PASCO ME-7001 Instruction Manual

PASCO Structures System Instruction Manual

Human Arm Model

012-13878A

Human Structures Set

ME-7001

The Human Arm Model is one of three models that can be constructed at the same time with the ME-7001 Human Struc­tures Set. The set consists of items from the following members of the PASCO Structures System.

Structure System Qty Structure System Qty

ME-6993 Truss Set Members 2 sets ME-6998A Axles 1 set
ME-6994 Truss Set Screws 5 sets ME-6999A Angle Connectors 1 set
ME-6996 Cord Lock Spares 1 set ME-7002 Connector Spares 2 sets
ME-6997 Full Round Connectors 1 set ME-7008 Structur es Member 6 1 set

The Human Structures Set also includes a 30 meter spool of rubber cord (ME-8986) and a plastic storage box (not shown).

Human Structures Set Introduction

Included Items Qty Included Items Qty

#6 Beam (36 cm long) 24 Axle (2 each of 3 lengths) 6
#5 Beam (24 cm long) 16 Drive Wheel and Tire 4
#4 Beam (17 cm long) 36 Pulley 12
#3 Beam (11.5 cm long) 36 Collet 24
#2 Beam (8 cm long) 16 Spacer 12
#1 Beam (5.5 cm long) 16 Screw (6-32) 375
Flat Connector 6 Small “O” Ring (1-5/16” OD) 12
Full Round Connector 6 Large “O” Ring (3-5/8” OD) 4
Half Round Connector 56 Nut and Bolt (for PAStrack) 6
Angle Connector 24 Cord Tensioning Clip 32
Sliding Connector 12 Yellow Cord 1 roll
Straight Connector 24 Rubber Cord 1 roll

Recommended Equipment Recommended Equipment

Hooked Mass Set (SE-8759) Large Slotted Mass Sets (ME-7566 or ME-7589)

Other PASCO equipment is closely related to the Human Structures Set.

Related Equipment Related Equipment

PS-2198 Load Cell Amplifier PS-2201 5-N Load Cell
PS-2199 Load Cell and Amplifier Set PS-2205 Displacement Sensor
PS-2200 100-N Load Cell PS-2206 Dual Load Cell Amplifier
PASPORT Interface* Data Acquisition Software*

*See the PASCO catalog or PASCO web site (www.pasco.com) for more information

Introduction

The ME-7001 Human Structures Set is one part of the PASCO Structures System. The Human Structures Set can be used
as a stand-alone set and it can also be combined with other parts of the PASCO Structures System. The set includes all of
the items necessary to build one each of the following: Human Arm Model, Human Back Model, Human Leg Model. A
Load Cell and Amplifier Set (PS-2199) can be added to measure compression and tension forces in the human structure
models.

Related Equipment

Load Cell Amplifier (PS-2198) - Can plug in up to six Load Cells; requires a PASPORT interface to connect to the USB
port of a computer.

Load Cell and Amplifier Set (PS-2199) - Load Cell Amplifier (PS-2198) with four 100 N Load Cells (PS-2200).

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Model No. ME-7001 About the Components

Figure 1: Attaching beams to connectors

Screw

Beam

Connector

Figure 2a: Hold half of

the cord clip so the

two halves separate

Figure 2b: Loop the

cord back through the

cord clip

Figure 2c: The cord

goes around the

screw hole

Figure 2d: The cord clip is

ready to be attached to the

structure using a screw

100 N Load Cell (PS-2200) - Strain gauges mounted on a beam with no electronics so a Load Cell requires a Load Cell
Amplifier (PS-2198) or Dual Load Cell Amplifier PS-2206).

5 N Load Cell (PS-2201) - Strain gauges mounted on a beam with no electronics so a Load Cell requires a Load Cell
Amplifier or Dual Load Cell Amplifier.

Displacement Sensor (PS-2205) - A PASPORT Sensor and a digital displacement indicator designed to measure the
deflection of parts of a structure.

Dual Load Cell Amplifier (PS-2206) - Can plug in one or two Load Cells; requires a PASPORT interface to connect to
the USB port of a computer.

About the Components

Beams

There are six sizes of plastic I-Beams, labeled #1 through #7. Beam #1 is the shortest beam.

Assembling Beams

All beams attach to connectors in the same way. Use the included screws (6-32, slotted) to attach beams to a connector
(such as the half round connector) as illustrated.

Attaching Cords

When attaching cords for lateral bracing or for suspension or cable-stayed bridges, Cord Tensioning Clips are used to
assist in adjusting the tension in the cords.

The Cord Clip does not come apart. It is best to thread the cord through the clip before the clip is installed on the structure.
Prepare to thread the cord by holding the top half of the clip as shown in Figure 2a so the two halves of the clip will sepa­rate, leaving an opening through which the cord is threaded. The cord is inserted into the end opposite the pointed end of
the clip. The cord should be looped back through the clip as shown in Figure 2c. Then the Cord Clip can be used in the
structure, using a screw to tighten the clip shut. To adjust the cord tension, loosen the screw and pull on the cord to the
desired tension and then tighten the screw.

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3

Human Structures Set About the Components

Half Round

Full Round

Flat

Straight

Angle

Figure 3: Connectors

Sliding

I-Beam #1

“Jaw”

Figure 4: Nut and
Bolt for PAStrack

Figure 5: Axle items

Axle

O-Ring

Pulley

Spacer

Collet

Drive

Wheel

Connectors

Half Round Connector: The half round connector has eight slots, labeled A
through H, for accepting beams.

Full Round Connector: The full round connector has eleven slots, labeled A
through H and X, Y, and Z, for attaching beams

Flat Connector: The flat connector has eight slots, labeled A through E, and X,
Y, and Z, for attaching beams.

Straight Connector: The straight connector can connect two beams to make a
longer beam.

Angle Connector: The angle connector can allow a beam to be connected to a
half round connector, full round connector, or flat connector at an angle differ­ent than zero, 45, or 90 degrees. The Angle Connector also allows for a small
adjustment of the length of the beam.

Sliding Connector: The sliding connector allows one beam to be connected to
another beam at any position along the length of the second beam. To use the
sliding connector, loosen the thumbscrew and rotate the top “jaw” to the side.
Place the beam onto the lower part of the connector, rotate the top “jaw” into
place, and tighten the thumbscrew.

Top view

Nut and Bolt for PAStrack: The square nut and bolt can be used with a flat connector to fasten a
structure to a PASCO PAStrack (see the PASCO catalog or web site at www.pasco.com for infor­mation about PAStrack equipment.)

Axles, Pulleys, Spacers, Collets, and Drive Wheels

Axles: There are two each of three different lengths: 10.4 cm (4.1 in), 21.3 cm (8.4
in), and 26.6 cm (10.5 in). Each axle is 0.635 cm (0.250 in) in diameter.

Pulleys: There are twelve pulleys, each 3.175 cm (1.250 in) in diameter and 0.558
cm (0.220 in) wide. To make a wheel, put one of the small “O” rings into the pul­ley’s groove.

Spacers and Collets: There are twelve spacers, each 0.635 cm (0.250 in) inside
diameter, 1.25 cm (0.50 in) outside diameter, and 0.635 cm (0.250 in) wide.Collets:
There are twenty-four collets that can be used with screws (6-32) to hold pulleys
and spacers in place on an axle.

Drive Wheel with Tire: There are four drive wheels with tires. The drive wheel can
be attached to an axle using a thumbscrew. To attach the wheel firmly to the axle,
line up a hole on the axle with the thumbscrew hole on the wheel. If the rubber tire is removed, the wheel can be used as a
large pulley.

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Model No. ME-7001 Adding Load Cells

Figure 6: A load cell combined with two #2 beams is

the same length as a #4 beam

Figure 7: Calibration

fixture

Load Cell

Mass

Adding Load Cells

To measure the compression and tension forces in individual
members, add load cells (e.g., PASCO Model PS-2200) to any
PASCO Structure. Replace a beam with two shorter beams and
a load cell.

#5 beam = load cell + two #3 beams

#4 beam = load cell + two #2 beams

#3 beam = load cell + two #1 beams

Use thumbscrews to attach two beams to a load cell as shown in
the Figure.

When using load cells, assemble your structure with the screws loose. This will simplify the analysis by ensuring that the
members experience only tension and compression without moments.

See the instructions that came with the load cells for details about how to connect the load cells to an interface or datalog­ger and collect data.

Calibration of Load Cells

Load cells are factory calibrated; however, you can re-calibrate them in software
or on the datalogger. Assemble the fixture shown in Figure 10 to support the load
cell. See the documentation for your software or datalogger for instructions.

When calibrating a load cell, it is necessary to apply a known load. Hold or clamp
the fixture at the edge of a table and hang a mass from it as shown.

Note that the hanging mass applies tension to the load cell; therefore the known
force that you enter into the software or datalogger should be a negative value.
For example, if the mass is 1.0 kg, the applied force is -9.8 N.

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Human Structures Set Human Arm Model

The following list shows the number of each item needed for a particular model.

Item Arm Leg Back Total

Half Round Connector
Full Round Connector
Flat Round Connector
Straight Connector
Angle Connector
Sliding Connector
#6 Beam
#5 Beam
#4 Beam
#3 Beam
#2 Beam
#1 Beam
Cord Tensioning Clip
Short Axle
Medium Axle

14 16 22 52

112 4

312 6

34815

8 3 12 23

022 4

58821

60915

9 8 13 30

5141231

1 3 12 16

74415

71614

110 2

110 2

Long Axle
Pulley
Drive Wheel
Collet
Spacer
Screw

002 2

002 2

010 1

034 7

206 8

83 83 142 307

Human Arm Model

The Human Arm Model consists of a “shoulder” that serves as the base of the model, an “upper arm” with Load Cells for
the biceps muscle and triceps muscle, and a “lower arm” or “forearm”.

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Model No. ME-7001 Human Arm Model

#5

#5

#5

#5

#5

#4

#4

#4

#4

#6

#6

Half

Round*

*All connectors are
Half Round Connectors

Cord

Tensioning

Clip

Cord

Tensioning

Clip

Cord

Tensioning

Clip

Thread the cord
through a hole and
secure with a knot.

Secure with

a knot.

Secure with

a knot.

Secure with

a knot.

Yellow

Cord

Shoulder (Base)

The shoulder part of the Human Arm Model uses Half Round Connectors, various I Beams, Cord Tensioning Clips, and
Yellow Cord. NOTE: Don’t tighten the cords yet.

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Human Structures Set Human Arm Model

Triceps Load Cell Bracket

Biceps Load Cell Bracket

Flat Round

Full Round

Half Round

Angle

Angle

Angle

Angle

Half Round

Half Round

Straight

#2

#1

#1

#1

#1

#1

#1

#3

#3

#3

#4

#6

#6

#3

E

Z

B

F

Triceps Load Cell Bracket

(Flat Round)

Biceps Load Cell Bracket

(Full Round)

Upper Arm Detail

Upper Arm Parts

The upper arm parts of the Human Arm Model uses Half Round Connectors, a Full Round Connector, a Flat Round Con­nector, Angle Connectors, Straight Connectors, and various I Beams. Note the slots used on the Full Round.

Connect the two upper arm parts using the Biceps Load Cell Bracket and the Triceps Load Cell Bracket.

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Model No. ME-7001 Human Arm Model

Flat Round

Flat Round

Angle

Angle

Angle

Straight

#5

#6

#3

Forearm Detail

Cord to hang weight

“Elbow”

“Hand”

Elbow Detail

Short Axle

Spacer

Spacer

Upper Arm

Parts

Forearm

Lower Arm

The lower arm (“forearm”) uses Flat Round Connectors, Angle Connectors, a Straight Connector, and various I Beams.

Human Arm Elbow Detail

The upper arm and forearm are joined at the elbow using a Short Axle, two Spacers, and Screws.

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Human Structures Set

Medium Axle

Cord

Tensioning

Clip

Secure with

a knot

Large

Slotted

Masses

Use the cord to adjust

the upper arm.

Upper Arm/Shoulder Detail

The upper arm connects to the shoulder with a Medium Axle and Screws. Use a cord attached to a Cord Tensioning Clip
to adjust the angle of the upper arm. Add large slotted masses to stabilize the model. Tighten the various cords.

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Model No. ME-7001

Biceps Load Cell

Triceps

Load

Cell

Cord Tensioning Clip

Secure with a knot.

Secure with a knot.

Elastic

Cord

Cord Tensioning Clip

Biceps and Triceps Load Cell Detail

Add Load Cells to the Biceps Load Cell Bracket and the Triceps Load Cell Bracket. Tie a piece of yellow cord to the top
part of the forearm near the elbow. Attach the cord to a Cord Tensioning Clip and attach the clip to the Biceps Load Cell.
Tie a piece of elastic cord to one of the holes on the back edge of the Flat Round Connector at the elbow. Attach the elastic
cord to a Cord Tensioning Clip and attach the clip to the Triceps Load Cell.

Human Arm Model: Extra Equipment

Extra Equipment Extra Equipment

Hooked Mass Set SE-8759 100-N Load Cell PS-2200 (2)
Large Slotted Mass Set ME-7566 Load Cell Amplifier PS-2198

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11

Human Structures Set

W

W

a



This Load Cell
represents the
biceps muscle

These cords

allow the

angle of the

upper arm to

change.

Human Arm Model: Force Vector Diagram

The Human Structures Set allows students to build a realistic arm model and directly measure the forces exerted.

The diagram shows the forces acting on the lower arm.

Suggestions

Vary the length and angle of the upper and lower arm, as well as the point of attachment of the cord connected to the Load
Cell.

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Model No. ME-7001 Human Leg Model

#6

#6

#4

#4

#3

#3

#3

#3

#2

Flat Round

Full Round

Angle

Upper Leg with Load Cell Bracket

Half Round

Load Cell

Cord Tensioning

Clip

Full Round

Angle

#2

#3

#3

Upper Leg Load Cell Bracket and Load Cell

Human Leg Model

The Human Leg Model consists of an upper leg or “thigh”, a lower leg, and a knee joint.

Upper Leg (Thigh)

Use Half Round Connectors, a Full Round Connector, a Flat Round Connector, an Angle Connector, and various I Beams
to construct the upper leg

Upper Leg Load Cell Bracket Detail

The Upper Leg Load Cell Bracket consists of #3 Beams, a #2 Beam, an Angle Connector, and a Full Round Connector.
The diagram shows a Load Cell and a Cord Tensioning Clip attached to the bracket.

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Human Structures Set Human Leg Model

Half Round

#1

#1

#6

#6

#6

#3

Straight

Straight

Sliding

Sliding

#2

#2

#4

Angle

Drive Wheel

Collet (no screw)

Short Axle

Lower Leg and Knee

Lower Leg and Knee

Use Half Round Connectors, Angle Connectors, Sliding Connectors, Straight Connectors, a Short Axle, a Drive Wheel, a
Collet (without screw), and various I Beams to construct the lower leg and knee.

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Model No. ME-7001 Human Leg Model

Load Cell

Medium

Axle

Collet

Drive

Wheel

Cord

Cord Tensioning Clip

Human Leg Knee Detail

Use a Medium Axle and Collets to connect the upper leg to the lower leg. Attach a Load Cell to the Upper Leg Load Cell
Bracket. Tie a piece of cord to the #2 I Beam just below the knee. Connect the other end of the cord to a Cord Tensioning
Clip, and attach the clip to the Load Cell. Put the cord over the Drive Wheel

Human Leg Model: Extra Equipment

Extra Equipment Extra Equipment

Large Slotted Mass Set ME-7566 Load Cell Amplifier PS-2198
100-N Load Cell PS-2200

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Human Structures Set Human Back Model

The Load Cell represents

the quadricep muscle in

the upper leg.

W



Human Leg Model: Force Vector Diagram

Knee Forces

Directly measure the force needed to support the leg at various angles.

Human Back Model

The Human Back Model consists of a base, a torso, and an outstretched arm.

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Model No. ME-7001 Human Back Model

Half

Round

Long Axle

Angle

Angle

Straight

Straight

Angle

Sliding

Full

Round

Collet

Spacer

Pulley

#2

#2

#2

#2

#2

#2

#4

#4

#4

#3

#3

#5

#5

#6

#4

#4

NOTE: The

Straight

Connectors

can be

replaced by

Load Cells.

Human Back Base Details

Note the

arrangement

of the Half

Round.

Human Back Base Details

The Human Back Base uses Half Round Connectors, Full Round Connectors, Angle Connectors, Sliding Connectors,
Straight Connectors, a Long Axle, Pulleys, Spacers, Collets, and various I Beams. The structure can use two, four or six
Load Cells.

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Human Structures Set Human Back Model

Half Round

Flat Round

Secure with a knot.

Cord Tensioning

Clip

Secure with

a knot.

Angle

Angle

Angle

Straight

Straight

#5

#6

#6

#6

#5

#3

#3

#3

#4

#1

#1

#3

Cord

Human Torso and Extended Arm

NOTE: Loop a piece of

Cord through the #3 Beam

Arm

Torso

Human Torso and Extended Arm Details

The Human Torso and Extended Arm uses Half Round Connectors, Flat Round Connectors, Angle Connectors, Straight
Connectors, Cord and Cord Tensioning Clips, and various I Beams.

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Model No. ME-7001 Human Back Model

Secure with

a knot.

Cord

Tensioning

Clip

Long

Axle

Spacers on

both sides of

the Half Round

Collet

Load

Cell

Cord

NOTE: Add Large Slotted Masses to

the rear of the Base to

counterbalance the structure.

Human Back Model: Load Cell Details

Join the Human Back Model Base to the Human Back Model Torso using a Long Axle, Spacers, Collets, Cord and Cord
Tensioning Clips, and Load Cells.

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Human Structures Set Human Back Model

W

b

T

F

y

F

x

Cord

Hooked

Mass

Load Cells

Large

Slotted

Masses

W

OPTION: Put Load Cells in

place of the Straight

Connectors.

Human Back Model: Force Vector Diagram

The following diagram shows the force vectors acting on the human back model.

Load Cells

The Load Cells directly measure the forces exerted on the back model. The structure is shown with two Load Cells mea­suring the tension in the cords representing lower back muscles. The experiment can be performed using more Load Cells
mounted in place of the Straight Connectors in the base.

Suggestions

Experiment with the ‘back’ at different angles and use the Load Cells to measure the tension in the cord.

What is the affect of increasing or decreasing the angle of the ‘back’?

Experiment with the amount of weight attached to the end of the ‘arm’.

Does doubling the weight also double the tension in the cords attached to the Load Cells?

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Model No. ME-7001 Human Back Model

Human Back Model: Extra Equipment

Extra Equipment Model

Large Slotted Mass Set ME-7566 Hooked Mass Set SE-8759
100-N Load Cell PS-2200 (2, 4, 6) Load Cell Amplifier PS-2198

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Human Structures Set Technical Support

Technical Support

For assistance with any PASCO product, contact PASCO at:
Address: PASCO scientific

10101 Foothills Blvd.
Roseville, CA 95747-7100

Phone: [phone] (worldwide)

800-772-8700 (U.S.)
Web: www.pasco.com
Email: [e-mail]

For more information about the Human Structures Set and the latest revision of this Instruction Manual, visit the PASCO web
site at www .pasco.com and enter ME-7001 in the Search window.

Limited Warranty For a description of the product warranty, see the PASCO catalog.

Copyright The PASCO scientific 012-13878A Human Structures Set Instruction Manual is copyrighted with all rights reserved. Permission is
granted to non-profit educational institutions for reproduction of any part of this manual, providing the reproductions are used only in their labo­ratories and classrooms, and are not sold for profit. Reproduction under any other circumstances, without the written consent of PASCO scien­tific, is prohibited.

Trademarks PASCO and PASCO scientific are trademarks or registered trademarks of PASCO scientific, in the United States and/or in other
countries. All other brands, products, or service names are or may be trademarks or service marks of, and are used to identify, products or ser­vices of, their respective owners. For more information visit www.pasco.com/legal.

Patents Pending: The following PASCO products are some of the products that have patents pending:

ME-6990 Truss Set ME-6991 Bridge Set

ME-6992A Advanced Structures Set ME-6993 Truss Set Members
ME-6994 Truss Set Screws ME-6995 Road Bed Spares
ME-6996 Cord Lock Spares ME-6997 Full Round (XYZ) Connector Spares
ME-6998A Axle Spares ME-6999A Angle Connector Spares

PS-2198 Load Cell Amplifier PS-2199 Load Cell and Amplifier Set
PS-2200 100 N Load Cell PS-2201 5 N Load Cell
PS-2206 Dual Load Cell Amplifier

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