Page 1

HglPj‘¢hJ
1- Vah¬HJ HBsjO¬HL ............................................................................................................................ 4
2- HPj¢h¨hJ Hgsblm ............................................................................................................................. 6
3- Hgukh¢m fhgf¢zm................................................................................................................................... 8
3-1 Hgukh¢m Hgf¢z¢m ...........................................................................................................................................................8
3
-2 lahV”j“ td Hgukh¢m fhgf¢zm ..........................................................................................................................................8
4- juVT Ugn ¥§h«“ ........................................................................................................................... 9
4-1 ‘wT UkhwV HgjP”L Hgl‘¥‘¬M fhgg‘Pm H®lhl¢m ...............................................................................................................01
5- HglgPŒhJ Hglj‘tVM .......................................................................................................................... 11
5-1 HsjO¬HL H®VtT •‘ Hgw‘Hkd .......................................................................................................................................11
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-2 HsjO¬HL H®VtT Hg¬HUL .............................................................................................................................................11
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-3 HsjO¬HL P‘HlG O…Q lsj‘N H®‘Hkd ............................................................................................................................11
6- HsjO¬HL s¨p l‘r¬ Hg¨§d ................................................................................................................. 21
6-1 jPƒ¢VHJ ‘îVah¬HJ Uhlm ..........................................................................................................................................21
6
-2 îauhG lahUG s¨p Hgl‘r¬ ........................................................................................................................................21
6
-3glPhJ Ulg¢m UK HsjO¬HL lahUG s¨p Hgl‘r¬ ...................................................................................................................21Z
6
-4 •r¨hV •‘kd Hg¨§d ..................................................................................................................................................21
7- HsjO¬HL Hg…VK ............................................................................................................................... 31
7-1 rfG HsjO¬HL Hg¥§h« .................................................................................................................................................31
7
-2 l¥hVD Hg…VK .......................................................................................................................................................31
7
-3 P¥VM HgjO«¢K )jj‘tV td fuQ Hg¨VH«HJ tŒ¨(.................................................................................................................31
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-4 k±hL HgjfV¢¬ ..........................................................................................................................................................31
7
-5 Hglwfh– Hg¬HOgd.....................................................................................................................................................31
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-6 jPƒ¢VHJ Uhlm ‘îVah¬HJ HBsjO¬HL ...............................................................................................................................41
-7 HsjO¬HL Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m...............................................................................................................................................51
7
7
-8 HsjO¬HL Hga‘H¢m Hg”§Vf¢m ...........................................................................................................................................51
8- Hg¨§d fhsjO¬HL Hg…VK....................................................................................................................... 61
8-1 îVah¬HJ ‘jug¢lhJ Hg¨§d ..........................................................................................................................................61
8
-2 ¥¬‘G lug‘lhJ Ulg¢m Hg¨§d ......................................................................................................................................71
9- gjk±¢T ‘Hgw¢hkm ........................................................................................................................... 81
9-1 jk±¢T HgwgF Y¢V HgŒhfG ggw¬• ...................................................................................................................................81
9
-2 Hgjk±¢T Hg¢‘ld Hguh¬D..............................................................................................................................................81
9
-3 fŒv Hg¨uhL ‘Hg…qbJ ...............................................................................................................................................81
9
-4 jk±¢T l”‘khJ s¨p Hg¨§d .......................................................................................................................................81
9
-5 jk±¢T Hg…VK.........................................................................................................................................................02
01- Hgw¢hkm HBsjekhz¢m........................................................................................................................ 12
01-1 k«c HgfhF ..........................................................................................................................................................12
01
-2 Hsjf¬HG lwfh– H™qhxM .........................................................................................................................................12
01
-3 k«c HgfhF .........................................................................................................................................................12
11- HgjVӢF..................................................................................................................................... 22
11-1 HgjV”¢F td ‘P¬HJ Hgl¨fo ......................................................................................................................................22
-2 j§‘¢m HgyVtm ‘îOVHœ lOg…hJ HBPjVHR ........................................................................................................................32
11
11
-3 j‘w¢bJ Hgyh« ...................................................................................................................................................42
11
-4 Hgj‘w¢G fhgj¢hV Hg”§Vfd .........................................................................................................................................62
-5 ‘qv HgŒhU¬M )td fuQ Hg¨VH«HJ tŒ¨( ........................................................................................................................72
11
11
-6 ‘qv ‘qf¨ Hsj‘Hx Hg¥§h« ......................................................................................................................................72
11
-7 P‘HlG Hgjef¢J fhgPhz¨ )îK ‘¥¬J( ..............................................................................................................................82
21- Hsjf¬HG Hg…‘£hJ .......................................................................................................................... 92
21-1 Hsjf¬HG t‘£hJ Hgl‘Hr¬ ............................................................................................................................................92
-2 Hsjf¬HG t‘£m Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m ......................................................................................................................................29
21
21
-3jk±¢L HglahUG.......................................................................................................................................................29
21
-4 ¥¬‘G OwhzW HglahUG ‘Hg…‘£hJ ............................................................................................................................03
21
-5 Hgulg¢hJ Hgk§hz¢m....................................................................................................................................................03
jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L: jalG kwhzp gglsjO¬L ‘‘w…‰h ggq‘Hf¨ ‘H™¥VHxHJ HgwP¢Pm gjk±¢T ‘w¢hkm Hg¥§h«.
jug¢lhJ HgjV”¢F: £ƒI Hgjug¢lhJ g©aOhW HglC£gm td HgjuhlG lv H®¥§«M
¢¥F •K ¢Œ‘L Hg…kd fjV”¢F Hg¥§h« ‘qf¨ ‘±hz…i ‘î¥VHx HOjfhV gi.
¢l”K Hgue‘V Ugn l«¢¬ lK Hglug‘lhJ fa¶K Hglkj¥hJ lK Ugn Hgl‘rv: moc.gems.www
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îVah¬HJ Uhlm
1- îVah¬HJ HBsjO¬HL
îK £ƒH Hg¬g¢G £‘ ¥«x B ¢j¥«• UK Hg¥§h«. ‘fhgjhgd ¢¥F HBPj…h± fi ”hlb‰ td l”hK ¢s§G Hg‘w‘G îg¢i ObG tjVM UlG Hg¥§h« f¶”lg§h. ”lh •kkh
kkwp fŒVHxM £ƒH Hg¬g¢G ‘¥l¢v Hgjug¢lhJ Hg‘HV¬M t¢i fukh¢m rfG HsjO¬HL Hg¥§h«. ‘¢¥F •K ¢jL HgjV”¢F Ugn •¢¬D •tVH¬ lC£g¢K ‘tŒ‰h ggluh¢¢V
Hglul‘G f§h. £ƒH Hg¥§h« lOwW gbsjO¬HL Hglk«gd ‘¢j‘HtR lv j‘¥¢§hJ Hgl…‘q¢m H®‘V‘f¢m Hglul‘G f§h Phg¢‰h. ‘r¬ jL îU¬H¬I ®¬Hx Hg‘±hzT
Hgjhg¢m: ¨§d H®¨ulm ‘jsO¢k§h÷ ‘t¢lh U¬H ƒg“ lK HBsjO¬HlhJ B ¢u¬ lbzl‰h gi.
B jgŒd fuf‘M jyg¢T Hg¥§h« ¬HOG Hglk«G. ‘B jkS •K ju«G ”htm Hgk…h¢hJ ‘jjOgW lk§h td •rVF lsj‘¬c OhW f§ƒH Hgk‘c lK Hgk…h¢hJ.
¢l”K HsjO¬HL £ƒI Hgjug¢lhJ tŒ¨ td Hg¬‘G Hgjd j‘¥¬ HgVl‘« Hgll¢«M g§h Ugn YbT £ƒH Hg¬g¢G.
j¥kF s¬ Hg…jPhJ ‘HgeŒ‘F Hgjd ¢«‘¬ f§h Hg¥§h« ggj§‘¢m ‘HgjOgW lK HgPVHVM ‘îB tŒ¬ ¢C¬D ƒg“ îgn îP¬HE Ogb‰ ‘±¢…¢‰h.
B jsjO¬L Hg¥§h« td j¬tzm HgyVT.
j‘¥¬ g‘Pm HgjuV¢T Hgjd jalG Hgf¢hkhJ Hg…k¢m ‘HgVrL HglsgsG ‘HBsL Hgj¥hVD td l‘qv l”a‘T s‘Hx ¬HOG Hg¬Vœ )îK ‘¥¬( •‘ Ugn Hg¥«x
HgOg…d gg¥§h«. ¢Pj‘D Hg”j¢F Ugn ksOm lK g‘Pm HgjuV¢T’ ‘¢kfyd ‘qu§h td l”hK rV¢F leG O«Hkm Hgl¨fo.
rfG f¬x jay¢G Hg¥§h«’ ¢¥F î«Hgm ”htm HgublhJ ‘•aV¨m HgPlh¢m HglgwŒm Ugn H®s¨p HgOhV¥¢m gg¥§h«.
B jsjO¬L H™s…k¥hJ Hglu¬k¢m •‘ Hg”ha¨hJ HgPh¬M: tïk§h sjC¬D îgn îjbT H®s¨p. HsjO¬L Hglkj¥hJ Hguh¬¢m Y¢V Hg”ha¨m gjk±¢T HgwgF ‘•¬HM
Oaf¢m •‘ fbsj¢”¢m Uk¬ HgPh¥m. Ha¨T Hgs¨p ¥¢¬‰h ‘¥……i fhsjO¬HL r¨um rlhA khUlm. B jslp g…qbJ H®¨ulm HglPbM )”hglVfn( •K jfŒn
¬HOG Hg…VK îƒ r¬ jC¬D £ƒI H®¨ulm îgn jgT f¨hkm Hg¨bx fhg…VK td PhG fŒhz§h g…jVM ¨‘¢gm.
B jsjO¬L •¬‘HJ Hg¨fo •‘ H®‘U¢m Hglwk‘Um lK Hgfbsj¢“’ îƒ jC¬D ¬V¥m HgPVHVM Hguhg¢m ¬HOG Hg…VK îgn Hkw§hV Hgfbsj¢“’ llh ¢jsfF td
jgT Hg¥§h«.
jPŒR ¬‘l‰h lK ‘¥‘¬ lŒhfQ HgjP”L td ‘qv "w…V" )H™¢ŒhT( Uk¬ Hkj§hz“ lK HsjO¬HL Hg¥§h«.
B jqv HgugF Hglu¬k¢m •‘ H®‘U¢m lP”lm HgygR ¬HOG Hg…VK’ tŒ¬ ¢«¬H¬ Hgqy¨ ¬HOg§h •ekhx Hg¨§d’ llh ¢ka¶ Uki O¨V HBk…¥hV.
B jy¨d Hg¥«x Hgs…gd lK Hg…VK fVrhzR H®g‘l‘k¢‘L •‘ HgŒw¬¢V •ekhx Hg¨§d’ ‘B jqv H®‘Hkd •‘ Hgw‘Hkd Ug¢i gj…h¬D juVQ Hgs¨p Hgl¨gd
f¨fŒm Hgl¢kh ggjgT.
B jqv l¨gŒ‰h H®‘Hkd ƒHJ HgŒ‘HU¬ Y¢V Hglsj‘¢m jlhl‰h t‘R s¨p Hgl‘r¬’ tŒ¬ jC¬D •‘Hkd Hg¨§d Y¢V Hgehfjm îgn ka‘F HgPVHzR.
B jsjO¬L l¨gŒ‰h H®‘Hkd •‘ Hgw‘Hkd Hgjd jfV« OhVœ HgPhtm HgOhV¥¢m gs¨p Hgl‘r¬.
•ls“ Hgy¨hx Hg«¥h¥d f¢¬“ •ekhx îk«Hgi.
jPƒ¢V: r¬ ¢j§aL Hgy¨hx Hg«¥h¥d td PhG juVqi ggsO‘km Hg«Hz¬M.
‘Ug¢i ¢¥F •K jygR ¥l¢v HgaubJ ‘jkj±V fuQ Hg‘rJ Pjn jfV¬ rfG îk«HG Hgy¨hx.
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îVah¬HJ UhL
B jqv •D eŒG Ugn fhF Hg¥§h« Hgl…j‘– •‘ j¥gS Ug¢i’ tŒ¬ ¢C¬D Hg‘«K Hg«Hz¬ îgn «U«Um efhji.
¢wfp Hg¥§h« shOk‰h ¥¬‰h •ekhx HBsjO¬HL. gƒH ¢¥F HVj¬Hx r…h«HJ lŒh‘lm ggPVHVM Uk¬ HgŒ¢hL fulg¢hJ Hg¨§d.
B jsjO¬L s¨p Hgl‘r¬ td PhG ‘¥‘¬ HkPbG PVHVD ¬HOG Hg…VK )îK ‘¥¬(.
îƒH ”kJ jVYF td Hgs…V g…jVM ¨‘¢gm’ •YgR lPfS Hgyh« HgVz¢sd •‘ lPfS •s¨‘Hkm Hgyh«.
HPVW Ugn •B j”‘K £kh“ •¥shL UhgŒm ffhF Hg…VK.
B j…jp P¥VM HgjO«¢K )îK ‘¥¬J( •ekhx jay¢G Hg…VK •‘ fu¬ jay¢gi lfhaVM’ îƒ lK Hgll”K •K j”‘K ¬V¥m PVHVM P¥VM HgjO«¢K lVj…um ggyh¢m.
B js”F Hglhx lfhaVM‰ Ugn H®¬VHœ îƒH ”hkJ H®s¨p B j«HG shOkm •ekhx Hg¨fo’ tŒ¬ ¢jsfF HgfOhV td îP¬HE PV‘R fhgym ‘jgT H®s¨p
Hgl¨g¢m fhgl¢kh.
¢¥F HgŒ¢hL f¥l¢v Ulg¢hJ Hg¨§d ‘HgfhF lygR’ îƒ r¬ ¢C¬D jf¬¬ HgPVHVM îgn P¬‘E lOh¨V.
jOgd ¥§m Hgjwk¢v lsC‘g¢j§h fhg”hlG UK H®qVHV Hgjd r¬ jgPR fh®aOhW •‘ H®a¢hx’ ‘Hgjd r¬ jP¬E kj¢¥m gu¬L lVHUhM lh jŒ¬L lK î¢qhPhJ
•‘ HgjuhlG Y¢V HgwP¢p lv •D ¥«x lK •¥«Hx Hg¥§h« •‘ HsjO¬HL r¨v Hgy¢hV Y¢V H®wg¢m.
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îVah¬HJ Uhlm
2- HPj¢h¨hJ Hgsblm
¢V¥n HgV¥‘c îgn îVah¬HJ HgjV”¢F g´¨¦bc Ugn luh¢¢V Hgsblm ƒHJ Hgwgm fh®¥§«M Hg”§Vfhz¢m ‘•¥§«M Hgyh« ‘H™¨¦bc Ugn ‘±hzT Hgj§‘¢m.
¢Œqd HgŒhk‘K fqV‘VM •K ¢Œ‘L fjV”¢F ‘w¢hkm H®¥§«M Hg”§Vfhz¢m ‘•¥§«M Hgyh« •tVH¬ lC£g¢K ¢ljeg‘K ggluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h ggP…h± Ug¢“
‘sblj“. ¢”…G tk¢‘ HgjV”¢F Hglujl¬¢K g¬¢kh jŒ¬¢L O¬lhJ lVq¢m.
¢¥F ¬‘l‰h •K ¢Œ‘L f…“ •¥§«M Hgyh« •‘ H®¥§«M Hg”§Vfhz¢m •tVH¬ lC£g¢K j¶£¢b‰ lkhsf‰h.
rfG j‘w¢G Hg¥§h« faf”m Hg”§Vfhx’ VH¥v Hgf¢hkhJ Hgl‘¥‘¬M Ugn Hgg‘Pm lqh£¢‰h î¢h£h ff¢hkhJ Hgaf”m k…s§h.
td Phgm jV”¢F Hg¥§h« t‘R lkwm lVj…um÷ ¢g«L jef¢ji fhsjO¬HL •k±lm jef¢J lkhsfm.
td PhG ‘qv Hg¥§h« t‘R rhU¬M’ ¢¥F jV”¢fi Ugn kP‘ ¢P‘G ¬‘K Hk«Bri.
rfG HgŒ¢hL f¶UlhG HgjV”¢F/Hgw¢hkm’ j¶”¬ lK twG Hg¥§h« UK af”m Hg”§Vfhx.
td PhG jV”¢F •¥§«M Hg¨§d ¬HOG HglV”fhJ )”uVfm HgjO¢¢L •‘ HgŒ‘HtG îgo.(’ B ¢kfyd Hsjulhg§h îB Uk¬ j‘rT HglV”fm.
Uk¬ jV”¢F Hg¥§h« td HglV”fhJ HgfPV¢m •‘ HgŒ‘HtG’ B¢kfyd HsjO¬Hli td •YVHQ Hgj¬tzm.
HPVW Ugn jV”¢F Hg¥§h« jV”¢f‰h B ¢slp flblsm •¬VHœ Hg‘P¬HJ Hgl‘¥‘¬M td lsj‘N s¨p Hgl‘r¬ •‘ •f‘Hf§h - Uk¬ tjP§h - ®‘Hkd Hg¨§d
Hgl‘¥‘¬M Ugn s¨p Hgl‘r¬.
t‘V HBkj§hx lK jV”¢F Hg¥§h«’ rL fï¥VHx tPW sV¢v gg¥§h« ljfu‰h Hgjug¢lhJ Hg‘HV¬M BPŒ‰h td £ƒH Hg¬g¢G. td Phgm j‘rT Hg¥§h« UK HgulG’ rL
f…wgi UK lw¬V Hg¨hrm ‘HjwG f¶rVF lV”« w¢hkm.
¢¥F •K ¢”‘K HgŒhfS HgƒD s¢jL j‘w¢gi f”hfG j«‘¢¬ Hg¨hrm ‘HglŒfS HgOhW fi lK k…S Hgk‘c ‘•K ¢”‘kh lj‘HtŒ¢K lv Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h. ¢¥F
•K ¢”‘K HglŒfS ljhPh‰ ‘td Hgljkh‘G fu¬ jV”¢F Hg¥§h«.
j¥kF twG HgŒhfS fsPF Hg”hfG.
td PhG jgT ”fG Hgj‘w¢G fhg”§Vfhx’ HjwG f¶rVF lV”« gg¬UL Hg…kd Ugn Hg…‘V’ ‘s¢j‘gn HglV”« Hsjf¬Hgi.
¢¥F j‘w¢G Hg¥§h« fh®Vqd ‘tŒ‰h gluh¢¢V sblm Hgk±hL Hg”§Vfhzd. ¢ju¢K j‘w¢G Hgk±hL Hg”§Vfhzd fh®Vqd fhjfhc Hg¨VR Hgjd jP¬¬£h
r‘HU¬ Hgsblm.
¢wfp Hg¥§h« shOk‰h ¥¬‰h •ekhx HBsjO¬HL ‘”ƒg“ •¥«HCI Hgjd ¢l”K Hg‘w‘G îg¢§h’ gƒH HPVW Ugn U¬L glS UkhwV HgjsO¢K. ¢¥F •K ¢Oqv
H®¨…hG wyhV HgsK ggVrhfm Uk¬ j‘H¥¬£L fhgŒVF lK Hg¥§h«’ ‘ƒg“ ggj¶”¬ lK U¬L Ufe§L fi.
jsOK H®¥«Hx Hgl‘q‘Um Ugn Hg¥§h« •ekhx HsjO¬Hli’ t¢kfyd îfuh¬ H®¨…hG UK Hg¥§h« gj¥kF HgjuVQ gO¨V HgPV‘R.
j¥kF ‘qv l‘H¬ rhfgm gbajuhG ¬HOG Hg…VK: tŒ¬ jajuG UK ¬‘K rw¬ ‘jjsfF td ka‘F PV¢R.
£ƒH Hg¥§h« lwlL g¢sjO¬li Hg”fhV tŒ¨’ gƒH B jslp g©¨…hG fhBrjVHF lki •‘ HgufE fi.
Uk¬ jay¢G Hga‘H¢m’ r¬ jwfp H®¥«Hx Hgjd ¢l”K Hg‘w‘G îg¢§h shOkm ¥¬H‰: t¶fu¬ H®¨…hG flshtm ›lkm Uk§h.
£ƒI Hgeb¥m Y¢V lbzlm BsjO¬HL H®aOhW )lK f¢k§L H®¨…hG( ƒ‘D HgŒ¬VM Hg¥s¬¢m •‘ HguŒg¢m •‘ HgPs¢m HglP¬‘¬M’ •‘ llK g¢S g¬¢§L OfVM •‘
luVtm Pjn ¢jL H™aVHT Ug¢§L •‘ îVah¬£L Ugn HsjO¬HL Hgeb¥m f‘Hs¨m aOW lsC‘G UK Hgsblm.
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îVah¬HJ UhL
B jPh‘G l¨gŒ‰h îwb– Hg¥§h« fk…s“. ¢¥F •K ¢Œ‘L f¥l¢v Ulg¢hJ Hgjwg¢p tkd ljOwW •‘ lV”« lK lVH”« HgO¬lm Hglujl¬M’ îƒ r¬ jjsfF
îshxM HsjulhG H®¬‘HJ td P¬‘E lOh¨V.
B jŒL fï¥VHx •D ju¬¢bJ Ugn £ƒH Hg…VK.
B jul¬ l¨gŒ‰h îgn jO«¢K l‘H¬ rhfgm gbajuhG td Hgl”hK HglOwW gjO«¢K Hg¥§h« •‘ fhgŒVF lki.
¢P±V HgjP”L td Hg¥§h« fhsjO¬HL l‘rJ OhV¥d •‘ k±hL HgjP”L UK fu¬.
Hkjfi glu¬G HgsVUm Hgjd jwG f§h lkh¨R Hg¨§d îgn ¬V¥m HgPVHVM Hgl¨g‘fm. B jqv •‘Hkd Hg¨§d Hg…hVYm Ugn HgPVHVM’ tŒ¬ ¢kjµ Uk§h O¨V
H™tVH¨ td ¬V¥m HgPVHVM.
r¬ jajuG Hg¬£‘K ‘Hg«¢‘J Uk¬ HVj…hc ¬V¥m PVHVj§h •”eV lK Hgb«L’ gƒH ¢¥F •B jjV“ Hg¥§h« •ekhx îU¬H¬ H®¨ulm Hgjd jPj‘D Ugn «¢‘J •‘
¬£‘K. îƒH HajugJ Hg¬£‘K •‘ Hg«¢‘J’ î¢h“ •K jqv Hgl¢hI Ug¢§h’ ‘g”K qv Hgy¨hx Ugn H™khx ‘•¨…° lk¨Œm Hg¨§d.
j‘— HgPƒV Uk¬ HsjO¬HL •¥§«M ”§Vfhz¢m •OVN td Hgl¨fo )”hgOb¨ ‘lPlwm HgOf« Hg”§Vfhz¢m îgo(.
¢¥F •B jblS ”hfbJ Hgj‘w¢G lkh¨R Hg¨§d HgshOkm.
B jsjO¬L lk±T HgfOhV Uk¬ jk±¢T Hgs¨p •‘ Hg…VK •‘ Hgl‘r¬.
îƒ r¬ ¢wG HgfOhV îgn H™g”jV‘k¢hJ’ llh ¢jsfF td jg…§h ‘P¬‘E rwV fhg¬‘HzV Hg”§Vf¢m.
B jŒL fVA •D lkj¥hJ VƒHƒ fhgŒVF lK Hg¥§h« Hglk«gd •ekhx jay¢gi. B jsjO¬L lkj¥hJ VƒHƒ f¢klh B ¢«HG Hg¥§h« shOk‰h’ îƒ r¬ jajuG
Hgyh«HJ Hgwh¬VM.
j½Ogd ¥§m Hgjwk¢v lsC‘g¢j§h fhg”hlG UK H®qVHV Hgjd r¬ jgPR fh®aOhW •‘ H®a¢hx’ ‘Hgjd r¬ jP¬E kj¢¥m gu¬L lVHUhM lh jŒ¬L lK î¢qhPhJ
•‘ HgjuhlG Y¢V HgwP¢p lv •D ¥«x lK •¥«Hx Hg¥§h« •‘ HsjO¬HL r¨v Hgy¢hV Y¢V H®wg¢m.
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îVah¬HJ HgjOgW lK Hg¥§h«
3- Hgukh¢m fhgf¢zm
3-1 lahV”jkh td Hgukh¢m fhgf¢zm
îK ¥lv Hglkjµ fu¬ Hkj§hx HsjO¬Hli ‘îVshgi gl‘qv îUh¬M j¬‘¢VI ‘HgjOgW lki Ugn kP‘ B ¢qV fhgf¢zm lK a¶ki •K ¢s§L td ¬Vx H·ehV Hgsgf¢m
HglqVM fhgf¢zm ‘fhgwPm ”lh ¢s§L td îUh¬M j¬‘¢V Hgl‘H¬ Hgjd wkv lk§h Hg¥§h«. ”lh •K HgjOgW lK Hg¥§h« Ugn kP‘ Y¢V sg¢L r¬ ¢uVQ
HglsjO¬L guŒ‘fhJ î¬HV¢m.
B ¢Pj‘D Hg¥§h« Ugn l‘H¬ f”l¢hJ ”ht¢m ¢l”K HUjfhV£h O¨VM Ugn HgwPm ‘Hgf¢zm ‘tŒ‰h ggj‘¥¢§hJ H®‘V‘f¢m Hglul‘G f§h Phg¢‰h.
3-2 lahV”j“ td Hgukh¢m fhgf¢zm
¢¥VD jufzm lkj¥hjkh lK H®¥§«M fhsjO¬HL l‘H¬ Y¢V lg‘ˆem’ ‘£d f§ƒH jj‘HtR lv Hgf¢zm tqb‰ UK îl”hk¢m îUh¬M j¬‘¢V£h. ‘¢V¥n îs¬Hx Hgu‘K gkh
fhgjOgW lK Uf‘HJ H®¥§«M Ugn kP‘ sg¢L. ¢l”k“ HBjwhG fhgl‘«c HglPgd •‘ HglCsshJ HglPg¢m Hgluk¢m ggPw‘G Ugn Ukh‘¢K lVHtR j¥l¢v
Hgk…h¢hJ ‘îUh¬M j¬‘¢V£h ‘HgjOgW lk§h.
B jgŒd Uf‘M Hg¥§h« •‘ •D ¥«x lk§h’ •‘ jjV”§h ¬‘K Ukh¢m’ îƒ •k§h r¬ jleG O¨V‰h BOjkhR H®¨…hG’ ‘Ohwm •”¢hS Hgfbsj¢“.
”lh ¢kfyd HgjOgW lK ¥§h«”L HgŒ¬¢L Ugn HgkP‘ Hgsg¢L.
£hL: ¢V¥d jsg¢L Hg¥§h« ®rVF ‘”hgm td lk¨Œj”L jOjW f¥lv H®¬‘HJ Hg”§Vfhz¢m Hglk«g¢m Hgjd gL ju¬ r¢¬ HBsjO¬HL. ‘gjugL •K HgjOgW lK
Hg¥§h« Ugn HgkP‘ Hgsg¢L ¢slp fïUh¬M j¬‘¢V Hgl‘H¬ ƒHJ HgŒ¢lm lki.
rfG HgjOgW lK ¥§h«”L’ ¢kfyd î«Hgm H®f‘HF ‘jV“ H®VtT td l”hk§h j¥kf‰h BkPahV H®¨…hG ¬HOG Hg¥§h« td PhG HgufE fi. ”lh ¢kfyd r¨v
Hg”fG Hgl‘wG fhgj¢hV Hg”§Vfhzd ‘î«Hgji lv HglŒfS.
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jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
4- juVT Ugn ¥§h«“
s¨p Hg¨§d
g‘Pm HgjP”L
lwfh– Hg…VK )l«¬‘œ td fuQ Hg¨VH«HJ(
s¬H¬M Hg…VK
HglV‘Pm
P¥VM HgjO«¢K
î¨hV/l‘¥i ¬UL Hg¬Vœ/HgVT
9
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jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
4-1 ‘wT UkhwV HgjP”L Hgl‘¥‘¬M fhgg‘Pm H®lhl¢m
4-1-1 lŒfQ Hgl‘rJ
gjjl”K lK HsjO¬HL Hgl‘rJ’ ¢kfyd qf¨ w‘J Hgjkf¢i fï¬HVM HglŒfQ j¥hI UŒhVF HgshUm. ¢jL Hgjuf¢V UK Hg‘rJ
fhg¬rhzR )fP¬ •rwn 55 ¬r¢Œm(. ‘Hgqf¨ lj¬Vœ fP¢E ¢l”K qf¨ Hg‘rJ •¢q‰h Ugn •D r¢lm lj‘s¨m f¢K £ƒI
H®VrhL. ‘B ¢C¬D Hk¨bR ¥VS Hgjkf¢i îgn hT jay¢G Hg…VK
4-1-2 lŒfQ jP¬¢¬ Hg‘±hzT
jj¢p g“ ‘P¬M HgjP”L £ƒI HsjO¬HL ‘±hzT Hg…VK. ¢l”K HsjO¬HL ‘±hzT H™qhxM ) (’ ‘Hga‘H¢m ) ( ‘H™ƒHfm
) ( Uk¬ qf¨ Hg…VK Ugn ‘qv H™¢ŒhT. îB îki B ¢l”K HsjO¬HL ‘±¢…m HglV‘Pm ) ( îB lv jay¢G tVK
Hgyh«. jf¬• ‘±¢…m Hgj§‘¢m td HgulG Uk¬lh ¢wG Hgg…VK îgn ¬V¥m PVHVM 021-031 ¬V¥m lz‘¢m jŒV¢f‰h. gl«¢¬ lK
Hglug‘lhJ UK ‘±hzT Hg¨fo ¢V¥n rVHxM Hg…wG "8. Hg¨§d fhsjO¬HL Hg…VK".
4-1-3 lŒfQ jP¬¢¬ ¬V¥m HgPVHVM
¢½sjO¬L £ƒH HglŒfQ td îauhG augm Hgyh« ¬HOG Hg…VK. ¢jL jP¬¢¬ ¬V¥m PVHVM Hg¨fo lK ObG gT HglŒfQ U”S
Hj¥hI UŒhVF HgshUm Pjn Hg‘w‘G g¬V¥m HgPVHVM Hgl¨g‘fm lK f¢K Hg¬V¥m H®¬kn niM ‘Pjn 572 ¬V¥m lz‘¢m.
gluVtm ”¢…¢m îauhV tVK Hgyh« ¢V¥n rVHxM Hg…wG "7. HsjO¬HL Hg…VK".
4-1-4 lŒfQ HgjP”L td aubJ Hgs¨p
™auhG Hgg§F’ Hqy¨ Ugn HglŒfQ’ ‘•¬VI U”S Hj¥hI PV”m UŒhVF HgshUm îgn •K ¢wG îgn Vl« •rwn augm
) (. gqf¨ lsj‘N Hgg§F’ •¬V HglŒfQ f¢K HgP¬ H®rwn ) ( ‘HgP¬ H®¬kn ) (. ‘™¨…hx Hgaugm’ •¬V HglŒfQ
îgn Hgl‘qv .
)¢a¢V HgVl« Hgl¥h‘V îgn Hgaugm Hg¢sVN H®lhl¢m(.
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jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
5- HglgPŒhJ Hglj‘tVM
lbP±m: B jj‘tV ”G HglgPŒhJ lv fuQ Hg¨VH«HJ.
wk¢m Hg…VK: ¢sjO¬L td j¥l¢v
Hg¬£‘K Hgkhj¥m UK Hg¨uhL Hgl‘¥‘¬
Ugn HgVT Hgug‘D.
VT Hgw‘Hkd: ¢l”K ¬l¥i fwk¢m
Hg…VK.
PhlG H®‘Hkd Hgwy¢VM: lkhsF
gg¨§d Uk¬ HsjO¬HL H®‘Hkd
Hgwy¢VM.
jL jwk¢v lgPŒhJ Hg…VK Hglblsm g©¨ulm lK l‘H¬ jj…R ‘•P”hL HgjaV¢uhJ HgPhg¢m.
HglgPŒhJ Hglj‘tVM PsF Hg¨gF:
• ¢l”K ¨gF aVHx HglgPŒhJ H®wg¢m s‘Hx HglVtŒm •‘ HBOj¢hV¢m lK •D lV”« ¬UL lujl¬.
• B jsjO¬L îB HglgPŒhJ H®wg¢m Hgjd j‘tV£h ¥§m Hgjwk¢v.
5-1 HsjO¬HL H®VtT •‘ Hgw‘Hkd
¢kfyd H™ahVM îgn •K H®VtT ‘Hgw‘Hkd l«‘¬M fŒ…G •lhK l¢”hk¢”d ¢Pl¢§lh lK H™«Hgm UK Y¢V rw¬. ™¬OhG
HgVT •‘ Hgw¢k¢m fa”G wP¢p’ j¶”¬ lK •K HgŒ…G lj¥i ®s…G )”lh £‘ l‘qp fhga”G Hgl‘¥‘¬ Ugn Hg¥hkF(.
™«Hgm HgVT •‘ Hgw¢k¢m’ HVtv Hg¥«x H®lhld fVtR.
B f¬ •K ¢‘H¥i HgŒ…G Hgl¢”hk¢”d )•‘ r¨um HBlj¬H¬ îK ‘¥¬J( Hg¥«x HgOg…d gg…VK.
•¬OG H®VtT ‘Hgw‘Hkd td l”hk§h ¬HOG Hg…VK fVtR îgn •K jj‘rT.
‘fhgksfm gg¨VH«HJ Hgl«‘¬M f¶ƒVc’ ¢g«L jk±¢T Hgw‘Hkd rfG HsjO¬Hl§h gglVM H®‘gn’ ™«Hgm •D fŒh¢h ljOg…m UK Ulg¢m Hgjwk¢v’ ‘Hgjd r¬ jO¬A
¥‘HkF j¥‘¢T Hg…VK Uk¬ î¬OhG Hgw‘Hkd.
5-2 HsjO¬HL H®VtT Hg¬HUlm
¢jL î¬OhG H®VtT Hg¬HUlm td Hgl¥VN HglOwW g§h )”lh £‘ l‘qp fhga”G( ‘f§ƒH HBsjO¬HL’ ¢l”K
¨§d Hg¨uhL Ugn HgVT ‘¢jL j¥l¢v Hg¬£‘K fa”G lk…wG.
5-3 HsjO¬HL P‘HlG O…Q lsj‘N H®‘Hkd
¢l”K ‘qv P‘HlG O…Q lsj‘N H®‘Hkd •Ugn P‘HlG aubJ Hgl‘r¬ ”lh £‘ l‘qp fhga”G Hgl¥h‘V’
‘j¶”¬ lK jef¢j§h.
B jsjO¬L P‘HlG H®‘Hkd Hgw¢k¢m îB Uk¬ Hg¨§d f§ƒI H®‘Hkd.
11
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jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
6- HsjO¬HL s¨p Hgl‘r¬
6-1 jPƒ¢VHJ ‘kwhzp Uhlm
rfG îauhG aubJ Hgl‘r¬’ j¶”¬ lK ‘¥‘¬ •Y¨¢m fhUE Hgg§F td l‘Hqu§h HgwP¢Pm ‘•¢q‰h •Y¨¢m HgaubJ HgOhwm f”G¸ lk§h.
6-2 îauhG aubJ Hgl‘r¬
j‘¥¬ ¥l¢v •¬‘HJ HgjP”L ‘HglVHrfm HgOhwm fhgl‘r¬ Ugn Hgg‘Pm H®lhl¢m. ¢jL j‘q¢p Hgaugm f¥‘HV ”G lŒfQ ¢jP”L t¢§h. £ƒH Hg¥§h« l«‘׬ f¶¬HM
îauhG îg”jV‘k¢m. g¢S Ug¢“ s‘N Hgqy¨ Ugn HglŒfQ ‘j¬‘¢VI U”S Hj¥hI UŒhVF HgshUm îgn Vl« •rwn g§F Pjn jajuG Hgaugm. ‘îK gL
jajuG Uk¬ •‘G 51 ehk¢m’ •U¬ HglŒfQ îgn Hg‘qv "0" ‘Hkj±V 06 ehk¢m rfG îUh¬M HglPh‘gm. ‘fu¬ H™auhG HsjlV td Hgqy¨ Ugn HglŒfQ ®s…G
ge‘HK lu¬‘¬M ggslh– fjsO¢K Hgl«¬‘œ HgPVHVD. ‘r¬ jk¨…° Hgaugm îƒH jPVV HglŒfQ: ‘ƒg“ gu¬L jsO¢K Hgl«¬‘œ HgPVHVD f¬V¥m¸ ”ht¢m.
Hkj±V rg¢b‰ eL ”VV £ƒI HgO¨‘M fhgqy¨ fhsjlVHV Ugn HglŒfQ g…jVM •¨‘G.
td Phgm Hk¨…hx HgaubJ ¬‘K rw¬’ s¢jL jka¢¨ •¬HM Hgsblm’ llh ¢ukd r¨v îl¬H¬ Hgyh« Pjn td Phgm tjp lPfS Hgyh«. td £ƒI HgPhgm’ Hqf¨
HglŒfQ Ugn ‘qv H™¢ŒhT ‘Hkj±V 06 ehk¢m rfG lPh‘gm îUh¬M H™auhG lVM‰ •OVN.
6-3 kwhzp Ulg¢m BsjO¬HL aubJ Hgs¨p
g«¢h¬M ”…hxM Hgl‘r¬ ‘jŒg¢G Hsj§b“ Hgyh«: HsjO¬L •‘Hkd f¶Y¨¢m jjbxL r¢hshj§h lv r¢hshJ HgaubJ’ fP¢E B
¢wG Hgg§F g¥‘HkF H®‘Hkd )VH¥v Hg…ŒVM "4,6 •r¨hV •‘kd Hg¨§d"(. ‘Uk¬ ‘w‘G Hg¨§d g¬V¥m Hgyg¢hK’
•¬V HglŒfQ gjŒg¢G Hgg§F g¬V¥m B ¢ygd Uk¬£h HgshzG. ‘td PhG Hks”hF HgshzG’ rL fï«Hgm £ƒI HBks”hfhJ lK
s¨p Hgl‘r¬.
‘j…h¬¢‰h gjuVQ Hgs¨p ggjgT •‘ HgPVR •ekhx Hg¨§d’ ¢¥F ‘qv ”htm H®‘Hkd •‘ Hgw‘Hkd td k¨hR lP¢¨
s¨p Hg¨§d. ‘¢kfyd •K jjl¢« ”htm H®‘Hkd fhgŒhU¬M Hgls¨Pm ‘Hglgshx.
îƒH Hk¨…zJ Hgaugm UK ¨V¢R HgO¨h’ •¬V lŒfQ HgjP”L kP‘ H™¢ŒhT ‘Hkj±V lh B ¢ŒG UK 1 ¬r¢Œm rfG îUh¬M
îauhG Hglaugm.
‘B jkS Uk¬ HsjO¬HL Hg«¢‘J •‘ Hg¬£‘K •K j”‘K td Yh¢m HgPVW Pjn B jsOK sO‘km l…V¨m llh ¢¥ug§h jwG îgn Hgg§F.
6-4 tjPhJ •‘Hkd Hg¨§d
Hgaugm HgP¬ H®¬kn ggŒ¨V )sL( HgP¬ H®rwn ggŒ¨V )sL(
îqhtd 21 41
afi sV¢v 61 42
sV¢v 81 62
thzŒm HgsVUm 81 62
gj…h¬D jgT Hgl‘r¬ •‘ Hg‘P¬HJ Hgl¥h‘VM’ ¢¥F ‘qv ”htm H®‘Hkd •‘ Hgw‘Hkd td k¨hR lP¢¨ s¨p Hg¨§d.
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jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
7- HsjO¬HL Hg…VK
7-1 rfG HsjO¬HL Hg¥§h«
• Hk«c •D lgwŒhJ )U¬H g‘Pm Hgf¢hkhJ Hg…k¢m( lK Hgw‘Hkd ‘H®‘Hkd ‘P¥VM Hg¨§d.
• Hk«c •D •aV¨m Plh¢m lK ¬HOG Hg¥§h« ‘OhV¥i flh td ƒg“ HglgPŒhJ ”hgw‘Hkd ‘H®‘Hkd ‘g‘Pm Hgf¢j«H ‘Y¨hx HgŒhU¬M.
• rfG HsjO¬HL Hg¥§h« gglVM H®‘gn’ Hk«c ¥l¢v HglgPŒhJ lK P¥VM Hgl‘r¬ ‘HYsg§h ”lh £‘ l‘qp td"9. ¥¬‘G lug‘lhJ Ulg¢m Hg¨§d"
rL fjsO¢K Hg¥§h« Hg…hVX îgn •rwn ¬V¥m PVHVM ™«Hgm fŒh¢h Hgjwk¢v P¢E r¬ j”sF Hg¨uhL VHzPm ”V¢§m.
7-2 l¥hVD Hg…VK
¢qL Hg…VK 4 l¥hVD g‘qv H®VtT ‘H®¬VHœ Ugn HVj…hUhJ lOjg…m. ‘jj¬Vœ HVj…hUhJ Hg…jPm
lK H®s…G îgn H®Ugn )Hk±V Hga”G(
7-3 P¥VM HgjO«¢K )fuQ Hgl‘¬¢bJ tŒ¨(
jŒv P¥VM HgjO«¢K •s…G Hg¥§h«. I‘j‘tV £ƒI HgP¥¢VM l”hk‰h gjO«¢K lgPŒhJ Hg¥§h«
Hglu¬k¢m ‘B ¢¥F HsjO¬Hli gjO«¢K Hgl‘H¬ HgŒhfgm gbajuhG’ ”hgŒlhA ‘Hg‘VR ‘Y¢V£h.
j¥kF tjp HgP¥VM •ekhx jay¢G Hg…VK •‘ fu¬ jay¢gi lfhaVM. îƒ lK Hgll”K •K j”‘K ¬V¥m PVHVM P¥VM HgjO«¢K lVj…um ggyh¢m.
7-4 k±hL HgjfV¢¬
£ƒH Hg¥§h« l«‘׬ fk±hL jfV¢¬ ¢ulG fl¥V¬ jP¬¢¬ îP¬N ‘±hzT Hg¨§d.fhsjekhx augm Hgyh« P¢E ¢j¶OV HgulG lu§h. julG HglVH‘– Ugn j¬tR
Hg§‘Hx ggOhVœ fa”G ehfJ lK Hg¥«x HgOg…d gg¥§h« ‘r¬ ¢sjlV ƒg“ Hgj¬tR g…jVM rw¢VM Pjn fu¬ hT jay¢G Hg¥§h«.
7-5 Hglwfh– Hg¬HOgd
¢qdx Hglwfh– ¬HOG Hg…VK Uk¬ jP¬¢¬ •D lK ‘±hzT Hg¨§d’ U¬H Uk¬ HsjO¬HL Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m’ ‘td £ƒI HgPhgm ¢¥F gT lŒfQ Hg‘rJ
Ugn HgVl« .
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jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
7-6 jPƒ¢VHJ Uhlm ‘îVah¬HJ HBsjO¬HL
¢¥F HgŒ¢hL f¥l¢v Ulg¢hJ Hg¨§d ‘HgfhF lygR’ îƒ r¬ ¢C¬D jf¬¬ HgPVHVM îgn P¬‘E lOh¨V.
•ekhx Ulg¢m Hg¨§d’ B jy¨d rhc Hg…VK fVrhzR H®gl‘k¢‘L •‘ HgŒw¬¢V ‘B jqv g‘PhJ •‘ w‘Hkd Hg…VK Ug¢i tŒ¬ ¢C¬D ƒg“ îgn jgT ¨fŒm Hg¨bx.
îƒH ”kJ jVYF td HsjO¬HL ‘VR lŒh‘L ggaP‘L ‘Hg«¢‘J’ tqui fP¢E B ¢‘H¥i ¬‘VM Hg§‘Hx HgshOK ¬HOG Hg…VK.
‘ggPw‘G Ugn •tqG kjhzµ Hg¨§d’ tïkkh kkwp f‘qv •‘Hkd Hg¨§d td lkjwT HgVT.
Pjn B jjsfF •D •fOVM ¬HOG Hg…VK td P¬‘E la”bJ’ Htjp HgfhF Ugn lVPgj¢K: HtjPi îgn
HglkjwT )5 sL jŒV¢f‰h( gl¬M 4-5 e‘HK eL HtjPi fhg”hlG. ‘gg‘w‘G îgn Hg¨uhL’ ¬Hzlh‰ HjV“ HgfhF
l…j‘– gl¬M rw¢VM lh •l”K ‘ƒg“ glkv ¬V¥m HgPVHVM ¬HOG Hg…VK lK îtsh¬ Hg¨uhL •‘ jOV¢fi.
gj¥kF j”‘K r¨VHJ Ugn Hg«¥hœ Hg¬HOgd’ ¢kfyd U¬L jV“ Hg¨uhL HgshOK ¬HOG Hgl‘r¬ g…jVM ¨‘¢gm fu¬ Hg¨§d.
Uk¬ ¨§d HgPg‘¢hJ •‘ HgOqV‘HJ’ r¬ jj”‘K r¨VHJ Ugn Hg«¥hœ’ ‘gj¥kF P¬‘E £ƒH’ Htjp HgfhF lVj¢K fPVW jhL •ekhx Hg¨§d.
glkv HglOh¨V Hgkh¥lm UK HgjsO¢K Hg«Hz¬’ ¢¥F Vtv Hgy¨hx Hg«¥h¥d gg¥§h« )ljn •l”K( Uk¬ HsjO¬HL Hg…VK.
rL fjsO¢K Hg¥§h« Hg…hVX îgn •rwn ¬V¥m PVHVM ™«Hgm fŒh¢h Hgjwk¢v P¢E r¬ j”sF Hg¨uhL VHzPm ”V¢§m.
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jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
7-7 HsjO¬HL Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m
7-7-1 H™auhG H™g”jV‘kd
Htjp fhF Hg…VK UK ›OVI’ ‘Hqy¨ Ugn lŒfQ HgjP”L td ¬V¥hJ HgPVHVM ‘•¬VI U”S Hj¥hI UŒhVF HgshUm Pjn ¢wG g‘qv ¬V¥m HgPVHVM HgŒw‘N÷
¢jL jka¢¨ aVHVM H™auhG Hg”§Vfhzd jgŒhz¢‰h. ‘fu¬ H™auhG HsjlV td Hgqy¨ Ugn HglŒfQ ®s…G ge‘HK lu¬‘¬M ggslh– fjsO¢K Hgl«¬‘œ HgPVHVD. td
PhG gL ¢ajuG Hg…VK fu¬ lV‘V 51 ehk¢m’ B jPh‘G îauhgi ‘Htjp fhF Hg…VK UK ›OVI ‘B jPh‘G îauhgi l¥¬¬‰h gl¬M ¬r¢Œm ‘HP¬M Ugn H®rG.
B ¢l”K îauhG Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m td PhG YgR HgfhF.
уп фªб Зд´ШªŒ ЗаШªц¬º † ихгб гС°ф¬ ЗаийСны. † и³¨хб ЗатС‰ ны°нрª.
îƒH Hk¨…¶ H™auhG UK ¨V¢R HgO¨¶’ •¬V HglŒfQ Ugn ‘qv hT Hgjay¢G )0( ‘Hkj±V ¬r¢Œm Ugn H®rG rfG lPh‘gm H™auhG lVM •OVN.
7-8 HsjO¬HL Hga‘H¢m Hg”§Vf¢m
HsjO¬L lŒfQ jP¬¢¬ Hg‘±hzT td jP¬¢¬ UlG Hga‘H¢m •‘ Hga‘H¢m gl¬U‘lm flV‘Pm. gl«¢¬ lK Hglug‘lhJ Hk±V "8. Hg¨§d fhsjO¬HL Hg…VK".
jk¨…¶ Hga‘H¢m Uk¬ îauhG augm Hgyh«. P¢E B ¢l”K HsjO¬HL Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m ‘Hga‘H¢m Hg”§Vfhz¢m td k…S Hg‘rJ •f¬‰h.
• ¢¥F •B jsjlV tjVM Hg¨§d td £ƒH Hg‘qv •”eV lK 06 ¬r¢Œm.
• r¬ jsOK H®¥«Hx Hglblsm gg¥§h« •ekhx HsjO¬HL Hga‘H¢m. ¢¥F j¥kF rVF H®¨…hG Uk¬ HsjO¬HL Hg¥§h«.
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jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
8- Hg¨§d fhsjO¬HL Hg…VK
Hga‘H¢m:
kPwG lK ObG HgsO‘km Hglkfuem lK Hga‘H¢m Ugn •tqG Hgkjhzµ Uk¬ a‘D r¨v HggPL HgVr¢Œm ‘Hglj‘s¨m Hgs½l“ ”lh
ju¨d •s¢h— Hga‘Hx )îK ‘½¥¬J( ¬V¥m jPl¢V ljl¢«M td k§h¢m Hg¨§d. ‘£‘ Hg¥§h« H®leG td ¨§d Hgs¥R ‘H®qbc
‘gPL HgOk«¢V HglŒ¬¬. ‘¢l”K lK ObG £ƒI Hg‘±¢…m a‘Hx ”l¢hJ ”f¢VM lK Hg¨uhL Ohwm HggPL fk…S Hg¬V¥m )HgVHfum
•‘ HgOhlsm Hgl¥VN(.
îƒHfm Hgegµ:
jshU¬ HglV‘Pm Uk¬ jay¢g§h td sVUm îƒHfm Hgegµ ‘ƒg“ gqlhK Hgj‘«¢v HgljheG gg§‘Hx ¬HOG Hg…VK. kkwp fhsjO¬HL
Hgl¥VN H®‘gn ‘Hgehk¢m(.
8-1 îVah¬HJ ‘jug¢lhJ Hg¨§d
8-1-1 îVah¬HJ Uhlm
• ¢‘wn fïPlhx Hg…VK lsfŒ‰h rfG ‘qv Hg¨uhL fi. B jqv Hg¨uhL td Hg…VK îB Uk¬ Hk¨…hx lwfh– Hg¨§d.
• ‘fhgksfm gg¨§d Ugn lsj‘¢hJ lju¬¬M’ ¢‘wn fhsjO¬HL Hg‘±¢…m Hgl¬U‘lm fhglV‘Pm g¨§d Hg¨uhL fw‘VM ljlhegm Ugn ”htm HBVj…hUhJ.
• ‘f‘¥i UhL’ ¢wuF jŒg¢G Hg…jVM Hg«lk¢m Hgjd ¢sjyVr§h Hg¨§d f«¢h¬M ¬V¥m HgPVHVM )¢l”K ¨§d Hg¨uhL Hgkhqµ Ugn Hgs¨p HgOhV¥d
‘Hg¨uhL Y¢V Hgkhqµ ¬HOG Hg…VK(.
• Uk¬ ¨§d HgPg‘¢hJ •‘ HgOqV‘HJ’ r¬ jj”‘K r¨VHJ Ugn Hg«¥hœ’ ‘gj¥kF P¬‘E £ƒH’ Htjp HgfhF lVj¢K fPVW jhL •ekhx Hg¨§d.
8-1-2 îVah¬HJ ¨§d HggP‘L
• jOjgT Hg…jVM Hg«lk¢m Hgl¨g‘fm g¨§d Hg¨uhL’ Ohwm HggP‘L’ fPsF sl“ ‘¥‘¬M Hg¨uhL ‘fPsF ƒ‘R Hglsj§g“.
• k‘wn fhsjO¬HL lŒ¢hS PVHVM Uk¬ a‘Hx HggPL. •‘ Hgqy¨ fVtR Ugn r¨um HggPL fhsjO¬HL lguŒm. tïƒH ”hkJ ljlhs”m t§ƒH ¢ukd kq‘¥§h’
‘îB Hkj±V gfqv ¬rhzR •OVN Pjn jkqµ.
8-1-3 kwhzp g¨§d HgPg‘¢hJ ‘VrhzR Hgfs”‘¢J
• HsjO¬L r‘HgF lu¬k¢m ¬H”km½ Hgg‘K td ¨§d HgPg‘¢hJ: îƒH julG Ugn HljwhW HgsO‘km fa”G •tqG.
• jj‘rT l¬M Hg¨§d ‘¬V¥m HgPVHVM Hgl¨g‘f¢K Ugn ¥‘¬M Hgu¥¢K ‘¬V¥m jlhs”i.
• j¶”¬ lK ¨§d HgPg‘N fa”G wP¢p lK ObG: Uk¬ Hkj§hx l¬M Hg¨§d’ qv U‘¬ •skhK td •Ugn kŒ¨m fŒhgF HgPg‘N’ tïK gL ¢ugR fhgu¥¢K
t§ƒH ¢ukd kq‘œ HgPg‘N.
• îƒH £f¨ lsj‘N HgPg‘N Uk¬ îOVH¥§h lK Hg…VK’ rL td HglVM HgŒh¬lm fO…Q ¬V¥m HgPVHVM P‘Hgd 01 ¬V¥hJ lz‘¢m ‘P¬¬ l¬M ¨§d •¨‘G
Uk¬ Hgg«‘L.
8-1-4 îVah¬HJ Ohwm f…“ Hg¨uhL Hgl¥l¬ ‘jsO¢K HgOfV
• ¢‘wn f‘qv Hg¨uhL Hgl¥l¬ td Ph‘¢m g¢S g§h Y¨hx Ugn HgVT H®‘G lK Hg…VK.
• ¢¥F t“ Hg¨uhL Hgl¥l¬ f¬‘K Hgg…htm.
• qv H®¨ulm fhg…VK fP¢E j”‘K ¥hkf‰h îgn ¥kF ‘g¢sJ ljVH”lm.
• Uk¬ t“ HggPL Hgl¥l¬’ ¢‘wn f‘qv Hg¨uhL Ugn HgVT HglefJ Ugn Hgl¥VN Hgehkd ‘jV”¢F VT Hgl¥VN H®‘G’ Pjn ¢kwVT HgshzG HglƒHF
fu¢¬‰h UK Hg¨uhL.
• ¢l”K jy¨¢m •a§d HgŒ¨v f‘VR H®g‘l‘k¢‘L.
• ggPw‘G Ugn Of« a§d’ ¢¥F ‘qv Ph‘¢m f§h lhx td rhc Hg…VK.
8-1-5 kwhzp gg¨§d fhga‘H¢m
• fhsjO¬HL ‘±¢…m Hga‘H¢m ’ ¢l”K a‘Hx HggPL Pjn Uk¬ ‘qui td tVK fhV¬ ‘¢kwp fïPlhzi lsfŒ‰h Uk¬ HgVYfm td jy¢¢V kjhzµ Hg¨§d.
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jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
8-2 ¥¬‘G lug‘lhJ Hg¨§d
Hg¥hkF
Hg‘rJ
)fhg¬rhzR(
57 - 08
09 - 001
57 - 08
09 - 59
Hg¥hkF
21 - 51
02 - 52
18
55 - 06
53 - 04
Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m +
¬V¥m HgPVHVM
lz‘¢m
Hg‘rJ
)fhg¬rhzR(
Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m
¬V¥m HgPVHVM
lz‘¢m
‘qv Hgl¥VN
lK •s…G
Hg‘«K Hg‘±¢…m
•k‘Hc Hg¨uhL
H®¨fhR H®‘gn
B«Hk¢h 3 ”¥L - 4 032 - 042 05 - 06 032 - 042 54 - 05
”hk¢‘gd 5,2 ”¥L - 3 022 - 032 52 - 03 022 - 032 52 - 03
l”V‘km Hg…VK 5,2 ”¥L - 3 022 - 032 52 - 03 022 - 032 52 - 03
HggPL
002 - 012
002 - 012
002 - 012
002 - 012
Hg¥hkF
09 - 001
57 - 08
09 - 59
Hg¥hkF
002 - 012
002 - 012
002 - 012
¬¥hœ la‘D 2,1 ”¥L - 3 002 - 012 08 - 09
w¬‘V Hg¬¢“ HgV‘ld 3 ”¥L - 3
•VkF la‘D 5,1 ”¥L - 3
gPL Hgq¶K 5,1 ”¥L - 3
HggP‘L Hgla‘¢m
£hlf‘V¥V 1 ”¥L Hga‘H¢m 5 - 11 7 - 11 7
Hgqg‘c 5,1 ”¥L Hga‘H¢m 5 - 51 5 - 51 5
”fhF 5,1 ”¥L Hga‘H¢m 5 - 11 01 - 11 5
sl“
081 - 091 52 - 03
081 - 091 53 - 04
081 - 091 52 - 03
53 - 04
52 - 03
081 - 091
081 - 091
lh”V¢G 8 ”¥L - 3 081 - 091 52 - 03
sl“ Hgsgl‘K HglVr¨ 3,1 ”¥L - 3
sl“ HgjVS 1 ”¥L - 3
Hgsl“ Hgla‘N
5- 7 3 - 7 5
Hga‘H¢m
”fhF Hgsl“ 1 ”¥L
HgOf« ‘Hg…‘”hjah H™¢¨hg¢m
Hgf¢j«H 1 ”¥L - 3 042 21 - 51 042
002 02 - 52
081
02 - 52
HgOf« 1 ”¥L - 3 002 02 - 52
Hg…‘”hjah H™¢¨hg¢m 1 ”¥L - 3 002
HgPg‘¢hJ
081
081
081
Hgfs”‘¢J ‘Hg…¨hzV 1 ”¥L - 2 091 81
”¢“ Hg¥km 1 ”¥L - 2 091 05 - 55
j‘Vjm flVfn Hg…‘H”i 1 ”¥L - 2 091 53 - 04
Hg”u“ Hgl¬‘V 2,1 ”¥L - 2 091 51 - 05 081 05-55
17
B jalG H®‘rhJ Hgl‘qPm td Hg¥¬H‘G Hgjhg¢m •‘rhJ HgjsO¢K HglsfR ‘HgyVQ lk§h £‘ HBsjVah¬ tŒ¨.
Page 16

jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
9- Hgjk±¢T ‘Hgw¢hkm
B jsjO¬L Hgk…hem HgfOhV¢m td jk±¢T Hg¥§h«’ îƒ r¬ ¢wG HgfOhV îgn H™g”jV‘k¢hJ’ llh ¢jsfF td jg…§h ‘P¬‘E rwV fhg¬‘HzV Hg”§Vf¢m.
jPƒ¢V: gsblj“’ ¢‘wn fhVj¬Hx r…h«HJ Uk¬ HgŒ¢hL f¶D UlG lK •UlhG Hgjk±¢T •‘ Hgw¢hkm HBsjekhz¢m.
B jsjO¬L lkj¥hJ Hgjk±¢T Hgjd jPj‘D Ugn Hg”g‘V •‘ Hgkah¬V •‘ l‘H¬ Hgjf¢¢Q Ugn H®¥«Hx HgP¬¢¬¢m •‘ H®¥«Hx Hgl”s‘M fhglu¬K )”h®k‘¬M •‘
H®s¨p Hglwk‘Um lK Hgk¢”G •‘ Hg”V‘L(.
¢‘wn fhsjO¬HL lkj¥hJ Hgjk±¢T Hgjd j‘tV£h ¥§m Hgjwk¢v.
9-1 jk±¢T HgwgF HglŒh‘L ggw¬•
ggP…h± Ugn H®¥«Hx Hglwk‘Um lK HgwgF Y¢V HgŒhfG ggw¬• fPhgm ¥¢¬M’ ¢¥F jk±¢…§h fw…m lkj±lm fu¬ HBsjO¬HL. ¬U§h jfV¬ •‘B‰.
9-2 Hgjk±¢T Hg¢‘ld Hguh¬D
gjk±¢T •s¨p HgwgF Y¢V HgŒhfG ggw¬• ‘HgP…h± Ug¢§h’ B jsjO¬L îB Hglkj¥hJ Hgjd B jPj‘D Ugn l‘H¬ ”ha¨m •‘ lV”fhJ H®PlhQ HglPj‘¢m
Ugn Hg”g‘V.
¨V¢Œm HBsjO¬HL: Hs”F Hglkjµ Ugn r¨um rlhA lfggm ‘Hlsp Hgs¨p ‘Ha¨…i jlhlh‰ ‘¥……i fhsjO¬HL r¨um rlhA khUlm •‘ r¨um rlhA khUlm.
9-3 fŒv Hg¨uhL ‘Hg…qbJ
B jsjO¬L r¨v H™s…kµ Hglu¬k¢m •‘ Hg”ha¨hJ HgPh¬M îƒH r¬ jjgT Hgs¨p.
HsjO¬L Hglkj¥hJ Hguh¬¢m Y¢V Hg”ha¨m gjk±¢T HgwgF lv HsjO¬HL •¬HM Oaf¢m •‘ fbsj¢”¢m Uk¬ Hgg«‘L’ ‘Ha¨T Hgs¨p jlhl‰h ‘¥……i fhsjO¬HL
r¨um rlhA khUlm •‘ r¨um rlhA g¢…¢m.
B jjV“ fŒh¢h H®¨ulm Hgjd jPj‘D Ugn l”‘khJ Hgs”V )leG HglVfn( ¬HOG Hg…VK’ îƒ r¬ jC¬D £ƒI H®¨ulm îgn jgT f¨hkm Hg¨bx fhg…VK td PhG
fŒhz§h g…jVM ¨‘¢gm.
9-4 jk±¢T l”‘khJ s¨p Hg¨§d
9-4-1 P‘HlG H®‘Hkd
•OVœ HgP‘HlG ‘k±…§h fhglhx Hg…hjV lsju¢kh‰ flk±T Y¢V ”ha¨ lv Hgj¶”¬ lK î«Hgm •D ra‘V ljVsfm. ¥……§h jlhl‰h ‘lK eL •U¬£h îgn s¨p Hgl‘r¬.
¢l”K •K ¢jsfF HBjwhG HglfhaV ggP‘HlG ‘Hgg§F td jy¢V g‘K Hg¨bx Hgl‘¥‘¬ fhgŒVF lK Hglkh¨R HgshOkm lv lV‘V Hg‘rJ. ‘£ƒI Hg±h£VM
¨f¢u¢m ¥¬‰h ‘g¢S g§h j¶e¢V Ugn jay¢G £ƒH Hgl”‘K.
B jysG £ƒI H®¥«Hx fyshgm H®¨fhR.
18
Page 17

jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
9-4-2 •Y¨¢m HgaubJ ‘•Y¨¢m fhUE Hgg§F
¢l”K î«Hgm •Y¨¢m HgaubJ ‘•Y¨¢m fhUehJ Hgg§F gs§‘gm Hgjk±¢T. HYsg§h fhglhx Hg¬Ht° lsju¢k‰h flk±T Y¢V ”ha¨
lv Hgj¶”¬ lK î«Hgm •D ra‘V ljVsfm ‘HBkj±hV Pjn j¥T jlhl‰h.
qv •Y¨¢m fhUE Hgg§F td l‘Hqu§h HgwP¢Pm ‘•¢q‰h •Y¨¢m HgaubJ HgOhwm f”G¸ lk§h’ lv Hgj¶”¬ lK lPhƒHM
Hg…jPhJ A Hgl‘¥‘¬M ffhUehJ Hgg§F lv r‘HfS HgaVHVM ‘Hgl«¬‘¥hJ HgPVHV¢m.
B jysG £ƒI H®¥«Hx fyshgm H®¨fhR.
9-4-3 r‘HfS HgaVHVM ‘Hgl«¬‘¥hJ HgPVHV¢m
Pjn julG r‘HU¬ HgaVHVM ‘Hgl«¬‘¥hJ HgPVHV¢m fa”G wP¢p’ ¢¥F HgPVW ¬‘l‰h Ugn jk±¢…§h jk±¢…‰h ¥¢¬‰h.
HtPw§h lK P¢K ·OV ‘rL fjk±¢…§h fhsjO¬HL r¨um rlhA lfggm Uk¬ HgqV‘VM. rL fï«Hgm •D fŒh¢h ¥htm f‘Hs¨m
U‘¬ jk±¢T •skhK •‘ îfVM.
B jsjO¬L lkj¥hJ Hgjk±¢T Hgjd jPj‘D Ugn Hg”g‘V •‘ Hgkah¬V •‘ l‘H¬ Hgjf¢¢Q Ugn H®¥«Hx HgP¬¢¬¢m •‘ H®¥«Hx Hgl”s‘M fhglu¬K )”h®k‘¬M •‘
H®s¨p Hglwk‘Um lK Hgk¢”G •‘ Hg”V‘L(.
19
Page 18

jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
9-5 jk±¢T Hg…VK
•
rL fjk±¢T •VtT Hg…VK fhsjO¬HL Hglhx HgshOK ‘l‘H¬ lk±…m Y¢V ”ha¨m. Hga¨T ‘Hgj¥…¢T
• ¢l”K î«Hgm HgfhF gqlhK Hgjk±¢T fl«¢¬ lK Hgs§‘gm )Hk±V "1,01 k«c HgfhF "(
¢kfyd jay¢G Hg…VK f¬V¥m HgPVHVM HgŒw‘N gl¬M 51/02 ¬r¢Œm fu¬ HsjO¬HL lkj¥hJ lu¢km ggP¬ lK j”‘K HgjVs¢fhJ f¬HOG Hg…VK.
Uk¬ H”jlhG Hgulg¢m’ ¢kfyd j¥…¢T H®¥«Hx Hglfggm jlhl‰h.
9-5-1 jk±¢T «¥hœ HgfhF
¢¥F HgP…h± Ugn k±htm «¥hœ HgfhF. HsjO¬L ‘VR Hgl¨fo HglhW ggjk±¢T. td Phgm ‘¥‘¬ fŒv Oakm’ k±…§h fhsjO¬HL r¨um îs…kµ V¨fm lsju¢kh‰
fïP¬N Hgl‘H¬ Hgl¨§VM Hguh¬¢m.
B jsjO¬L Hglk±…hJ H·”gm •‘ Hg”ha¨m td jk±¢T Hgg‘PhJ Hg«¥h¥¢m gfhF Hg…VK )”hglshP¢R ‘l«¢G HgfŒv ‘HBs…k¥hJ Hgsg”¢m(. B jsjO¬L Hgl‘H¬
HgOakm •‘ Hg”ha¨m •‘ Hg”ha¨hJ Hglu¬k¢m HgPh¬M gjk±¢T •f‘HF H®tVHK Hg«¥h¥¢m’ tŒ¬ jO¬A Hgs¨p ‘jC¬D îgn Hk”shV Hg«¥hœ.
9-5-2 jk±¢T s¬H¬M HgfhF
gbPj…h± fhgs¬H¬M k±¢…m’ HsjO¬L îs…k¥m Y¢V ”ha¨m ‘lhx thjV. B f¬ •K j”‘K Hgs¬H¬M k±¢…m ‘lVkm )fhsjekhx ¨V« HgjPgG HgPVHVD(.
td ¨V« HgjPgG HgPVHVD r¬ jkfVD Hgs¬H¬M flV‘V Hg‘rJ ‘j…Œ¬ a”g§h H®wgd. Bsjuh¬M a”G Hgs¬H¬M H®wgd’ HPaV£h td P¢« q¢R ”hlgm’ ‘£‘
lh ¢shU¬ •¢q‰h td î«Hgm H®‘sh— Hgl‘¥‘¬M Ug¢§h.
20
Page 19

jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
01-Hgw¢hkm HBsjekhz¢m
¢Pjhœ Hg…VK gw¢hkm ¬‘V¢m fs¢¨m •‘ Hsjf¬HG g©¥«Hx HgluVqm ggjgT leG HgPa¢hJ ‘Hglwhf¢p ‘lh îgn ƒg“. ‘t¢lh ¢gd j‘q¢p H™Vah¬HJ
HglP¬¬M g”G Ulg¢m lK £ƒH Hgk‘c.
rfG î¥VHx •D Ulg¢m w¢hkm jj¨gF Hg‘w‘G îgn Hgl”‘khJ HgP¢m’ HtwG Hg¥§h« UK lw¬V Hg¨hrm Hg”§Vf¢m.
jPƒ¢V: gsblj“’ ¢‘wn fhVj¬Hx r…h«HJ Uk¬ HgŒ¢hL f¶D UlG lK •UlhG Hgjk±¢T •‘ Hgw¢hkm HBsjekhz¢m.
01-1 î«Hgm HgfhF
3- ›ЪªыЙ иСЯнИ ЗайªИ¡ Цœ ЗагтХаин‰ уп Затифин‰
ЗагщХХин‰ азгª уп ЗатС‰ °и¤Яы г‰ Г‰ З€„¢ЗБ
Загф¢¢Й A г£и´СЙ игªгрª уп Затифин‰. Зщт» ЗайªИ
°йг„Сы гª Г‰ н£и´С уп гЯªдТ цш йс¢За¬ Заг£гªСн‰ г‰
Затифин‰ Заг°„°ыин‰ йªагтХаин‰.
2- Гг£¸ ЗайªИ г‰ „ªдйнТ йнын¸¡
°ЗСухТ г¨Я‚р ¢З°н¬ цыСеª ф°Зап
03 ыС„¬ °Зд¢ЪТ.
1- Зуиƒ ЗайªИ Ъ‰ ВщСМ °Гыщб г£гªСн‰ уп
Затифин‰ Заг°Цфин‰ уп За¨Яб.
01-2 Hsjf¬HG lwfh– H™qhxM
jPƒ¢V: j¶”¬ lK hT jay¢G Hg¥§h« rfG Hsjf¬HG Hglwfh– ‘j¥kF O¨V Hgw¬lm Hg”§Vfhz¢m.
îƒH ”kJ fPh¥m îgn Hsjf¬HG Hglwfh– fsfF jg…i •‘ HPjVHri’ rL f…“ Y¨hx Hgglfm. eL rL fï«Hgm
Hgglfm UK ¨V¢R t”§h ‘fu¬ ƒg“ Hsjf¬g§h fle¢gm g§h )52 ‘HJ(.
01-3 î«Hgm s¬H¬HJ HgfhF
¢l”K î«Hgm s¬H¬M HgfhF ggslh– fjk±¢T Hg…VK fw‘VM •tqG.
¢‘¥¬ lahf“ Ugn ¥l¢v Hg¥‘HkF H®Vfum gVf¨ Hgs¬H¬M fPhtm Hg…VK. HsPF P‘HT Hgs¬H¬M îgn
HgOhVœ g…“ Hglahf“. ¢¥F Hsjf¬HG Hgs¬H¬M Uk¬lh j…Œ¬ lV‘kj§h ‘jwfp •”eV rs‘M.
21
Page 20

HVah¬HJ g…kd jV”¢F Hg¥§h«
11-HgjVӢF
11-1 HgjV”¢F td ‘P¬HJ Hgl¨fo
¢¥F •K j”‘K Hg¨fŒm HgOhV¥¢m •‘ Hgl‘H¬ HgbwŒm •‘ Hgjyg¢…hJ Hgfbsj¢”¢m Hgl‘¥‘¬M Ugn H®ehehJ HgŒV¢fm lŒh‘lm ggPVHVM )lh B ¢ŒG UK 09 ¬V¥m
lz‘¢m(. îƒH gL j”K £ƒI Hg‘P¬HJ lŒh‘lm ggPVHVM fhgŒ¬V Hgb«L’ tŒ¬ jjgT flV‘V Hg‘rJ.
¢¥F •K ¢j‘gn jV”¢F Hg¥§h« tkd ljOwW PsF Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h.
‘Hsjkh¬‰h îgn k‘c HgjV”¢F’ ¢kjld £ƒH Hg¥§h« îgn Hg…zm 2’ Hg…zm Hgehk‘¢m 1 )Hga”G A - Hga”G B( •‘ Hg…zm 1 )Hga”G C(.
¢l”K jV”¢F Hg¥§h« fhgŒVF lK Hg¥¬VHK ‘¢¥F •K ¢”‘K •P¬£h •Ugn lK Hg¥§h« flshtm B jŒG UK 05 lgL lK ¥hkF Hg¥§h«’ ”lh £‘ l‘qp td
Hga”g¢K "A" ‘"C" HgljugŒhK f¶k‘Hc HgjV”¢F.
j¶”¬ lK ‘¥‘¬ lshtm P‘Hgd 572 lL Ugn H®rG f¢K Hgl‘Hr¬ ‘•D VT r¬ ¢jL jV”¢fi t‘r§h lfhaVM. îƒH jL jV”¢F a…h¨ j§‘¢m t‘R Hgl‘Hr¬’ VH¥v
¬g¢G HglsjO¬L HglVtR lv Hga…h¨ ggj¶”¬ lK Hjfhc Hgjug¢lhJ
¥§h« l¬lµ
)Hg…zm 2’ Hg…zm Hg…VU¢m 1(
¥§h« l¬lµ
)Hg…zm 2’ Hg…zm Hg…VU¢m 1(
¥§h« l¬U‘L ƒHj¢‰h )Hg…zm 1(
22
Page 21

HVah¬HJ g…kd jV”¢F Hg¥§h«
11-2 j§‘¢m HgyVtm ‘îOVHœ lOg…hJ HBPjVHR
¢¥F j§‘¢m HgyVtm Hgjd ¢‘¥¬ f§h Hg¥§h« ¬‘l‰h ‘tŒ‰h ggluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h’ ¢¥F •K jjljv HgyVtm Hgjd ¢jL jV”¢F Hg¥§h« f§h fj§‘¢m ¥¢¬M Ugn HgkP‘
Hgl¨g‘F HgƒD ¢shU¬ Ugn HPjVHR Hgyh« ‘j§‘¢m HgyVtm. ‘¢¥F •K jj…R •fuh¬ lkhtƒ Hg§‘Hx Hgl‘¥‘¬M OgT Hga‘H¢m lv Hgluh¢¢V HgPhg¢m ”lh ¢¥F •K
j”‘K td ‘qv ¢P‘G ¬‘K Hks¬H¬ •D ¥«x lk§h.
¢¥F HgP…h± Ugn Hgj§‘¢m Hg¥¢¬M gg¥§h« fyVQ jŒg¢G HgPVHVM ‘HgV¨‘fm Hgkhj¥¢K UK •UlhG Hg¨§d: ¢‘wn f…jp khtƒM •‘ «¢h¬M sVUm •D lVH‘–
‘Ohwm fu¬ HBsjO¬HL g…jVM ¨‘¢gm.
¢¥F HsjOVHœ lkj¥hJ HBPjVHR fh®Y¨¢m Hgljwgm fl¬Okm HgsPF Hg¨f¢ud HgehfJ ”…hxj§h •‘ UK ¨V¢R HBsjOVHœ HgŒsVD. ‘¢j¨gF k±hL
HsjObW £ƒI HglOg…hJ HgjO¨¢¨ Hg¬r¢R lK rˆfG tkd lC£G ljOwW td £ƒH Hgl¥hG Ugn •K ¢j…R £ƒH H®lV lv Hgl‘Hqv ‘HglshthJ Hgjd jP¬¬£h
Hgg‘Hzp. ‘Uk¬ HBkj§hx’ ¢w¬V Hg…kd HgljOwW a§h¬M Hgl¨hfŒm.
HBsjOVHœ fhsjO¬HL Y¨hx
HBsjOVHœ ¬‘K HsjO¬HL Y¨hx.
l¬Okm HgsPF Hg¨f¢ud Hg…V¢¬M.
l¬Okm ‘HP¬M l¬U‘lm flV‘Pm lsjOVœ.
H™OVHœ td Hg§‘Hx Hg¨gR lfhaVM fhsjO¬HL
lV‘Pm HglsjOVœ Hglefjm fhgPhz¨ •‘ HgkhtƒM.
H™OVHœ HglfhaV lK ObG HgPhz¨.
Hg§‘Hx
lkj¥hJ HBPjVHR
lV‘Pm HglsjOVœ
23
Page 22

HVah¬HJ g…kd jV”¢F Hg¥§h«
11-3 j‘w¢bJ Hgyh«
Uk¬ HBkj§hx lK HgjV”¢F’ j¶”¬ lK U¬L ‘¥‘¬ •D jsVF fhsjO¬HL shzG whf‘kd’ ‘B jŒVF îg¢§h lw¬V g§F.
¢¥F •K ¢”‘K U«L Hga¬ f¢K Hgj‘w¢bJ Hgjd jalG Hguh«G f¢K 01 ‘51 khk‘ ljV‰h.
fu¬ î¥VHx •D Ulg¢m fhg¥§h«’ j¶”¬ •K ‘wbJ Hgyh« lP”lm HgygR.
îƒH ”hK Hg¥§h« ¢ulG fhgyh« HgshzG÷ HsjO¬L lk±L qy¨ l¨hfR ggluh¢¢V ‘rL fj‘w¢gi f¶s¨‘Hkm Hgyh« flh ¢j‘HtR lv
Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h.
j¶”¬ •K qy¨ Hgjyƒ¢m ¢j‘HtR lv HgŒ¢L Hgl‘qPm fhg¥¬‘G "4,21 ¥¬‘G OwhzW HgaubJ ‘Hg…‘£hJ".
11-3-1Hgj‘w¢G fOV¨‘L l¨h¨d
jPƒ¢V: B jsVD Hgjug¢lhJ Hgjhg¢m îB Ugn jV”¢fhJ Hg…zm 1. Hk±V Hga”G C td Hg…wG "1,11 HgjV”¢F td ‘P¬HJ Hgl¨fo".
B ¢½slp fhgj‘w¢G fhsjO¬HL HgOVH¨¢L Hgl¨h¨¢m ‘Hglj‘HtŒm lv Hgluh¢¢V HgPhg¢m îB îƒH •l”K tPW HgOV¨‘L f¶”lgi.
‘¢¥F •K ¢”‘K HgŒ¨V Hg¬HOgd ggOV¨‘L 8 lgL ggyh« HgshzG ‘31 lgL ggyh« Hg¨f¢ud ‘Yh« Hgl¬¢km.
¢¥F jV”¢F HgOV¨‘L Hgl¨h¨d HgƒD ¢j…R lv Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h fP¢E B ¢«¢¬ ¨‘G HgOV¨‘L UK 5,1 ljV÷
j¶”¬ lK •K HgOV¨‘L B ¢blS •¥«Hx ljPV”m ‘Y¢V luVQ gbkPahV f¶¢m w‘VM.
j¶”¬ lK Hsj¢…hx ”htm HgaV‘¨ Hgjhg¢m:
• jef¢J HgOV¨‘L fl‘wG HgOV¨‘L fhsjO¬HL laf“ Hgsblm÷
• U¬L HjwhG •D ¥«x lK HgOV¨‘L f¥¬VHK shOkm )05 ¬V¥m lz‘¢m ”P¬ •rwn(÷
• U¬L ‘r‘c HgOV¨‘L jPJ •D qy¨ ‘g¢S fi lkPk¢hJ •‘ Hgj‘HxHJ÷
• U¬L HjwhG HgOV¨‘L f¶¬‘HJ Ph¬M •‘ «‘H¢h Ph¬M÷
• td PhG gL ¢”K HgOV¨‘L lP”L Hgs¬ •‘ td PhG jsVF Hgyh«’ B jPh‘G îwbPi: Hsjf¬gi fOV¨‘L ¥¬¢¬÷
• j¶”¬ •K HgOV¨‘L Y¢V lkj§d HgwbP¢m )¢‘¥¬ jhV¢o HgwbP¢m Ugn HgOV¨‘L(.
24
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HVah¬HJ g…kd jV”¢F Hg¥§h«
rL fj‘w¢G lw¬V Hgyh« fhsjO¬HL HgOV¨‘L Hgl¨h¨d HgƒD jj…R l‘Hw…hji lv Hgg‘Hzp
Hglul‘G f§h Phg¢‰h )jPŒR lK ‘¥‘¬ OjL Hglu¢hV HglV¥ud Ugn HgOV¨‘L(.
3
1
(’
3
Ugn
1-822 OSI
6
td l‘wG
)1/2" sK
4
•¢qh td l‘wG HgOV¨‘L
td l‘wG Hgyh« gg¥§h«
2
f¢k§L. ‘¢l”K Vf¨ l‘wG HgOV¨‘L
5
Hglj…R lv Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h.
rL fVf¨ l‘wG HgOV¨‘L fPVW
‘qv Hgs¬H¬M
•shS r¨V •kf‘fm Hgyh« HglsjO¬lm. fu¬ Vf¨ Hgl‘wbJ’ rL f¬tv •kf‘F Hgyh«
HgOV¨‘L ‘HP”L YgŒi fhglaf“
11-3-2Hgj‘w¢G fOV¨‘L wgF lVK
jPƒ¢V: jsVN £ƒI H™Vah¬HJ Ugn ¥l¢v •gjV”¢fhJ’ Hk±V Hga”G A’ B’ C td Hg…wG " 1,11HgjV”¢F td ‘P¬HJ Hgl¨fo".
B jsjO¬L s‘N OVH¨¢L wgF jj‘HtR lv Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h ‘Hgjd B ¢«¢¬ ¨‘g§h UK 2 ljV.
2
f¢k§L.
2
f¢k§L. rL
¢l”K î¥VHx £ƒH Hgk‘c lK Hgj‘w¢bJ lv ”G¸ lK H®¥§«M Hgl¬l¥m ‘Hgl¬U‘lm ƒHj¢‰h.
rL fj‘w¢G lw¬V Hgyh« fhsjO¬HL •kf‘F wgF ¥¬HVD lVK jj…R l‘Hw…hji lv Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h.
1
(’ ‘qv Hgs¬H¬M
(’ ‘qv Hgs¬H¬M
3
.
1-822 OSI
1-822 OSI
)1/2" sK
1
)1/2" sK
3
td l‘wG Hgyh« gg¥§h«
3
eL HVf¨ •kf‘F HgwgF HglVK 4 td Hgl‘wG
rL fVf¨ l‘wG HgOV¨‘L fPVW 3 td l‘wG Hgyh« gg¥§h«
11-3-3Hgj‘w¢G fOV¨‘L wgF lVK flOV‘¨ lkhsF )îK ‘¥¬(
jPƒ¢V: jsVN £ƒI H™Vah¬HJ Ugn ¥l¢v •gjV”¢fhJ’ Hk±V Hga”G A’ B’ C td Hg…wG " 1,11HgjV”¢F td ‘P¬HJ Hgl¨fo".
B jsjO¬L s‘N OVH¨¢L wgF jj‘HtR lv Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h ‘Hgjd B ¢«¢¬ ¨‘g§h UK 2 ljV.
¢l”K î¥VHx £ƒH Hgk‘c lK Hgj‘w¢bJ lv ”G¸ lK H®¥§«M Hgl¬l¥m ‘Hgl¬U‘lm ƒHj¢‰h.
rL fj‘w¢G lw¬V Hgyh« fhsjO¬HL •kf‘F wgF ¥¬HVD lVK jj…R l‘Hw…hji lv Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h.
rL fj‘w¢G lw¬V Hgyh« fhsjO¬HL •kf‘F wgF ¥¬HVD lVK jj…R l‘Hw…hji lv Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h.
rL fVf¨ l‘wG HgOV¨‘L fPVW
f‘qv l‘H¬ Uh«gm Ugn O¢¨ Hgl‘wG
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HVah¬HJ g…kd jV”¢F Hg¥§h«
11-4 Hgj‘w¢G fhgj¢hV Hg”§Vfhzd
j¶”¬ lK l¨hfŒm Hg¥§¬ ‘HglŒ¨v HguVqd gO¨ H™l¬H¬ fhg¨hrm ggl‘Hw…hJ Hgl‘qPm Ugn g‘Pm HgjuV¢T Hgl‘¥‘¬M td P¥VM HgjO«¢K’ B j…“ £ƒI
Hgg‘Pm ®D sfF. lVtR fhgjug¢lhJ ksOm lK Hgg‘Pm.
¢¥F j‘w¢G Hg¥§h« flw¬V H™l¬H¬ fhg¨hrm fluVtm tkd¦ ljOwW.
rfG HgŒ¢hL f¶D UlG lK •UlhG Hgw¢hkm •‘ Hgjk±¢T’ ¢¥F twG lw¬V Hg¨hrm UK Hg¥§h«.
¢¥F j‘w¢G Hg¥§h« fh®Vqd ‘tŒ‰h gg‘Hzp sblm Hgk±hL Hg”§Vfd.
Uk¬ j‘w¢G Hg¥§h« faf”m Hg”§Vfhx lK ObG lŒfS ‘rhfS÷ ¢¥F •K ¢”‘K ”b£lh lK k…S Hgk‘c ”lh ¢¥F j‘w¢g§lh f”fG Hg¨hrm ‘tŒ‰h ggluh¢¢V
HgPhg¢m. ¢¥F •K ¢”‘K HglŒfS ljhPh‰ ‘td Hgljkh‘G fu¬ jV”¢F Hg¥§h«.
j¥kF twG HgŒhfS fsPfi lK Hg”hfG.
îƒH Hsj¬UJ HgPh¥m Hsjf¬HG ”fG Hgj¶V¢Q÷ tïki ¢¥F •K ¢”‘K •¨‘G lK •sb“ Hgj‘w¢G HgPhg¢m fP¢E îƒH jsfF HglŒfS td jgT ”fG Hg¨hrm’ ¢l”K
twG Hg”fG.
j…h¬N HsjO¬HL HglP‘BJ ‘l¥«zhJ Hgj¢hV ®k§h r¬ jjsfF td P¬‘E sO‘km «Hz¬M ‘O¨V HBPjVHR.
‘td Phgm HsjO¬HL ‘wgm ehfjm’ rL fj«‘¢¬ ‘wgm Hg”§Vfhx fŒh¨v ¬HzVM ”§Vfhz¢m •Ph¬D HgŒ¨F •‘ l…jh– U«G flshtm tjPm HjwhG •”fV lK 3 lL
•‘ lsh‘¢m g§h td l‘qv ¢s§G Hg‘w‘G îg¢i fhgŒVF lK Hg¥§h«.
jOgd ¥§m Hgjwk¢v lsC‘g¢j§h fhg”hlG UK H®qVHV Hgjd r¬ jgPR fh®aOhW •‘ H®a¢hx Hgjd r¬ jP¬E kj¢¥m gu¬L lVHUhM lh jŒ¬L lK î¢qhPhJ
•‘ HgjuhlG Y¢V HgwP¢p lv •D ¥«x lK •¥«Hx Hg…VK.
k‘c Hg”fG
)îK gL ¢‘¥¬(
2
3 x 5,1lL
¥hkF Hg¥§h«
•k‘Hc Hgj‘w¢G HglPjlgm
022 - 042 t‘gJ ~N1 ebed H®r¨hF
k‘c Hg¥§h«
)sL(
• HsjO¬L ”fG lŒhL g¬V¥m HgPVHVM jŒ¬V f 09 ¬V¥m lz‘¢m ”P¬ •¬kn.
• ja¢V HgŒ¢L HglahV îg¢§h •UbI îgn HglŒ¨v HguVqd ggl‘wG Hg¬HOgd.
• ¢¥F •K ¢”‘K U«L Hga¬ f¢K lshl¢V •sb“ Hg¨hrm Hg¨Vt¢m f¢K 5,1 - 2 khk‘ ljV.
• ¢jL jP¬¢¬ P¥L ”fbJ Hg¨hrm HglahV îg¢§h shfŒ‰h lv lVHUhM UhlG Hgj¨hfR )‘tŒ‰h glu¢hV 6-2-53306 NE(.
26
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HVah¬HJ g…kd jV”¢F Hg¥§h«
11-5 ‘qv HgŒhU¬M )td fuQ Hg¨VH«HJ tŒ¨(
¢¥F ‘qv HgŒhU¬M fa”G ¬HzL ‘îP”hl§h td Hg¥§h« Ugn kP‘ wP¢p.
1 rL f…“ Hglshl¢V H®Vfum )A( Hgl‘¥‘¬M fs¨p Hg¥§h« )2 f”G ¥hkF(
2 •P”L jef¢J HgŒhU¬M fhg¥«x Hgug‘D’ ‘HPVW Ugn lPhƒHM tjPhJ HgŒhU¬M )B( lv
Hglshl¢V)A(.
3 •P”L jef¢J HgŒhU¬M fhg¥«x Hgug‘D lK ObG îP”hL Vf¨ Hglshl¢V )A(
11-6 ‘qv ‘qf¨ Hsj‘Hx Hgeb¥m
fu¬ î¥VHx Hgj‘w¢bJ Hg”§Vfhz¢m ‘/•‘ j‘w¢bJ Hgyh«’ qv Hg¥§h« Ugn H®VQ
fP¢E ¢”‘K td ‘qv lsj‘ ‘ƒg“ fhsjO¬HL •V¥G Hgqf¨ H®Vfv. qv •‘B H®V¥G
H®lhl¢m eL HgOg…¢m.
¢¥F ‘qv Hg¥§h« td ‘qv lsj‘ gqlhK efhji fa”G •tqG. rL f…“ lshl¢V Hg¥«x
Hgs…gd lK H®V¥G •‘ Vf¨§h Pjn ¢efJ Hg¥§h« ‘¢sjŒV Ugn H®VQ.
gj…h¬D •D qVV fhg¥§h«’ ¢kwp fjV”¢F HgŒ¬L H®lhl¢m •‘B‰ eL HgOg…¢m.
27
Page 26

HVah¬HJ g…kd jV”¢F Hg¥§h«
11-7 P‘HlG Hgjef¢J fhgPhz¨ )îK ‘¥¬J(
2(
4(
1(
3(
6(
5(
28
Page 27

HVah¬HJ g…kd jV”¢F Hg¥§h«
21-Hsjf¬HG Hg…‘£hJ
rfG HgŒ¢hL f¶D UlG lK •UlhG Hgw¢hkm •‘ Hgjk±¢T’ ¢¥F twG lw¬V Hg¨hrm UK Hg¥§h«.
Hg¥§h« Hgl§¢¶ ggulG fhgyh«: 13G/03G GPL fqy¨ ¢wG îgn 03/73 l¢ggd fhV )Hk±V HglgwR Hgl‘¥‘¬ Ugn Hglkjµ(
td PhG Hgjay¢G fhsjO¬HL •k‘Hc •OVN lK Hgyh«’ tïki ¢¥F jy¢¢V t‘£hJ HgaubJ ‘qf¨ HgP¬ H®¬kn lK Hgaugm Ugn lPhfS Hgyh«.
‘gjy¢¢V Hg…‘£hJ’ Ug¢“ fhjfhc Hgjug¢lhJ Hg‘HV¬M td Hg…ŒVM Hgjhg¢m.
21-1 Hsjf¬HG t‘£hJ Hgaugm
1 Hk«c P‘HlG H®‘U¢m ‘•«G ¥l¢v H®Y¨¢m ‘¥l¢v •Y¨¢m f‘HUE Hgg§F gg‘w‘G îgn •Y¨¢m Hgaugm.
2 rL f…“ Hg…‘£hJ fhsjO¬HL l…jh– gŒlm lŒhS 7 lgL.
3 Hsjf¬G Hg…‘£hJ ‘tŒ‰h gk‘c Hgyh« HglVH¬ HsjO¬Hli )Hk±V Hg…ŒVM(.
4 qv ”G l‘r¬ td l”hki HgwP¢p.
îqhtd
afi sV¢v
21-2 Hsjf¬HG t‘£m Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m
1 •«G ”htm HglPj‘¢hJ lK ¬HOG Hg…VK )leG HgVt‘T ‘Hgw‘Hkd
‘Obti(.
2 HVtv rhU¬M Hg…VK ‘HsPf§h ggOhVœ ”lh £‘ l‘qp fhga”G.
3 rL f…“ lshl¢V Hgjef¢J A ‘B f”g¢m.
4 rL fï«Hgm HgŒ…G HgƒD ¢efJ Hgl«¬‘¥m HgPVHV¢m ‘HglauG HglefJ
flslhV A.
5 HsPF HglauG ggOhVœ Pjn ¢l”k“ Hg‘w‘G gg…‘£m.
6 fhsjO¬HL l…jh– gŒlm lŒhS 7 lL’ Hsjf¬G Hg…‘£m ‘rL fï¬OhG
t‘£m ¥¬¢¬M jkhsF k‘c Hgyh« HglsjO¬L )Hk±V Hg¥¬‘G "21-4
OwhzW Hg…‘£m ‘HgPhVR"(
21-3 jk±¢L HgaubJ
Hgaugm
29
sV¢v
thzŒm HgsVUm
Page 28

HVah¬HJ g…kd jV”¢F Hg¥§h«
21-4 ¥¬‘G OwhzW Hgaugm ‘Hg…‘£m
HgŒ¬VM
Hgyh« HgshzG - 73/82 13G/03G l¢ggd fhV
HgŒ¬VM
)¥hg‘K/HgshUm 13G(
HgŒ¬VM HglkO…qm
)‘HJ(
)¥hg‘K/HgshUm 03G(
HgŒ¬VM HglkO…qm
)‘HJ(
Hgyh« Hg¨f¢ud - l¢ggd fhV 02 02G
HgP¥VM H®lhl¢m
)Hgl¨f‘Um Ugn Hg…‘£m(
r¨V Hg…‘£m
)001/1 lgL(
r¨V Hg…‘£m
)001/1 lgL(
sum HgjsO¢K HglŒ¬VM
)”¢g‘ ‘HJ(
sum HgjsO¢K HglŒ¬VM
)”¢g‘ ‘HJ(
Hgaugm
îqhtd 0,1 05 053 37 17
afi sV¢v 8,1 56 054 131 921
sV¢v 0,3 58 008 812 412
thzŒm HgsVUm 0,4 001 0051 192 682
Hg…VK 2,4 001 0021 603 003
Hgaugm
îqhtd 0,1 27 )X( 004
afi sV¢v 8,1 79 )Z( 005
sV¢v 0,3 511 )Y( 008
thzŒm HgsVUm 9,3 531 )S( 0061
Hg…VK 2,4 541 )3H( 0031
îgn HgP¬ H®¬kn Hgl¨g‘F lK Hgg§F.
lK ‘qv HgP¬ H®rwn îgn ‘qv HgP¬ H®¬kn(. ¢¥F UlG £ƒH H™¥VHx •ekhx YgR HgfhF.
21-5 Hgulg¢hJ Hgk§hz¢m
fu¬ Hsjf¬HG Hg…‘£hJ’ •U¬ jV”¢F •Y¨¢m HgaubJ ‘P‘HlG H®‘Hkd.
Uk¬ qf¨ Hg¥§h« Ugn k‘U¢m Yh« Y¢V Hgjd ”hK Ug¢§h td H®wG÷ Hsjf¬G lgwR Hgyh« HglefJ Ugn Hg¥§h« flgwR Hgk‘U¢m Hg¥¬¢¬M. ¢‘¥¬ £ƒH
HglgwR ¬HOG Uf‘M Hg…‘£hJ )îK ‘¥¬J(.
21-5-1qf¨ •¬kn îU¬H¬ ggyh« Hg¨f¢ud
•‘r¬ Hgaugm ‘Hqf¨§h Ugn HgP¬ H®¬kn. •OVœ lŒfQ lPfS Hgyh« ‘•¬V fVHYd Hgqf¨ Ugn ¥hkF rq¢F
HglPfS )PsF Hg¨VH«( Pjn ¢jL Hg‘w‘G îgn HgP¬ H®¬kn Hgl¨g‘F lK Hgg§F. •U¬ HglŒfQ îgn l‘qui ‘j¶”¬
lK HsjŒVHV g§F Hgaugm )¢¥F •B jk¨…° Hgaugm Uk¬ î¬HVM HglŒfQ sV¢u‰h lK ‘qv HgP¬ H®rwn îgn ‘qv HgP¬
H®¬kn(. ”VV jg“ Hgulg¢m lv ”htm lPhfS Hgyh«.
21-5-2qf¨ Hg‘qv H®¬kn gaugm tVK Hgyh«
1 •auG Hg…VK ‘HjV”i gl¬M B j«¢¬ UK 01/51 ¬r¢Œm.
2 eL •¬V HglŒfQ Ugn •¬kn ¬V¥m PVHVM.
3 •OVœ lŒfQ lPfS Hgyh« ‘•¬V fVHYd Hgqf¨ Ugn ¥hkF rq¢F HglPfS )PsF Hg¨VH«( Pjn ¢jL Hg‘w‘G
4 •U¬ HglŒfQ îgn l‘qui ‘j¶”¬ lK HsjŒVHV g§F Hgaugm )¢¥F •B jk¨…° Hgaugm Uk¬ î¬HVM HglŒfQ sV¢u‰h
30