To reduce the risk of fire or electric
shock, do not expose this apparatus
to rain or moisture.
To avoid electrical shock, do not
open the cabinet. Refer servicing to
qualified personnel only.
WARNING
THIS APPARATUS MUST BE
EARTHED.
WARNING
When installing the unit, incorporate a
readily accessible disconnect device in the
fixed wiring, or connect the power plug to an
easily accessible socket-outlet near the unit.
If a fault should occur during operation of
the unit, operate the disconnect device to
switch the power supply off, or disconnect
the power plug.
WARNING
1 Use the approved Power Cord (3-core
mains lead) / Appliance Connector / Plug
with earthing-contacts that conforms to
the safety regulations of each country if
applicable.
2 Use the Power Cord (3-core mains lead) /
Appliance Connector / Plug conforming
to the proper ratings (Voltage, Ampere).
If you have questions on the use of the above
Power Cord / Appliance Connector / Plug,
please consult a qualified service personnel.
Index ................................................ 46
Table of Contents
3
Page 4
Precautions
On safety
• Check that the operating voltage of your
unit is identical with the voltage of your
local power supply. If voltage adaptation
is required, consult with qualified Sony
personnel.
• Should any liquid or solid object fall into
the cabinet, unplug the unit and have it
checked by qualified Sony personnel
before operating it further.
• Unplug the unit from the wall outlet if it is
not to be used for several days.
• To disconnect the cord, pull it out by the
plug. Never pull the cord itself.
• The wall outlet should be near the unit and
easily accessible.
• The unit is not disconnected from the AC
power source (mains) as long as it is
connected to the wall outlet, even if the
unit itself has been turned off.
• Do not look into the lens while the lamp is
on.
• Do not place your hand or objects near the
ventilation holes — the air coming out is
hot.
• Be careful not to catch your fingers by the
front foot when you adjust the height of
the unit. Do not push hard on the top of the
unit with the front foot out.
• Avoid using an extension cord with a low
voltage limited since it may cause the
short-circuit and physical incidents.
• Do not catch your finger between the unit
and surface of the floor when moving the
projector installed on the floor.
• Do not carry the projector with the cabinet
on and with its cover open.
• Do not install the unit in a location near
heat sources such as radiators or air ducts,
or in a place subject to direct sunlight,
excessive dust or humidity, mechanical
vibration or shock.
• Never mount the projector on the ceiling
or move it by yourself. Be sure to consult
with qualified Sony personnel (charged).
• If the ventilation holes are blocked,
internal heat builds up, and it may cause a
fire or damage the unit. To allow adequate
air circulation and prevent internal heat
build-up, follow the items below:
• Leave space around the unit (page 5).
• Avoid using something to cover the
ventilation holes (exhaust/intake).
• Do not place the unit on surfaces such as
an original packing sheet, soft cloth,
papers, rugs, or scraps of paper. The
ventilation holes may take in such
materials.
• Do not place any object just in front of the
lens that may block the light during
projection. Heat from the light may
damage the object. Use the picture muting
function to cut off the picture.
4
Precautions
Page 5
• Do not use the Security bar for the purpose
of preventing theft for transporting or
installing the unit. If you lift the unit by the
Security bar or hang the unit by this bar, it
may cause the unit to fall and be damaged,
and may result in personal injury.
For dealers
• Be sure to secure the cabinet cover firmly
when installing to the ceiling firmly.
Safety precautions for
installing the unit on a ceiling
• Never mount the projector on the ceiling
or move it by yourself. Be sure to consult
the store where you purchased the
projector or a dedicated installer.
• When installing the unit on a ceiling, be
sure to use a safety wire, etc., to prevent
the unit from falling. For the installation,
be sure to consult the store where you
purchased the projector or a dedicated
installer.
On Installation
• Avoid using if the unit is tilted more than
15 degrees horizontally.
15°
15°
• Avoid using the unit in a location where
the temperature or humidity is very high,
or temperature is very low.
• Avoid installing the unit in a location
subject to direct cool or warm air from an
air-conditioner. Installing in such a
location may cause malfunction of the unit
due to moisture condensation or rise in
temperature.
• Avoid installing the unit in a location near
a heat or smoke sensor. Installing in such a
location may cause malfunction of the
sensor.
• When installing the unit, leave space
between any walls, etc. and the unit as
illustrated.
More than 10 cm
(4 inches)
More than
30 cm
11 7/8
(
inches)
More than
30 cm
7
/8
(11
inches)
• Avoid installing the unit in a very dusty or
extremely smoky environment.
Otherwise, the air filter will become
obstructed, and this may cause a
malfunction of the unit or damage it.
Precautions
5
Page 6
• When using the unit at an altitude of 1,500
m or higher, set “High Altitude Mode” to
“On” in the Installation menu. Failing to
set this mode when using the unit at high
altitudes could have adverse effects, such
as reducing the reliability of certain
components.
On cleaning the lens and the
cabinet
• Be sure to disconnect the AC power cord
from the AC outlet before cleaning.
• If you rub on the unit with a stained cloth,
the cabinet may be scratched.
• If the unit is exposed to volatile materials
such as insecticide, or the unit is in contact
with a rubber or vinyl resin product for a
long period of time, the unit may
deteriorate or the coating may come off.
• Do not touch the lens with bare hands.
• On cleaning the lens surface:
Wipe the lens gently with a soft cloth, such
as a glass cleaning cloth. Stubborn stains
may be removed with a soft cloth lightly
dampened with water. Never use solvent
such as alcohol, benzene or thinner, or
acid, alkaline or abrasive detergent, or a
chemical cleaning cloth.
• On cleaning the cabinet:
Clean the cabinet gently with a soft cloth.
Stubborn stains may be removed with a
soft cloth lightly dampened with mild
detergent solution and wrung, followed by
wiping with a soft dry cloth. Never use
solvent such as alcohol, benzene or
thinner, or acid, alkaline or abrasive
detergent, or a chemical cleaning cloth.
On Illumination
To obtain the best picture, the front of the
screen should not be exposed to direct
lighting or sunlight.
On Screen
When using a screen with an uneven surface,
stripes pattern may rarely appear on the
screen depending on the distance between
the screen and the unit or the zooming
magnifications. This is not a malfunction of
the unit.
On Fan
Since the projector is equipped with a fan
inside to prevent internal temperature from
rising, there may be some noise. This is a
normal result of the manufacturing process
and does not indicate a malfunction. If,
however, in a case of abnormal noise,
consult with qualified Sony personnel.
On Lamp
The lamp used as a light source contains
mercury that has high internal pressure. A
high-pressure mercury lamp has the
following characteristics:
• Brightness of the lamp will be lowered as
the elapse of time used.
• The lamp may break with a loud noise as a
result of shock, damage, or deterioration
caused by the elapse of time. The lamp
may become unlit and may burn out.
• The lamp life varies with individual
differences or usage conditions of each
lamp. Therefore, it may break or will not
light even before the specified
replacement time.
• It may possibly break after the
replacement time has elapsed. Replace the
lamp with a new one as soon as possible if
a message displayed on the projected
image, even if the lamp normally lights.
For carrying
On Heat Dissipation
The temperature of the projector’s cabinet
may increase during or immediately after
use; however, this is not a malfunction.
6
Precautions
This unit is precision equipment. When
carrying the unit, do not subject the unit to
shocks, or fall. It may damage the unit.
Page 7
On LCD Projector
The LCD projector is manufactured using
high-precision technology. You may,
however, see tiny black points and/or bright
points (red, blue, or green) that continuously
appear on the LCD projector. This is a
normal result of the manufacturing process
and does not indicate a malfunction.
Also, when you use multiple LCD projectors
to project onto a screen, even if they are of
the same model, the color reproduction
among projectors may vary, since color
balance may be set differently from one
projector to the next.
On Condensation
If the room temperature where the projector
is installed changes rapidly, or if the
projector is moved suddenly from a cold to a
warm place, condensation in the projector
may occur. As the condensation may cause
malfunction, be careful in adjusting
temperature settings of the air conditioner. If
condensation occurs, leave the projector
turned on for about two hours before use.
Notes
• Always verify that the unit is operating
properly before use. SONY WILL NOT
BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES OF ANY
KIND INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, COMPENSATION OR
REIMBURSEMENT ON ACCOUNT
OF THE LOSS OF PRESENT OR
PROSPECTIVE PROFITS DUE TO
FAILURE OF THIS UNIT, EITHER
DURING THE WARRANTY PERIOD
OR AFTER EXPIRATION OF THE
WARRANTY, OR FOR ANY OTHER
REASON WHATSOEVER.
• SONY WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR
CLAIMS OF ANY KIND MADE BY
USERS OF THIS UNIT OR MADE BY
THIRD PARTIES.
• SONY WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR
THE TERMINATION OR
DISCONTINUATION OF ANY
SERVICES RELATED TO THIS UNIT
THAT MAY RESULT DUE TO
CIRCUMSTANCES OF ANY KIND.
The battery is already installed. Before
using the remote commander, remove the
insulation film.
AC power cord (1)
Mini D-sub 15 pin cable (1.8 m) (1)
(1-970-584-11/Sony)
Lens cap (1)
Installing Batteries
1 Pull out the lithium battery
compartment.
Pull out the battery compartment with a
stick as shown in the illustration.
2 Insert a lithium battery.
With the 3 (plus)
side facing up.
Carrying case (1)
Operating Instructions (this manual) (1)
8
Checking the Supplied Accessories
3 Close the lithium battery
compartment.
CAUTION
Danger of explosion if battery is incorrectly
replaced.
Replace only with the same or equivalent
type recommended by the manufacturer.
When you dispose of the battery, you must
obey the law in the relative area or country.
Installing batteries
One lithium battery (CR2025) is supplied
for the RM-PJ8 Remote Commander. To
avoid risk of explosion, use a lithium battery
(CR2025).
Page 9
B Overview
9
q
Location and Function of Controls
Main Unit
1
2
5
0
3
4
6
7
8
a Focus ring (page 16)
b Zoom ring (page 16)
c Lens
d Remote control receiver
e Foot adjust button (page 17)
f Front foot (adjustable) (page 17)
g Air filter cover/Ventilation holes
(intake) (page 35)
h Lamp cover (page 33)
qk
qj
qh
qg
f
k Terminals (page 10)
l Security bar
Connects to a commercially available
security chain or wire.
m Security lock
Connects to an optional security cable
manufactured by Kensington.
For details, visit Kensington’s web site.
http://www.kensington.com/
n Control panel keys (page 11)
o Ventilation holes (intake)
p Speaker
q LAMP/COVER indicator
(page 29)
r ON/STANDBY indicator
(page 29)
Overview
qa
qs
qd
i Rear feet (adjustable) (page 17)
j Ventilation holes (exhaust)
Caution
Do not place anything near the ventilation
holes as this may cause internal heat
buildup. Do not place your hand near the
ventilation holes and the circumference as
this may cause injury.
Enlarges the image with the center of it
as a starting point while projecting.
1 Press the D ZOOM + key to display
the digital zoom icon on the projected
image.
2 Press the D ZOOM + key or the D
ZOOM – key repeatedly to change the
enlargement ratio. The image can be
enlarged up to 4 times.
Press the RESET key to restore the
previous image.
Overview
Location and Function of Controls
11
Page 12
BLANK key
Cuts off the projected image
temporarily. Press again to restore the
previous image. Picture muting helps
reduce power consumption.
MUTING key
Mutes the audio output temporarily.
Press again to restore the previous
volume.
VOLUME +/– key
Adjusts the volume output.
FREEZE key
*2
Pauses a projected image. Press again to
restore the image.
Notes
*1: Use this key when inputting a
computer signal. But it may not be
used depending on the resolution of
the input signal.
*2: Use this key when inputting a
computer signal.
f Setting the energy–saving mode
easily
ECO MODE key
Energy-saving mode can be set easily.
Energy-saving mode consists of “Lamp
Mode,” “With No Input,” and “With
Static Signal.”
1 Press the ECO MODE key to display
the ECO Mode menu.
ECO Mode Menu
ECO Mode
ECO
User
RETURN
:Sel
:Back
2 Press the V/v key or ECO MODE key
to select “ECO” or “User” mode.
ECO: Sets each mode to the optimum
energy-saving value.
Lamp Mode: Low
With No Input: Standby
With Static Signal: Lamp
Dimming
User: Sets each item of the ECO
mode menu as you desire (go to
step 3).
3 Select “User” then press the b key.
The setting items appear.
User
Lamp ModeHigh
Auto Power Saving
With No Input
With Static Signal
:S el
:S et
Off
Lamp Dimming
RETURN
:Back
4 Press the V/v key to select the item
then press the ENTER key.
5 Press the V/v key to select the setting
value.
6 Press the ENTER key.
The screen returns to the previous
menu.
For details on ECO Mode settings, see
“Lamp Mode”, “With No Input” and
“With Static Signal” on the Connection/
Power menu (page 26).
Others
g Infrared transmitter
About remote commander operation
• Direct the remote commander toward the
remote control detector.
• The shorter the distance between the
remote commander and the projector is,
the wider the angle within which the
remote commander can control the
projector becomes.
• Make sure that nothing obstructs the
infrared beam between the remote
commander and the remote control
detector on the projector.
12
Location and Function of Controls
Page 13
B Preparation
Connecting the Projector
Notes
• Make sure all the equipment is powered off when connecting the projector.
• Use the proper cables for each connection.
• Insert the cable plugs firmly; Loose connections may reduce performance of picture signals or
cause a malfunction. When pulling out a cable, be sure to grip it by the plug, not the cable itself.
• For more information, refer also to the instruction manuals of the equipment you are connecting.
• Use a no-resistance audio cable.
Connecting a Computer
Connection with a computer is explained for each input signal.
INPUT A
For connecting a computer with an RGB output terminal.
Mini D-sub 15-pin cable (supplied)
RGB output
terminal
Audio output
Computer
terminal
Audio cable (Stereo mini plug)
(not supplied)
Preparation
INPUT B
For connecting a computer with an HDMI output terminal.
HDMI output
terminal
Computer
Notes
• Use HDMI-compatible equipment and cable(s) that have an HDMI logo on them.
• Use a high speed HDMI cable(s) on which the cable type logo is specified. (Sony products are
recommended.)
• The HDMI terminal of this projector is not compatible with DSD (Direct Stream Digital) Signal
or CEC (Consumer Electronics Control) Signal.
• It is recommended that you set the resolution of your computer to 1024 × 768 pixels for the
external monitor.
HDMI cable
(not supplied)
Connecting the Projector
13
Page 14
Connecting a Video equipment
Connections with a DVD player or BD player are explained for each input signal.
VIDEO
For connecting video equipment with a video output terminal.
Video cable (not supplied)
Video output
terminal
Audio output
Video equipment
INPUT A
For connecting video equipment with a YPBPR output terminal.
For connecting video equipment with an HDMI output terminal.
HDMI cable
(not supplied)
Video equipment
Notes
HDMI output
terminal
• Use HDMI-compatible equipment and cable(s) that have an HDMI logo on them.
• The HDMI terminal of this projector is not compatible with DSD (Direct Stream Digital) Signal
or CEC (Consumer Electronics Control) Signal.
14
Connecting the Projector
Page 15
B Projecting/Adjusting an Image
Projecting an Image
The size of a projected image depends on the distance between the projector and screen. Install
the projector so that the projected image fits the screen size. For details on projection distances
and projected image sizes, see
Projector
“Projection Distance” (page 40).
Input
Video
Input-A
Input-B
Sel
2
3
4
Video equipment
5
Projecting/Adjusting an Image
1
1 Plug the AC power cord into the wall
outlet.
2 Connect all equipment to the projector
(page 13).
3 Press the ?/1 key to turn on the unit.
4 Turn on the connected equipment.
5 Select the input source.
Press the INPUT key on the projector to
display the menu for switching input
signal on the screen. Press the INPUT
key repeatedly, or press the
select an image to be projected.
V/v key to
Wall outlet
Computer
6
6 When projecting a computer image,
switch your computer’s output to
external display.
The method to switch the output varies
depending on the type of computer.
(Example)
+
7 Adjust the focus, size and position of
the projected image (page 16).
Projecting an Image
15
Page 16
Adjusting the Projected image
FocusSize (Zoom)Position
Focus ring
Zoom ring
Rear feet
(adjustable)
Foot adjust
button
Front foot
(adjustable)
Displaying a pattern for adjusting an image
You can display a pattern for adjusting the projected image with the PATTERN key on the
remote commander. Press the PATTERN key again to restore the previous image.
16
Projecting an Image
Page 17
Adjusting the tilt of the projector with the foot adjust button/rear feet
(adjustable)
By changing the tilt of the projector with the foot adjust button/rear feet (adjustable), you can
adjust the position of the projected image.
1 Press and hold the foot adjust button,
then lift up the front of the projector to
adjust the angle.
2
When the desired angle is achieved,
release the foot adjust button to lock the
position.
3 Set the angle of the projector precisely
by turning the rear feet (adjustable).
Projecting/Adjusting an Image
Notes
• Be careful not to let the projector down on your fingers.
• Do not push hard on the top of the projector with the front foot (adjustable) extended.
• Do not forcedly turn the rear feet (adjustable) more than they should be adjusted. Doing so may
break them.
Changing the aspect ratio of the projected image
Press the ASPECT key on the remote commander to change the aspect ratio of the projected
image. You can also change the setting in Aspect of the Screen menu (pages 22, 23).
Projecting an Image
17
Page 18
Correcting trapezoidal distortion of the projected image (Keystone feature)
Keystone feature*2 may not work automatically when the screen is tilted. In this case, set
keystone manually.
1 Press the KEYSTONE key on the remote
commander or select V Keystone in the
Installation menu.
2 Use the V/v/B/b the keys to set the value.
The higher the value, the narrower the top
of the projected image. The lower the
value, the narrower the bottom.
Notes
*1: Since the Keystone adjustment is an
electronic correction, the image may be
deteriorated.
*2: VPL-DX131 only.
Increase the number
towards plus
Increase the number
towards minus
Automatically adjusts Phase, Pitch and Shift of projected image while a
signal is input from a computer (APA (Auto Pixel Alignment))
Press the APA key on the remote commander. Press again to cancel adjusting during the setting.
You can also set APA in the Screen Menu (page 22). If Smart APA in the Function menu is set
to “On”, executes APA automatically when a signal is input (page 24).
*
1
18
Projecting an Image
Page 19
Turning Off the Power
1 Press the ?/1 key on the unit or the remote commander.
The projector starts shutdown and turns off. If you press the ?/1 key within 10 seconds of
the message being displayed, shutdown is canceled.
Note
Do not turn off the projector soon after the lamp lights. It may cause a malfunction of the lamp
(does not light ,etc.).
2 Unplug the AC power cord from the wall outlet.
To turn off without displaying confirmation message
Press and hold the ?/1 key on the unit for a few seconds (page 30).
ECO gauge
This gauge indicates the current effectiveness of the projector’s ECO function.
(For details on the ECO function, see “ECO MODE key” (page 12) and “ECO” (page 26).)
The leaf icons are displayed when the projector is shut down. The number of displayed icons
varies according to how much energy is saved as a result of using the ECO function.
ECO gauge
Projecting/Adjusting an Image
Projecting an Image
19
Page 20
B Adjustments and Settings Using a Menu
Using a MENU
Note
The menu displays used for the explanation below may be different depending on the model you are
using.
1 Press the MENU key to display the
menu.
2 Select the setting menu.
Use the V/v key to select the setting
menu then press the b key or ENTER
key.
Setting menu
Picture
Picture Mode Standard
Reset
Contrast
Brightness
Color
Hue
Color Temp.
Sharpness
Expert Setting
:Sel:Set:Back
Low
30
3 Select the setting item.
Use the V/v key to select the setting
menu then press the b key or ENTER
key.
To return to the selection screen of the
setting menu, press the B or RETURN
key.
Setting items
Picture
Picture Mode Standard
Reset
Contrast
Brightness
Color
Hue
Color Temp.
Sharpness
Expert Setting
:Sel:Set:Back
80
50
50
50
Low
30
4 Make the setting or adjustment for the
selected item.
The setting method varies, depending on
the setting item.
If the next menu window is displayed,
select the item according to the
operations in step 3 and then press the
ENTER key to register the setting.
To return to the selection screen of the
setting items, press the B or RETURN
key. As an aid to setting or adjusting
items, you can press the RESET key to
return an item to its factory setting.
Using a pop-up menu
Press the V/v/B/b key to select an item.
A selected item takes effect
immediately, except “Language”, which
will take effect after you press the
ENTER key.
Picture Mode
Dynamic
Sta ndard
Presentation
Blackbo ard
Game
Cinema
:Back
RETURN
:Sel
Using the setting menu
Press the V/v key to select the item.
A selected item takes effect
immediately. The previous screen is
restored.
Using the adjustment menu
To increase the value, press the V/b key
and to decrease the number, press the
v/B key. If you press the ENTER key,
the selected item takes effect
immediately. The previous screen is
restored.
Contrast
Adjust
Back
5 Press the MENU key to clear the
menu.
The menu disappears automatically if no
operation is performed.
20
Using a MENU
Page 21
The Picture Menu
The Picture is used to adjust the picture for each input signal.
ItemsItem descriptions
Picture ModeDynamic: Emphasizes the contrast to produce a dynamic and vivid picture.
*2
Reset
ContrastThe higher the value, the greater the contrast. The lower the value, the lower
BrightnessThe higher the value, the brighter the picture. The lower the value, the darker
*3 *4
Color
*3 *4 *5
Hue
Color Temp.
SharpnessThe higher the value, the sharper the picture becomes. The lower the value, the
Expert Setting
Gamma
*1 *7
Mode
Standard: Provides an image which is natural and well balanced.
Presentation
Blackboard: Provides an image suitable for displaying on a blackboard.
Game: Provides an image suitable for viewing games.
Cinema: Provides an image suitable for viewing movies.
Resets to the factory setting.
the contrast.
the picture.
The higher the value, the greater the intensity. The lower the value, the lower
the intensity.
The higher the value, the more greenish the picture becomes. The lower the
value, the more reddish the picture becomes.
*6
High/Middle/Low: Changes the color tone. You can select from the bluish
color tone to the reddish color tone, as you like.
softer the picture becomes.
Graphics 1: Gamma correction to make halftones brighter. This setting is
suitable when projecting highly colorful images, such as photos, in a bright
place.
Graphics 2: Gamma correction to improve the reproduction of halftones.
Highly colorful images, such as photos, can be reproduced in natural tones.
Tex t: Improves back and white contrast. Suitable for images with lots of text
content.
*1
: Provides a bright image, suitable for presentations.
Adjustments and Settings Using a Menu
Notes
*1: When a computer signal is input, this option is available.
*2: The settings in the Picture return to their factory defaults, except for Picture Mode.
*3: When a video signal is input, this option is available.
*4: When the signal without color burst signal is input, this option is unavailable.
*5: When an analog TV signal is input, this option may not available, depending on the color system.
*6: When “Picture Mode” is set to the item other than “Presentation” or “Blackboard,” this option
is available.
*7: When “Picture Mode” is set to “Blackboard,” this option is unavailable.
The Picture Menu
21
Page 22
The Screen Menu
The Screen menu is used to adjust the size, position and aspect ratio of the projected image for
each input signal.
ItemsItem descriptions
*1
Aspect
When the computer
signal is input
When the video signal
is input
Adjust SignalAdjusts the image of a computer signal. Use this item if the edge
*2 *3
APA
*2
Phase
*2
Pitch
*2
Shift
Changes the aspect ratio of the projected image (page 23).
4:3: Displays the image to fit the maximum projected image size
with an aspect ratio fixed to 4:3.
16:9: Displays the image to fit the maximum projected image size
with an aspect ratio fixed to 16:9.
Full 1: Displays the image to fit the maximum projected image
size without changing the aspect ratio of the input signal.
Normal: Displays the image on the center position of the
projected image without changing the resolution of the input
signal or enlarging the image.
4:3: Displays the image to fit the maximum projected image size
with an aspect ratio fixed to 4:3.
16:9: Displays the image to fit the maximum projected image size
with an aspect ratio fixed to 16:9.
Zoom: Zooms the center area of a projected image.
of the image is cut, or is not displayed properly.
Automatically adjusts the projected image to an optimum quality
when you press the ENTER key (page 11).
Adjusts the dot phase of the display pixel and the input signal. Set
to the value where looks clearest.
The higher the value, the wider the horizontal image elements
(pitch). The lower the value, the narrower the horizontal image
elements (pitch).
H (Horizontal): The higher the value, the farther right the image
is projected on the screen. The lower the value, the image farther
left.
V (Vertical): The higher the value, the farther up the image is
projected on the screen. The lower the value, the image farther
down.
Notes
*1: • Note that if the projector is used for profit or for public viewing, modifying the original picture
by switching to the aspect mode may constitute an infringement of the rights of authors or
producers, which are legally protected.
• Depending on the input signal, setting items for aspect ratio or some other setting items cannot
be set in some cases, or changing the aspect ratio setting may have no effect.
• A part of the image may be displayed in black, depending on the setting item.
*2: Available when a computer signal is input from the RGB input terminal (INPUT A).
*3: If the projected image includes large amount of black portion around it, the APA function will
not work properly and a part of the image may not be displayed on the screen and also optimum
image cannot be obtained, depending on the type of input signal. In this case, adjust the “Phase,”
“Pitch,” and “Shift” items manually.
22
The Screen Menu
Page 23
Aspect
Computer signal
Video signal
Input signalRecommended
setting value and
projected image
4:3
16:9
16:10Full1
Full1
Full1
*1
*1 *2
*1 *2
4:34:3*3
16:916:9
*4
*1: If you select “Normal,” the image is
projected in the same resolution as the
input signal without changing the aspect
ratio of the original image.
*2: If you select “4:3,” the image is projected
to fit the projected image size, regardless
of the aspect ratio of the image.
*3: Depending on the input signal, the
projected image may be projected as
illustrated below. In this case, select
“16:9.”
Adjustments and Settings Using a Menu
*4: Depending on the input signal, the
projected image may be projected as
illustrated below. In this case, select
“Zoom.”
The Screen Menu
23
Page 24
The Function Menu
The Function menu is used for setting various functions of the projector.
ItemsItem descriptions
VolumeThe higher the value, the louder an audio volume and the lower the
Smart APAOn/Off: When set to “On,” APA functions automatically when a
CC DisplayOff: Closed caption does not appear.
Lamp Timer ResetWhen replacing the lamp, resets the lamp timer (page 33).
Start Up ImageOn/Off: When set to “On,” the Start Up Image is displayed on the
Note
*1: APA functions when a computer signal is input via the RGB input terminal (INPUT A).
value, the lower the audio volume.
signal is input.
CC1/CC2/CC3/CC4/Text1/Text2/Text3/Text4: Select the closed
caption service (captions or text).
screen when the projector is powered on.
*1
24
The Function Menu
Page 25
The Operation Menu
The Operation menu is used for setting for the operations by using the menu or the remote
commander.
ItemsItem descriptions
LanguageSelects the language used in the menu and messages.
StatusOn: All on-screen statuses are enabled.
Security Lock
Control Key
Lock
Off: Turns off the on-screen displays, except for menus, warning messages
and messages from the message list.
*1
On/Off: This function enables restriction of the projector to authorized users
by password. The setting procedures for security locking are as follows:
1 Select “On” and press the ENTER key to display the setting menu.
2 Input the password with the MENU, V/v/B/b and ENTER keys. (The
default setting password is “ENTER, ENTER, ENTER, ENTER.”)
3 Input a new password with the MENU, V/v/B/b and ENTER keys.
4 Enter the password again to confirm.
Enter the password when you turn on the projector after disconnecting and
reconnecting the AC power cord.
When it is set to “Off,” you can cancel the security lock. You are required to
input the password again.
If you fail to enter the correct password after three consecutive times, the
projector cannot be used. In this case, press the ?/1 key to go Standby mode
then turn on the power again.
On/Off: When set to “On,” locks all the control panel keys of the projector.
However, you can operate the following when set to “On”:
• Press and hold the ?/1 key for approximately 10 seconds during Standby
mode.
c The projector turns on.
• Press and hold the MENU key for approximately 10 seconds during power
on.
c “Control Key Lock” is set to “Off” and enables operation of all keys on
the projector.
Adjustments and Settings Using a Menu
Note
*1: You will not be able to use the projector if you forget your password. If you call qualified Sony
personnel because you have forgotten the password, you will be asked to verify the projector’s
serial number and your identity. (This process may differ in other countries/regions.) Once your
identity has been confirmed, we will provide you with the password.
The Operation Menu
25
Page 26
The Connection/Power Menu
The Connection/Power menu is used for setting for the connections and power.
ItemsItem descriptions
*1
Input-A Signal Sel.
ECO
Lamp ModeHigh/Standard/Low/Auto
Auto Power Saving
With No InputLamp Cutoff: The lamp turns off automatically and power
With Static
Signal
Direct Power OnOn/Off: When set to “On,” you can turn the power on without going to
Auto/Computer/Video GBR/Component:
the type of video signal input automatically when “Input-A” is selected.
*5
brighter, and power consumption becomes higher. When set to “Low,”
power consumption is minimized; however, the image will be darker.
When set to “Auto,” brightness is adjusted automatically according to
image content. Dark images are projected with brightness adjusted,
leading to energy-saving. Bright images are projected brightly, without
adjusting brightness.
consumption is reduced if no signal is input for more than 10 minutes.
The lamp lights again when a signal is input or any key is pressed. In
Lamp Cutoff, the ON/STANDBY indicator lights in orange. (page 29)
*2
Standby
the power turns off automatically, and the unit enters standby mode.
Off: You can deactivate the With No Input.
Lamp Dimming
10 seconds, lamp output is gradually reduced (approximately 10% to
15%
darkens to approximately 30% of its lamp output according to the
selected time (with no change to input signal) “5,” “10,” “ 15,” “20”
minutes or “Demo.,” While dimming the lamp, the message “Lamp
Dimming” appears. If you select “Demo.,” the image will start to
darken about 40 seconds later. When any change in signal is detected,
or an operation (remote control or control panel) is performed, normal
brightness is restored.
Off: You can deactivate the With Static Signal.
Standby mode when the AC power cord is connected to a wall outlet.
With the projector turned off, you can also unplug the AC power cord
without going to Standby mode, regardless of the Direct Power On
setting.
: If no signal is input to the unit for more than 10 minutes,
*4*5
*3
) from that set in the Lamp Mode. Automatically the lamp slowly
: When set to “High,” the image becomes
: If an image does not change for about
When set to “Auto,” selects
Notes
*1: This may not be optimum depending on the input signal. In this case, set manually according to
the connected equipment.
*2: Select “Off” to avoid entering standby mode when there is no input signal.
*3: This varies depending on the “Lamp Mode” setting.
*4: As the lamp is dimmed gradually, you may not notice any change in brightness. You might only
notice that the lamp has dimmed when its brightness is restored after there is a change in input
signal.
*5: This mode does not work for about three minutes after the lamp lights. A change in signal may
not be detected depending on the input image. The lamp may become brighter at intervals if you
continue to use the projector during lamp dimming. However, this is not a malfunction. If With
No Input is set, it takes priority.
26
The Connection/Power Menu
Page 27
The Installation Menu
The Installation menu is used for installing the projector.
ItemsItem descriptions
Image FlipHV/H/V/Off: Flips the projected image horizontally or vertically
Installation Attitude Right Side Up/Upside Down/Link to Image Flip: Change the cooling
High Altitude
*1
Mode
V keystone
Notes
*1: When “High Altitude Mode” is set to “On,” the speed of the fan increases, and the fan noise
*2: Since the Keystone adjustment is an electronic correction, the image may be deteriorated.
*3: VPL-DX131 only.
*2
becomes slightly louder.
according to the installation method.
setting to suit to the installation attitude. When set to “Link to Image Flip,”
the cooling setting changes based on the setting of “Image Flip.”
Continuing to use the wrong setting may affect component reliability.
On/Off: Set to “On” when using the projector at an altitude of 1,500 m or
higher. Continuing to use the wrong setting may affect component
reliability.
Auto*3/Manual*2: The higher the value, the narrower the top of the
projected image. The lower the value, the narrower the bottom.
Adjustments and Settings Using a Menu
The Installation Menu
27
Page 28
The Information Menu
The Information menu is used to check projector status, such as total usage time of the lamp.
ItemsItem descriptions
Model NameDisplays the model name.
Serial No.Displays the serial number.
*1
fH/fV
Signal TypeDisplays the type of the current input signal.
Lamp TimerIndicates the total usage time of a lamp.
Note
*1: These items may not be displayed depending on the input signal.
Displays the horizontal/vertical frequency of the current input signal.
28
The Information Menu
Page 29
B Others
Indicators
The indicators allow checking the status and notify you of abnormal operation of the projector.
If the projector exhibits abnormal status, address the problem in accordance with the table
below.
ON/STANDBY indicator
StatusMeaning/Remedies
Lights in redThe projector is in Standby mode.
Flashes in green• The projector is ready to operate after having been turned on.
Lights in greenThe projector’s power is on.
Lights in orangeThe projector is in With No Input (Lamp Cutoff). (page 26)
Flashes in redThe projector is in abnormal status. Symptoms are indicated by
Flashes twiceThe internal temperature is unusually high. Check the items below.
Flashes six timesUnplug the AC power cord from a wall outlet. After checking that the
Other number of
flashes
• The lamp cools after the projector is turned off.
number of flashes. Address the problem in accordance with the
following. If a symptom persists, despite having taken measures
below, consult with qualified Sony personnel.
• Check if nothing is blocking the ventilation holes. (pages 9, 9)
• Check if the air filter is not clogged. (page 35)
• Check if the Installation Attitude in the Installation menu is set
correctly. (page 27)
ON/STANDBY indicator goes out, plug the power cord to a wall
outlet again then turn on the projector.
Consult with qualified Sony personnel.
Others
LAMP/COVER indicator
StatusMeaning/Remedies
Flashes in redSymptoms are indicated by number of flashes. Address the problem in
accordance with the following.
Flashes twice The lamp cover is not attached securely. (page 33)
Flashes three times The temperature of the lamp is unusually high. Turn off the projector
and turn it on again after the lamp has cooled. If the same symptom
occurs, turn off the projector again and remove the lamp (page 33),
then check if the lamp is not broken.
If the lamp is not broken, reattach the lamp and turn on the projector
again.
If the symptom occurs again, the lamp may be exhausted. In this case,
replace the lamp with a new one (page 33).
If the lamp is broken, do not exchange the lamp by yourself. Consult a
qualified Sony consultant.
Indicators
29
Page 30
Messages List
When any of the messages listed below appears on the projected image, address the problem in
accordance with the table below.
MessagesMeaning/RemedyPage
High temp.! Lamp off in
1 min.
Frequency is out of
range!
Please check Input-A
Signal Sel.
Please clean the filter.Clean the air filter.35
Please replace the Lamp
and clean the Filter.
Not applicable!Invalid key was pressed.–
The control keys are
locked!
Projector will shutdown
soon
Press ?/1 Key to Restart
Lamp DimmingReduces lamp output when “With Static Signal” is set. When
Check the items below.
• Check if nothing is blocking the ventilation holes.
• Check if the air filter is not clogged.
• Check if the Installation Attitude in the Installation menu is
set correctly.
Change the output setting of the connected equipment to one
for signals supported by the projector.
Set “Input-A Signal Sel.” to “Auto” or select the input signal
type to suit to the input signal.
Replace the lamp with a new one and clean the air filter. The
message appears whenever you turn on the power until you
replace the lamp and reset the lamp timer.
“Control Key Lock” is set to “On.”25
The ?/1 key was pressed and the projector will be shut down
soon. To cancel shutdown, press the ?/1 key again (the
projector will remain on). To turn off the projector directly,
press and hold the ?/1 key for a few seconds.
any change in signal is detected, or an operation (remote
control or control panel) is performed, normal brightness is
restored.
9, 9,
27, 35
39
26
33, 35
19
26
30
Messages List
Page 31
Troubleshooting
Before asking to have the projector repaired, try to diagnose the problem, following the
instructions below.
SymptomsRemedyPage
The power is not turned
on.
No image.Check if the connecting cable is connected to external
On-screen display does
not appear.
The aspect ratio of the
display is not right/the
image is displayed
smaller /a portion of
image does not appear.
The image is a
trapezoid.
Check if the AC power cord is firmly connected.–
When the “Control Key Lock” is set to “On,” you cannot turn
on the projector using the ?/1 key on the projector.
If the lamp or lamp cover is not attached securely, the projector
cannot be turned on.
equipment firmly.
Check the computer signal is set for output to an external
monitor only. If you set your computer to output to both the
computer’s display and an external monitor, the external
monitor image may not be displayed properly. Set your
computer to output to only an external monitor.
Check if the input source is correctly selected.15
Check if the picture is muted.12
The on-screen display does not appear when “Status” in the
Operation menu is set to “Off.”
The image may not display correctly because the input signal
cannot be judged correctly. In this case, set “Aspect” manually.
The images become trapezoidal because of the projection
angle. In this case, you can correct the trapezoidal distortion,
using a Keystone feature.
When the “V Keystone” is set to “Manual,” the keystone
feature does not work automatically. Set “V Keystone” to
*1
“Au to ”
When the projector is installed on an uneven surface, the
keystone feature
“Manual” to set “V Keystone” manually.
or “Manual” to set manually.
*1
may not work properly. In this case, select
11,
22, 23
11,
18, 27
11,
18, 27
11,
18, 27
25
33
13
15
25
Others
Troubleshooting
31
Page 32
SymptomsRemedyPage
The image is dark/too
bright.
The image becomes
darker or brighter.
The image is not clear.Check if the projector is in focus.16
The image is noisy.Check if the connecting cable is connected to the external
No sound.Check that the connecting cables between the projector and
The remote commander
does not work.
The fan is noisy.The sound from the fan is often greater than normal to cool the
The settings for “Brightness,” “Contrast,” and “Lamp Mode”
affect brightness of the image. Check if the value is
appropriate.
The image will be dark when the lamp is burnt out. Check
“Lamp Timer,” and replace the lamp with a new one if
necessary.
“With Static Signal” is set to “On.” 26
During picture muting, the lamp is dimmed to reduce power
consumption.
When video signal is not input, the lamp is dimmed to reduce
power consumption.
When the lamp is dimmed for a long time, brightness may
increase temporarily, but this is not malfunction.
When the “Lamp Mode” is set to “Auto,” the luminance of the
lamp changes according to the input image.
The picture will not be clear if condensation has accumulated
on the lens. In this case, let the projector sit for about two
hours with the power on.
equipment properly.
external video or audio equipment are securely connected.
Check if the external audio equipment is set properly.–
Audio is not output if audio muting is activated.12
Check if the volume is not set to minimum.12, 24
Check if the batteries are installed correctly.–
Check if the batteries are not exhausted.–
lamp, etc. in the following cases.
• “Lamp Mode” is set to “High.”
• The unit is used at a high altitude. “High Altitude Mode” is
set to “On.”
• The unit is used in the location where the temperature is high.
If the ventilation holes are blocked, the internal temperature of
the projector rises and the fan noise becomes larger.
21, 26
28, 33
26
–
–
26
–
13
13
26, 27
9, 9
Note
*1: VPL-DX131 only.
32
Troubleshooting
Page 33
Replacing the Lamp
Replace the lamp with a new one if a message displayed on the projected image (page 30).
Use an LMP-D213 projector lamp (not supplied) for replacement.
Caution
• The lamp remains hot after the projector is
turned off. If you touch the lamp, you may
burn your finger. When you replace the
lamp, wait for at least an hour after
turning off the projector for the lamp to
cool sufficiently.
• Do not allow any metallic or inflammable
objects into the lamp replacement slot after
removing the lamp, otherwise it may cause
electrical shock or fire. Do not put your
hands into the slot.
Notes
• If the lamp breaks, contact qualified
Sony personnel. Do not replace the lamp
yourself.
• When removing the lamp, be sure to pull it
out straight, by holding the designated
location. If you touch a part of the lamp other
than the designated location, you may be
burned or injured. If you pull out the lamp
while the projector is tilted, the pieces may
scatter if the lamp breaks any may cause
injury.
1 Turn off the projector, and disconnect
the AC power cord from a wall outlet.
2 When the lamp has cooled
sufficiently, open the lamp cover by
loosening one screw.
Note
For safety reasons, do not loosen any other
screws.
3 Loosen the two screws on the lamp
unit (1). Fold out the handle (2),
then pull out the lamp unit by the
handle (3).
Others
Fold out the handle.
3
2
1
Replacing the Lamp
1
33
Page 34
Caution
Do not put your hands into the lamp
replacement slot, and do not allow any
liquid or other objects into the slot to avoid electrical shock or fire.
4 Insert the new lamp all the way in until
it is securely in place (1). Tighten the
two screws (2). Fold down the handle
to replace it (3).
Fold down the handle.
1
6 Connect the AC power cord to a wall
outlet and turn on the projector.
7 Reset the lamp timer for notification of
the next replacement time.
Select “Lamp Timer Reset” on the
Function menu then press the ENTER
key. When a message appears, select
“Yes” to reset the lamp timer (page 24).
3
2
2
Notes
• Be careful not to touch the glass surface
of the lamp and a inside conductor.
• Insert the handle firmly to attach it
securely.
• The power will not turn on if the lamp is
not secured properly.
5 Close the lamp cover and tighten the
1 screw.
34
Replacing the Lamp
Page 35
Cleaning the Air Filter
When a message appears on the projected image indicating time for a filter cleaning, clean the
air filter (page 30).
If the dust cannot be removed from the air filter even after cleaning, replace the air filter with
a new one. For details on purchasing/fitting a new air filter, consult with the store where you
purchased the projector, or contact qualified Sony personnel.
Caution
If you continue to use the projector even after the message is displayed, dust may accumulate,
clogging it. As a result, the temperature may rise inside the unit, leading to a possible
malfunction or fire.
1 Turn off the projector, and disconnect
the AC power cord from the AC outlet.
2 Slide out and remove the air filter
cover from the unit.
Air filter cover
3 Clean the air filter with a vacuum
cleaner.
Pull out and remove the air filter, and
clean it with a vacuum cleaner.
Claws
Others
Air filter
4 Reattach the air filter cover to the unit.
Note
Install the air filter with its open weave side
facing the bottom of the unit, then place the
air filter cover back in the unit.
Cleaning the Air Filter
35
Page 36
Specifications
ItemsDescriptions
ModelVPL-DX131/DX111
Projection system3 LCD system
Display deviceEffective display
Projection lensZoomManual zoom: approx.1.2 times
Light sourceHigh-pressure mercury lamp, 210 W type
G with sync/Y: 1 Vp-p ± 2 dB, sync negative,
75 ohms terminated, RGB/P
75 ohms terminated, Sync signal: TTL level high
impedance, positive/negative
Audio input terminal: Stereo mini jack, rated input 500
mVrms, input impedance more than 47 kohms
audio support
negative, 75 ohmes terminated
Audio input terminal: Shared with INPUT A
0 °C to 35 °C (32 °F to 95 °F)/20% ~ 80% (no
condensation)
–10 °C to +60 °C (14 °F to 140 °F)/20% to 80% (no
condensation)
BPR input terminal: Mini D-sub 15 pin female,
BPR: 0.7 Vp-p ± 2 dB,
36
Specifications
Page 37
ItemsDescriptions
ModelVPL-DX131/DX111
Power
100V to 240V AC, 2.9 - 1.2 A, 50/60Hz
requirements
Power
consumption
VPL-DX111:
100V to 120V AC: 290W
220V to 240V AC: 277W
VPL-DX131:
100V to 120V AC: 290W
220V to 240V AC: 277W
Power
0.5 W
Consumption
(Standby Power)
Heat dissipationVPL-DX111:
100V AC: 987BTU/h
240V AC: 943BTU/h
VPL-DX131:
100V AC: 987BTU/h
240V AC: 943BTU/h
Standard
dimensions
(W/H/D)
Approx. 315 × 87.2 × 233 mm (12
inches)
Approx. 315 × 75 × 230.5 mm (12
1
/16 inches) (without projecting parts)
9
MassApprox. 2.5 kg (5.5 lb)
Supplied
See “Checking the Supplied Accessories” (page 8).
accessories
Optional
accessories
*2 *3
Projector Lamp LMP-D213 (for replacement)
13
/32 × 3 7/16 × 9 3/16
13
/32 × 2 15/16 ×
Others
Notes
*1: For details, refer to “Acceptable Input Signals*1” on page 39.
*2: Information on accessories in this manual is current as of May 2015.
*3: Not all optional accessories are available in all countries and area. Please check with your local
Sony Authorized Dealer.
Design and specifications of the unit, including the optional accessories, are subject to change
without notice.
in table is input, the picture may not be
displayed properly.
• An input signal meant for screen
resolution different from that of the panel
will not be displayed in its original
resolution. Text and lines may be uneven.
*2: This is identified as a movie delivery signal
of 720/60p.
*3: This is identified as a movie delivery signal
of 1080/60p.
*4: Only G with sync/Y is supported.
Others
Specifications
39
Page 40
Projection Distance
The projection distance is the distance between the front of the lens and the surface of the
projected image. The following describes the projection distance and height from the center of
the lens to edge of screen by each projected screen size. Height H is the height from the bottom
of the projected image (top for ceiling mount) to A (determined by drawing a perpendicular line
from the center of the lens to projected image surface).
Floor Installation
Projection distance L
Height H from
center of lens
to edge of
screen
Projected
image
A
Center of lens
40
Projection Distance
Page 41
Ceiling Installation
Height H from center of
lens to edge of screen
Center of lens
A
Projected
image
Projection distance L
L: Projection distance L
H: Height H from center of lens to edge of screen
Top s i d e
Others
Projection Distance
41
Page 42
Projection distance table
Unit: m (inches)
Projected image size
Diagonal DWidth × Height
80 inch (2.03 m)1.63 × 1.22
(64 × 48)
100 inch (2.54 m)2.03 × 1.52
(80 × 60)
120 inch (3.05 m)2.44 × 1.83
(96 × 72)
150 inch (3.81 m)3.05 × 2.29
(120 × 90)
200 inch (5.08 m)4.06 × 3.05
(160 × 120)
Projection
Distance L
2.42-2.88 (95-113)-0.20 (-8)-0.20 (-8)
3.02-3.60 (119-141)-0.25 (-10)-0.25 (-10)
3.63-4.33 (143-170)-0.30 (-12)-0.30 (-12)
4.55-5.42 (179-213)-0.38 (-15)-0.38 (-15)
6.07-7.23 (239-284)-0.51 (-20)-0.51 (-20)
Height H from center of lens to edge
Minimum
Projection
Distance L
of screen
Maximum
Projection
Distance L
Projection distance formula
D: Projected image size (Diagonal)
H: Height H from center of lens to edge of screen
Expression#1Unit: m (inches)
Minimum Projection Distance LMaximum Projection Distance L
L=0.030427 × D-0.0234
(L=1.197898 × D-0.9193)
L=0.036301 × D-0.0236
(L=1.429177 × D-0.9283)
Expression#2
42
Projection Distance
Height H from center of lens to edge of screen
Minimum Projection Distance LMaximum Projection Distance L
H=-0.00254 × D+0.00000
(H=-0.10000 × D+0.00000)
H=-0.00254 × D+0.00000
(H=-0.10000 × D+0.00000)
Page 43
Dimensions
To p
/16)
1
230.5 (9
Front
)
32
/
9
)
32
/
3
2.5 (
315 (12 13/32)
7.5 ± 1 (
Edge of lens
Unit: mm (inches)
157.5
(6 3/16)
81
26
(3 3/16)
(1 1/32)
)
16
/
5
(1
33.3
)
16
/
15
(2
75
)
16
/
13
(1
46.3
)
32
/
)
)
19
16
16
/
/
1
7
(2
(3
66
(3
78
87.2
Others
Unit: mm (inches)
Dimensions
43
Page 44
Side
Rear
23
/32)113 (4 7/16)
69 (2
23
/32)31 (1 7/32)
69 (2
Unit: mm (inches)
21
/32)164.4 (6 15/32)
16.8 (
157.5 (6
3
/16)
252.5 (9 15/16)
28 (1
/8)
7
48 (1
3
/32)
Unit: mm (inches)
44
Dimensions
Page 45
Bottom
3
/32)
78.9 (3
/8)
1
79.4 (3
15
88.5 (3
/32)23.9 (15/16)
76.4 (3)
38.8 (1
/32)
9
83.5 (3
17
/32)
/32)
5
/32)
5
207.5 (8
/16)105.8 (4
15
99.9 (3
271 (10
21
/32)22 (
7
/8)
Unit: mm (inches)
Others
Dimensions
45
Page 46
Index
A
AC IN ......................................................10
Acceptable input signal ...........................39
Adjust Signal ........................................... 22
Air filter ................................................... 35
Turn off ..............................................11, 19
Turn on ..............................................11, 15
U
Using a menu ...........................................20
About Trademarks
• Adobe and Adobe Acrobat are trademarks
or registered trademarks of Adobe
Systems Incorporated in the United States
and/or other countries.
• Kensington is a registered trademark of
Kensington Technology Group.
• The terms HDMI and HDMI HighDefinition Multimedia Interface, and the
HDMI Logo are trademarks or registered
trademarks of HDMI Licensing LLC in
the United States and other countries.
• All other trademarks and registered
trademarks are trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective holders. In
this manual,
specified.
™
and ® marks are not
V
V Keystone .................................. 11, 18, 27