15.18-bit operation, 1-line display using internal
reset
15.24-bit operation, 1-line display using internal
reset
15.38-bit operation, 2-line display
15.4I2C-bus operation, 1-line display
16BONDING PAD LOCATIONS
17DEFINITIONS
18LIFE SUPPORT APPLICATIONS
19PURCHASE OF PHILIPS I2C COMPONENTS
1998 May 112
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
1FEATURES
• Single-chip LCD controller/driver
• 2-line display of up to 12 characters + 120 icons,
or 1-line display of up to 24 characters + 120 icons
• 5 × 7 character format plus cursor; 5 × 8 for kana
(Japanese syllabary) and user defined symbols
• Icon mode: reduced current consumption while
displaying icons only
(1)
• Icon blink function
• On-chip:
– Generation of intermediate LCD bias voltages
– Oscillator requires no external components
(external clock also possible)
• Display data RAM: 80 characters
• Character generator ROM: 240, 5 × 8 characters
• Character generator RAM: 16, 5 × 8 characters;
3 characters used to drive 120 icons, 6 characters used
if icon blink feature is used in application
2
• 4 or 8-bit parallel bus and 2-wire I
C-bus interface
• CMOS compatible
• 18 row, 60 column outputs
• Mux rates 1 : 18 (for normal operation) and 1 : 2
(for icon-only mode)
• Uses common 11 code instruction set (extended)
• Logic supply voltage range, VDD− VSS= 1.8 to 5.5 V;
chip may be driven with two battery cells
• Display supply voltage range, V
− VSS= 2.2 to 6.5 V
LCD
• Very low current consumption (20 to 120 µA):
– Icon mode: <25 µA
– Power-down mode: <2.5 µA.
2APPLICATIONS
• Telecom equipment
• Portable instruments
• Point-of-sale terminals.
3GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The PCF2103 family is a low power CMOS LCD controller
and driver, designed to drive a dot matrix LCD display of
2 line by 12 or 1 line by 24 characters with 5 × 8 dot
format. All necessary functions for the display are provided
in a single chip, including on-chip generation of LCD bias
voltages, resulting in a minimum of external components
and lower system current consumption. The PCF2103
interfaces to most microcontrollers via a 4 or 8-bit bus or
via the 2-wire I
2
C-bus. The chip contains a character
generator and displays alphanumeric and kana
(Japanese) characters. The letter ‘X’ in PCF2103X
characterizes the built-in character set. Various character
sets can be manufactured on request.
(1) Icon mode is used to save current. When only icons
are displayed, a much lower operating voltage V
LCD
can be used and the switching frequency of the LCD
outputs is reduced. In most applications it is possible
to use VDD as V
LCD
.
4ORDERING INFORMATION
PACKAGE
TYPE NUMBER
NAMEDESCRIPTIONVERSION
PCF2103EU/2/F2−chip with bumps in tray−
1998 May 113
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
5BLOCK DIAGRAM
handbook, full pagewidth
V
LCD
V
DD
V
SS
BIAS
VOLTAGE
GENERATOR
SHIFT REGISTER 5 × 12-BIT
CURSOR AND DATA CONTROL
CHARACTER
GENERATOR
RAM (128 × 5)
(CGRAM)
16 CHARACTERS
C1 to C60R1 to R18
60
COLUMN DRIVERS
60
DATA LATCHES
60
5
5
CHARACTER
GENERATOR
ROM
(CGROM)
240 CHARACTERS
8
SHIFT REGISTER 18-BIT
18
ROW DRIVERS
18
OSCILLATOR
TIMING
GENERATOR
OSC
T1
DB0 to DB3/SA0
8
DATA
REGISTER
(DR)
8
DB4 to DB7
DISPLAY DATA RAM
(DDRAM)
80 CHARACTERS/BYTES
ADDRESS COUNTER
BUSY
FLAG
I/O BUFFER
E
R/W
RS
Fig.1 Block diagram.
7
(AC)
77
INSTRUCTION
DECODER
8
INSTRUCTION
REGISTER
8
SCL
PD
7
DISPLAY
ADDRESS
COUNTER
PCF2103
POWER-ON
RESET
MGL259
SDA
1998 May 114
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
6PINNING
SYMBOLDIE PADDESCRIPTION
V
DD
OSC2oscillator/external clock input
PD3power-down pad input
T14test pad (connected to V
V
SS
V
LCD
R9 to R167 to 14LCD row driver outputs 9 to 16
R1815LCD row driver output 18
C60 to C116 to 23, 26 to 50,
53 to 77, 80, 81
R8 to R182 to 89LCD row driver outputs 8 to 1
R1790LCD row driver output 17
SCL91I
SDA92I
E93data bus clock input
RS94register select input
R/
W95read/write input
DB796bit of bi-directional data bus
DB697bit of bi-directional data bus
DB598bit of bi-directional data bus
DB499bit of bi-directional data bus
DB3/SA0100bit of bi-directional data bus/I
DB2101bit of bi-directional data bus
DB1102bit of bi-directional data bus
DB0103bit of bi-directional data bus
1supply voltage
5ground
6V
input; note 1
LCD
LCD column driver outputs 60 to 1
2
C-bus serial clock input
2
C-bus serial data input/output
)
SS
2
C-bus address pin
Note
1. This is the voltage used for the generation of LCD bias levels.
1998 May 115
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
Table 1 Pin functions; note 1
NAMEFUNCTIONDESCRIPTION
RSregister selectRS selects the register to be accessed for read and write; there is an internal pull-up
on this pin
RS = 0 selects the instruction register for write and the busy flag and address
counter for read
RS = 1 selects the data register for both read and write
Wread/writeR/W selects either the read (R/W = 1) or write (R/W = 0) operation; there is an
R/
internal pull-up on this pin
Edata bus clockpin E is set HIGH to signal the start of a read or write operation; data is clocked in or
out of the chip on the negative edge of the clock
DB7 to DB0 data busthe bi-directional, 3-state data bus transfers data between the system controller and
the PCF2103; DB7 may be used as the busy flag, signalling that internal operations
are not yet completed; in 4-bit operations the 4 higher order lines DB7 to DB4 are
used; DB3 to DB0 must be left open-circuit; there is an internal pull-up on each of the
data lines
C1 to C60column driver
outputs
R1 to R18row driver
outputs
V
LCD
LCD power
supply
OSCoscillatorwhen the on-chip oscillator is used this pin must be connected to V
SCLserial clock lineinput for the I
SDAserial data lineI/O for the I
SA0address pinthe hardware sub-address line is used to program the device sub-address for two
T1test padmust be connected to V
PDpower-down pad PD selects chip power-down mode; for normal operation PD = 0
these pins output the data for columns
these pins output the row select waveforms to the display; R17 and R18 drive the
icons
positive power supply for the liquid crystal display
; an external
DD
clock signal, if used, is input at this pin
2
C-bus clock signal
2
C-bus data line
different PCF2103s on the same I
; not user accessible
SS
2
C-bus
Note
1. When the I
2
C-bus is used, the parallel interface pin E must be defined as E = 0. In I2C-bus read mode DB7 to DB0
should be connected to VDD or left open-circuit.
a) When the parallel bus is used, pins SCL and SDA must be connected to VSS or VDD; they may not be left
unconnected.
b) If the 4-bit interface is used without reading out from the PCF2103 (i.e. R/W is set permanently to logic 0), the
unused ports DB0 to DB3 can either be set to VSS or VDD instead of leaving them open.
1998 May 116
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
7FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
7.1LCD bias voltage generator
The intermediate bias voltages for the LCD display are generated on-chip. This removes the need for an external
resistive bias chain and significantly reduces the system current consumption. The optimum value of V
the multiplex rate, the LCD threshold voltage (Vth) and the number of bias levels and is given by the relationships given
in Tables 2 and 3. Using a 5-level bias scheme for 1 : 18 maximum rate allows V
<5 V for most LCD liquids.
LCD
depends on
LCD
Table 2 Optimum/maximum values for V
MUX RATENUMBER OF LEVELSV
(off pixels start darkening; V
OP
on/Vth
off=Vth
VOP/V
)
th
VOP(typical; for Vth= 1.4 V)
1 : 1851.2723.75.2 V
1 : 232.2362.2833.9 V
Table 3 Minimum values for V
MUX RATENUMBER OF LEVELSV
(on pixels clearly visible; Von>Vth)
OP
on/Vth
VOP/V
th
VOP(typical; for Vth= 1.4 V)
1 : 1851.123.24.6 V
1 : 231.21.52.1 V
7.2Oscillator
The on-chip oscillator provides the clock signal for the
display system. No external components are required and
pin OSC must be connected to VDD.
7.3External clock
If an external clock is to be used, it is input at the OSC pin.
The resulting display frame frequency is given by
f
=
osc
------------ 3072
f
frame
Only in the power-down state is the clock allowed to be
stopped (OSC connected to V
), otherwise the LCD is
SS
frozen in a DC state.
During power-down, the whole chip is being reset and will
restart with a clear display after power-down. Therefore,
the whole chip has to be initialized after a power-down as
after an initial power-up.
7.6Registers
The PCF2103 has two 8-bit registers, an Instruction
Register (IR) and a Data Register (DR). The Register
Select signal (RS) determines which register will be
accessed. The instruction register stores instruction codes
such as ‘display clear’ and ‘cursor shift’, and address
information for the Display Data RAM (DDRAM) and
Character Generator RAM (CGRAM). The instruction
register can be written from but not read by the system
controller. The data register temporarily stores data to be
7.4Power-on reset
read from the DDRAM and CGRAM. When reading, data
from the DDRAM or CGRAM corresponding to the address
The on-chip power-on reset block initializes the chip after
power-on or power failure. This is a synchronous reset and
in the instruction register is written to the data register prior
to being read by the ‘read data’ instruction.
requires 3 oscillator cycles to be executed. Afterwards, a
clear display is initiated.
7.7Busy flag
7.5Power-down mode
The chip can be put into power-down mode where all static
currents are switched off (no internal oscillator, no bias
level generation, all LCD outputs are internally connected
to V
) when PD = 1.
SS
1998 May 117
The busy flag indicates the internal status of the PCF2103.
Logic 1 indicates that the chip is busy and further
instructions will not be accepted. The busy flag is output at
pin DB7 when RS = 0 and R/
W = 1. Instructions should
only be written after checking that the busy flag is logic 0
or waiting for the required number of cycles.
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
7.8Address Counter (AC)
The address counter assigns addresses to the DDRAM
and CGRAM for reading and writing and is set by the
commands ‘set CGRAM address’ and ‘set DDRAM
address’. After a read/write operation the address counter
is automatically incremented or decremented by 1.
The address counter contents are output to the bus
(DB6 to DB0) when RS = 0 and R/W=1.
7.9Display Data RAM (DDRAM)
The DDRAM stores up to 80 characters of display data
represented by 8-bit character codes. RAM locations
which are not used for storing display data can be used as
general purpose RAM. The basic RAM-to-display
addressing scheme is shown in Fig.2. With no display shift
the characters represented by the codes in the first
24 RAM locations starting at address 00 in line 1 are
displayed. Figures 3 and 4 show the display mapping for
right and left shift respectively.
When data is written to or read from the DDRAM
wrap-around occurs from the end of one line to the start of
the next line. When the display is shifted each line wraps
around within itself, independently of the others. Thus all
lines are shifted and wrapped around together.
The address ranges and wrap-around operations for the
various modes are shown in Table 4.
7.10Character Generator ROM (CGROM)
The Character Generator ROM (CGROM) generates
240 character patterns in 5 × 8 dot format from 8-bit
character codes. Figure 6 shows the character set that is
currently implemented.
7.11Character Generator RAM (CGRAM)
Up to 16 user defined characters may be stored in the
CGRAM. Some CGRAM characters (see Fig.14) are also
used to drive icons (6 if icons blink and both icon rows are
used in application; 3 if no blink but both icon rows are
used in application; 0 if no icons are driven by the icon
rows). The CGROM and CGRAM use a common address
space, of which the first column is reserved for the
CGRAM (see Fig.6). Figure 7 shows the addressing
principle for the CGRAM.
7.12Cursor control circuit
The cursor control circuit generates the cursor (underline
and/or cursor blink as shown in Fig.5) at the DDRAM
address contained in the address counter. When the
address counter contains the CGRAM address the cursor
will be inhibited.
7.13Timing generator
The timing generator produces the various signals
required to drive the internal circuitry. Internal chip
operation is not disturbed by operations on the data buses.
7.14LCD row and column drivers
The PCF2103 contains 18 row and 60 column drivers,
which connect the appropriate LCD bias voltages in
sequence to the display in accordance with the data to be
displayed. R17 and R18 drive the icon rows.
The bias voltages and the timing are selected
automatically when the number of lines in the display is
selected. Figures 8, 9 and 10 show typical waveforms.
Unused outputs should be left unconnected.
Table 4 Address space and wrap-around operation
MODEADDRESS SPACE
READ/WRITE
WRAP-AROUND
(1)
DISPLAY SHIFT
WRAP-AROUND
1 × 2400H to 4FH4FH to 00H4FH to 00H
2 × 1200H to 27H; 40H to 67H27H to 40H; 67H to 00H27H to 00H; 67H to 40H
Character code bits 0to 3 correspond to CGRAM address bits 3 to 6.
CGRAM address bits 0 to 2 designate the character pattern line position. The 8th line is the cursor position and display is performed by logical OR with
the cursor. Data in the 8th position will appear in the cursor position.
Character pattern column positions correspond to CGRAM data bits 0 to 4, as shown in Fig.6.
As shown in Figs 6 and 7, CGRAM character patterns are selected when character code bits 4 to 7 are all logic 0. CGRAM data = logic 1 corresponds
to selection for display.
Only bits 0 to 5 of the CGRAM address are set by the ‘set CGRAM address’ command. Bit 6 can be set using the ‘set DDRAM address’ command in
the valid address range or by using the auto-increment feature during CGRAM write. All bits 0 to6 can be read using the ‘read busy flag and address
counter’ command; see Table 7.
Fig.7 Relationship between CGRAM addresses and data and display patterns.
1998 May 1112
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
handbook, full pagewidth
V
LCD
V
2
ROW 1
ROW 9
ROW 2
COL1
COL2
V3/V
V
5
V
SS
V
LCD
V
2
V3/V
V
5
V
SS
V
LCD
V
2
V3/V
V
5
V
SS
V
LCD
V
2
V3/V
V
5
V
SS
V
LCD
V
2
V3/V
V
5
V
SS
frame n + 1 frame n
state 1 (ON)
state 2 (OFF)
R1
4
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
4
R9
4
4
4
V
OP
0.5V
OP
0.25V
OP
0 V
state 1
−0.25V
OP
−0.5V
OP
−V
OP
V
OP
0.5V
OP
0.25V
OP
0 V
state 2
−0.25V
OP
−0.5V
OP
−V
OP
1231812318
Fig.8 Typical LCD waveforms; character mode.
1998 May 1113
MGE996
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
handbook, full pagewidth
ROW 17
ROW 18
ROW 1 to 16
COL 1
ON/OFF
COL 2
OFF
/ON
V
V
V
V
V
LCD
2/3
1/3
V
SS
LCD
2/3
1/3
V
SS
LCD
2/3
1/3
V
SS
LCD
2/3
1/3
V
SS
LCD
2/3
1/3
V
SS
frame n + 1 frame n
only icons are
driven (MUX 1 : 2)
V
LCD
V
2/3
1/3
V
SS
LCD
2/3
1/3
V
SS
COL 3
COL 4
ON/ON
OFF/OFF
Fig.9 Mux 1 : 2 LCD waveforms; icon mode.
1998 May 1114
MGE997
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
handbook, full pagewidth
state 1
COL 1 -
ROW 17
state 2
COL 2 -
ROW 17
state 3
COL 1 -
ROW 1 to 16
V
2/3 V
1/3 V
−1/3 V
−2/3 V
−V
2/3 V
1/3 V
−1/3 V
−2/3 V
−V
2/3 V
1/3 V
−1/3 V
−2/3 V
−V
PIXEL
V
OP
OP
OP
OP
OP
OP
V
OP
OP
OP
OP
OP
OP
V
OP
OP
OP
OP
OP
OP
frame n + 1 frame n
state 1 (ON)
state 2 (OFF)
R17
0
0
0
MGE998
R18
R1-16
state 3 (OFF)
V
= 0.745 VOP.
ON(rms)
V
= 0.333 VOP.
OFF(rms)
V
ON
------------V
OFF
2.23==
D
Fig.10 Mux1:2 LCD waveforms; icon mode.
1998 May 1115
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
7.15Reset function
The PCF2103 automatically initializes (resets) when power is turned on. The reset executes a ‘clear display’ instruction,
requiring 165 oscillator cycles. After the reset the chip has the state shown in Table 5.
Table 5 State after reset
STEPINSTRUCTIONRESET STATE (BIT/REGISTER)RESET STATE (DESCRIPTION)
5default address pointer to DDRAM; the Busy Flag (BF) indicates the busy state (BF = 1) until initialization
ends; the busy state lasts 2 ms; the chip may also be initialized by software; see Tables 16 and 17
6icon controlIM, IB = 00icons/icon blink disabled
7display/screen configurationL, P, Q = 000default configurations
2
8I
C-bus interface reset
1998 May 1116
Philips SemiconductorsProduct specification
LCD controllers/driversPCF2103 family
8INSTRUCTIONS
Only two PCF2103 registers, the Instruction Register (IR)
and the Data Register (DR) can be directly controlled by
the microcontroller. Before internal operation, control
information is stored temporarily in these registers to allow
interface to various types of microcontrollers which
operate at different speeds or to allow interface to
peripheral control ICs. The format for instructions when
I2C-bus control is used is shown in Table 6. The PCF2103
operation is controlled by the instructions given in Table 7
together with their execution time. Details are explained in
subsequent sections.
Instructions are of 4 types, those that:
1. Designate PCF2103 functions such as display format,
data length, etc.
2. Set internal RAM addresses
3. Perform data transfer with internal RAM
4. Others.
2
Table 6 Instruction set for I
CONTROL BYTECOMMAND BYTEI
CoRS000000DB7DB6DB5DB4DB3DB2DB1DB0note 1
C-bus commands
In normal use, instructions that perform data transfer with
internal RAM are used most frequently. However,
automatic incrementing by 1 (or decrementing by 1) of
internal RAM addresses after each data write lessens the
microcontroller program load. The display shift in particular
can be performed concurrently with display data write,
enabling the designer to develop systems in minimum time
with maximum programming efficiency.
During internal operation, no instruction other than the
‘read busy flag and address counter’ instruction will be
executed. Because the busy flag is set to logic 1 while an
instruction is being executed, the user should verify that
the busy flag is at logic 0 before sending the next
instruction or wait for the maximum instruction execution
time, as given in Table 7. An instruction sent while the
busy flag is logic 1 will not be executed.
2
C-BUS COMMANDS
Note
1. R/
W is set together with the slave address.
1998 May 1117
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