Page 1
SCIENTIFIC
CALCULATOR
OPERATION GUIDE
SCIENTIFIC
CALCULATOR
OPERATION GUIDE
<V/R Series>
Page 2
1
C O N TENTS
HOW TO OPERATE
Read Before Using
Key layout/Reset switch 2
Display pattern
3
Display for mat 3
Exponent display 4
Angular unit 5
Function and Key Operation
O N /O FF, entr y correction keys 6
Data entr y keys 7
Random key
Modify key
8
Basic arithmetic keys, parentheses 10
Percent 11
Inverse, square, xth power of y,
squar e root, cube root, xth root of y 12
10 to the power of x, common logarithm 13
e to the power of x, natural logarithm 14
Factorials 15
Permutations, combinations 16
Time calculation 17
Fractional calculations 18
Memory calculations 19
Last answer memory 20
Trigonometric functions 21
Arc trigonometric functions 22
Hyperbolic functions 23
C oor dinate conversion 24
STATISTICS FUNCTION
Data input and erase
25
“AN S” keys for 1-variable statistics
26
“AN S” keys for 2-variable statistics
28
9
~
Page 3
2
H ow to O pe ra te
2nd function key
Pressing this key will enable the functions
written in yellow above the calculator buttons.
ON/C, OFF key
D ir ect function
Mode key
This calculator can operate in three different
modes as follows.
<Example>
W ritten in yellow above
the O N /C key
<Power on>
<Power off>
1 . K E Y L A Y O U T
•Mode = 0; normal mode for
performing normal arithmetic
and function calculations.
•Mode = 1; S T AT- 1 mode for
performing 1-variable statistical calculations.
•Mode = 2; STAT-2 mode for
performing 2-variable statistical calculations.
If the calculator fails to operate normally,
press the reset switch on the back to
reinitialise the unit. The display for mat and
calculation mode will return to their
initial settings.
RESET
2 . R E S E T S W I T C H
Reset switch
RESET
2nd funct ion
[Normal mode]
[STAT-1 mode]
[STAT-2 mode]
N O T E :
Pressing the reset switch will erase any data
stored in memory.
≈Read B efore Using≈
This operation guide has been written based on the EL-531V, EL-509V, EL-531VH, and
EL-509VH models. Some functions described here are not featured on other models. In
addition, key operations and symbols on the display may differ according to the model.
Page 4
3
For convenient and easy operation, this model can be used in one of four display modes.
The selected display status is shown in the upper part of the display (Format Indicator).
N ote: If more 0’s (zeros) than needed are displayed when the O N/C key is pressed, check
whether or not the calculator is set to a Special Display Format.
• Floating decimal point for mat (no symbol is displayed)
Valid values beyond the maximum range are displayed in the form of a [10-digit
(mantissa) + 2-digit (exponent)]
• Fixed decimal point format (FIX is displayed)
Displays the fractional part of the calculation result according to the specified
number of decimal places.
• Scientific notation (SCI is displayed)
Frequently used in science to handle extremely small or large numbers.
• Engineering scientific notation (EN G is displayed)
C onvenient for converting between different units.
<Example>
(specifies normal mode)
(normal mode)
(FIX mode TAB = 3)
Let’s compare the display result of
[10000 ÷ 8.1 =] in each display format.
4 . D I S P L AY F OR M AT A N D
D E C I MA L S E T T I N G F U N C T I ON
Initial display
3 . D I S P L AY P AT T E R N
10000 8.1
DEG
DEGFIX
DEG
The actual display does not appear like this.
This illustration is for explanator y purposes only.
Page 5
4
5 . E X P O N E N T D I S P L AY
The distance from the earth to the sun is approx. 150,000,000 (1.5 x 108) km. Values
such as this with many zeros are often used in scientific calculations, but entering the
zeros one by one is a great deal of work and it’s easy to make mistakes.
In such a case, the numerical values are divided into mantissa and exponent portions,
displayed and calculated.
<Example>
W hat is the number of electronics flowing in a conductor when
the electrical charge across a given cross-section is 0.32 coulombs. (The charge on a single electron = 1.6 x 10
-19
coulombs).
0.32
DEG
(normal mode)
(SC I mode)
(EN G mode)
SCI DEG
X10
ENG DEG
X10
DEG
191.6
DEG
X10
DEG
X10
Page 6
5
Angular values are converted from D EG to RAD to G RAD with each push of the DRG
key. This function is used when doing calculations related to trigonometric functions or
coordinate geometr y conversions.
( /2)
<Example>
6 . A N G U L A R U N I T
(in D EG mode)
•••••• • •
O per ation
D isplay
90° (DEG) =
/2 (RAD) =
100 (GRAD ) =
2
The relationships between the three types
of angular units can be expressed as right:
C heck to confirm 90 degrees equaling /2 radians
equaling 100 grads. ( =3.14159...)
90
DEG
RAD
GRAD
DEG
Angular indicator
D egrees ( D E G is shown at the top of the display)
A commonly used unit of measure for angles. The angular measure of a circle
is expressed as 360°.
R adians (R A D is shown at the top of the display)
Radians are different than degrees and express angles based on the circumference of a circle. 180° is equivalent to radians. Therefore, the angular measure of a circle is 2 radians.
G r ads ( G RA D is shown at the top of the display)
Grads are a unit of angular measure used in Europe, particularly in France. An
angle of 90 degrees is equivalent to 100 grads.
Page 7
6
Turns the calculator on or clears the data. It also clears the contents of the
calculator display and voids any calculator command; however, coefficients in 3-variable linear equations and statistics, as well as values stored
in the independent memory in normal mode, are not erased.
Turns the calculator off.
C lears all internal values, including coefficients in 3-variable linear equations and
statistics. Values stored in memory in normal mode are not erased.
These arrow keys are useful for Multi-Line playback, which lets you
scroll through calculation steps one by one. (refer to page 8)
These keys are useful for editing equations. The key moves the
cursor to the left, and the key moves the cursor to the right. The
key deletes the symbol/number at the cursor. (refer to page 8)
ON/OFF, Entry
Correction Keys
≈F unction and K ey Operation≈
Page 8
7
Data Entry Keys
Provided the earth is moving around the sun in a circular orbit,
how many kilometers will it travel in a year?
* The average distance between the ear th and the sun being
1.496 x 10
8
km.
C ircumference equals diameter x π ; therefore,
1.496 x 10
8
x 2 x π
0 to 9
Pressing π automatically enters the value for π (3.14159...).
The constant π, used frequently in function calculations, is the ratio of the
circumference of a circle to its diameter.
<Example>
N umeric keys for entering data values.
Decimal point key. Enters a decimal point.
Enters minus symbol or sign change key.
C hanges positive numbers to negative and negative numbers to positive.
Pressing this key switches to scientific notation data entry.
O per ation D isplay
2
1
496
8
DEG
DEG
X10
Page 9
8
Random
Generates random numbers.
Random number s are three-decimal-place values between 0.000 and 0.999. Using this
function enables the user to obtain unbiased sampling data derived from r andom
values generated by the calculator.
<Example>
A PP L IC AT IO N S:
Building sample sets for statistics or r esearch.
0. * * * (a random number has been generated)
Page 10
9
Function to round calculation results.
Even after setting the number of decimal places on the display, the calculator performs calculations using a larger number of decimal places than that which appears
on the display. By using this function, internal calculations will be performed using
only the displayed value.
A PP L IC AT IO N S:
Frequently used in scientific and technical fields, as well as business,
when performing chained calculations.
<Example>
Rounded calculation (MDF)
FIX mode TAB = 1 (normal calculation)
5.0
0.6
0.6
5.4
5
9
9
5 9
9
Modify
(internally, 0 .5 5 55 .. .)
(internally, 0 .6 )
(internally, 0. 55 55 .. .)
Page 11
10
Basic Arithmetic
Keys, Parentheses
Used to specify calculations in which certain operations have precedence.
You can make addition and subtraction operations have precedence over
multiplication and division by enclosing them in parentheses.
The four basic oper ators. Each is used in the same way as a standard
calculator:
+ (addition), – (subtraction), x (multiplication), and ÷ (division).
Finds the result in the same way as a standard calculator.
Page 12
11
For calculating percentages. Four methods of calculating percentages
ar e pr esented as follows.
1) $125 increased by 10%…137.5
2) $125 r educed by 20%…100
3) 15% of $125…18.75
4) W he n $ 125 equals 5% of X , X equals…2500
125
10
125
20
125
15
125 5
Percent
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
Page 13
12
C alculates the cube root of the value on the display.
Inverse, Square, xth Power of y,
Square Root, Cube Root,
xth Root of y
<Example>
C alculates the inver se of the value on the display.
Squares the value on the display.
C alculates the square root of the value on the display.
(T he EL-506R/520R need to press 2ndF key first)
C alculates the xth root of y.
C alculates exponential values.
24
4
16
DEG
DEG
DEG
O per ation D isplay
2 2 2 2
Page 14
13
10 to the Power of x,
Common Logarithm
<Example>
C alculates the value of 10 raised to the xth power.
C alculates logarithm, the exponent of the power to which 10 must be
raised to equal the given value.
3
1000
O per ation
D isplay
DEG
DEG
Page 15
14
e to the Power of x,
Natural Logarithm
C alculates powers based on the constant e (2.718281828).
<Example>
C omputes the value natural logarithm, the exponent of the power to
which e must be raised to equal the given value.
5
10
O per ation D isplay
DEG
DEG
Page 16
15
Factorials
The product of a given positive integer n multiplied by all the lesser positive
integers from 1 to n-1 is indicated by n! and called the factorial of n.
A PP L I C AT I O N S:
Used in statistics and mathematics. In statistics, this function is used
in calculations involving combinations and permutations.
<Example>
c.f
n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x …xn
7
O per ation D isplay
DEG
Page 17
64
64
16
A PP L IC AT IO N S:
Used in statistics (probability calculations) and in simulation hypotheses in fields such as medicine, pharmaceutics, and physics. Also,
can be used to determine the chances of winning in lotteries.
Permutations, Combinations
<Example>
This function finds the number of different possible orderings in selecting
r objects from a set of n objects. For example, there are six different
ways of ordering the letters ABC in groups of three letters—ABC , AC B,
BAC , BC A, C AB, and C BA.
The calculation equation is
3P3
= 3 x 2 x 1 = 6 (ways).
This function finds the number of ways of selecting r objects from a set of
n objects. For example, from the three letter s ABC , there ar e three ways
we can extract gr oups of two different letters—AB, AC , and C B.
The calculation equation is
3C2
.
DEG
DEG
O per ation D isplay
Page 18
17
Time Calculation
C onvert 24° 28’ 35” (24 degr ees, 28 minutes, 35 seconds) to decimal notation. T hen convert 24.476° to
sexagesimal notation.
C onverts a sexagesimal value displayed in degrees, minutes, seconds to
decimal notation. Also, conver ts a decimal value to sexagesimal
notataion (degrees, minutes, seconds).
Inputs values in sexagesimal notation (degr ees, minutes, seconds).
<Example>
A P P L I C AT IO N S:
Used in calculations of angles and angular velocity in physics, and
latitude and longitude in geography.
24 28 35
DEG
DEG
O per ation
D isplay
Repeat last key operation to return to the previous display.
DEG
C onvert to decimal notation
Page 19
18
Fractional Calculations
Add 3 and , and convert to decimal notation.
<Example>
Inputs fractions and converts mutually between fractions and decimals.
C onverts between mixed numbers and improper fractions.
31 2
57
C onvert to an improper fraction
Press once to return to the previous display
C onvert to decimal notation
Press once to return to the previous display
A PP L I C AT IO N S:
There is a wide variety of applications for this function because
fractions are such a basic part of mathematics. This function is useful
for calculations involving electrical circuit resistance.
DEG
DEG
DEG
O per at ion
D isplay
DEG
1
2
5
7
Page 20
19
Stores displayed values in memories A~D, X , Y, M.
Recalls values stored in A~D, X , Y, M.
Adds the displayed value to the value in the independent memory M.
Memory Calculations
<Example>
(Enter 0 for M)
25 27
73
Temporary memories
0
~
DEG
MDEG
MDEG
MDEG
O per ation D ispla
y
~
Page 21
20
Solve for x first and then solve for y using x.
Last Answer Memory
<Example>
y = 4 ÷ xandx = 2 + 3
O per ation D isplay
MDEG
MDEG
23
4
Automatically recalls the last answer calculated by pressing
Page 22
21
The angle from a point 15 meters from
a building to the highest floor of the
building is 45°. How tall is the building?
Trigonometric Functions
[DEG mode]
View point
A PP L I C AT I O N S:
Trigonometric functions are useful in mathematics and various engineering
calculations. They are often used in astronomical obser vations, civil engineering and in calculations involving electrical circuits, as well as in calculations for physics such as parabolic motion and wave motion.
Trigonometric functions determine the ratio of three sides
of a right triangle. Combination of three sides are sin, cos,
and tan. T heir relations are;
C alculates the sine of an angle.
C alculates the cosine of an angle.
C alculates the tangent of an angle.
<Example>
45 15
1
5
O per ation
D isplay
sinθ =
b
a
tanθ =
b
c
cosθ =
c
a
a
c
b
θ
DEG
Page 23
22
Arc trigonometric functions, the inverse of trigonometric functions, are used to determine an angle from ratios
of a right triangle. The combinations of the three sides
are sin
-1
, cos-1, and tan-1. Their relations are;
Arc Trigonometric Functions
[DEG mode]
(arc sine) D etermines an angle based on the ratio
b/a of two sides of a right triangle.
(arc cosine) D etermines an angle based on the ratio
c/a for two sides of a right triangle.
(arc tangent) Determines an angle based on the
ratio a/b for two sides of a right triangle.
<Example>
At what angle should an airplane climb in order
to climb 80 meters in 100 meters?
80
100
O per ation D isplay
θ
= sin
-1
b
a
θ
= cos
-1
c
a
θ
= tan
-1
b
c
c
a
b
θ
DEG
Page 24
23
Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic function is defined by using natural exponents in trigonometric functions.
A PP L I C AT I O N S:
Hyperbolic and arc hyperbolic functions are ver y useful in electrical
engineering and physics.
Arc hyperbolic functions are defined by using natural logarithms in trigonometric functions.
For the EL-506R, select sinh, sin-1, cosh, cosh-1, tanh, tanh-1 from the MAT H key
Page 25
24
Coordinate Conversion
Rectangular coordinates
P (x,y)
y
x
o
y
x
y
P (r,θ)
x
o
r
Polar coordinates
θ
C onverts rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates (x,y r, θ)
C onverts polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates (r,
θ
x, y)
Splits data used for dual-variable data input.
Displays r, θ and x, y. ( Cx y or r
θ
)
←
←
←
←
<Example> Determine the polar coordinates (r, θ) when the rectangu-
lar coordinates of Point P are (x = 7, y = 3).
[ D E G m ode]
A PP L I C AT I O N S:
C oordinate conversion is often used in mathematics and engineering, especially for impedance calculations in electronics and electrical engineering.
73
7.6
23.2
O per ation D isplay
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
←
←
O peration example using the EL-531VH/
EL-509V
For the EL-506R, select r, θ and x, y from the MAT H key
←
←
Page 26
25
DEG
STAT
Here is a table of examination results. Input this data
for analysis (along with data correction).
<Example 1>
Enters data for statistical calculations.
C lears last data input.
Splits data used for dual-variable data input.
(Used for dual-variable statistical calculations.)
[Select single-variable statistics mode]
30
2
100 5
.
.
.
O per ation D isplay
N o.
1 234567 8
Score 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
N o. of pupils 2 45712 108 2
D ata table 1
1
Select single-variable statistics mode
The statistics function is excellent for analyzing qualities of an event. Though primarily
used for engineering and mathematics, the function is also applied to nearly all other
fields including economics and medicine.
Statistics Function
DEG
STAT
(correct data input)
Score
N umber of pupils
Data total
up to this
point
(final data cleared)
100
2
DAT A I N P U T A N D E R A S E
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
In this case, the last data entry has been
incorrectly input for the number of pupils.
DEG
STAT
DEG
STAT
DEG
STAT
Page 27
26
C alculates the aver age for input data (sample data x).
C alculates the standard deviation of samples from input data (sample data x).
C alculates the standard deviation for a population from input data
(sample data x).
Displays the number of input data (sample data x).
C alculates the total for input data (sample data x).
C alculates the total to the second power for input data (sample data x).
<Let’s check the results based on the previous data.>
69 (average value)
17.75686128 (standard deviation)
17.57839583 (standard deviation of the population)
50 (total count of data)
3450 (total)
A PP L IC AT IO N S:
Single-variable statistical calculations are used in a broad range of fields,
including engineering, business and economics. T hey are most often
applied to analysis in atmospheric obser vations and physics experiments,
as well as for quality control in factories.
N OT E :
1. Sample data refers to data selected randomly from the population.
2. Standard deviation of samples is determined by the sample data
shift from an average value.
3. Standard deviation for the population is standard deviation when
the sample data is deemed a population (full data).
“ A N S ” K E Y S F O R 1 -V A R I A B L E S T AT I S T I C S
Page 28
27
The table below summarizes the dates in April when cherry
blossoms bloom, and the average temperature for March in
that same area. Determine basic statistical quantities for
data X and data Y based on the data table.
<Example 2>
6
21
3
<D ata table 2>
2
Select dual-variable statistics mode
Year 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
A ver age temper at ure
6.2 7.0 6.8 8.7 7.9 6.5 6.1 8.2
D ate blossom s bloom
13911 5712 157
x
y
DEG
STAT
DEG
STAT
Temperature
Date
Data total up to
this point
61
15
82 7
DEG
STAT
.
.
.
.
.
.
DEG
STAT
Page 29
28
7.175 (Average for data X )
0.973579551 (Standard deviation for data X )
0.91070028 (Standard deviation of the population for data X )
9.875 (Average for data Y)
3.440826313 (Standard deviation for data Y)
3.218598297 (Standard deviation of the population for data Y)
8 (Total count of data)
57.4 (Sum of data X )
418.48 (Data X raised to the second power)
544.1 (Sum of the product of data X and data Y)
79 (Sum of data Y)
863 (D ata Y raised to the second power)
<Let’s check the results based on the previous data.>
C alculates the sum of the product for sample data X and sample data Y.
C alculates the sum of the data (sample data Y).
C alculates the sum of the data (sample data Y) raised to the second power.
C alculates the aver age value of the data (sample data Y).
C alculates the standard deviation of a data population (sample data Y).
C alculates the standard deviation for the data (sample data Y).
In addition to the 1-variable statistic keys, the following keys have been added for calculating 2-variable statistics.
N OT E :
The codes for basic statistical quantities of sample data X and their meanings
are the same as those for single-variable statistical calculations.
“ A N S ” K E Y S F O R 2 -V A R I A B L E S T AT I S T I C S
Page 30
©SHARP CORP. (MAR. '05)
Loading...