HglPj‘¢hJ
1- Vah¬HJ HBsjO¬HL ............................................................................................................................ 4
2- HPj¢h¨hJ Hgsblm ............................................................................................................................. 6
3- Hgukh¢m fhgf¢zm................................................................................................................................... 8
3-1 Hgukh¢m Hgf¢z¢m ...........................................................................................................................................................8
3
-2 lahV”j“ td Hgukh¢m fhgf¢zm ..........................................................................................................................................8
4- juVT Ugn ¥§h«“ ........................................................................................................................... 9
4-1 ‘wT UkhwV HgjP”L Hgl‘¥‘¬M fhgg‘Pm H®lhl¢m ...............................................................................................................01
5- HglgPŒhJ Hglj‘tVM .......................................................................................................................... 11
5-1 HsjO¬HL H®VtT •‘ Hgw‘Hkd .......................................................................................................................................11
5
-2 HsjO¬HL H®VtT Hg¬HUL .............................................................................................................................................11
5
-3 HsjO¬HL P‘HlG O…Q lsj‘N H®‘Hkd ............................................................................................................................11
6- HsjO¬HL s¨p l‘r¬ Hg¨§d ................................................................................................................. 21
6-1 jPƒ¢VHJ ‘îVah¬HJ Uhlm ..........................................................................................................................................21
6
-2 îauhG lahUG s¨p Hgl‘r¬ ........................................................................................................................................21
6
-3glPhJ Ulg¢m UK HsjO¬HL lahUG s¨p Hgl‘r¬ ...................................................................................................................21Z
6
-4 •r¨hV •‘kd Hg¨§d ..................................................................................................................................................21
7- HsjO¬HL Hg…VK ............................................................................................................................... 31
7-1 rfG HsjO¬HL Hg¥§h« .................................................................................................................................................31
7
-2 l¥hVD Hg…VK .......................................................................................................................................................31
7
-3 P¥VM HgjO«¢K )jj‘tV td fuQ Hg¨VH«HJ tŒ¨(.................................................................................................................31
7
-4 k±hL HgjfV¢¬ ..........................................................................................................................................................31
7
-5 Hglwfh– Hg¬HOgd.....................................................................................................................................................31
7
-6 jPƒ¢VHJ Uhlm ‘îVah¬HJ HBsjO¬HL ...............................................................................................................................41
-7 HsjO¬HL Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m...............................................................................................................................................51
7
7
-8 HsjO¬HL Hga‘H¢m Hg”§Vf¢m ...........................................................................................................................................51
8- Hg¨§d fhsjO¬HL Hg…VK....................................................................................................................... 61
8-1 îVah¬HJ ‘jug¢lhJ Hg¨§d ..........................................................................................................................................61
8
-2 ¥¬‘G lug‘lhJ Ulg¢m Hg¨§d ......................................................................................................................................71
9- gjk±¢T ‘Hgw¢hkm ........................................................................................................................... 81
9-1 jk±¢T HgwgF Y¢V HgŒhfG ggw¬• ...................................................................................................................................81
9
-2 Hgjk±¢T Hg¢‘ld Hguh¬D..............................................................................................................................................81
9
-3 fŒv Hg¨uhL ‘Hg…qbJ ...............................................................................................................................................81
9
-4 jk±¢T l”‘khJ s¨p Hg¨§d .......................................................................................................................................81
9
-5 jk±¢T Hg…VK.........................................................................................................................................................02
01- Hgw¢hkm HBsjekhz¢m........................................................................................................................ 12
01-1 k«c HgfhF ..........................................................................................................................................................12
01
-2 Hsjf¬HG lwfh– H™qhxM .........................................................................................................................................12
01
-3 k«c HgfhF .........................................................................................................................................................12
11- HgjVӢF..................................................................................................................................... 22
11-1 HgjV”¢F td ‘P¬HJ Hgl¨fo ......................................................................................................................................22
-2 j§‘¢m HgyVtm ‘îOVHœ lOg…hJ HBPjVHR ........................................................................................................................32
11
11
-3 j‘w¢bJ Hgyh« ...................................................................................................................................................42
11
-4 Hgj‘w¢G fhgj¢hV Hg”§Vfd .........................................................................................................................................62
-5 ‘qv HgŒhU¬M )td fuQ Hg¨VH«HJ tŒ¨( ........................................................................................................................72
11
11
-6 ‘qv ‘qf¨ Hsj‘Hx Hg¥§h« ......................................................................................................................................72
11
-7 P‘HlG Hgjef¢J fhgPhz¨ )îK ‘¥¬J( ..............................................................................................................................82
21- Hsjf¬HG Hg…‘£hJ .......................................................................................................................... 92
21-1 Hsjf¬HG t‘£hJ Hgl‘Hr¬ ............................................................................................................................................92
-2 Hsjf¬HG t‘£m Hgaugm Hgs…g¢m ......................................................................................................................................29
21
21
-3jk±¢L HglahUG.......................................................................................................................................................29
21
-4 ¥¬‘G OwhzW HglahUG ‘Hg…‘£hJ ............................................................................................................................03
21
-5 Hgulg¢hJ Hgk§hz¢m....................................................................................................................................................03
jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L: jalG kwhzp gglsjO¬L ‘‘w…‰h ggq‘Hf¨ ‘H™¥VHxHJ HgwP¢Pm gjk±¢T ‘w¢hkm Hg¥§h«.
jug¢lhJ HgjV”¢F: £ƒI Hgjug¢lhJ g©aOhW HglC£gm td HgjuhlG lv H®¥§«M
¢¥F •K ¢Œ‘L Hg…kd fjV”¢F Hg¥§h« ‘qf¨ ‘±hz…i ‘î¥VHx HOjfhV gi.
¢l”K Hgue‘V Ugn l«¢¬ lK Hglug‘lhJ fa¶K Hglkj¥hJ lK Ugn Hgl‘rv: moc.gems.www
3
îVah¬HJ Uhlm
1- îVah¬HJ HBsjO¬HL
îK £ƒH Hg¬g¢G £‘ ¥«x B ¢j¥«• UK Hg¥§h«. ‘fhgjhgd ¢¥F HBPj…h± fi ”hlb‰ td l”hK ¢s§G Hg‘w‘G îg¢i ObG tjVM UlG Hg¥§h« f¶”lg§h. ”lh •kkh
kkwp fŒVHxM £ƒH Hg¬g¢G ‘¥l¢v Hgjug¢lhJ Hg‘HV¬M t¢i fukh¢m rfG HsjO¬HL Hg¥§h«. ‘¢¥F •K ¢jL HgjV”¢F Ugn •¢¬D •tVH¬ lC£g¢K ‘tŒ‰h ggluh¢¢V
Hglul‘G f§h. £ƒH Hg¥§h« lOwW gbsjO¬HL Hglk«gd ‘¢j‘HtR lv j‘¥¢§hJ Hgl…‘q¢m H®‘V‘f¢m Hglul‘G f§h Phg¢‰h. ‘r¬ jL îU¬H¬I ®¬Hx Hg‘±hzT
Hgjhg¢m: ¨§d H®¨ulm ‘jsO¢k§h÷ ‘t¢lh U¬H ƒg“ lK HBsjO¬HlhJ B ¢u¬ lbzl‰h gi.
B jgŒd fuf‘M jyg¢T Hg¥§h« ¬HOG Hglk«G. ‘B jkS •K ju«G ”htm Hgk…h¢hJ ‘jjOgW lk§h td •rVF lsj‘¬c OhW f§ƒH Hgk‘c lK Hgk…h¢hJ.
¢l”K HsjO¬HL £ƒI Hgjug¢lhJ tŒ¨ td Hg¬‘G Hgjd j‘¥¬ HgVl‘« Hgll¢«M g§h Ugn YbT £ƒH Hg¬g¢G.
j¥kF s¬ Hg…jPhJ ‘HgeŒ‘F Hgjd ¢«‘¬ f§h Hg¥§h« ggj§‘¢m ‘HgjOgW lK HgPVHVM ‘îB tŒ¬ ¢C¬D ƒg“ îgn îP¬HE Ogb‰ ‘±¢…¢‰h.
B jsjO¬L Hg¥§h« td j¬tzm HgyVT.
j‘¥¬ g‘Pm HgjuV¢T Hgjd jalG Hgf¢hkhJ Hg…k¢m ‘HgVrL HglsgsG ‘HBsL Hgj¥hVD td l‘qv l”a‘T s‘Hx ¬HOG Hg¬Vœ )îK ‘¥¬( •‘ Ugn Hg¥«x
HgOg…d gg¥§h«. ¢Pj‘D Hg”j¢F Ugn ksOm lK g‘Pm HgjuV¢T’ ‘¢kfyd ‘qu§h td l”hK rV¢F leG O«Hkm Hgl¨fo.
rfG f¬x jay¢G Hg¥§h«’ ¢¥F î«Hgm ”htm HgublhJ ‘•aV¨m HgPlh¢m HglgwŒm Ugn H®s¨p HgOhV¥¢m gg¥§h«.
B jsjO¬L H™s…k¥hJ Hglu¬k¢m •‘ Hg”ha¨hJ HgPh¬M: tïk§h sjC¬D îgn îjbT H®s¨p. HsjO¬L Hglkj¥hJ Hguh¬¢m Y¢V Hg”ha¨m gjk±¢T HgwgF ‘•¬HM
Oaf¢m •‘ fbsj¢”¢m Uk¬ HgPh¥m. Ha¨T Hgs¨p ¥¢¬‰h ‘¥……i fhsjO¬HL r¨um rlhA khUlm. B jslp g…qbJ H®¨ulm HglPbM )”hglVfn( •K jfŒn
¬HOG Hg…VK îƒ r¬ jC¬D £ƒI H®¨ulm îgn jgT f¨hkm Hg¨bx fhg…VK td PhG fŒhz§h g…jVM ¨‘¢gm.
B jsjO¬L •¬‘HJ Hg¨fo •‘ H®‘U¢m Hglwk‘Um lK Hgfbsj¢“’ îƒ jC¬D ¬V¥m HgPVHVM Hguhg¢m ¬HOG Hg…VK îgn Hkw§hV Hgfbsj¢“’ llh ¢jsfF td
jgT Hg¥§h«.
jPŒR ¬‘l‰h lK ‘¥‘¬ lŒhfQ HgjP”L td ‘qv "w…V" )H™¢ŒhT( Uk¬ Hkj§hz“ lK HsjO¬HL Hg¥§h«.
B jqv HgugF Hglu¬k¢m •‘ H®‘U¢m lP”lm HgygR ¬HOG Hg…VK’ tŒ¬ ¢«¬H¬ Hgqy¨ ¬HOg§h •ekhx Hg¨§d’ llh ¢ka¶ Uki O¨V HBk…¥hV.
B jy¨d Hg¥«x Hgs…gd lK Hg…VK fVrhzR H®g‘l‘k¢‘L •‘ HgŒw¬¢V •ekhx Hg¨§d’ ‘B jqv H®‘Hkd •‘ Hgw‘Hkd Ug¢i gj…h¬D juVQ Hgs¨p Hgl¨gd
f¨fŒm Hgl¢kh ggjgT.
B jqv l¨gŒ‰h H®‘Hkd ƒHJ HgŒ‘HU¬ Y¢V Hglsj‘¢m jlhl‰h t‘R s¨p Hgl‘r¬’ tŒ¬ jC¬D •‘Hkd Hg¨§d Y¢V Hgehfjm îgn ka‘F HgPVHzR.
B jsjO¬L l¨gŒ‰h H®‘Hkd •‘ Hgw‘Hkd Hgjd jfV« OhVœ HgPhtm HgOhV¥¢m gs¨p Hgl‘r¬.
•ls“ Hgy¨hx Hg«¥h¥d f¢¬“ •ekhx îk«Hgi.
jPƒ¢V: r¬ ¢j§aL Hgy¨hx Hg«¥h¥d td PhG juVqi ggsO‘km Hg«Hz¬M.
‘Ug¢i ¢¥F •K jygR ¥l¢v HgaubJ ‘jkj±V fuQ Hg‘rJ Pjn jfV¬ rfG îk«HG Hgy¨hx.
4
îVah¬HJ UhL
B jqv •D eŒG Ugn fhF Hg¥§h« Hgl…j‘– •‘ j¥gS Ug¢i’ tŒ¬ ¢C¬D Hg‘«K Hg«Hz¬ îgn «U«Um efhji.
¢wfp Hg¥§h« shOk‰h ¥¬‰h •ekhx HBsjO¬HL. gƒH ¢¥F HVj¬Hx r…h«HJ lŒh‘lm ggPVHVM Uk¬ HgŒ¢hL fulg¢hJ Hg¨§d.
B jsjO¬L s¨p Hgl‘r¬ td PhG ‘¥‘¬ HkPbG PVHVD ¬HOG Hg…VK )îK ‘¥¬(.
îƒH ”kJ jVYF td Hgs…V g…jVM ¨‘¢gm’ •YgR lPfS Hgyh« HgVz¢sd •‘ lPfS •s¨‘Hkm Hgyh«.
HPVW Ugn •B j”‘K £kh“ •¥shL UhgŒm ffhF Hg…VK.
B j…jp P¥VM HgjO«¢K )îK ‘¥¬J( •ekhx jay¢G Hg…VK •‘ fu¬ jay¢gi lfhaVM’ îƒ lK Hgll”K •K j”‘K ¬V¥m PVHVM P¥VM HgjO«¢K lVj…um ggyh¢m.
B js”F Hglhx lfhaVM‰ Ugn H®¬VHœ îƒH ”hkJ H®s¨p B j«HG shOkm •ekhx Hg¨fo’ tŒ¬ ¢jsfF HgfOhV td îP¬HE PV‘R fhgym ‘jgT H®s¨p
Hgl¨g¢m fhgl¢kh.
¢¥F HgŒ¢hL f¥l¢v Ulg¢hJ Hg¨§d ‘HgfhF lygR’ îƒ r¬ ¢C¬D jf¬¬ HgPVHVM îgn P¬‘E lOh¨V.
jOgd ¥§m Hgjwk¢v lsC‘g¢j§h fhg”hlG UK H®qVHV Hgjd r¬ jgPR fh®aOhW •‘ H®a¢hx’ ‘Hgjd r¬ jP¬E kj¢¥m gu¬L lVHUhM lh jŒ¬L lK î¢qhPhJ
•‘ HgjuhlG Y¢V HgwP¢p lv •D ¥«x lK •¥«Hx Hg¥§h« •‘ HsjO¬HL r¨v Hgy¢hV Y¢V H®wg¢m.
5
îVah¬HJ Uhlm
2- HPj¢h¨hJ Hgsblm
¢V¥n HgV¥‘c îgn îVah¬HJ HgjV”¢F g´¨¦bc Ugn luh¢¢V Hgsblm ƒHJ Hgwgm fh®¥§«M Hg”§Vfhz¢m ‘•¥§«M Hgyh« ‘H™¨¦bc Ugn ‘±hzT Hgj§‘¢m.
¢Œqd HgŒhk‘K fqV‘VM •K ¢Œ‘L fjV”¢F ‘w¢hkm H®¥§«M Hg”§Vfhz¢m ‘•¥§«M Hgyh« •tVH¬ lC£g¢K ¢ljeg‘K ggluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h ggP…h± Ug¢“
‘sblj“. ¢”…G tk¢‘ HgjV”¢F Hglujl¬¢K g¬¢kh jŒ¬¢L O¬lhJ lVq¢m.
¢¥F ¬‘l‰h •K ¢Œ‘L f…“ •¥§«M Hgyh« •‘ H®¥§«M Hg”§Vfhz¢m •tVH¬ lC£g¢K j¶£¢b‰ lkhsf‰h.
rfG j‘w¢G Hg¥§h« faf”m Hg”§Vfhx’ VH¥v Hgf¢hkhJ Hgl‘¥‘¬M Ugn Hgg‘Pm lqh£¢‰h î¢h£h ff¢hkhJ Hgaf”m k…s§h.
td Phgm jV”¢F Hg¥§h« t‘R lkwm lVj…um÷ ¢g«L jef¢ji fhsjO¬HL •k±lm jef¢J lkhsfm.
td PhG ‘qv Hg¥§h« t‘R rhU¬M’ ¢¥F jV”¢fi Ugn kP‘ ¢P‘G ¬‘K Hk«Bri.
rfG HgŒ¢hL f¶UlhG HgjV”¢F/Hgw¢hkm’ j¶”¬ lK twG Hg¥§h« UK af”m Hg”§Vfhx.
td PhG jV”¢F •¥§«M Hg¨§d ¬HOG HglV”fhJ )”uVfm HgjO¢¢L •‘ HgŒ‘HtG îgo.(’ B ¢kfyd Hsjulhg§h îB Uk¬ j‘rT HglV”fm.
Uk¬ jV”¢F Hg¥§h« td HglV”fhJ HgfPV¢m •‘ HgŒ‘HtG’ B¢kfyd HsjO¬Hli td •YVHQ Hgj¬tzm.
HPVW Ugn jV”¢F Hg¥§h« jV”¢f‰h B ¢slp flblsm •¬VHœ Hg‘P¬HJ Hgl‘¥‘¬M td lsj‘N s¨p Hgl‘r¬ •‘ •f‘Hf§h - Uk¬ tjP§h - ®‘Hkd Hg¨§d
Hgl‘¥‘¬M Ugn s¨p Hgl‘r¬.
t‘V HBkj§hx lK jV”¢F Hg¥§h«’ rL fï¥VHx tPW sV¢v gg¥§h« ljfu‰h Hgjug¢lhJ Hg‘HV¬M BPŒ‰h td £ƒH Hg¬g¢G. td Phgm j‘rT Hg¥§h« UK HgulG’ rL
f…wgi UK lw¬V Hg¨hrm ‘HjwG f¶rVF lV”« w¢hkm.
¢¥F •K ¢”‘K HgŒhfS HgƒD s¢jL j‘w¢gi f”hfG j«‘¢¬ Hg¨hrm ‘HglŒfS HgOhW fi lK k…S Hgk‘c ‘•K ¢”‘kh lj‘HtŒ¢K lv Hgluh¢¢V Hglul‘G f§h. ¢¥F
•K ¢”‘K HglŒfS ljhPh‰ ‘td Hgljkh‘G fu¬ jV”¢F Hg¥§h«.
j¥kF twG HgŒhfS fsPF Hg”hfG.
td PhG jgT ”fG Hgj‘w¢G fhg”§Vfhx’ HjwG f¶rVF lV”« gg¬UL Hg…kd Ugn Hg…‘V’ ‘s¢j‘gn HglV”« Hsjf¬Hgi.
¢¥F j‘w¢G Hg¥§h« fh®Vqd ‘tŒ‰h gluh¢¢V sblm Hgk±hL Hg”§Vfhzd. ¢ju¢K j‘w¢G Hgk±hL Hg”§Vfhzd fh®Vqd fhjfhc Hg¨VR Hgjd jP¬¬£h
r‘HU¬ Hgsblm.
¢wfp Hg¥§h« shOk‰h ¥¬‰h •ekhx HBsjO¬HL ‘”ƒg“ •¥«HCI Hgjd ¢l”K Hg‘w‘G îg¢§h’ gƒH HPVW Ugn U¬L glS UkhwV HgjsO¢K. ¢¥F •K ¢Oqv
H®¨…hG wyhV HgsK ggVrhfm Uk¬ j‘H¥¬£L fhgŒVF lK Hg¥§h«’ ‘ƒg“ ggj¶”¬ lK U¬L Ufe§L fi.
jsOK H®¥«Hx Hgl‘q‘Um Ugn Hg¥§h« •ekhx HsjO¬Hli’ t¢kfyd îfuh¬ H®¨…hG UK Hg¥§h« gj¥kF HgjuVQ gO¨V HgPV‘R.
j¥kF ‘qv l‘H¬ rhfgm gbajuhG ¬HOG Hg…VK: tŒ¬ jajuG UK ¬‘K rw¬ ‘jjsfF td ka‘F PV¢R.
£ƒH Hg¥§h« lwlL g¢sjO¬li Hg”fhV tŒ¨’ gƒH B jslp g©¨…hG fhBrjVHF lki •‘ HgufE fi.
Uk¬ jay¢G Hga‘H¢m’ r¬ jwfp H®¥«Hx Hgjd ¢l”K Hg‘w‘G îg¢§h shOkm ¥¬H‰: t¶fu¬ H®¨…hG flshtm ›lkm Uk§h.
£ƒI Hgeb¥m Y¢V lbzlm BsjO¬HL H®aOhW )lK f¢k§L H®¨…hG( ƒ‘D HgŒ¬VM Hg¥s¬¢m •‘ HguŒg¢m •‘ HgPs¢m HglP¬‘¬M’ •‘ llK g¢S g¬¢§L OfVM •‘
luVtm Pjn ¢jL H™aVHT Ug¢§L •‘ îVah¬£L Ugn HsjO¬HL Hgeb¥m f‘Hs¨m aOW lsC‘G UK Hgsblm.
6
îVah¬HJ UhL
B jPh‘G l¨gŒ‰h îwb– Hg¥§h« fk…s“. ¢¥F •K ¢Œ‘L f¥l¢v Ulg¢hJ Hgjwg¢p tkd ljOwW •‘ lV”« lK lVH”« HgO¬lm Hglujl¬M’ îƒ r¬ jjsfF
îshxM HsjulhG H®¬‘HJ td P¬‘E lOh¨V.
B jŒL fï¥VHx •D ju¬¢bJ Ugn £ƒH Hg…VK.
B jul¬ l¨gŒ‰h îgn jO«¢K l‘H¬ rhfgm gbajuhG td Hgl”hK HglOwW gjO«¢K Hg¥§h« •‘ fhgŒVF lki.
¢P±V HgjP”L td Hg¥§h« fhsjO¬HL l‘rJ OhV¥d •‘ k±hL HgjP”L UK fu¬.
Hkjfi glu¬G HgsVUm Hgjd jwG f§h lkh¨R Hg¨§d îgn ¬V¥m HgPVHVM Hgl¨g‘fm. B jqv •‘Hkd Hg¨§d Hg…hVYm Ugn HgPVHVM’ tŒ¬ ¢kjµ Uk§h O¨V
H™tVH¨ td ¬V¥m HgPVHVM.
r¬ jajuG Hg¬£‘K ‘Hg«¢‘J Uk¬ HVj…hc ¬V¥m PVHVj§h •”eV lK Hgb«L’ gƒH ¢¥F •B jjV“ Hg¥§h« •ekhx îU¬H¬ H®¨ulm Hgjd jPj‘D Ugn «¢‘J •‘
¬£‘K. îƒH HajugJ Hg¬£‘K •‘ Hg«¢‘J’ î¢h“ •K jqv Hgl¢hI Ug¢§h’ ‘g”K qv Hgy¨hx Ugn H™khx ‘•¨…° lk¨Œm Hg¨§d.
j‘— HgPƒV Uk¬ HsjO¬HL •¥§«M ”§Vfhz¢m •OVN td Hgl¨fo )”hgOb¨ ‘lPlwm HgOf« Hg”§Vfhz¢m îgo(.
¢¥F •B jblS ”hfbJ Hgj‘w¢G lkh¨R Hg¨§d HgshOkm.
B jsjO¬L lk±T HgfOhV Uk¬ jk±¢T Hgs¨p •‘ Hg…VK •‘ Hgl‘r¬.
îƒ r¬ ¢wG HgfOhV îgn H™g”jV‘k¢hJ’ llh ¢jsfF td jg…§h ‘P¬‘E rwV fhg¬‘HzV Hg”§Vf¢m.
B jŒL fVA •D lkj¥hJ VƒHƒ fhgŒVF lK Hg¥§h« Hglk«gd •ekhx jay¢gi. B jsjO¬L lkj¥hJ VƒHƒ f¢klh B ¢«HG Hg¥§h« shOk‰h’ îƒ r¬ jajuG
Hgyh«HJ Hgwh¬VM.
j½Ogd ¥§m Hgjwk¢v lsC‘g¢j§h fhg”hlG UK H®qVHV Hgjd r¬ jgPR fh®aOhW •‘ H®a¢hx’ ‘Hgjd r¬ jP¬E kj¢¥m gu¬L lVHUhM lh jŒ¬L lK î¢qhPhJ
•‘ HgjuhlG Y¢V HgwP¢p lv •D ¥«x lK •¥«Hx Hg¥§h« •‘ HsjO¬HL r¨v Hgy¢hV Y¢V H®wg¢m.
7
îVah¬HJ HgjOgW lK Hg¥§h«
3- Hgukh¢m fhgf¢zm
3-1 lahV”jkh td Hgukh¢m fhgf¢zm
îK ¥lv Hglkjµ fu¬ Hkj§hx HsjO¬Hli ‘îVshgi gl‘qv îUh¬M j¬‘¢VI ‘HgjOgW lki Ugn kP‘ B ¢qV fhgf¢zm lK a¶ki •K ¢s§L td ¬Vx H·ehV Hgsgf¢m
HglqVM fhgf¢zm ‘fhgwPm ”lh ¢s§L td îUh¬M j¬‘¢V Hgl‘H¬ Hgjd wkv lk§h Hg¥§h«. ”lh •K HgjOgW lK Hg¥§h« Ugn kP‘ Y¢V sg¢L r¬ ¢uVQ
HglsjO¬L guŒ‘fhJ î¬HV¢m.
B ¢Pj‘D Hg¥§h« Ugn l‘H¬ f”l¢hJ ”ht¢m ¢l”K HUjfhV£h O¨VM Ugn HgwPm ‘Hgf¢zm ‘tŒ‰h ggj‘¥¢§hJ H®‘V‘f¢m Hglul‘G f§h Phg¢‰h.
3-2 lahV”j“ td Hgukh¢m fhgf¢zm
¢¥VD jufzm lkj¥hjkh lK H®¥§«M fhsjO¬HL l‘H¬ Y¢V lg‘ˆem’ ‘£d f§ƒH jj‘HtR lv Hgf¢zm tqb‰ UK îl”hk¢m îUh¬M j¬‘¢V£h. ‘¢V¥n îs¬Hx Hgu‘K gkh
fhgjOgW lK Uf‘HJ H®¥§«M Ugn kP‘ sg¢L. ¢l”k“ HBjwhG fhgl‘«c HglPgd •‘ HglCsshJ HglPg¢m Hgluk¢m ggPw‘G Ugn Ukh‘¢K lVHtR j¥l¢v
Hgk…h¢hJ ‘îUh¬M j¬‘¢V£h ‘HgjOgW lk§h.
B jgŒd Uf‘M Hg¥§h« •‘ •D ¥«x lk§h’ •‘ jjV”§h ¬‘K Ukh¢m’ îƒ •k§h r¬ jleG O¨V‰h BOjkhR H®¨…hG’ ‘Ohwm •”¢hS Hgfbsj¢“.
”lh ¢kfyd HgjOgW lK ¥§h«”L HgŒ¬¢L Ugn HgkP‘ Hgsg¢L.
£hL: ¢V¥d jsg¢L Hg¥§h« ®rVF ‘”hgm td lk¨Œj”L jOjW f¥lv H®¬‘HJ Hg”§Vfhz¢m Hglk«g¢m Hgjd gL ju¬ r¢¬ HBsjO¬HL. ‘gjugL •K HgjOgW lK
Hg¥§h« Ugn HgkP‘ Hgsg¢L ¢slp fïUh¬M j¬‘¢V Hgl‘H¬ ƒHJ HgŒ¢lm lki.
rfG HgjOgW lK ¥§h«”L’ ¢kfyd î«Hgm H®f‘HF ‘jV“ H®VtT td l”hk§h j¥kf‰h BkPahV H®¨…hG ¬HOG Hg¥§h« td PhG HgufE fi. ”lh ¢kfyd r¨v
Hg”fG Hgl‘wG fhgj¢hV Hg”§Vfhzd ‘î«Hgji lv HglŒfS.
8
jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
4- juVT Ugn ¥§h«“
s¨p Hg¨§d
g‘Pm HgjP”L
lwfh– Hg…VK )l«¬‘œ td fuQ Hg¨VH«HJ(
s¬H¬M Hg…VK
HglV‘Pm
P¥VM HgjO«¢K
î¨hV/l‘¥i ¬UL Hg¬Vœ/HgVT
9
jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
4-1 ‘wT UkhwV HgjP”L Hgl‘¥‘¬M fhgg‘Pm H®lhl¢m
4-1-1 lŒfQ Hgl‘rJ
gjjl”K lK HsjO¬HL Hgl‘rJ’ ¢kfyd qf¨ w‘J Hgjkf¢i fï¬HVM HglŒfQ j¥hI UŒhVF HgshUm. ¢jL Hgjuf¢V UK Hg‘rJ
fhg¬rhzR )fP¬ •rwn 55 ¬r¢Œm(. ‘Hgqf¨ lj¬Vœ fP¢E ¢l”K qf¨ Hg‘rJ •¢q‰h Ugn •D r¢lm lj‘s¨m f¢K £ƒI
H®VrhL. ‘B ¢C¬D Hk¨bR ¥VS Hgjkf¢i îgn hT jay¢G Hg…VK
4-1-2 lŒfQ jP¬¢¬ Hg‘±hzT
jj¢p g“ ‘P¬M HgjP”L £ƒI HsjO¬HL ‘±hzT Hg…VK. ¢l”K HsjO¬HL ‘±hzT H™qhxM ) (’ ‘Hga‘H¢m ) ( ‘H™ƒHfm
) ( Uk¬ qf¨ Hg…VK Ugn ‘qv H™¢ŒhT. îB îki B ¢l”K HsjO¬HL ‘±¢…m HglV‘Pm ) ( îB lv jay¢G tVK
Hgyh«. jf¬• ‘±¢…m Hgj§‘¢m td HgulG Uk¬lh ¢wG Hgg…VK îgn ¬V¥m PVHVM 021-031 ¬V¥m lz‘¢m jŒV¢f‰h. gl«¢¬ lK
Hglug‘lhJ UK ‘±hzT Hg¨fo ¢V¥n rVHxM Hg…wG "8. Hg¨§d fhsjO¬HL Hg…VK".
4-1-3 lŒfQ jP¬¢¬ ¬V¥m HgPVHVM
¢½sjO¬L £ƒH HglŒfQ td îauhG augm Hgyh« ¬HOG Hg…VK. ¢jL jP¬¢¬ ¬V¥m PVHVM Hg¨fo lK ObG gT HglŒfQ U”S
Hj¥hI UŒhVF HgshUm Pjn Hg‘w‘G g¬V¥m HgPVHVM Hgl¨g‘fm lK f¢K Hg¬V¥m H®¬kn niM ‘Pjn 572 ¬V¥m lz‘¢m.
gluVtm ”¢…¢m îauhV tVK Hgyh« ¢V¥n rVHxM Hg…wG "7. HsjO¬HL Hg…VK".
4-1-4 lŒfQ HgjP”L td aubJ Hgs¨p
™auhG Hgg§F’ Hqy¨ Ugn HglŒfQ’ ‘•¬VI U”S Hj¥hI PV”m UŒhVF HgshUm îgn •K ¢wG îgn Vl« •rwn augm
) (. gqf¨ lsj‘N Hgg§F’ •¬V HglŒfQ f¢K HgP¬ H®rwn ) ( ‘HgP¬ H®¬kn ) (. ‘™¨…hx Hgaugm’ •¬V HglŒfQ
îgn Hgl‘qv .
)¢a¢V HgVl« Hgl¥h‘V îgn Hgaugm Hg¢sVN H®lhl¢m(.
10
jug¢lhJ gglsjO¬L
5- HglgPŒhJ Hglj‘tVM
lbP±m: B jj‘tV ”G HglgPŒhJ lv fuQ Hg¨VH«HJ.
wk¢m Hg…VK: ¢sjO¬L td j¥l¢v
Hg¬£‘K Hgkhj¥m UK Hg¨uhL Hgl‘¥‘¬
Ugn HgVT Hgug‘D.
VT Hgw‘Hkd: ¢l”K ¬l¥i fwk¢m
Hg…VK.
PhlG H®‘Hkd Hgwy¢VM: lkhsF
gg¨§d Uk¬ HsjO¬HL H®‘Hkd
Hgwy¢VM.
jL jwk¢v lgPŒhJ Hg…VK Hglblsm g©¨ulm lK l‘H¬ jj…R ‘•P”hL HgjaV¢uhJ HgPhg¢m.
HglgPŒhJ Hglj‘tVM PsF Hg¨gF:
• ¢l”K ¨gF aVHx HglgPŒhJ H®wg¢m s‘Hx HglVtŒm •‘ HBOj¢hV¢m lK •D lV”« ¬UL lujl¬.
• B jsjO¬L îB HglgPŒhJ H®wg¢m Hgjd j‘tV£h ¥§m Hgjwk¢v.
5-1 HsjO¬HL H®VtT •‘ Hgw‘Hkd
¢kfyd H™ahVM îgn •K H®VtT ‘Hgw‘Hkd l«‘¬M fŒ…G •lhK l¢”hk¢”d ¢Pl¢§lh lK H™«Hgm UK Y¢V rw¬. ™¬OhG
HgVT •‘ Hgw¢k¢m fa”G wP¢p’ j¶”¬ lK •K HgŒ…G lj¥i ®s…G )”lh £‘ l‘qp fhga”G Hgl‘¥‘¬ Ugn Hg¥hkF(.
™«Hgm HgVT •‘ Hgw¢k¢m’ HVtv Hg¥«x H®lhld fVtR.
B f¬ •K ¢‘H¥i HgŒ…G Hgl¢”hk¢”d )•‘ r¨um HBlj¬H¬ îK ‘¥¬J( Hg¥«x HgOg…d gg…VK.
•¬OG H®VtT ‘Hgw‘Hkd td l”hk§h ¬HOG Hg…VK fVtR îgn •K jj‘rT.
‘fhgksfm gg¨VH«HJ Hgl«‘¬M f¶ƒVc’ ¢g«L jk±¢T Hgw‘Hkd rfG HsjO¬Hl§h gglVM H®‘gn’ ™«Hgm •D fŒh¢h ljOg…m UK Ulg¢m Hgjwk¢v’ ‘Hgjd r¬ jO¬A
¥‘HkF j¥‘¢T Hg…VK Uk¬ î¬OhG Hgw‘Hkd.
5-2 HsjO¬HL H®VtT Hg¬HUlm
¢jL î¬OhG H®VtT Hg¬HUlm td Hgl¥VN HglOwW g§h )”lh £‘ l‘qp fhga”G( ‘f§ƒH HBsjO¬HL’ ¢l”K
¨§d Hg¨uhL Ugn HgVT ‘¢jL j¥l¢v Hg¬£‘K fa”G lk…wG.
5-3 HsjO¬HL P‘HlG O…Q lsj‘N H®‘Hkd
¢l”K ‘qv P‘HlG O…Q lsj‘N H®‘Hkd •Ugn P‘HlG aubJ Hgl‘r¬ ”lh £‘ l‘qp fhga”G Hgl¥h‘V’
‘j¶”¬ lK jef¢j§h.
B jsjO¬L P‘HlG H®‘Hkd Hgw¢k¢m îB Uk¬ Hg¨§d f§ƒI H®‘Hkd.
11