Sennheiser EM D1 User Manual
System Manual
2
Contents
Contents
Important safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Optimum sound the easy way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Package contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Product overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
EM D1 rack receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SKM D1, SKM-S D1 and SK D1 transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Displays of the transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Optional accessories for the transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ME 3-II headset microphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
ME 2-2 clip-on microphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Putting the products into operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Putting the receiver into operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Putting the bodypack transmitter into operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Preparing the headset microphone for use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Attaching the clip-on microphone to clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Putting the handheld transmitter into operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Recharging the accupack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Using the products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Switching the devices on or off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Checking the charge status of the batteries or accupacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Checking the RF signal level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Muting the bodypack transmitter or the SKM-S D1 handheld transmitter 28
Pairing a receiver with a transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Identifying paired devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Using the devices in multi-channel operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Switching between the standard display and the extended standard display
Using the operating menu of the receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Controlling, monitoring or updating devices via the network . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Cleaning and maintaining the products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
If a problem occurs ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Reacting to messages displayed on the display panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
29
Manufacturer Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1
Important safety instructions
Important safety instructions
1. Read these safety instructions and the instruction manuals of the products.
2. Keep these safety instructions and the instruction manuals of the products. Always include these safety instructions and the instruction manuals
when passing the products on to third parties.
3. Heed all warnings.
4. Follow all instructions.
5. Do not use the products near water.
6. Only clean the products when they are not connected to the power supply
system. Use a dry cloth for cleaning.
7. Do not block any ventilation openings. Install the products in accordance
with the instructions given in the instruction manuals.
8. Do not operate near any heat sources such as radiators, stoves, or other
apparatus (including amplifiers) that produce heat.
9. Only operate the products from the types of power source specified in the
chapter “Specifications” on page 46 and indicated on the power supply
unit.
10. Only use the supplied power supply units.
11. Unplug the power supply units from the wall socket,
- to completely disconnect the products from the power supply system,
- during lightning storms or
- when not using the products for long periods of time.
12. Always ensure that the power supply units are
- in a safe operating condition and easily accessible,
- properly plugged into the wall socket,
- only operated within the permissible temperature range,
- not covered or exposed to direct sunlight for longer periods of time in
order to prevent heat accumulation.
13. Protect the power cords from being walked on or pinched, particularly at
the points where they exit from wall sockets, power supply units and products.
14. Only use attachments, accessories or spare parts specified by Sennheiser
15. Only use the products with the carts, stands, tripods, brackets, or tables
specified by Sennheiser, or sold with the products.
16. When a cart is used, use caution when moving the cart/product combination to avoid injury from tip-over.
17. When using the supplied device feet, do not place the products on delicate
surfaces. Delicate surfaces can become discolored or stained when they
come into contact with the plastic of the device feet.
18. Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel. Servicing is required
when the products have been damaged in any way, liquid has been spilled
or objects have fallen into the products, when the products has been
exposed to rain or moisture, do not operate normally, or have been
dropped.
19. WARNING: To reduce the risk of fire or electric shock, do not expose the
products to rain or moisture
20. Do not expose the products to dripping or splashing. Ensure that no
objects filled with liquids, such as vases, are placed on the products.
2
Important safety instructions
Risk of fire due to overloading
왘 Do not overload wall outlets and extension cables as this may result in fire
and electric shock.
Safety instructions for antennas
왘 Use safety wires to protect the antennas against tipping/dropping.
The safety wires, rope terminations and coupling links must comply in their
dimensioning and condition with the regulations and standards of the
country in which they are used!
Safety instructions for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries
If abused or misused, the rechargeable batteries may leak. In extreme cases,
they may even present a risk of
•explosion,
• fire development,
• heat generation,
• smoke or gas development.
Sennheiser does not accept any liability for damage arising from abuse or misuse.
왘 Keep away from children.
왘 Only charge rechargeable batteries with chargers recommended by
Sennheiser.
왘 Observe correct polarity.
왘 Pack/store charged rechargeable batteries so that the terminals cannot
contact each other – danger of shorting out/fire hazard.
왘 Do not expose to moisture.
왘 Switch rechargeable battery-powered products off after use.
왘 Only charge rechargeable batteries at ambient temperatures between
10 °C/50 °F and 40 °C/104 °F.
왘 When not using rechargeable batteries for extended periods of time,
charge them regularly (about every three months).
왘 Do not mutilate or dismantle.
왘 Do not heat above 60 °C/140 °F, e.g. do not expose to sunlight or throw
into a fire.
왘 Immediately remove rechargeable batteries from obviously defective prod-
ucts.
왘 Do not continue to use defective rechargeable batteries.
왘 Only use rechargeable batteries specified by Sennheiser.
3
Important safety instructions
왘 Dispose of rechargeable batteries at special collection points or return them
to your specialist dealer.
왘 Store the products in a cool and dry place at room temperature (approx.
20 °C/68 °F).
왘 Remove the rechargeable batteries if the products will not be used for
extended periods of time.
Intended use
The microphones, the transmitters, the receiver and the accessories of the
Sennheiser system can be combined with each other and
have been designed for indoor use (e.g. in rehearsal rooms, studios, theaters
and on stages).
In order that music and vocals are transmitted in the best possible quality, the
products have to be connected, as described in this instruction manual, to a
suitable mixing console or amplifier which, in turn, has to be connected to
optimally positioned loudspeakers.
The products can be used for commercial purposes.
Intended use includes:
• having read and understood these safety instructions and the instruction
manuals of the products
• using the products within the operating conditions and limitations
described in these safety instructions and in the instruction manuals of the
products.
It is considered improper use when the products are used for any application
not named in the instruction manuals of the products.
Sennheiser does not accept liability for damage arising from abuse or misuse
of the products and their accessories.
4
Optimum sound the easy way
Optimum sound the easy way
The Sennheiser series consists of high-quality state-ofthe-art RF transmission systems with a high level of operational reliability and
ease of use. The transmitters and the receiver permit wireless transmission
with studio-quality sound.
Features of the series:
• Digital transmission with an excellent transmission range and intelligent
signal amplification
• Optimum sound due to preset sound profiles and audio effects:
- low-cut filter
- equalizer
- automatic gain control
-de-esser
• Quick and easy setup and operation due to automatic frequency manage-
ment and automatic microphone sensitivity adjustment
• Low latency
• Extended dynamic range
• Secure and license-free transmission in the 2.4 GHz frequency band
• Automatic interference management provides optimum protection against
sources of interference such as WiFi or Bluetooth
• Long battery life
• Centralized remote control, monitoring and firmware updating via the
“Wireless System Remote” (WSR) app or the “Sennheiser D1 SL Updater”
software
• Convenient access to help functions via QR codes
5
Package contents
Package contents
Package contents
ew D1-835-S ew D1-845-S ew D1-935 ew D1-945 ew D1-ME2 ew D1-ME3 ew D1-CI1
EM D1
rack receiver
SK D1
bodypack transmitter
ME 2-2
clip-on microphone
ME 3-II
headset microphone
Handheld transmitter
with mute switch
and MMD 835-1
microphone head
Handheld transmitter
with mute switch
and MMD 845-1
microphone head
Handheld transmitter
with MMD 935-1
microphone head
Handheld transmitter
with MMD 945-1
microphone head
B 10 battery box 1 1 1 1 – – –
B 30 battery box – – – – 1 1 1
NT 12-4C1 or NT 2-32
power supply unit
CI 1 guitar cable – – – – – – 1
Transport case
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
– – – – 1 1 1
– – – – 1 – –
– – – – – 1 –
1 – – – – – –
– 1 – – – – –
– – 1 – – – –
– – – 1 – – –
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Vocal Sets
Lavalier
Set
Headmic
Set
Instrument
Set
AA size batteries
(1,5 V)
1
Country-specific versions of the NT 12-4C are available for Europe, the UK, and the USA.
2
The NT 2-3 power supply unit is available for all other regions.
6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Product overviews
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Product overviews
The transmitters and the receiver are available in different country variants:
• -H variants are available in Europe, the UK and all other countries in which
the products are distributed
• -NH variants are available in the Americas, China and Australia
• -NH10 variants are available in Japan and South Korea
The country variant can be found on the packaging and on the type plate as
shown on the left.
왘 Only use the country variant permitted for use at the venue.
왘 Do not combine devices of different country variants.
EM D1 rack receiver
Operating elements – front panel
1 2G4 rod antennas for connection to the R-SMA sockets at the rear of the receiver
2 PAIR button Short-press to identify the paired transmitter (see page 29).
Long-press to change the pairing (see page 28).
3 Display panel For details, see page 9.
4 Jog dial Turn to navigate through the menu, to change settings or to change from the
standard display to the extended standard display.
5 ESC button Short-press to navigate to the next higher level in the menu or to exit a menu
6 STANDBY button Short-press to switch the receiver on.
Press to open the menu or to confirm the entry or selection.
item without confirming new settings or entries.
Long-press to exit the menu and to return to the standard display.
Long-press to switch the receiver off.
7
Product overviews
8
9
0
A
B
C
D
7 Status LED
lights up green:
flashes green:
flashes alternately
green and red:
lights up yellow:
flashes red:
lights up red:
A radio link to the transmitter is established. The batteries of the received
transmitter are sufficiently charged.
The PAIR button has been short-pressed. Paired devices are being identified.
The PAIR button has been long-pressed. The receiver establishes a radio link
to a transmitter whose PAIR button has also been long-pressed.
The received transmitter has been muted with the MUTE switch. In addition,
Muted is displayed on the display panel.
The battery capacity of the received transmitter is only sufficient for approx.
30 minutes of operation.
No radio link to a transmitter. In addition, the background of the display panel
changes back and forth between light and dark and No Link appears on the
display panel.
Operating elements – rear panel
8 R-SMA socket ANT II Antenna input II for connecting a supplied 2G4 rod antenna (for details, see
page 16)
9 Cable grip for the cable of the power supply unit
0 DC IN socket for connection of the power supply unit
A ¼" (6.3 mm) jack socket
AF OUT UNBAL
B XLR-3 socket AF OUT BAL Balanced audio output for connection to the XLR-3 input of the mixing console
C Ethernet socket LAN for connecting to a network router or a switch (e.g. to control, monitor and
D R-SMA socket ANT I Antenna input I for connecting a supplied 2G4 rod antenna (for details, see
Unbalanced audio output for connection to the ¼" (6.3 mm) jack input of the
mixing console (for details, see page 20)
(for details, see page 20)
update several receivers via a mobile device or a computer (for details, see
page 20)
page 16)
8
Product overviews
15
07
6
B
4
9
8
23
A
Displays and icons on the receiver's display panel
Standard display The standard display appears automatically after switch-on or when no but-
ton has been pressed on the receiver for a long period of time. The brightness
of the standard display automatically dims after a few minutes.
EQ
DE-S AGC
NAME
10 h
1 Equalizer If one of the equalizer functions is activated, EQ appears in inverse on the
standard display (for details, see page 32).
2 De-esser If one of the de-esser functions is activated, DE-S appears in inverse on the
standard display (for details, see page 33).
3 Auto gain control If one of the compression functions is activated, AGC appears in inverse on the
standard display (for details, see page 33).
4 MUTE The received transmitter is not muted, but can be muted at any time (for
details, see page 28).
The received transmitter is muted. In addition, the status LED lights up yellow.
The received transmitter cannot be muted because its MUTE switch is deactivated (for details see page 35).
5 Audio level display The audio level is automatically optimally adjusted.
6 Extended standard display The extended standard display appears when you turn the jog dial to the left
(see page 10). The above shown standard display appears again after 10 seconds or when you turn the jog dial to the right.
7 6-segment RF signal level display Displays the field strength of the received signal. The 6-segment RF signal
level display is also shown on the transmitter display panel.
8 RF output power of the receiver‘s
back channel
9 Lock mode Open padlock icon: The lock mode is temporarily deactivated and the receiver
Medium RF output
power
High RF output power Only displayed by the -NH country variant.
can be operated as usual.
Locked padlock icon: The lock mode is activated. Press and hold the jog dial to
temporarily deactivate the lock mode. To permanently deactivate the lock
mode, see page 34.
If no padlock icon is displayed, the lock mode is permanently deactivated (for
details, see page 34).
Displayed by the -H and -NH10 country variants.
0 Name of the radio link To change this name, see page 32.
This information is only displayed when the transmitter is powered via the
optional accupack (for details, see page 27).
The 7-segment battery or accupack capacity display is also shown on the
transmitter display panel (for details, see page 27).
A Remaining battery life of the received
transmitter
B 7-segment display of the transmitter‘s
battery or accupack capacity
9
Product overviews
D
C
EF
123
NT 2-3
NT 12-4C
Extended standard display The extended standard display appears when you turn the jog dial to the left.
10 dBAudio out:
845
Low cut filter: Off
C Pick-up pattern of the microphone used For details, see page 24.
D Status of the low-cut filter (ON/OFF) For details, see page 32.
E Output level of the receiver in dB For details, see page 34.
F Product name of the microphone head used For details, see page 24.
Power supply units for the receiver
1 NT 2-3
power supply unit
2 Interchangeable
country adapters
3 NT 12-4C
power supply unit
Not available in Europe, the UK, and the USA.
for plugging onto the NT 2-3
Country-specific variants are available in Europe,
the UK, and the USA.
10
Product overviews
1
2
3
4
5
6
SKM D1, SKM-S D1 and SK D1 transmitters
Operating elements of the SKM D1 and SKM-S D1 handheld transmitters
SKM-S D1
Mic
Mute
1 Unscrewable microphone head For details, see page 24.
Do not cover the microphone head during transmission to avoid changing the characteristics of the pick-up pattern.
2 Display panel For details, see page 13.
3 MUTE switch for muting the SKM-S D1 handheld transmitter (for details, see page 28)
4 ON/OFF button with status LED Short-press to switch the handheld transmitter on.
Long-press to switch the handheld transmitter off (for details, see page 26).
lights up green:
flashes green:
flashes alternately
green and red:
lights up yellow:
A radio link to the receiver is established. The batteries of the handheld transmitter are sufficiently charged.
The PAIR button has been short-pressed. Paired devices are being identified.
The PAIR button has been long-pressed. The handheld transmitter establishes
a radio link to a receiver whose PAIR button has also been long-pressed.
The SKM-S D1 handheld transmitter has been muted with the MUTE switch. In
addition, Muted is displayed on the display panel.
SKM D1
The battery capacity of the handheld transmitter is only sufficient for approx.
5 PAIR button Short-press to identify the paired receiver (see page 29).
6 Antenna Do not touch the antenna during transmission to avoid a reduction in
flashes red:
lights up red:
30 minutes of operation.
No radio link to a receiver. In addition, No Link is displayed on the display
panel.
Long-press to change the pairing (see page 28).
the transmission range.
11
Product overviews
1
2
3
4
5
8
9
6
7
7
Operating elements of the SK D1 bodypack transmitter
1 ON/OFF button Short-press to switch the bodypack transmitter on.
Long-press to switch the bodypack transmitter off (for details, see page 26).
2 3.5 mm jack socket
Mic/Line
3 Status LED
4 MUTE switch for muting the bodypack transmitter (for details, see page 28)
5 Antenna Do not touch the antenna during transmission to avoid a reduction in
6 Display panel For details, see page 13.
7 Catches Press simultaneously to release the battery box or the accupack.
lights up green:
flashes green:
flashes alternately
green and red:
lights up yellow:
flashes red:
lights up red:
for connecting the clip-on or headset microphone
A radio link to the receiver is established. The batteries of the bodypack transmitter are sufficiently charged.
The PAIR button has been short-pressed. Paired devices are being identified
(for details, see page 29).
The PAIR button has been long-pressed. The bodypack transmitter establishes
a radio link to a receiver whose PAIR button has also been long-pressed (for
details, see page 28).
The bodypack transmitter has been muted with the MUTE switch. In addition,
Muted is displayed on the display panel (for details, see page 28).
The battery capacity of the bodypack transmitter is only sufficient for approx.
30 minutes of operation.
No radio link to a receiver. In addition, No Link is displayed on the display
panel.
the transmission range.
8 PAIR button Short-press to identify the paired receiver (see page 29).
Long-press to change the pairing (see page 28).
9 Belt clip For details, see page 22.
12
Product overviews
1
3
2
1
3
4
2
5
6
1
3
2
4
5
1
3
2
Displays of the transmitters
NAME
1 Name of the radio link For details, see page 32.
2 7-segment display of the battery
or accupack capacity
3 6-segment RF signal level display Displays the field strength of the trans-
For details, see page 27.
mitted signal at the receiver.
Optional accessories for the transmitters
BA 10 accupack for the SKM D1 or SKM-S D1 handheld transmitter
1 Micro USB socket with
cover flap
2 Charge status LED
3 Contact surfaces for powering the handheld transmitter
4 Accupack contains the Li-Ion rechargeable battery
5 Catches Press simultaneously to release the accupack from
6 Charging contacts for charging the accupack in the charging unit
BA 30 accupack for the SK D1 bodypack tranmsitter
for charging the accupack with any USB power supply/charger (for details, see page 25)
lights up red: The accupack is being charged
lights up green: The accupack is fully charged
the handheld transmitter.
1 Contact surfaces for powering the bodypack transmitter
2 Accupack contains the Li-Ion rechargeable battery
3 Charging contacts for charging the accupack in the charging unit
4 Micro USB socket with
cover flap
5 Charge status LED
USB power supply/charger for charging the accupacks
1 NT 5-10-U USB power supply/charger (country-specific)
2 USB connector
(type A)
3 Micro USB connector for connection to an accupack
for charging the accupack with any USB power supply/charger (for details, see page 25)
lights up red: The accupack is being charged
lights up green: The accupack is fully charged
for charging the accupacks
for connection to the USB power supply/charger
13
Product overviews
1
2
35
7
46
1
2
3
ME 3-II headset microphone
1 Microphone capsule
with windshield
2 Flexible microphone
boom
3 Ear hooks for a secure fit on the ears
4 Clips for attaching the connection cable to the ear hook
5 Connection cable with lockable 3.5 mm jack plug
6 Neckband for a secure fit on the head
7 Neckband padding for a comfortable fit, adjustable in length with a Velcro
with lateral sound inlet and cardioid pick-up pattern
for precise positioning of the microphone at the corner
of the mouth
fastener
ME 2-2 clip-on microphone
1 Microphone capsule with
windshield
2 Anti-kink protection to prevent cable damage
3 Connection cable (1.6 m) with lockable 3.5 mm jack plug for connection to
Supplied with microphone clip to attach the clip-on microphone to clothing.
should be pointed towards the mouth
the bodypack transmitter
14
Putting the products into operation
Putting the products into operation
Avoiding sources of interference Featuring automatic interference management, the devices are capable of
avoiding interfering signals at any time by automatically moving together to
unused frequencies in the 2.4 GHz frequency band, without any audio interruption. However, the number of usable radio links is reduced if there are
active sources of interference in the vicinity of the devices.
왘 Switch off possible sources of interference operating in the 2.4 GHz fre-
quency band.
Possible sources of interference use e.g. WiFi or Bluetooth.
Infrared remote controls and headphones, DECT headphones and UHF radio
links (e.g. Sennheiser evolution wireless G3) do not represent a source of
interference and can remain switched on.
You can identify and locate sources of interference using a WiFi scanning tool.
왘 If you want to use WiFi while operating devices of the
series, use a dual-band WiFi router and deactivate its 2.4 GHz frequency
band in order to minimize interference to the radio links.
If conditions are optimal, you can operate up to 15 radio links simultaneously
(for details, see “Using the devices in multi-channel operation” on page 29).
Direct line of sight recommended Walls and other obstacles will reduce the range. Therefore, there should
always be a direct line of sight between the transmitting antenna and the
receiving antennas of a radio link. To ensure this, you can mount the antennas
of the receiver in different ways.
• When using the EM D1 as a stand-alone receiver, you can mount the sup-
plied 2G4 rod antennas to the rear of the receiver (see page 16).
• When rack-mounting the receiver, you should use the GA 4 rack-mount kit
to mount the receiver antennas to the front of the rack (see page 19).
15
Putting the products into operation
1
Putting the receiver into operation
Fitting the device feet
ATTENTION
Risk of staining of furniture surfaces!
Some furniture surfaces have been treated with varnish, polish or synthetics
which might cause stains when they come into contact with other synthetics.
Despite a thorough testing of the synthetics used by us, we cannot rule out
the possibility of staining.
왘 Do not place the receiver on delicate surfaces.
Do not fit the device feet when mounting the receiver into a rack.
왘 Clean the recesses for the device feet at base of the receiver.
왘 Fit the device feet to the recesses of the receiver.
왘 Place the receiver on a flat, horizontal surface.
The device feet will adhere reliably to the receiver only after some time.
Avoid moving the receiver during this time.
Mounting the rack mount “ears”
The rack mount “ears” are designed to help protect the operating elements from damage or deformation, e.g. if the receiver is dropped.
왘 Therefore, always fasten the rack mount “ears”, even if you do not
want to rack mount the receiver.
To fasten the rack mount “ears”:
왘 Unscrew and remove the two recessed head screws on each side of the
receiver.
왘 Secure the rack mount “ears” 1 to the sides of the receiver using the pre-
viously removed recessed head screws.
Connecting the rod antennas to the receiver
16
The supplied 2G4 rod antennas can be mounted quickly and easily. The rod
antennas are suitable for all applications where – good reception conditions
provided – a wireless transmission system is to be used without a large
amount of installation work
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