTO = 3.5d).
UNITS = Fixed on volts.
COUPLING = Set by ACV coupling.
+000.0 mVAC +Pk
Coupling: AC+DC
NOTES:
1. Positive peak spikes and negative peak spikes are selected
in the CONFIGURE-ACV menu.
2. Peak spikes measurement is specified for volts at 3.5 digits.
3. “Peak window” is the time a signal is sampled before a
reading is displayed.
After selecting a positive or negative peak spikes measurement from the SET ACV MEASUREMENT menu, you are
asked to enter a value for the measurement window . A typical
message follows:
PEAK WINDOW = 0.1 s
This sets the time the signal is sampled before the display is
updated with a new reading. It can range from 0.1sec to
9.9sec.
As a primary display, the resolution of peak spik es can be set
from 3.5d to 8.5d, but the accuracy is specified at 3.5d. (As a
multiple display, the resolution is fixed at 3.5d.)
Figure 2-4
Positive and negative peak spikes
Multiple displays
The displays for DC and A C voltage that sho w multiple functions are shown in Figures 2-5 and 2-6. The multiple display
for crest factor, which is calculated from the peak and RMS
values, is described here.
2-15
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