PerkinElmer aanalyst 200 User Manual

AAnalyst 200

User’s Guide

Release History

Part Number Release Publication Date

0993 6594 E April 2006

Any comments about the documentation for this product should be addressed to:

User Assistance
PerkinElmer, Inc.
710 Bridgeport Avenue
Shelton, Connecticut 06484-4794
U.S.A.

Or emailed to: [e-mail]

Notices

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Except as specifically set forth in its terms and conditions of sale, PerkinElmer makes no warranty of
any kind with regard to this document, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of
merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.

PerkinElmer shall not be liable for errors contained herein for incidental consequential damages in
connection with furnishing, performance or use of this material.

Copyright Information

This document contains proprietary information that is protected by copyright.
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever or translated
into any language without the prior, written permission of PerkinElmer, Inc.

Copyright © 2006 PerkinElmer, Inc.

Trademarks

Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this document, even whe n not specifically marked as such, are
protected by law.

PerkinElmer is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc.
AAnalysts and e-ssentials are trademarks of PerkinElmer, Inc.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

About This Manual......................................................................................1-3

Conventions Used in this Manual................................................................1-5

Warning Labels on the Instrument..............................................................1-6

Chapter 2 Safety Practices

Chapter Overview........................................................................................2-3

Working Safely with the AAnalyst 200 ......................................................2-4

Precautions ..................................................................................................2-5

Hazards with Flame Atomization................................................................2-6

Safety Conventions in the Hardware Guide................................................2-8

Symbols Used on the Instrument.................................................................2-9

Safety Practices for Flame Atomization....................................................2-10

High Temperatures.................................................................................... 2-12

Electrical Safety ........................................................................................2-13

Compressed Gases..................................................................................... 2-14

Safe Handling of Gas Cylinders................................................................ 2-15

Operating Conditions ................................................................................2-18

Exhaust Venting........................................................................................2-19

Safe Handling of Chemicals......................................................................2-20

Decontamination ....................................................................................... 2-21

Waste Disposal..........................................................................................2-22

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) .....................................................2-23

WEEE Instructions for PerkinElmer Products ..........................................2-24

References for Laboratory Safety Practice................................................2-25

Chapter 3 Preparing Your Laboratory

Introduction.................................................................................................3-3

Environmental Conditions...........................................................................3-4

General Laboratory Requirements ..............................................................3-5

Location and Space Requirements ..............................................................3-7

Exhaust Vent Requirements......................................................................3-12

Electrical Requirements ............................................................................3-20

Lamps........................................................................................................3-21

Chapter 4 System Description

Introduction.................................................................................................4-3

AAnalyst 200 Overview.............................................................................. 4-4

The AAnalyst 200 Spectrometer System ....................................................4-5

General Lamp Information.......................................................................... 4-6

The Deuterium Arc Background Corrector...............................................4-11

The Burner System....................................................................................4-12

Connecting the Electrical Supply..............................................................4-19

Mercury/Hydride Determination System (MHS-15).................................4-21

Chapter 5 Installation

Introduction to the Installation Procedure...................................................5-3

When the Spectrometer Arrives ..................................................................5-4

Placing the Spectrometer on the Bench.......................................................5-6

AAnalyst 200 Shipping List........................................................................5-8

AAnalyst 200 Spares Kit............................................................................. 5-9

Installing the Touch Screen....................................................................... 5-10

Connecting the Gas Hoses......................................................................... 5-14

Setting up the Burner System.................................................................... 5-19

Installing the Burner Door......................................................................... 5-21

Installing the Sample Tray.........................................................................5-22

Connecting to the Electrical Supply.......................................................... 5-23

Switches and Connectors on the E-Box ....................................................5-24

Setting Up the AutoSampler......................................................................5-25

Connecting the Foot Switch ......................................................................5-26

Chapter 6 Operation of Instrument

Starting up the System................................................................................. 6-3

Setting up the Burner System...................................................................... 6-5

Installing Solvent-Resistant Components in the Burner............................6-11

User Interface............................................................................................6-19

Installing Lamps........................................................................................ 6-21

Switching on the Spectrometer..................................................................6-25

Safety Checks............................................................................................6-26

Using the Background Corrector...............................................................6-27

Optimization Procedures...........................................................................6-28

Aligning Lamp .......................................................................................... 6-29

Setting the Burner Height..........................................................................6-33

Igniting the Flame ..................................................................................... 6-35

Preadjusting the Nebulizer ........................................................................ 6-37

Optimizing the Burner System..................................................................6-39

Rinsing the Burner System........................................................................6-43

Chapter 7 Touch Screen

User Interface..............................................................................................7-3

Startup Dialog..............................................................................................7-5

Lamp Page...................................................................................................7-6

Flame page ................................................................................................ 7-11

Parameters Page ........................................................................................7-14

Analyze Page: Manual Data Display......................................................... 7-20

Analyze Samples Page: Manual Continuous Display ...............................7-23

Analyze Page: Autosampler......................................................................7-25

Tools Dialog.............................................................................................. 7-27

Recommended Conditions.........................................................................7-31

Network Dialog.........................................................................................7-32

Download ..................................................................................................7-41

Importing AAnalyst 200 into Microsoft Excel..........................................7-47

Chapter 8 Analyzing Samples

Sequence of Operations...............................................................................8-3

Manual Flame Analyses..............................................................................8-4

Automated Flame Analyses.......................................................................8-15

Manual Analyses: Data Display MHS-Technique ....................................8-22

Running Samples in Emission Mode ........................................................ 8-23

Shutting Down The System....................................................................... 8-31

Emergency Shutdown................................................................................8-32

Rinsing the Burner System........................................................................8-33

Chapter 9 Maintenance

Introduction.................................................................................................9-3

General Maintenance Checklist...................................................................9-4

Instrument Maintenance Checklist..............................................................9-5

Checks.........................................................................................................9-7

Spectrometer Maintenance Checklists ........................................................9-8

Burner Maintenance Checklist....................................................................9-9

Changing the Air Filter..............................................................................9-11

Extinguishing the Flame............................................................................ 9-12

Cleaning the Burner Chamber................................................................... 9-13

Removing the Burner Door.......................................................................9-15

Replacing the Burner Door........................................................................9-16

Cleaning the Burner System......................................................................9-17

Cleaning the Burner Head.........................................................................9-19

Pre-Conditioning a New Burner or Drain Tube ........................................9-21

Removing the Burner Head....................................................................... 9-22

Removing the Burner Assembly from the Instrument...............................9-23

Disassembling the Burner Chamber..........................................................9-25

Reassembling the Burner System..............................................................9-28

Drain System Maintenance........................................................................9-32

Cleaning the Nebulizer.............................................................................. 9-36

Replacing Parts of Wear............................................................................9-45

E-Box ........................................................................................................9-46

Maintaining the Acetylene Supply............................................................9-50

Replacing the Lamps.................................................................................9-51

Replacing the Deuterium Arc Background Corrector Lamp.....................9-52

AS-90plus and AS-93plus Autosampler Maintenance..............................9-56

MHS-15 Mercury/Hydride System Maintenance......................................9-57

Replacement Parts and Accessories .......................................................... 9-60

Chapter 10 Troubleshooting

Introduction...............................................................................................10-3

Flame Analysis Troubleshooting...............................................................10-4

Flame/Burner Troubleshooting .................................................................10-8

Lamp Troubleshooting............................................................................10-11

Troubleshooting Deuterium Background Corrector Problems................10-13

Index

Introduction

1

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

About This Manual

For complete safety label information see AAnalyst 200 Quick Installation and Setup Guide
(0993-6593). This User’s Guide is divided into the following chapters:

Chapter 1 Introduction

This chapter contains a brief introduction on the instrument, the conventions and warnings used
in the manual.

Chapter 2 Safety Practices

Important safety information for the AAnalyst 200 is provided in this chapter.

Chapter 3 Preparing Your Laboratory

The preparation of your laboratory needed for the AAnalyst 200. Laboratory requirements for the
instrument are reviewed in this chapter.

Chapter 4 System Description

This chapter contains information on the components of the AAnalyst 200, how it works and
instrument specifications.

Chapter 5 Installation

Information on installing and re-installing your AAnalyst 200 should you ever need to move your
system is provided.

Chapter 6 Setting Up Instrument

Detailed information on how to align, adjust, and optimize the AAnalyst 200 is provided in this
chapter.

Chapter 7 Touch Screens

Detailed information on how to operate the AAnalyst 200 using the touch screen is provided in
this chapter.

Chapter 8 Preparing for an Analyses

Detailed information on how to set up the AAnalyst 200 for analyses is provided in this chapter.

Chapter 9 Maintenance

Maintenance and cleaning procedures for the various components of your AAnalyst 200 are
provided.

1-3

Introduction

Chapter 10 Troubleshooting

Performance checks, troubleshooting information, software and system error messages are
provided for the AAnalyst 200.

1-4

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Conventions Used in this Manual

Normal text is used to provide information and instructions.

Bold text refers to text that is displayed on the screen.

All eight digit numbers are PerkinElmer part numbers unless stated otherwise.

Notes, cautions and warnings

Three terms, in the following standard formats, are used to highlight special circumstances and
warnings.

NOTE: A note indicates additional, significant information that is provided with some procedures.

CAUTION

WARNING

We use the term CAUTION to inform you about situations that
could result in serious damage to the instrument or other
equipment. Details about these circumstances are in a box like this
one.

We use the term WARNING to inform you about situations that
could result in personal injury to yourself or other persons. Details
about these circumstances are in a box like this one.

1-5

Introduction

Warning Labels on the Instrument

Caution, hot surface.

Caution, risk of electric shock.

Warning (refer to accompanying documents).

Figure A Label located on the front of the AAnalyst 200

1-6

A

B

C

D

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

WARNING: Hot Lamp.

WARNING: To avoid electrical shock, disconnect power
cord before servicing

WARNING: UV Light Source. Wear protective glasses

when working with this cover removed.

Nebulizer clamp must be lowered and locked over the
nebulizer flange.

E

Never use oxygen. Read instructions before lighting burner. Drain trap
must be filled.

F

WARNING

Hot surfaces

G

Emergency flame off switch

1-7

Introduction

Figure B Label located on the right side of the AAnalyst 200

A

CAUTION: do not restrict air intake or exhaust

1-8

Figure C Labels located on the back of the AAnalyst 200

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

N

Purge
(translucent
hose)

O

2

(blue hose)

Air
(black

hose)

C2 H2
(red
hose)

A

C

D

B

E

Burner Gases Connections

For more information see page 5-14.

1-9

Introduction

Figure D Labels located on the E-Box front panel of the AAnalyst 200

A

B

Turn the power switch off and unplug the AC line cord from
the AC outlet before loosening the screw.

WARNING

Grounding circuit continuity is vital for safe operation of
equipment. Never operate equipment with grounding
conductor disconnected.

1-10

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Figure E Labels located on the E-Box rear panel of the AAnalyst 200

A

B

C

WARNING

To prevent a shock hazard, turn the power switch off and unplug the AC line
cord from the AC outlet.

WARNING

To reduce the chance of an electrical shock do not remove covers that require
tool access.
No user serviceable parts are inside. Refer servicing to PerkinElmer qualified
service personnel.

1-11

Introduction

1-12

Safety

Practices

2

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Chapter Overview

This chapter describes the general safety practices and precautions that must be observed when
operating the AAnalyst 200.

This advice is intended to supplement, not supersede, the normal safety codes in the user's
country. It is also a supplement to the PerkinElmer standard Safety and Health Policy. The
information provided does not cover every safety procedure that should be practiced. Ultimately,
maintenance of a safe laboratory environment is the responsibility of the analyst and the analyst's
organization.

Please consult all manuals supplied with the AAnalyst 200 and accessories before you start
working with the instrument. Carefully read the safety information in this chapter and in the other
manuals supplied. When setting up the instrument or performing analyses or maintenance
procedures, strictly follow the instructions provided.

2-3

Safety Practices

Working Safely with the AAnalyst 200

Built-in safety

This instrument complies with international standards governing the safety of laboratory
equipment. In routine use, the instrument poses virtually no risk to you. If you take some simple,
common-sense precautions, you can maintain the continued safe operation of the instrument.

Safety interlocks

PerkinElmer provides a number of safety interlocks on its instruments that monitor such things as
door locks, gas pressures, and the temperatures of various components. Do not attempt to defeat
these interlocks; you may compromise your own, or someone else’s, safety.

Correct use of the instrument

Before you install or use your instrument, and in order to get the best results, you should be
familiar with all of the instruments in the system and know how to operate them. You should also
be aware of the safety procedures in force in your laboratory, especially those concerning atomic
spectrometry instruments. Consult the guides supplied with the instruments before you start.

The persons who use this instrument and perform the routine maintenance must be suitably
qualified and have received adequate training. If the instrument requires servicing, only a
PerkinElmer service engineer or similarly trained and authorized person must do this.

If you use the instrument in a manner not specified in the user guides, or if you use it for a
purpose other than that intended, you may damage the instrument, or compromise your own, or
someone else’s, safety.

CAUTION

The protection provided by this equipment may be impaired if the equipment
is used in a manner not specified by PerkinElmer.
This equipment requires no specified inspection or preventive maintenance
to ensure the continuous functioning of its safety features.

2-4

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Precautions

Be sure that all instrument operators read and understand the
precautions listed below. It is advisable to post a copy of the
precautions near or on the instrument.

WARNING

The following precautions must be observed when using the AAnalyst 200:

• Be sure that the voltage of the AAnalyst 200 corresponds to the power line voltage used in

your laboratory.

• Never remove the side panels of the AAnalyst 200 without shutting down the instrument

and disconnecting the instrument power cord from line power.

• Only high quality purge gases should be used with the AAnalyst 200. Minimum purity of

99.9% is recommended. A high quality filter-dryer accessory is recommended for the
removal of any moisture from the purge gases.

2-5

Safety Practices

Hazards with Flame Atomization

This section contains a summary of the hazards associated with the flame atomization technique.
For more detailed information see the remaining sections in this safety chapter.

High temperatures

The flame can generate temperatures of up to 2800 °C.

To avoid serious burns, never touch the burner head until it has cooled
to room temperature.

WARNING

Toxic products

• Toxic combustion products can be generated by the system, depending on the type of

analyses being performed. You must provide an efficient exhaust venting system to
remove toxic products generated during instrument operation.

• Combustion products may vary with the analysis of each sample. Acetylene (less than 1

liter) is released during the bleeding of the gas box prior to shutdown. An exhaust venting
system is always required to remove those gases which are generated during the normal
operation of the instrument.

• The materials in sample and reagent containers, and material that you collect in waste

containers may include small amounts of toxic substances that were used in the analyses.
You may have to dispose of these as hazardous waste.

UV radiation

You should be aware of the health hazard presented by UV radiation.

Always wear UV-absorbing eye protection when viewing:

• The flame, especially the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame.

• Hollow cathode or electrodeless discharge lamps.

• The deuterium background correction lamp.

• Keep the atomizer compartment door closed when the flame is burning and never directly

view the flame unless you are wearing UV-absorbing glasses.

2-6

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Acetylides

If you have aspirated high concentrations of copper, silver, or mercury
solutions into an acetylene flame, unstable acetylides may have formed in the
burner chamber. If permitted to dry, these compounds may explode

WARNING

1. Aspirate dilute acid (1% (v/v) HCl solution) for 5 minutes then aspirate with deionized water

for another five minutes before turning off the flame.

2. Extinguish the flame and allow the burner head to cool.

3. Remove the burner head.

4. Pour about 500 mL of deionized water slowly through the neck of the burner chamber to

thoroughly flush the chamber and the drain system.

5. Empty the drain vessel.

NOTE: Dispose of hazardous or corrosive solutions properly and refer to your local safety regulations

for proper disposal procedures

Cyanide solutions

If you intend to aspirate cyanide solutions, make sure that the pH of the liquid in the drain vessel
is greater than pH 10; toxic hydrogen cyanide gas is formed when cyanides contact acidic
solutions.

• Never allow solutions containing cyanides to mix with acidic solutions.

2-7

Safety Practices

Safety Conventions in the Hardware Guide

Any of the following safety conventions can be used throughout this guide:

This is an example of a warning, a situation that could lead to a personal
injury.

WARNING

WARNING

WARNING

CAUTION

This symbol alerts you to the risk of

injury

to yourself or other persons.

electric shock that could result in personal

Details about these circumstances are in a box like this one.

This symbol alerts you to the risk of

injury

to yourself or other persons.

hot surfaces that could cause personal

Details about these circumstances are in a box like this one.

We use the term CAUTION to inform you about situations that could result
in serious damage to the instrument or other equipment. Details about
these circumstances are in a box like this one.

2-8

Symbols Used on the Instrument

Any of the following symbols can be used on the instrument:

Caution, risk of electric shock.

Caution, hot surfaces.

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Caution, risk of danger.

Documentation must be consulted to determine the nature o the potential
hazard and any actions which have to be taken.

Indicates alternating current.

Indicates the off position of the main power switch.

Indicates the on position of the main power switch.

Indicates the protective conductor terminal.

2-9

Safety Practices

Safety Practices for Flame Atomization

Safe operation of the flame

Before you ignite the flame make sure that:

• The laboratory exhaust venting system is operating;

• The burner head is installed correctly;

• The burner end cap is secured firmly;

• The burner unit contains the necessary solvent-resistant components if you intend to

analyze samples containing organic solvents;

• The atomizer compartment door is closed;

• The pH of the liquid in the drain vessel is greater than pH 10 if you intend to aspirate

cyanide solutions.

• Do not leave the flame unattended. Always make sure that there is a fire extinguisher near

the instrument.

• Never change the gas pressure or shut a gas valve while the flame is burning.

• Do not allow the burner head slot to become blocked. This can cause a flashback of the

flame.

• Do not place open containers of flammable liquids and solvents near to the flame. Be

especially careful with samples that contain highly volatile solvents.

• When you have analyzed samples containing organic solvents, flush all traces of solvent

from the burner system.

The drain system:

• Always place the drain vessel in a well ventilated place underneath the spectrometer, in

full view while you are working with the spectrometer. This prevents the build-up of
potentially hazardous gases and allows you to see the liquid level.

• Empty the drain vessel frequently; especially do not allow the drain vessel to fill with

organic solvent.

• Thoroughly flush the drain system, as described in the guide, when you shut down the

system.

• Check the condition of the drain tube regularly, especially if you use organic solvents.

Replace the drain tube when it first shows signs of cracking or discoloration.

2-10

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

UV radiation

You should be aware of the health hazard presented by UV radiation.

• When the instrument is on, do not remove any covers unless specifically instructed to do

so in the guide or you may be exposed to potentially hazardous UV radiation.

• Always wear UV-absorbing eye protection when viewing:

• The flame, especially the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame.

• Hollow cathode or electrodeless discharge lamps.

• The deuterium background correction lamp.

2-11

Safety Practices

High Temperatures

Burner system

The flame can generate temperatures of up to 2800 °C.

• To avoid serious burns, never touch the burner head until it has cooled to room

temperature.

Quartz tube atomizer

The quartz tube atomizer (QTA) used for the hydride-generation technique (option) can reach
temperatures of up to 1000 °C.

• To avoid serious burns, never touch any part of the QTA mount (flame-heated systems) or

the QTA until they have cooled to room temperature.

2-12

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Electrical Safety

The instrument has been designed to protect the operator from potential electrical hazards. This
section describes some recommended electrical safety practices.

Lethal voltages are present at certain areas within the instrument. Internal
maintenance of the instrument should only be performed by a PerkinElmer
service engineer or similarly authorized and trained person. When the

WARNING

The instrument must be correctly connected to a suitable electrical supply. The supply must have
a correctly installed protective conductor (earth ground) and must be installed and checked by a
qualified electrician before connecting the instrument.

WARNING

instrument is connected to line power, opening the instrument covers is likely
to expose live parts. Even when the power switch is off, high voltages can still
be present. Capacitors inside the instrument may still be charged even if the
instrument has been disconnected from all voltage sources.

Any interruption of the protective conductor (earth ground) inside or outside
the instrument or disconnection of the protective conductor terminal is likely
to make the instrument dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.

When working with the instrument:

• Connect the instrument to a correctly installed line power outlet that has a protective

conductor connection (earth ground).

• Do not operate the instrument with any covers or internal parts removed.

• Do not attempt to make internal adjustments or replacements except as directed in the

manuals.

• Disconnect the instrument from all voltage sources before opening it for any

adjustment, replacement, maintenance, or repair. If afterwards, the opened instrument
must be operated for further adjustment, maintenance, or repair, this must only be done
by a PerkinElmer Service engineer or similarly authorized and trained person.

• Whenever it is possible that the instrument is no longer electrically safe for use, make

the instrument inoperative and secure it against any unauthorized or unintentional
operation. The electrical safety of the instrument is likely to be impaired if, for exam­ple, the instrument shows visible damage, has been subjected to prolonged storage
under unfavorable conditions or has been subjected to severe stress during
transportation.

2-13

Safety Practices

Compressed Gases

NOTE: The permanent installation of gas supplies is the responsibility of the user and should conform to

local safety and building regulations.

Warning: Compressed Gases

High pressure gas cylinders can be dangerous if mishandled or misused. You

WARNING

NOTE: The responsible body must ensure that the type of connector used at the outlet side of the gas-

pressure regulator conforms to applicable national requirements.

Summary of gas hazards

Hazards associated with the different gases used in atomic absorption spectrometry are presented
in the table below:

Gas Suffocation Explosion Spontaneous Decomposition

Air
Argon x
Nitrogen x
Acetylene (ethyne, C2H2) x x x
Nitrous Oxide (dinitrogen

monoxide, N

2

O)

must have a tank regulator on the gas cylinder.

or Combustion

x x

Contact the gas supplier for a material safety data sheet (MSDS) containing detailed information
on the potential hazards associated with the gas.

WARNING

WARNING

Make sure that all gas connections are gas-tight. Check the connections and gas hoses regularly
for leaks using a leak testing fluid.

Warning: Nitrous oxide is a strong oxidant and an asphyxiant

Nitrous oxide is an asphyxiant; it can be considered a potential hazard whenever it is stored or used in a
confined space.
Spontaneous combustion may occur if nitrous oxide comes into contact with grease, oil or other organic
materials.

• Store nitrous oxide cylinders in a well-ventilated area outside the laboratory.

• Do not store nitrous oxide cylinders in close proximity to flammable gases (e.g. acetylene).

• Make sure tubing and fittings carry nitrous oxide are free of grease, oil and other organic material.

Warning: Acetylene-Explosion Hazard

Acetylene can decompose explosively at pressure higher than 103 kPa/1.03 bar/15 psig.

• Always make sure that the acetylene outlet gauge pressure is below these values.

Acetylene can react with copper to form a readily explosiv e comp o und.

• Never use copper tubing or fittings for acetylene lines.

2-14

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Safe Handling of Gas Cylinders

Gases commonly used with the AAnalyst 200 include acetylene, nitrous oxide, argon and
nitrogen. The major hazard associated with these gases is suffocation. This can occur if the gas is
allowed to escape in an enclosed area and displaces the oxygen in the air.

Contact the gas supplier for a material safety data sheet (MSDS) containing
detailed information on the potential hazards associated with the gas.

Carefully use, store, and handle compressed gases in cylinders. Gas cylinders

WARNING

NOTE: The permanent installation of gas supplies is the responsibility of the user and should conform to

local safety and building codes.

If liquid nitrogen is used, the gas cylinder must be fitted with an over-pressure regulator, which
will vent the cylinder as necessary to prevent it from becoming a safety hazard.

can be hazardous if they are mishandled.

Listed below are some general safety practices for the proper identification, storage, and handling
of gas cylinders. Consult the following references for more detailed information and additional
guidelines.

• Compressed Gas Association (USA), "Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in

Containers," pamphlet no. P-1, 1984.

• Compressed Gas Association (USA), "The Inert Gases – Argon, Nitrogen and Helium,"

pamphlet no. P-9, 1992.

Identification of Gas Cylinders

• Legibly mark cylinders to identify their contents. Use the chemical name or commercially

accepted name for the gas.

Storing Cylinders

Review the following precautions to ensure the safe use and storage of gas cylinders.

• Cylinders should be stored in accordance with the regulations and standards applicable to

the customer’s locality, state, and country.

• When cylinders are stored indoors in storage rooms, the storage room should be well

ventilated and dry. Ensure that the ventilation is adequate to prevent the formation of
dangerous accumulations of gas. This is particularly important in small or confined areas.

• Do not store cylinders near elevators, gangways, or in locations where heavy moving

objects may strike or fall against them.

2-15

Safety Practices

• Use and store cylinders away from exits and exit routes.

• Locate cylinders away from heat sources, including heat lamps. Compressed gas cylinders

should not be subjected to temperatures above 52 °C (126 °F).

• Do not allow ignition sources in the storage area and keep cylinders away from readily

ignitable substances such as gasoline or waste, or combustibles in bulk, including oil.

• Store cylinders standing upright, fastened securely to an immovable bulkhead or

permanent wall.

• When storing cylinders outdoors, they should be stored above ground on a suitable floor

and protected against temperature extremes (including the direct rays of the sun).

• Mark gas cylinders clearly to identify the contents and status (full, empty, etc.).

• Do not attempt to refill gas cylinders.

• Arrange gas hoses where they will not be damaged or stepped on and where things will

not be dropped on them.

• Perform periodic gas leak tests by applying a soap solution to all joints and seals.

Handling Cylinders

Review the following precautions to ensure the safe use and handling of gas cylinders.

• If it becomes necessary to move cylinders, do so with a suitable hand truck after insuring

that the container cap is secured and the cylinder is properly fastened to the hand truck.

• Use only regulators, tubing and hose connectors approved by an appropriate regulatory

agency.

• Arrange gas hoses where they will not be damaged or stepped on and where objects will

not be dropped on them.

• Do not refill cylinders.

• Check the condition of pipes, hoses and connectors regularly. Perform gas leak tests at all

joints and seals of the gas system regularly, using an approved gas leak detection system.

• The responsible body must carry out appropriate leakage tests necessary for safety on

those gas and liquid connections which the operator is directed to assemble during
installation, normal use, or maintenance.

• Check that when the equipment is turned off, close all gas cylinder valves tightly at the

cylinder. Bleed the remainder of the line before turning the exhaust vent off.

2-16

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Safe use of burner gases

The seepage of fuel gas or fuel gas mixture from the burner system, the drain system, the gas
control system, or the gas connections constitutes a serious fire hazard.

If you suspect that the gas box has been damamged (for example, using the
acetylene tank below 85 psi) do not use the instrument until it has been
inspected by a PerkinElmer Service Representative.

WARNING

• Make sure that there are no breaks or leaks in any of these systems and that all the seals

are correctly installed and in good condition.

• Regularly check for leaks at joints and seals using an approved leak test fluid.

• When you perform any maintenance or installation procedures, follow the instructions

in the guide exactly.

• Do not attempt to service the gas control system yourself. A PerkinElmer service

engineer, or similarly authorized and trained person, must perform the work.

When you shut down the instrument, for example at the end of the working day, shut all the gas
lines at the cylinder or regulator valves. Bleed the lines between the regulator and instrument to
atmosphere before switching off the exhaust venting system.

Warning: Flashback Hazard

PerkinElmer burner systems are designed for use with compressed air. The

WARNING

use of oxygen can cause an explosion in the burner system. And oxygen­enriched air can cause a flashback of flame.

Never use oxygen or oxygen-enriched air with PerkinElmer burner systems.
Use only compressed air.

2-17

Safety Practices

Operating Conditions

Warning: Explosive Atmosphere

This instrument is not designed for operation in an explosive atmosphere.

WARNING

Recommended operating conditions:

• Indoors.

• The location must be free of smoke, dust, corrosive fumes, direct sunlight and excessive

vibration.

• Temperature: +15 °C to +35 °C (+59 °F to +95 °F). Maximum rate of change not exceeding

3 °C (5 °F) per hour.

• Relative humidity: 20% to 80%, without condensation.

• Altitude: in the range 0 m to 2,000 m (sea level to 6,562 feet).

Safe operating conditions:

• Indoor.

• Temperature: +5 °C to +40 °C (+41 °F to +104 °F).

• Relative humidity: 20% to 80%, without condensation.

• Altitude: in the range 0 m to 2,000 m (sea level to 6,562 feet).

Storage conditions:

• Ambient temperature: –20 °C to +60 °C (–4 °F to +140 °F).

• Relative humidity 20% to 80%, without condensation.

• Altitude: in the range 0 m to 12,000 m (sea level to 39,370 feet).

2-18

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Exhaust Venting

Toxic combustion products, metal vapor, ozone, etc., can be generated by the system, depending
on the type of analyses being performed.

• You must provide an efficient exhaust venting system to remove toxic products generated

during instrument operation.

2-19

Safety Practices

Safe Handling of Chemicals

Some chemicals used with the instrument may be hazardous or may become hazardous after
completion of an analysis.

The responsible body must take the necessary precautions to ensure that the surrounding
workplace is safe and that instrument operators are not exposed to hazardous levels of toxic
substances (chemical or biological) as defined in the applicable national, state, and local health
and safety regulations and laws. Venting for fumes and disposal of wastes must be in accordance
with all national, state, and local health and safety regulations and laws.

2-20

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Decontamination

Before using any cleaning or decontamination methods except those specified by PerkinElmer,
responsible bodies should check with PerkinElmer that the proposed method will not damage the
equipment.

NOTE: The responsible body has the responsibility for carrying out appropriate decontamination if

hazardous material is spilt on or inside the equipment.

There are two documents on the PerkinElmer public website that responsible bodies can access
and complete. One is “Decontamination of Instrumentation and Associated Sub-assemblies” and
the other is the “Certificate of Decontamination.” They are used to certify the decontamination
process was completed before equipment can be returned to PerkinElmer and may serve as a
format for similar customer documents.

2-21

Safety Practices

N

Waste Disposal

Contents of waste containers

The materials that you collect in waste containers may include small amounts of the substances
that were analyzed and other chemicals used in the analyses.
If these materials are toxic, corrosive, or contain organics, you may have to treat the collected
effluent as hazardous waste. Refer to your local safety regulations for proper disposal procedures.

NOTE: The responsible body is responsible for the correct collection and disposal of waste materials.

This includes the necessity for a suitably sized waste container of appropriately resistant material
for the collection of organic solvent waste and provision for the removal into an appropriate
exhaust system of any gases or vapors which may be produced in hazardous concentrations.

Disposing of defective lamps

Hollow cathode lamps and electrodeless discharge lamps contain small quantities of the lamp
element in a very pure form. If a lamp containing toxic elements becomes defective or otherwise
unusable, you must treat it as hazardous waste and dispose of it accordingly. A licensed company
in the chemical waste disposal business can provide lamp disposal in accordance with
environmental regulatory requirements. Please note that PerkinElmer does not take back lamps
for disposal.
In addition, hollow cathode lamps and deuterium lamps are maintained under reduced pressure.
Handle and dispose of them correctly to minimize the implosion risk.
For information, the quantities of analyte material contained in the cathodes of hollow cathode
lamps are listed in the table below:

Quantity of Material in
the Cathode

less than 5 g As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Dy, Er,

5–10 g Ag, Al, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn,

10–15 g Cu, Fe, Hg, Nb, P, Pb, Ti, Tl all other multi-element HCLs

For EDLs, the quantity of analyte material used is much less than the quantities used in HCLs.
Typically, only several milligrams of material are placed in the EDL bulb. No PerkinElmer EDLs
(System 1 or 2) contain more than 0.05 g of analyte material.

Single-Element Hollow
Cathode Lamps

Eu, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Ho, In, Ir,
K, La, Li, Mg, Na, Nd, Pd, Pr,
Pt. Re, Rh, Ru, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn,
Ta, Tb, Tm, Yb, Y

Mo, Ni, Sb, Si, Sr, Te, V, W,
Zn, Zr

Multi-Element Hollow
Cathode Lamps

a-K, Pt-Ru

Ca-Mg, Ca-Zn, Ag-Au,
Sn-Te, Ca-Mg-Zn, Ca-Mg-Al

2-22

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Regulatory Information

United States (FCC)

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device,
pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This
equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used
in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio
communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful
interference in which user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.

NOTE: Changes or modifications not expressly approved by PerkinElmer could void the user’s authority

to operate this product.

Europe

All information concerning EMC standards is in the Declaration of Conformity, and these
standards may change as the European Union adds new requirements.

2-23

Safety Practices

WEEE Instructions for PerkinElmer Products

or

A label with a crossed-out wheeled bin symbol and a rectangular bar indicates that the product is
covered by the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive and is not to be
disposed of as unsorted municipal waste. Any products marked with this symbol must be
collected separately, according to the regulatory guidelines in your area.

The objectives of this program are to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the
environment, protect human health, and utilize natural resources prudently and rationally.
Specific treatment of WEEE is indispensable in order to avoid the dispersion of pollutants into
the recycled material or waste stream. Such treatment is the most effective means of protecting
the customer’s environment.

Requirements for waste collection, reuse, recycling, and recovery programs vary by regulatory
authority at your location. Contact your local responsible body (e.g., your laboratory manager) or
authorized representative for information regarding applicable disposal regulations. Contact
PerkinElmer at the web site listed below for information specific to PerkinElmer products.

Web address:

http://las.perkinelmer.com/OneSource/Environmental-directives.htm

Customer Care: 1-800-762-4000 (inside the USA)
([phone] (outside the USA)

0800 40 858 (Brussels)
800 90 66 42 (Monza)

Products from other manufacturers may also form a part of your PerkinElmer system. These other
producers are directly responsible for the collection and processing of their own waste products
under the terms of the WEEE Directive. Please contact these producers directly before discarding
any of their products.

Consult the PerkinElmer web site (above) for producer names and web addresses.

2-24

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

References for Laboratory Safety Practice

1. Bretherik, L., Bretherik’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 4th ed., Butterworth &

Co. Ltd., London, UK, 1990.

2. Safe Practices in Chemical Laboratories,

Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK, 1989.

3. Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, 5th edition, Luxon, S.G., ed.,

Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK, 1992.

4. CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety, 4th edition, Furr, K., ed.,

The Chemical Rubber Co. Press, Florida, USA, 1995.

5. Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, National Research

Council, National Academic Press, Washington D.C., USA, 1981.

6. Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,

9th edition, Sax, N.I. and Lewis, R.J., eds.,Wiley, New York, USA, 1998.

7.

Pohanish, R.P. and Greene, S.A., Hazardous Materials Handbook,

Wiley, New York, USA, 1996.

Compressed Gas Association, Inc., Arlington, VA 22202, USA, various publications.

8.

9.

Data Sheets provided by chemical manufacturers, e.g.:

-USA, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS),

-FRG, DIN-Sicherheitsblätter,

-UK, Hazard Data Sheets

.

2-25

Safety Practices

2-26

Preparing

Your Lab

3

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Introduction

The AAnalyst 200 spectrometer has some special requirements that you must consider when
setting up the laboratory. The items shown in the following checklist need to be considered when
preparing the laboratory for the instrument.

Environmental Conditions

• General Laboratory Requirements

• Laboratory Space Requirements

• Exhaust Vent Requirements

• Gas Supply Requirements

• Electrical Requirements

• Lamps

Make sure your laboratory meets all of the requirements before you begin to install the system.

3-3

Preparing Your Lab

Environmental Conditions

The laboratory in which the AAnalyst 200 is located must meet the following conditions:

• A corrosive-free environment.

• The instrument will operate with a laboratory temperature between 15 and 35 °C (59-95 °F)

with a maximum rate of change of 3 °C (5 °F) per hour.

• The environment should be relatively dust-free to avoid sample and instrument

contamination problems.

• Free of excessive vibration.

• Free of direct sunlight.

• The relative humidity should be between 20% and 80%, noncondensing.

• Two types of flames are commonly used for atomic absorption flame analysis: air-acetylene

or nitrous oxide-acetylene

. Air acetylene is the preferred flame for the determination of
about 35 elements by atomic absorption. The temperature of the air-acetylene flame is
approximately 2300 °C (4200 °F). For most air-acetylene flames, the acetylene flow used is
about 4 liters per minute ( or 0.14 cubic feet/min). Using a heat combustion value of 1,450
BTU per cubic foot, the heat given off would be approximately 12,300 BTU per hour.

The nitrous oxide-acetylene flame has a maximum temperature of approximately 2800 °C
(5100 °F) and is also used for the determination of elements which form refractory oxides. It
is also used to overcome chemical interferences that may occur in flames of lower
temperatures. For the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame, the acetylene flow is about 14
liters/min (or 0.5 cubic feet per min.). Using a heat of combustion value of 1,450 BTU per
cubic foot, the heat given off would be approximately 43,000 BTU per hour.

3-4

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

General Laboratory Requirements

Operating conditions

Warning: Explosive Atmosphere

This instrument is not designed for operation in an explosive
atmosphere.

WARNING

Recommended operating conditions:

• Indoors.

• The location must be free of smoke, dust, corrosive fumes, direct sunlight and excessive

vibration.

• Temperature: +15 °C to +35 °C (+59 °F to +95 °F). Maximum rate of change not exceeding

3 °C (5 °F) per hour.

• Relative humidity: 20% to 80%, without condensation.

• Altitude: in the range 0 m to 2,000 m (sea level to 6562 feet).

Safe operating conditions:

• Indoor.

• Temperature: +5 °C to +40 °C (+41 °F to +104 °F).

• Relative humidity: 20% to 80%, without condensation.

• Altitude: in the range 0 m to 2,000 m (sea level to 6562 feet).

Storage conditions:

• Ambient temperature: –20 °C to +60 °C (–4 °F to +140 °F).

• Relative humidity 20% to 80%, without condensation.

• Altitude in the range 0 m to 12,000 m (sea level to 39,370 feet).

3-5

Preparing Your Lab

NOTE: When you remove the instrument from storage and before you put it into operation, allow it to

stand for at least a day under the recommended operating conditions.

Laboratory hygiene

• Keep the work area scrupulously clean to avoid contaminating your samples and to maintain

a safe working environment. Clean up spilled chemicals immediately and dispose of them
properly.

• Do not allow waste to accumulate in the work area. Dispose of waste correctly.

• Do not allow smoking in the work area. Smoking is a source of significant contamination

and also a potential route for ingesting harmful chemicals.

• Do not store, handle, or consume food in the work area.

Working with chemicals

Some chemicals used with the instrument may be hazardous or may become hazardous after
completion of an analysis.

• Use, store, and dispose of chemicals in accordance with the manufacturer’s

recommendations and the applicable national, state, and/or local regulations.

• Do not put open containers of solvent near the instrument.

• Store solvents in an approved cabinet (with the appropriate ventilation) away from the

instrument.

• Wear appropriate eye protection at all times while handling chemicals. Depending on the

types of chemicals you are handling, wear safety glasses with side shields, or goggles, or a
full-face shield.

• Wear suitable protective clothing, including gloves if necessary, resistant to the chemicals

you are handling.

• When preparing chemical solutions, always work in a fume hood that is suitable for the

chemicals you are using.

• Perform sample preparation away from the instrument to minimize corrosion and

contamination.

• Clean up spills immediately using the appropriate equipment and supplies, such as spill

cleanup kits.

3-6

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Location and Space Requirements

Bench and location requirements

The location you choose for the spectrometer must fulfill the criteria listed below:

• Place the spectrometer on a sturdy bench or trolley (cart) capable of sustaining the weight.

The work surface must be level, flat, clean, dry, and free from vibration. It should be strong
and stiff enough to bear the weight of the spectrometer system over a long period without
warping or bending. A movable table is very convenient, but make sure that the wheels can
be securely locked.

• Position the bench or trolley out of direct sunlight and away from radiators and heaters.

• Position the system near to the electricity and gas supply points.

• Position the system so that the atomizer compartment is located beneath a suitable exhaust

venting system.

• The instrument should not be against a wall, as the instrument must be accessible from the

back for servicing purposes. An accessible space of at least 25.4 cm (10 in.) should be
available behind the instrument.

• Make sure that there is space at the rear and sides of the system for air to circulate freely. Do

not block the fan operating on the right side of the instrument.

• Make sure that there is sufficient room for you to work comfortably with the instrument, and

that you can reach the connections at the rear of the instruments and the electricity and gas
supply points.

Laboratory Space Requirements

The illustrations on the following pages show the dimensions of the spectrometer and the space
that you require to accommodate the spectrometer, and ancillary equipment.

Instrument Dimensions

AAnalyst 200 is 700 mm wide (27.6 in.), 760-mm deep (29.9 in.), 650-mm (25.5 in.) high. The
instrument weighs 49 kg (108 pounds).

The main power cable length is 2 m (6 ft).

To provide access for servicing and space for ventilation, allow at least 25.4 cm (10 in.) of space
between the instrument and the laboratory walls.

3-7

Preparing Your Lab

170 mm

700 mm

650 mm

473 mm

760 mm

910 mm

Figure 3- 1 Outside dimensions of instrument

3-8

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Bench Requirement

The benchtop or area in which the AAnalyst 200 instrument is to be installed should be large
enough to accommodate the instrument and any accessories you’ll be using. The instrument itself
weighs 49 kg (108 lb.). If you are considering the use of other accessories, the bench you choose
to use should be able to sustain as much as 136 kg (300 lbs.).

Location

Typically, the system is installed on a laboratory work bench or table. The table should be
smooth, level, and free from vibration. The dimensions for the instrument are listed below and
shown in the next figure. For other accessories, refer to the manuals supplied with the accessory.

The bench should be located near the required electricity and gas supplies. Allow additional
power outlets for all your accessories. A distance of at least 6 inches (153 mm) should be
surrounding both sides and rear of the instrument for proper ventilation. If not possible, the bench
on which the instrument is placed should be on wheels so that it can be easily moved.

Accessories

Make sure that there is sufficient room near the spectrometer for any accessories. For example,
we recommend that you place the (optional) flame autosampler and mercury hydride system on
the left side of the instrument or on a roll cart in front of the instrument.

Printer

Refer to the manuals supplied with your printer for dimensions. The printer may be placed on the
bench next to the instrument.

3-9

Preparing Your Lab

Approx. 170 mm

525 mm

700 mm

Figure 3- 2 Space requirements for the spectrometer system – front view

3-10

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Figure 3- 3 Space requirements for the spectrometer system – top view

3-11

Preparing Your Lab

Exhaust Vent Requirements

Exhaust venting is important for the following reasons.

• It protects laboratory personnel from toxic vapors that may be produced by some samples.

• It helps to protect the instrument from corrosive vapors that may originate from the

sample(s).

• It removes dissipated heat produced by the instrument and power supply.

• It will tend to reduce the effects of room drafts and the laboratory atmosphere on flame

stability.

The use of the AAnalyst 200 without adequate ventilation to
outside air may constitute a health hazard. For example, the

WARNING

combustion of halogenated hydrocarbons produces toxic
vapors.

Temperatures

The following temperatures have been measured with a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame: 310 °C at
the vent intake, 160 °C at 2.4 meters (8 feet) from the vent intake, 105 °C at the blower intake,
and 50 °C at the blower motor housing near the front bearing.

To withstand these temperatures stainless-steel tubing must be used.

NOTE: Local electrical codes do not allow PerkinElmer Service Engineers to install the blower and vent

assembly.

Exhaust ducting

Alternatively, smooth stainless-steel tubing should be used instead of flexible stainless steel
tubing where flexibility is not required to reduce system friction loss or "drag." If smooth
stainless steel is used, there must be a way to move the vent hood out of the way for servicing. A
length of smooth stainless steel ducting has 20-30% less friction loss than a comparable length of
flexible ducting. When smooth stainless steel tubing is used, elbows must be used to turn corners.
These elbows should turn at a centerline radius of 150mm with a maximum bend angle of 45
degrees to reduce friction losses, and the number of elbows should be minimized.

You must provide an efficient exhaust venting system to remove heat, toxic combustion fumes
and vapors that can be generated by atomic spectroscopy instruments. We strongly recommend
that you do not place the spectrometer in a chemical hood.

3-12

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Additional recommendations on the venting system include the following items:

• Make sure the duct casing is installed using fireproof construction. Route ducts away from

sprinkler heads.

• The duct casing and venting system should be made of materials suitable for temperatures

greater than 70 °C (158 °F). They should be installed to meet local building code
requirements.

• The exhaust hood opening should be about 170 mm (6.7 inches) above the top of the burner

shield.

• Locate the discharge outlet as close to the blower as possible. All joints on the discharge

side should be airtight, especially if toxic vapors are being vented.

• Equip the blower with a pilot light located near the instrument to indicate to the operator

when the blower is on.

• Equip the outlet end of the system with a back draft damper and take the necessary

precautions to keep the exhaust outlet away from open windows or inlet vents. In addition,
extend it above the roof of the building for proper dispersal of the exhaust.

• Equip the exhaust end of the system with an exhaust stack to improve the overall efficiency

of the system.

• Make sure the length of the duct that enters into the blower is a straight length at least ten

times the duct diameter. An elbow entrance into the blower inlet causes a loss in efficiency.

• Position the discharge outlet away from open windows and inlet vents.

Exhaust capacity

• The system should provide a flow rate of 5600-8400 liters/minute (200–300 cubic

feet/minute). Measure the flow rate at the inlet to the hood with a suitable air-flow meter to
ensure that the system is drawing properly.

• Provide make-up air to the laboratory in the same quantity as is exhausted. An ‘airtight’

laboratory will cause a loss in efficiency in the exhaust volume.

Blower information

The required capacity of the blower depends on the duct length and the number of elbows or
bends used to install the system. If an excessively long duct system or a system with many bends
is used, a stronger blower may be necessary to provide sufficient exhaust volume.

The blower should be located at least 4 meters (13.1 ft) and not more than 6.5 meters (21.3 ft)
from the inlet directly above the instrument, and should exhaust to the atmosphere or into a
considerably wider exhaust duct.

3-13

Preparing Your Lab

In many countries, PerkinElmer offers an accessory blower and vent kit that will fulfill the
exhaust requirements for all atomic spectroscopy instruments, or your local PerkinElmer office
can supply you with the addresses of suitable suppliers.

In many countries electrical codes do not permit PerkinElmer service engineers to install the
blower and vent assembly.

Blower and vent kit

The blower and vent kit (P/N 0303-0406) available from PerkinElmer contains a rotary blower
with associated hardware, a hood to be located above the instrument, an adapter to connect the
blower and hood to suitable metal ducting, and installation instructions. The blower requires a
line voltage of 120 V or 230 V. The adapter and hood are made of stainless steel. The metal
ducting required to connect the hood to the blower and for the exhaust from the blower is not
included in the kit.

11 cm I.D.
(4.3 in.)

10 cm

(4 in.)

30 cm

(12 in.)

15 cm

(6 in.)

Figure 3- 4 Dimensions of a typical exhaust hoodGas Supply Requirements

The permanent installation of gas supplies is the responsibility of the user and should conform to
local safety and building regulations. PerkinElmer recommends that cylinders be stored outside
the laboratory and that gases be piped to the spectrometer system in approved gas lines.

• The user must provide the gas supplies, regulators, connectors, and valves.

An air compressor is recommended for air. A double-stage or heated regulator is
recommended for nitrous oxide. Either the gas supplier or PerkinElmer can provide the
correct regulators and valves.

• You must be able to reach the on/off valves easily and see the pressure indicators.

3-14

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Recommendations for compressed gas systems

Gas installations

• Legibly mark gas lines and outlets to clearly identify the contents. Use the chemical name or

commercially accepted name for the gas.

• Use only approved regulators, tubing, and hose connectors.

• Arrange gas hoses where they will not be damaged or stepped on and where things will not

be dropped on them.

• Check the condition of pipes, hoses, and connectors regularly, and replace any damaged

parts.

• Perform periodic gas leak tests at all joints and seals of the gas system by applying an

approved gas leak detection fluid.

Using gas cylinders

• Store cylinders in accordance with the applicable national, state, and/or local regulations and

standards.

• Legibly mark cylinders to clearly identify the contents and status—full or empty. Use the

chemical name or commercially accepted name for the gas.

• When gas cylinders are stored in confined areas, such as a storage room, make sure that

ventilation is adequate to prevent toxic or explosive accumulations of gas.

• Do not store acetylene in close proximity to oxidizing gases, such as nitrous oxide.

• Store all gas cylinders upright, with the valve cap in place, in a dry, well ventilated area,

protected against temperature extremes.

• Do not locate gas cylinders near exits and exit routes, elevators, gangways, or in locations

where heavy moving objects may strike or fall against them.

• Locate gas cylinders away from heat sources, including the direct rays of the sun, and away

from ignition sources and readily ignitable substances, such as gasoline, oil, or combustible
waste. Compressed gas cylinders should not be subjected to temperatures above 52 °C (126
°F).

• Locate all gas cylinders only in a vertical position, fastened securely to an immovable

bulkhead or a permanent wall.

• Move cylinders with a suitable hand truck after making sure that the valve cap is securely in

place and that the cylinder is properly fastened to the hand truck.

• Do not attempt to refill gas cylinders.

3-15

Preparing Your Lab

N

Two types of flame are commonly used for atomic absorption analyses with flame atomization:
the air-acetylene flame and the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. The specifications and
requirements for the burner gases are given below:

Gas Purity Outlet Gauge Pressure

Acetylene (ethyne, C2H2) 99.6%, atomic

kPa Bar psig

Pmin Pmax Pmin Pmax Pmin Pmax

80 96 0.8 1.0 12 14
absorption grade in
acetone (propan-2-one)

Air

oxygen < 20%; particle

300 400 3.0 4.0 44 58

free; oil free; water free

itrous oxide (dinitrogen

monoxide, N

2

O)

99% 300 400 3.0 4.0 44 58

Never set the outlet pressure to a value exceeding the maximum pressure (Pmax).

Warning: Acetylene – Explosion Hazard

Acetylene can decompose explosively at pressures higher than 103 kPa/ 1.03

WARNING

bar/15 psig.

Α

lways make sure that the acetylene outlet gauge pressure is below these

values.

Air supply requirements

For the burner system, an air supply that is clean, dry, and oil-free is required. The air supply
should provide a minimum of 28 liters/min (1 cubic foot/min) at a minimum pressure of 300 kPa
(44 psig). The air supply should be suitably filtered to remove oil, water, and solid particles.

Air compressor

A small oil-less air compressor meeting the air supply requirements is available from
PerkinElmer. The use of an air dryer filter is strongly recommended to remove entrained water,
oil, water aerosols, and solid particles from compressed air lines. Water in the air supply can
cause severe damage to the pneumatics.

3-16

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

M

CAUTION

Risk of damage to the instrument

Water in the air supply can cause damage to the pneumatics.

Use only dry air. Bleed compressor tanks to remove water at least once a week

Air compressors are generally uncomfortably noisy to have in the immediate vicinity of the
instrument. Whenever possible, locate them at some distance from the laboratory in an area
providing suitable ventilation.

Air cylinders

Cylinders of compressed air can also be used but are recommended only as an emergency or
short-term solution. A standard #1 size air cylinder will last only about five hours. It is common
to find other than 20% oxygen in air cylinders. This can cause erratic burner operation and non­reproducible analytical results and, in extreme cases, may cause a potential safety hazard.

In general, if cylinder air is to be used, it is important to specify compressed air rather than
breathing air and that the oxygen content is less than 20%.

Warning: Flashback Hazard

PerkinElmer burner systems are designed for use with compressed air. The use

WARNING

of oxygen can cause an explosion in the burner system, and oxygen-enriched air
can cause a flashback of the flame.

Never use oxygen or oxygen-enriched air with PerkinElmer burner systems.
Use only compressed air

Nitrous oxide supply requirements

Warning: Nitrous oxide is a strong oxidant and an asphyxiant

WARNING

Nitrous oxide is an asphyxiant; it can be considered a potential hazard
whenever it is stored or used in a confined space.
Spontaneous combustion may occur if nitrous oxide comes into contact with
grease, oil, or other organic material.

• Store nitrous oxide cylinders in a well-ventilated area outside the

laboratory.

• Do not store nitrous oxide cylinders in close proximity to flammable gases

(e.g., acetylene).

.

•

ake sure tubing and fittings carrying nitrous oxide are free of grease, oil,

or other organic material.

3-17

Preparing Your Lab

Cylinder information

The nitrous oxide supply should be at least 99% pure. Cylinders of nitrous oxide are available
from local suppliers.
Nitrous oxide is supplied in the liquid state, initially at a pressure of about 5000 kPa (725 psig). A
size 1A cylinder of nitrous oxide contains about 14800 liters (523 cubic feet) and will typically
last for 10–12 hours of burning time.

Heated regulator

Since the nitrous oxide is in liquid form, the pressure gauge does not give a true indication of how
much nitrous oxide remains in the cylinder until the pressure starts to fall rapidly as the residual
gas is drawn off. When nitrous oxide is rapidly removed from the cylinder, the expanding gas
causes cooling of the cylinder pressure regulator and the regulator diaphragm can freeze. This can
cause erratic flame conditions or, in the most extreme case, a flashback.

It is therefore advisable to use a double-stage or heated regulator for nitrous oxide to prevent
freezing of the diaphragm and a loss of pressure regulation. A suitable nitrous oxide pressure
regulator is available from PerkinElmer.

Acetylene supply requirements

Warning: Acetylene – Explosion Hazard

Acetylene can decompose explosively at pressures higher than 103 kPa/

1.03 bar/15 psig.

• Always make sure that the acetylene outlet gauge pressure is below these

WARNING

Grade

Suitable acetylene (ethyne), such as ‘atomic absorption grade’ or welding grade, typically has a
minimum purity specification of 99.6% with the actual assay being about 99.8%. Acetylene is
supplied dissolved in acetone (propan-2-one) to prevent explosive decomposition. You should not
use acetylene that is dissolved in any other solvent. Experience indicates that solvents can be
carried through the regulator with the acetylene and can weaken, to the point of rupture, the walls
of the tubing carrying the acetylene to the burner, causing a potential hazard.

Cylinder information

A size 1A acetylene cylinder contains about 8500 liters (300 cubic feet) of acetylene and usually
lasts about 30 hours of burning time with an air-acetylene flame. With a nitrous oxide-acetylene
flame, the same size cylinder will last about 10 hours.

values.

Acetylene can react with copper to form a readily explosive compound.

• Never use copper tubing or fittings for acetylene gas lines.

3-18

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Flash arrestor

PerkinElmer recommends the use of the Flash Arrestor (P/N N930-0068). The flash arrestor
provides a positive gas shutoff by checking the reverse flow under all conditions. It also stops the
gas supply when a flashback occurs. The flash arrestor can be directly connected to the acetylene
fuel line.

Piping/tubing/fittings

Use galvanized iron, steel, or wrought iron tubing. Never use copper tubing with acetylene. Joints
may be welded or made up of threaded or flanged fittings, typically stainless steel or aluminum,
or brass composed of less than 65% copper. Rolled, forged, or cast steel or malleable iron fittings
may also be used. Cast iron fittings cannot be used safely for acetylene lines.

Safe use of acetylene

• Periodically check for the presence of acetylene in the laboratory atmosphere, especially

near the ceiling.

• Never allow the outlet gauge pressure to exceed 103 kPa (1.03 bar, 15 psig); acetylene can

explode spontaneously above this pressure.

• Prevent acetylene from coming into contact with copper, silver, mercury or gaseous

chlorine.

• Solvent carryover.

If the acetylene cylinder pressure falls to below 600 kPa / 6.0 bar / 87 psig (at 20 °C), some of the
solvent used to stabilize the acetylene (such as acetone) may be carried over into the burner. This
could influence the characteristics of the burner with a resulting influence on the analytical
results. Change to a new acetylene cylinder when the cylinder pressure falls below this value.

3-19

Preparing Your Lab

Electrical Requirements

The following section describes the power requirements for all the components that make up the
AAnalyst 200 system.

The AAnalyst 200 spectrometer requires a stable single phase electrical supply of 100–230 VAC
(± 10%), 50 Hz or 60 Hz (± 1%), capable of providing 300VA maximum, that has a correctly
wired protective earthing system (ground connection).

The line power supply should be free of line transients in excess of 50 V peak. If the electrical
supply voltage produces large AC line voltage fluctuations, a qualified electrician should install a
voltage regulator between the electrical outlet and the instrument.

The line power supply point must be within 2 meters of the rear of the spectrometer. We
recommend that you connect the spectrometer, computer, printer, and any accessories to the same
phase of the line power supply and the same protective earth. The line power supply must
conform to local safety regulations and be checked by a qualified electrician before you connect
the instrument to line power.

Installation Category

The AAnalyst 200 is able to withstand transient overvoltage according to Installation Category II
as defined in IEC 1010-1.

Pollution Degree

The AAnalyst 200 will operate safely in environments that contain nonconductive foreign matter
up to Pollution Degree 2 in IEC 1010-1.

Instrument

Grounding circuit continuity is vital for safe operation of equipment.
Never operate equipment with grounding conductor disconnected.

WARNING

The instrument power cord is to be connected to a circuit with a protective circuit breaker or fuse.

NOTE: NEMA: The National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association; CEE: International Commission on

Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment.

3-20

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Lamps

These are often called primary source lamps, atomic absorption source lamps, spectroscopic
lamps, or line sources.

You need to provide the lamps for your particular applications.
Please refer to the PerkinElmer Instruments e-ssentials catalog for a list of available lamps.

3-21

Preparing Your Lab

3-22

System

Description

4

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Introduction

The AAnalyst 200 instrument line is self-contained with its built-in touch screen and burner
system to perform Flame AA determinations.

There are three versions of the AAnalyst 200 instrument. Its basic features (AAnalyst 200 P/N
B315-0050) include a touch screen, a single lamp and a burner system with automatic, computer­programmed flame gas control. It is designed for optimized, cost-effective, automatic flame and
mercury/hydride analyses. The second version, AAnalyst 200 (P/N B315-0060), has all the basic
features plus it contains a built in deuterium background corrector and supports one EDL lamp.
The third version, AAnalyst 200 (P/N B315-0070), features an automated lamp turret and
supports two EDL lamps.

This chapter gives a complete description overview of the AAnalyst 200. The optional
autosamplers are described later in this manual.

4-3

System Description

AAnalyst 200 Overview

Figure 4- 1 The AAnalyst 200 Instrument

The AAnalyst 200 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer is a double-beam atomic absorption
spectrometer for flame and mercury/hydride analysis. It is a sophisticated analytical system
capable of performing automated single element determinations.

4-4

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

The AAnalyst 200 Spectrometer System

Concept

The AAnalyst 200 spectrometer from PerkinElmer is a compact benchtop flame atomic
absorption spectrometer featuring:

• Double beam optical system optimized for maximum radiation throughput.

• Burner system for flame atomization.

• Deuterium background correction system (optional).

System components

The major components of the system are:

• The spectrometer containing the optical system, the electronics, and the atomizer

compartment.

• Τhe touch screen is the interface between you and the spectrometer, enabling you to

control the spectrometer in order to perform your analyses easily and conveniently.

• The burner system.

• The printer. (This is optional but strongly recommended.)

System control

To control the spectrometer and perform your analyses, you use the touch screen.
When you switch on the spectrometer system it performs an initialization procedure to check the
instrument. While the spectrometer is operating, the control system continually monitors many
instrument functions. It generates appropriate messages when a problem occurs and prevents
potentially hazardous situations from arising.

4-5

System Description

General Lamp Information

There are a number of different lamps that can be used with the AAnalyst 200 instrument: the
Lumina Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) and the Electrodeless Discharge Lamp (EDL) (coded
and non-coded). The Intensitron Hollow Cathode Lamp (coded and non-coded), when used
with an adapter, will function on the AAnalyst 200 instrument. All three types of lamps can also
be used in the AAnalyst instrument.

The type of primary source lamp required for your instrument depends on the elements to be
determined. Either hollow cathode or electrodeless discharge lamps may be used. Hollow cathode
lamps (HCLs) are excellent for most elements; however, there are a number of “difficult”
elements for which an improved light source is desirable. Electrodeless discharge lamps (EDLs)
are more intense than the HCLs. Most EDLs provide better lamp life, stability and in some cases
better sensitivity.

The 3 types of lamps that can be used in the AAnalyst 200 are listed:

• the Lumina hollow cathode lamp (HCL)

• the coded Electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL System II)

• the coded and non-coded Intensitron hollow cathode lamp (HCL) with adaptors

The basic AAnalyst 200 instrument has a mount for a single lamp. It can, however, be purchased
with an automatic four-lamp turret.

An Explanation: Hollow Cathode Lamps (HCLs)

The specific determination of one element in the presence of others is possible with the use of
special light sources and careful wavelength selection in a spectrometer. A single-element lamp
emits specific wavelengths of light for the element from which the cathode is constructed. There
are single-element lamps for all elements commonly measured by atomic absorption. Hollow
cathode lamps (HCLs) are ideal for determining most elements by atomic absorption
spectroscopy. "

Refer to figure below. The basic components of an HCL are a glass cylinder filled with an inert
gas (argon or neon) at low pressure, an anode, a cathode, and a quartz window with a graded seal
to be used at wavelengths below 230 nanometers (nm), or a UV-transmitting glass window for
lamps to be used at longer wavelengths. The cathode is a hollow cylinder of the metal whose
spectrum is to be produced. Both the anode and cathode are sealed in the glass cylinder. The
quartz graded seal or glass window is fused to the glass cylinder.

Figure 4- 2 The workings of a hollow cathode lamp (HCL).

4-6

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Hollow cathode lamps emit light by the following process: the fill gas is ionized when an
electrical potential is applied between the anode and the cathode. The positively charged ions
collide with the negatively charged cathode and dislodge individual metal atoms in a process
known as “sputtering.” These sputtered metal atoms are excited through impact with fill gas ions.
Light of the specific wavelengths for that element is emitted when the atom “decays” from the
excited state to a more stable state.

Lumina Hollow Cathode Lamps

The Lumina hollow cathode lamps were designed for use with the AAnalyst series of atomic
absorption spectrometers. They are the latest innovation in optimizing light sources for AA
spectrometers. These lamps provide fully automated wavelength, current and slit selection which
results in reduced setup times for easy and accurate operation.

Lumina Hollow
Cathode Lamp

Socket

Figure 4- 3 Drawing of a Lumina hollow cathode lamp.

The Lumina HCLs are manufactured without cables. When they are used with the AAnalyst
instrument, they are installed simply by sliding the lamp into the single lamp mount or turret.
Lamp alignment occurs automatically if you have the model with the automatic four-lamp turret
feature.

Each Lumina HCL includes a milliampere-hour timer in its base. This allows you to monitor the
lamp usage easily and accurately for Good Laboratory Practices compliance as well as lamp
replacement scheduling. With a range of 0 to 10,000 milliampere-hours, the meter measures the
number of milliampere-hours (i.e. lamp current X hours of operation) that your lamp has
operated.

Plug

Intensitron Hollow Cathode Lamps

The AAnalyst series spectrometers can also be used with the older coded or non-coded
Intensitron hollow cathode lamps (HCLs). With the use of the proper adapter cable, Intensitron
HCLs can be used with AAnalyst instruments.

4-7

System Description

If you have a coded Intensitron HCL, there is a universal adapter cable (N305-0196) to be used
with the lamp. However, lamp coding is lost, therefore lamp and element parameters must be set
manually when coded HCLs and universal adapter cables are used.

Intensitron

Hollow Cathode

Lamp

(coded)

Figure 4- 4 The Intensitron hollow cathode lamp with universal adapter cable (N305-0196).

Universal Adapter Cable

for the Coded

Intensitron HCL's

(N305-0196)

Non-coded HCLs can also be used with the appropriate adapter cable (N305-0197); however,
lamp and element parameters must be set manually when non-coded lamps are used.

Intensitron

Hollow Cathode

Lamp

(non-coded)

Adapter Cable

for the Non-coded

Intensitron HCL's

(N305-0197)

Figure 4- 5 The noncoded Intensitron hollow cathode lamp with adapter cable (N305-0197).

4-8

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Electrodeless Discharge Lamps (EDL System II)

While hollow cathode lamps are an ideal source for determining most elements by atomic
absorption, for volatile elements, an electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL) is recommended instead.
EDLs provide greater light output for improved detection limits and precision, along with
increased sensitivity and working curve linearity. EDLs also have a longer life than
corresponding hollow cathode lamps. For certain elements (such as arsenic and selenium), EDLs
will also provide improved sensitivity.

Lamp Sleeve

Lamp Driver

Locking Pin

Note: This cable connects to the
"Lamp1" or "Lamp2" receptacle
on the ba ck of the ED L Pow er Su pp ly.

Note:
This co ding plug is not
used with the AAnalyst
Instruments.

Note:
Use this coding plug
with the

AAnalyst

Instruments.

Figure 4- 6 An Electrodeless Discharge Lamp (EDL).

An EDL consists of a quartz bulb under an inert gas atmosphere, containing the element or a salt
of the element for which the lamp is to be used. When an RF field is applied to the bulb, the inert
gas is ionized and the coupled energy excites the vaporized analyte atoms inside the bulb, causing
them to emit their characteristic spectrum. The emission spectra produced is typically much more
intense than that from hollow cathode lamps, frequently tenfold larger or more.

Lamp Installation

When you first receive

your instrument, there is no lamp source installed. For initial lamp
installation details see, Chapter 6, Operation of the Instrument in this manual. If you need to
replace an existing lamp see, Chapter 9, Maintenance later in this manual contains the various
lamp replacement

procedures.

4-9

System Description

Lamp Alignment

Refer to Chapter 6, Operation of the Instrument, in this manual for the procedures to align a lamp
in an AAnalyst instrument.

Lamp Maintenance and Cleaning

There are really no maintenance procedures for any of the PerkinElmer hollow cathode lamps. If
you notice fingerprints on the “window” of your lamp, wipe them off with a soft, dry, lint free
cloth. Do not use chemicals or water. See the section below regarding lamp life and when to
replace them.

Lamp Life

Both hollow cathode and electrodeless discharge lamps have a finite lifetime. Electrodeless
discharge lamps typically last longer than hollow cathode lamps for the same element. If, while
aligning a lamp, you are not able to obtain a satisfactory energy value, this may indicate that the
lamp is starting to deteriorate. As a hollow cathode lamp reaches the end of its useful life, the
current on the lamp may be increased up to the maximum current recommended on the label.
Once the intensity of a lamp begins to deteriorate, it should be replaced.

Lamp Troubleshooting

Refer to Chapter 10, Troubleshooting, in this manual for lamp troubleshooting information.

To avoid damages to the instrument, do not insert EDL’s or non­linear lamps too far into the lamp holder.

CAUTION

4-10

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

The Deuterium Arc Background Corrector

An Explanation: The Deuterium Arc Background Corrector

The Deuterium Arc Background Corrector is an internally mounted assembly that provides
correction for molecular absorption and light-scattering. The spectrometer uses a deuterium arc
lamp to correct for background absorbance caused by non-atomic species in the atom cloud.

When the deuterium arc background corrector is used, two alternating sets of measurements are
made: one with the primary source and a second with the background corrector source. The
primary source measures a combination of background and atomic absorption. The continuum
source measures only the background. The difference between the two measurements yields the
atomic absorption.

A deuterium arc source is used for maximum wavelength coverage and intensity. The AAnalyst
can accurately handle combined atomic plus background absorption signals as large as 3
absorbance units.

The background corrector is internally installed, with its power supplied from the instrument.
Power to the source is automatically and continuously adjusted to be in the optimum range for
operation. The deuterium arc lamp is easily accessible, allowing convenient replacement of the
lamp by the users. Instructions to replace the lamp are included in the Maintenance chapter.

Deuterium Alignment

Refer to Chapter 6, Operation of the Instrument, in this manual for the procedures to align the
background corrector in an AAnalyst instrument.

4-11

System Description

The Burner System

The burner system used in the spectrometer system is of the premix design. The measurement
solution is sprayed by a pneumatic nebulizer into the burner chamber in the form of an aerosol.
This aerosol is thoroughly premixed with the burner fuel and oxidant gases in the burner
chamber. This gas mixture then passes through the burner slot into the flame.

The burner system comprises the following major components:

• Nebulizer

• Burner chamber (including the flow spoiler and end cap)

• Burner head

• Drain system

• Gas control system (incorporated in the spectrometer)

Flow Spoiler

Impact Bead
Structure

Spacer

O-Rings

Nebulizer Bo dy

Nebulizer Sid e
Arm

Burner

Head

Burner

(Mixing)

Chamber

End Cap

Drain

Figure 4- 7 Major components of the burner system

4-12

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

How the Burner System Works

The basic instrument includes a burner system for flame sampling operation. A system block
diagram is shown in the next figure. As previously mentioned, the heat produced by the burner
converts the sample into free atoms that can absorb the light from the source lamp for the
element(s).

A sample solution is aspirated through the nebulizer and sprayed as a fine aerosol mist into the
burner chamber. Here, the sample mist is thoroughly mixed with the fuel and either air or nitrous
oxide gases. Fuel gas enters the chamber through the fuel inlet hose while the oxidant enters
through the nebulizer side-arm and the AUX oxidant inlet.

To prevent incomplete sample atomization, a plastic flow spoiler is placed inside the chamber
directly in front of the nebulizer. The nebulizer utilizes a ceramic, one-piece, impact-bead
structure which improves nebulization efficiency. Larger sample droplets not carried around the
flow spoiler by the gas flow are forced by the spoiler to the bottom of the chamber. This, in turn,
allows only the finer sample droplets to be carried into the chamber. The larger droplets are
removed through the drain.

Once the sample mist is thoroughly mixed in the chamber, it is carried to the burner head. Once
there, the flame causes dislocation and atomization.

The gas control system monitors and controls fuel and oxidant flows. Burner operation, including
flame ignition, flame shutoff and gas flow settings, is controlled through the instrument touch
screen (AAnalyst 200).

The next figure shows a “block diagram” of how the AAnalyst burner system flows, from the gas
supplies, to the gas box, to the burner hardware itself and out to the drain vessel.

4-13

System Description

Burner

Assembly

Ne bulizer O x idant

Auxiliary

Oxidant

Fuel

Sample

Capillary

to

(int ernal

Gas Box

instrument)

2

NO In

Air In

Ignit or A r m

End Cap

Nebulizer

Tube

Dra in Tube

Drain

Vessel

Sample

Acet y lene In

Red

Acetylene

Adapt er (0990-3215)

(CGA No. 300 or 510)

Black

Tank

Blue

Air/A rgon Hos e

Assem bly

(0057-0567)

Nitro us Oxide

Tank

Air Dry er F ilter (0047-0652)

or Air/Acetylene Filter (N930-1398)

Nitrous Oxide Regul at or (includes

built -in heat er) (0303 -0204, 117V;

0303-0349, 230V)

Nitrous Oxide Hose Assembly (0047-0258)

Ace ty l ene Regulator

(0303-0106)

Acetylene Hose Assembly (0057-0559)

Flash Arre sto r

(N930-0068)

Fitting

Air

Supply

(0990-3946)

Male Connector

1/4 in. Pipe to 5/16 in.

5/16 in.

Com pre ssio n

Compression Fitting

Figure 4- 8 Block diagram of the complete burner system.

4-14

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

The Burner Head

All the burner heads are made from titanium. The 10-cm, air-acetylene burner head is standard
with the AAnalyst instruments. All the available burner heads are listed next in numerical order.

• N040-0100: 5-cm, single-slot burner head (for nitrous oxide-acetylene operation).

• N040-0101: 5-cm, single-slot burner head (for air-acetylene operation). It features a wider slot

than the nitrous oxide burner head.

• N040-0102: 10-cm, single-slot burner head (for air-acetylene operation - standard with all

burners).

• N040-0103: 10-cm, three-slot burner head (for analysis of high dissolved solids content

solutions with air-acetylene flames).

The 5-cm single-slot air-acetylene burner head is rotatable to 90 degrees.

N040-0100, 5-cm (2-in.)
Nitrous Oxide Operation

N040-0102, 10-cm (4-in.)
Air-Acetylene Operation

Positioning

Notches

Magnetic
Identification
Strip

N040-0101, 5-cm (2-in.)
Air-Acetylene Operation

90°

60°

45°

0°

N040-0103, 10-cm (4-in.)
3-Slot Air-Acetylene Operation

Figure 4- 9 The four available burner heads.

4-15

System Description

The Burner Mount

The quick change burner mount provides horizontal, vertical, and rotational adjustment. The
quick-disconnect release lever simplifies removal of the burner assembly.

The Ignitor Assembly

The ignitor assembly includes the glow plug, the ignitor solenoid and ignitor arm, the burner head
interface circuit, and the flame detect circuit. When the ignitor is activated (automatically), the
glow plug is energized and heats up. The ignitor solenoid, which is also energized, swings the
ignitor arm into place. The ignitor arm is a gas-capture tube through which the gases flow from
the burner to the glow plug. The gases in the tube are ignited by the heat of the glow plug, which,
in turn, ignite the flame at the burner head slot.

The gas controls

The gas controls provide control of the flow rates of the fuel gas (acetylene) and the oxidant (air
or nitrous oxide).You select the gas flow rates and optimize the flame via the touch screen.
The gas control system is incorporated in the spectrometer. The system includes safety interlocks
for the flame. If the fuel or oxidant pressure falls below a minimum value the flame is shut down
in a safe sequence. The system also includes automatic sequencing of the gases when the nitrous
oxide-acetylene flame is ignited or extinguished.

The burner will be shut down in a safe sequence in the event of a power failure.

NOTE: In case of emergency, use the red emergency button located on the upper left hand side of the

instrument.

The drain system

During flame operation, measurement solution that condenses out in the spray chamber runs to
waste through the siphon interlock drain trap and is collected in the drain vessel.

The siphon interlock drain trap is integral with the burner end cap and includes an internal trap to
make certain that back pressure is applied to the burner chamber. This ensures that a fuel/oxidant
mixture cannot enter the drain vessel. There is a magnetic float in the drain trap that shuts down
the flame if the drain system is not functioning properly. If the liquid level in the trap is too low,
the switch is activated and the flame is shut down.

4-16

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

A

n

A

l

y

a

t

s

2

0

0

A

i

t

m

o

c

A

s

b

o

o

r

t

p

i

e

p

n

S

o

t

r

c

m

r

e

e

t

Spiral Wrap

Interlock Cable

Drain Interlock Cable
Connector at Burner

Drain Tubing

Retainer Cap

Drain interlock
Float Switch
Assembly

Drain
Loop

Waste
Vessel

Figure 4- 10 The burner drain system and its parts

Burner Installation

The entire installation of the burner is covered in Chapter 6, Operation of this User’s Guide
Manual. The basic steps are bulleted below for your reference. Directions on how to perform each
step are discussed in detail during installation.

• installing the nebulizer on the burner

• checking that the burner end cap is secure

• connecting and securing the gas hoses to the burner

• installing and securing the burner head

4-17

System Description

• installing the quick-change burner mount assembly into the instrument

• installing and connecting the burner drain system

Burner System Maintenance

Refer Chapter 9, Maintenance, in this User’s Guide manual for extensive burner system
maintenance information.

Burner System Troubleshooting

We recommend that you consult the troubleshooting information included in this manual before
you call a PerkinElmer service engineer. Refer to Chapter 10, Troubleshooting, for your burner
system troubleshooting information. Included are suggestions to help you determine
systematically whether instrument problems are due to improper analytical techniques, improper
selection of instrument parameters, or a malfunction of the instrument.

Burner Spare Parts and Accessories

Refer to the end of Chapter 9, Maintenance, for burner system spare parts information.

4-18

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Connecting the Electrical Supply

A Review of the Electrical Specifications

The electrical supply voltage must be between: 100-230 VAC ± 10%

The electrical supply voltage should be free of line transients in excess of 50V peak. If the
supply voltage produces large AC line voltage fluctuations, install a voltage regulator between the
AC outlet and the instrument.

The spectrometer requires either a 100/120 VAC standard 15 amp grounded outlet, or a 230 VAC
outlet. In addition, the instrument consumes 300 volt amps (maximum) when configured for
background correction.

The AAnalyst 200 requires a grounded AC outlet providing voltage corresponding to the voltage
range marked on the instrument (100-230 VAC).

WARNING

Do not remove or alter the ground prong on a three-prong power
plug.

4-19

System Description

Installing the AC line Cord

Grounding circuit continuity is vital for safe operation of
equipment. Never operate equipment with grounding conductor
disconnected. Do not remove or alter the ground pin on a three-

WARNING

The line cord should have the electrical rating and plug appropriate for your location. See the
figure below for the correct cord.

1. Select the proper line cord for your location.

2. Insure that the power switch is off and insert one side of the line cord plug into the instrument

and the other side into the AC supply.

prong line cord.

North America
NEMA-5-15
0998-8986

Europe
CEE 7
"Schuko"
0999-1415

Europe
Switzerland
0999-1413

Europe
Italy
0999-1422

Denmark
0999-1416

Old British Standard
BS 546
India
0999-1423

British Standard
BS 1363
United Kingdom
0999-1414

Austra lia
ETSA S/86
0999-1417

Israel
0999-1424

Japan
0999-1425

Figure 4- 11 The AC line cord selections for the AAnalyst instrument.

4-20

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

r

Mercury/Hydride Determination System (MHS-15)

Mercury/Hydride Systems are proven accessories for high sensitivity determinations of mercury
and metallic hydride-forming elements, including As, Se, Sb, Te, Bi and Sn by atomic absorption
spectroscopy.

The basic components of a mercury/hydride system are the reaction vessel and sampling cell. The
sample solution reacts with a reducing agent in the reaction vessel. A spontaneous reaction occurs
to form the gaseous hydride or to reduce mercury to its elemental form. The gaseous products are
carried to the sample cell, a quartz cell placed in the light path of the spectrometer. The quartz
cell is heated to dissociate the hydride gas into free atoms, or in the case of mercury, to prevent
condensation of the water vapor.

Plunge

Reaction Flask Socket
with Bayonet Lock

Figure 4- 12 The MHS-15 and its parts.

Lugs

Reaction Flask

4-21

System Description

t

The MHS-15 is a manual system. The quartz cell is heated by the flame. Key operating
parameters are controlled by the instrument touch screen. Data collection, calibration, and
calculation functions are performed by the instrument.

The MHS-15 analyzer assembly is freestanding and is located near the sample compartment of
the spectrometer. This assembly includes a reaction flask, a reservoir for the reducing agent, and
all pneumatic components for control of the carrier gas and transport of metallic vapors to the
quartz cell.

The cell assembly consists of a quartz cell and a mount. The mount installs on the AAnalyst
burner head, positioned above the single slot in the burner head, permitting the quartz cell to be
heated in the flame.

Quartz

Cell

Sample Inle

Transfer Hose

Burner

Head

Burne r Chamber

Figure 4- 13 The MHS-15 sample cell mounted on the burner.

For detailed information on the MHS-15, refer to the manual that came with the System.

4-22

Installation

5

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Introduction to the Installation Procedure

Before you start to install your AAnalyst 200 spectrometer, please take time to read through this self­installation guide and become familiar with the steps involved. Please make sure your laboratory meets all
of the requirements listed in this chapter, before you begin to install the system.

NOTE: A CD-ROM is provided with the spectrometer that contains a video showing the complete installation

procedure. We strongly recommend that you view this video before you attempt to install your
spectrometer.

Summary of the installation procedure

This summary lists the steps you must perform to install the spectrometer.

1. Inspect the shipment.

2. Unpack the spectrometer.

3. Place the spectrometer on the bench.

4. Install the touch screen.

5. Connect the gas hoses.

6. Set up the burner system.

7. Install the burner door.

8. Install the sample tray.

9. Connect the spectrometer to the electrical supply.

10. Perform the post-installation checks.

Tools required for the installation

You will need the following tools during installation of the spectrometer:

• small flat-bladed screwdriver

• two wrenches for gas fittings

5-3

Installation

When the Spectrometer Arrives

Inspect the shipment

Upon receipt of the instrument, inspect the exterior of the shipping carton for obvious signs of damage.
The carton should arrive unopened and undamaged. If the carton has been damaged, file a claim with the
authorized carrier immediately and inform your nearest PerkinElmer office. A representative of the
shipping carrier must be present for insurance purposes.

How to unpack the spectrometer

Carefully read these instructions before you unpack the AAnalyst 200 to avoid damaging the instrument.
The AAnalyst 200 is shipped in a single carton. The carton contains the instrument in the lower portion of
the box with an inner tray designed to hold items in the upper portion of the box. The touch screen,
atomizer compartment door, drain bottle, sample shelf, user guides, and small parts are contained in the
inner tray.

1. Place the instrument carton on the floor in front of the bench on which the instrument will be placed.

2. Cut the two bands that hold the carton together, lift off the top of the carton.

3. Pull out the two foam pieces that secure the instrument in the box.

4. Remove the three small cardboard boxes from the carton.

5. Lift up and remove the carton sleeve (the sides of the box).

6. Next remove the protective wrapping around the instrument (not shown).

7. Prepare to lift the instrument out of the carton. You will need two people to do this. The bench

should be nearby.

The instrument weighs 49 kg (108 lb). Use proper lifting posture when lifting
the instrument out of the carton. Be aware that most of the weight is located at

the right front corner of the instrument. It will want to tip forward when it is

WARNING

lifted out of the carton, so be prepared to support that corner.

5-4

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Shipping Carton Top

Molded Foam
Padding

Cardboard
Boxed Items
(as required)

Carton Sleeve

Shipping Carton Base

Figure 5- 1Exploded view of the shipping carton

5-5

Installation

Placing the Spectrometer on the Bench

Risk of injury through lifting. The instrument weighs approximately 49 kg (108
lbs.).Improper lifting can cause painful and sometimes permanent back injury.

Use proper lifting postures and/or mechanical lifting aids to lift or move the instrument.

WARNING

1. Prepare to lift the instrument out of the carton. You will need two people to do this. The bench should be

nearby.

2. Position a person on each side of the instrument as shown. Squat down and place both hands underneath

the instrument – palms up. Spread your hands as far apart as possible (against the foam corners) while
grasping the underside of the instrument.

3. With knees bent, simultaneously lift the instrument out of the carton as you rise to a standing position.

Carefully place the instrument on the bench.

Foam Forms

Shipping Carton Base

IMPORTANT!

Use proper lifting posture
when taking the instrument
out of the shippi ng carton base.

Figure 5- 2 Lifting the instrument out of the box

5-6

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Carton recycling instructions

The carton can be folded down for easy storage. You can store the carton for future use (to transport the
instrument), or break it down completely and give it to your local recycling center.

5-7

Installation

AAnalyst 200 Shipping List

The following parts are included in the shipment.

Table 5- 1 Shipping List

Description

AAnalyst 200 Instrument

Burner Door (in a box)

Touch Screen (in a box)

Drain Assembly (including the drain vessel)

Installation Kit (including the multimedia CD)

5-8

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

AAnalyst 200 Spares Kit

The following parts are included in the AAnalyst 200 Spares Kit (P/N B315-0021). The kit is shipped
with the instrument.

Table 5- 2 Spares Kit

Part No. Description QTY

N315-0188 Nebulizer Kit 1
B019-1060 Nebulizer tubing, 1000mm 1
B315-0458 Nebulizer tubing, 300mm (for

manual sampling)
B050-1696 Air Filter 1
0941-0063 Serial Cable 1
0990-3004 Hose Clamp 1
0998-8986 Line Cord-North America 1
0999-1415 Line Cord Europe 1
0303-1573 Burner Cleaning Tool 1
N315-0188 AA 200/400 Nebulizer Kit 1
N101-0235 Quick Start CD 1
0990-9390 AA Newsletter Subscription

Form
0993-6643 AAnalyst 400 Safety Booklet 1
0943-2046 Software Utilities CD 1
0993-6550 AA Instrument Maintenance

Log
0993-8893 Software/ Spectrometer

Registration Card

1

1

1

1

5-9

Installation

Installing the Touch Screen

The touch screen is packed separately for shipping. To facilitate installation of the touch screen you must
temporarily remove the lamp door.

Figure 5- 3 Removing lamp door

Remove the lamp door and install the touch screen

Remove the lamp door

1. Loosen the lower securing screw with a screwdriver and place in a secure place. Gently push out the

upper part of the door from the upper pin and maneuver the lower part of the door out from the
instrument. Keep the screw for when you remount the lamp door.

2. Lift out the lamp door and put it in a secure location.

5-10

Install the touch screen

AAnalyst 200 User’s Guide

Figure 5- 4 Installing the touch screen

Locate the touch screen (packed separately).

1. Thread the connector cord through the slot above the lamp compartment.

Screen 5- 1 Slot above the lamp compartment

5-11

Installation

Slide the touch screen over the slot in the instrument cover and gently move into place.

2.

Screen 5- 2 Mounting the touch screen

3. Locate the screw above the lamp compartment and tighten it.

Screen 5- 3 Screw above the lamp compartment

4. Thread the connector cord into the channel.

Screen 5- 4 Cable Channel

5-12