Page 1
Parallels Server Bare Metal
5.0
User's Guide
Copyright © 1999-2011 Parallels Holdings, Ltd. and its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Page 2
Parallels Holdings, Ltd.
DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft
c/o Parallels International GMbH.
Parallels International GmbH
Vordergasse 49
CH8200 Schaffhausen
Switzerland
Tel: + 41 526320 411
Fax: + 41 52672 2010
www.parallels.com
Copyright © 1999-2011 Parallels Holdings, Ltd. and its affiliates. All rights reserved.
This product is protected by United States and international copyright laws. The product’s underlying technology,
patents, and trademarks are listed at http://www.parallels.com/trademarks.
Microsoft, Windows, Windows Server, Windows NT, Windows Vista, and MSCorporation.
Apple, Mac, the Mac logo, Mac OS, iPad, iPhone, iPod touch, FaceTime HD camera and iSight are trademarks of Apple
Inc., registered in the US and other countries.
Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.
All other marks and names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Page 3
Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................... 9
About This Guide ............................................................................................................ 9
Organization of This Guide .................................................................................................... 10
Documentation Conventions ................................................................................................. 11
Getting Help .................................................................................................................. 12
Feedback ...................................................................................................................... 13
Learning Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0 Basics ................................................... 14
Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0 Overview ....................................................................... 15
OS Virtualization Layer ................................................................................................... 16
Basics of OS Virtualization ..................................................................................................... 17
Parallels Containers ............................................................................................................... 17
Virtuozzo File System ............................................................................................................ 18
Templates ............................................................................................................................. 18
Parallels Server Bare Metal Configuration .............................................................................. 19
Hardware Virtualization Layer ......................................................................................... 19
Basics of Hardware Virtualization ........................................................................................... 20
Parallels Virtual Machines ...................................................................................................... 21
Virtual Machine Hardware ...................................................................................................... 22
Virtual Machine Files .............................................................................................................. 23
Support of Virtual and Real Media ......................................................................................... 24
Parallels Management Console ............................................................................................. 25
Resource Management ................................................................................................. 26
Understanding Licensing ............................................................................................... 26
Physical Server Availability Considerations ..................................................................... 27
Managing Virtual Machines and Containers ........................................................... 28
Creating a Virtual Machine and Container....................................................................... 29
Supported Guest Operating Systems .................................................................................... 31
Compatibility With Parallels Products..................................................................................... 32
Choosing a Container ID ....................................................................................................... 33
Choosing OS EZ Template .................................................................................................... 34
Page 4
Contents
Performing Initial Configuration ...................................................................................... 34
Configuring Network Settings ................................................................................................ 35
Setting Passwords for Virtual Machines and Containers ........................................................ 36
Setting Startup Parameters ................................................................................................... 36
Starting, Stopping, and Querying Status of a Virtual Machine and Container ................... 37
Listing Virtual Machines and Containers ......................................................................... 38
Storing Extended Information on a Virtual Machine and Container .................................. 39
Copying a Virtual Machine and Container Within the Server ............................................ 40
Suspending a Virtual Machine and Container ................................................................. 42
Running Commands in a Virtual Machine and Container ................................................. 43
Deleting a Virtual Machine and Container ....................................................................... 44
Managing Virtual Machine and Container Backups ......................................................... 44
Backups Overview ................................................................................................................. 45
Using pctl backup and pctl restore ........................................................................................ 47
Using pbackup and prestore ................................................................................................. 50
Migrating Virtual Machines and Containers ..................................................................... 54
General Migration Requirements ........................................................................................... 55
Migrating Virtual Machines and Containers Between Parallels Servers ................................... 56
Migrating Containers to Virtual Machines ............................................................................... 61
Migrating Physical Computers to Virtual Machines and Containers ........................................ 64
Migrating Virtual Machines to Containers ............................................................................... 70
Migrating Xen Virtual Machines .............................................................................................. 71
Performing Container-Specific Operations ..................................................................... 72
Setting Name for Container ................................................................................................... 73
Moving Container Within the Parallels Server ......................................................................... 74
Disabling Container ............................................................................................................... 75
Reinstalling Container ............................................................................................................ 76
Performing Virtual Machine-Specific Operations ............................................................. 80
Viewing Detailed Information About Virtual Machines ............................................................. 80
Pausing a Virtual Machine...................................................................................................... 81
Managing Snapshots ............................................................................................................. 82
Managing Templates ............................................................................................................. 86
Managing Virtual Machine Disks ............................................................................................ 88
Managing Virtual Machine Devices ........................................................................................ 93
Page 5
Contents
Making Screenshots ............................................................................................................ 101
Assigning USB Devices to Virtual Machines ......................................................................... 102
Mounting Virtual Machines................................................................................................... 104
Configuring IP Address Ranges for Host-Only Networks ..................................................... 105
Converting Third-Party Virtual Machines and Disks .............................................................. 106
Enabling VNC Access to Virtual Machines ........................................................................... 108
Managing Resources ............................................................................................ 109
What are Resource Control Parameters? ..................................................................... 109
Managing CPU Resources .......................................................................................... 110
Managing CPU Shares and Limits ....................................................................................... 111
Configuring the Number of CPUs ........................................................................................ 113
Configuring CPU Affinity for Virtual Machines and Containers .............................................. 115
Managing Disk Quotas ................................................................................................ 115
What are Disk Quotas? ........................................................................................................ 116
Disk Quota Parameters ....................................................................................................... 116
Turning On and Off Per-Container Disk Quotas ................................................................... 117
Setting Up Per-Container Disk Quota Parameters ............................................................... 118
Turning On and Off Second-Level Quotas for a Container ................................................... 119
Setting Up Second-Level Disk Quota Parameters ............................................................... 120
Checking Quota Status ....................................................................................................... 121
Cleaning Up Containers ....................................................................................................... 122
Managing Network Accounting and Bandwidth ............................................................ 125
Network Traffic Parameters ................................................................................................. 126
Configuring Network Classes .............................................................................................. 127
Viewing Network Traffic Statistics ........................................................................................ 129
Turning On and Off Network Bandwidth Management ........................................................ 131
Configuring Network Bandwidth Management .................................................................... 133
Managing Disk I/O Parameters .................................................................................... 134
Configuring Priority Levels for Virtual Machines and Containers ........................................... 135
Configuring the Disk I/O Bandwidth ..................................................................................... 136
Viewing Disk I/O Statistics ................................................................................................... 138
Managing Memory Parameters for Containers.............................................................. 139
Configuring Main VSwap Parameters .................................................................................. 140
Configuring the Memory Allocation Limit .............................................................................. 141
Tuning VSwap ..................................................................................................................... 142
Page 6
Contents
Configuring Legacy Containers ............................................................................................ 143
Managing Memory Resources for Virtual Machines ...................................................... 144
Configuring Main Memory Resources .................................................................................. 144
Configuring Additional Memory Parameters ......................................................................... 145
Enabling Memory Hotplug for Virtual Machines .................................................................... 148
Managing Container Resources Configuration .............................................................. 149
Splitting Server Into Equal Pieces ........................................................................................ 150
Scaling Container Configuration .......................................................................................... 151
Validating Container Configuration ....................................................................................... 152
Applying New Configuration Sample to Container ............................................................... 153
Managing Services and Processes ...................................................................... 154
What Are Services and Processes ............................................................................... 155
Main Operations on Services and Processes................................................................ 156
Managing Processes and Services .............................................................................. 157
Viewing Active Processes and Services ............................................................................... 158
Monitoring Processes in Real Time ...................................................................................... 160
Changing Services Mode..................................................................................................... 161
Determining Container Identifiers by Process IDs ................................................................ 162
Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Services ........................................................................ 162
Managing Parallels Server Bare Metal Network ................................................... 163
Managing Network Adapters on the Parallels Server .................................................... 164
Listing Adapters .................................................................................................................. 165
Creating VLAN Adapters ..................................................................................................... 166
Networking Modes in Parallels Server Bare Metal ......................................................... 166
Host-Routed Mode.............................................................................................................. 167
Virtual Network Mode .......................................................................................................... 170
Differences Between Host-Routed and Virtual Network Modes ........................................... 172
Configuring Virtual Machines and Containers in Host-Routed Mode .............................. 173
Configuring Virtual Machines and Containers in Virtual Network Mode .......................... 174
Managing Virtual Networks .................................................................................................. 174
Managing Adapters in Containers ........................................................................................ 179
Managing Adapters in Virtual Machines ............................................................................... 183
Managing Private Networks ......................................................................................... 187
Learning Private Networks ................................................................................................... 187
Page 7
Contents
Setting Up Private Networks ................................................................................................ 191
Managing Licenses ............................................................................................... 193
Installing the License ................................................................................................... 194
Updating the Current License ...................................................................................... 195
Transferring the License to Another Server ................................................................... 196
Viewing the Current License ........................................................................................ 197
Viewing the License ............................................................................................................. 198
License Statuses ................................................................................................................. 200
Keeping Your System Up To Date ........................................................................ 201
Updating Parallels Server Bare Metal Software ............................................................. 202
Updating in Graphical Mode ................................................................................................ 203
Updating in Command-Line Mode ...................................................................................... 209
Updating Software In Virtual Machines ......................................................................... 210
Updating Containers ................................................................................................... 210
Updating EZ Template Packages Inside a Container ........................................................... 211
Updating OS EZ Template Caches ...................................................................................... 212
Advanced Tasks .................................................................................................... 213
Configuring Capabilities ............................................................................................... 213
Creating VZFS Symlinks Inside a Container ......................................................................... 214
Available Capabilities for Containers .................................................................................... 215
Creating Customized Containers ................................................................................. 218
Using Customized OS EZ Templates ................................................................................... 219
Using EZ OS Template Sets ................................................................................................ 221
Using Customized Application Template ............................................................................. 223
Changing System Time From Containers ..................................................................... 225
Obtaining Server ID From Inside a Container ................................................................ 226
Enabling VPN for Containers........................................................................................ 226
Managing Server Resources Parameters ..................................................................... 227
Setting Immutable and Append Flags for Container Files and Directories ...................... 228
Customizing the /proc/meminfo Output in Containers .................................................. 229
Loading iptables Modules ............................................................................................ 231
Loading iptables Modules to Parallels Server ....................................................................... 231
Loading iptables Modules to Containers .............................................................................. 232
Page 8
Contents
Creating Configuration Files for New Linux Distributions ............................................... 234
Monitoring Resources ................................................................................................. 235
Aligning Disks and Partitions in Virtual Machines .......................................................... 236
Running Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0 in Virtual Machines ......................................... 242
Troubleshooting .................................................................................................... 244
General Considerations ............................................................................................... 245
Kernel Troubleshooting ................................................................................................ 247
Using ALT+SYSRQ Keyboard Sequences ........................................................................... 247
Saving Kernel Faults (OOPS) ............................................................................................... 248
Finding a Kernel Function That Caused the D Process State ............................................... 249
Problems With Container Management ........................................................................ 249
Failure to Start a Container .................................................................................................. 250
Failure to Access a Container From Network ....................................................................... 251
Failure to Log In to a Container ............................................................................................ 251
Getting Technical Support ........................................................................................... 252
Preparing and Sending Questions to Technical Support ...................................................... 252
Submitting Problem Report to Technical Support ................................................................ 253
Establishing Secure Channel to Parallels Support ................................................................ 255
Glossary ................................................................................................................. 257
Index ...................................................................................................................... 259
Page 9
C HAPTER 1
Introduction
This chapter provides basic information about Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0 and this guide.
In This Chapter
About This Guide ................................................................................................... 9
Getting Help ........................................................................................................... 12
Feedback ............................................................................................................... 13
About This Guide
The Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0 User's Guide provides comprehensive information on Parallels
Server Bare Metal 5.0 - high-end virtualization software for bare metal servers. It covers the
necessary theoretical conceptions as well as practical aspects of working with Parallels Server Bare
Metal. The guide will familiarize you with the way to create and administer virtual machines and
Containers using the Parallels command line interface.
Note: The guide does not explain how to install and configure your Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0
system. For detailed information on these operations, see the Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0 Installation
Guide.
The primary audience for this guide is anyone responsible for administering one or more systems
running Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0. We assume that you have some familiarity with how to
work in the Linux command line.
Page 10
Introduction
Organization of This Guide
This guide is organized in the following way:
• Chapter 1, Introduction, gives an overview of the Parallels Server Bare Metal product and this
guide.
• Chapter 2, Parallels Server Bare Metal Basics, explains the general principles of Parallels
Server Bare Metal operation.
• Chapter 3, Operations on virtual machines and Containers, covers those operations that
you can perform on a virtual machine and Container: creating and deleting virtual machines and
Containers, starting and stopping them, backing up and restoring, etc. You will also learn how
to perform different kinds of migration: migrate virtual machines and Containers between
Parallels servers, migrate a physical server to a virtual machine and Container, and migrate a
Container to a virtual machine.
• Chapter 4, Managing Resources, focuses on configuring and monitoring the resource control
parameters for virtual machines and Containers. These parameters comprise disk quotas,
network accounting and shaping, CPU and system resources.
• Chapter 5, Managing Services and Processes, familiarizes you with the operations you can
perform on processes and services in Parallels Server Bare Metal.
• Chapter 6, Managing Parallels Server Bare Metal Network, familiarizes you with the Parallels
Server Bare Metal network structure and explains how to manage networks in Parallels Server
Bare Metal systems.
• Chapter 7, Managing Licenses, provides detailed information on managing licenses in
Parallels Server Bare Metal.
• Chapter 8, Keeping Your System Up To Date, informs you of the ways to keep all the
software components of a Parallels server up to date.
• Chapter 9, Advanced Tasks, enumerates those tasks that are intended for advanced system
administrators who would like to obtain deeper knowledge about Parallels Server Bare Metal
capabilities.
• Chapter 10, Troubleshooting, suggests ways to resolve common inconveniences should they
occur during your work with Parallels Server Bare Metal.
10
Page 11
Introduction
Preformatted
Saved parameters for Container
Monospace Bold
# rpm –V virtuozzo-release
Documentation Conventions
Before you start using this guide, it is important to understand the documentation conventions used
in it.
The table below presents the existing formatting conventions.
Formatting convention Type of Information Example
Special Bold
Italics
Monospace
Key+Key Key combinations for which the
Items you must select, such as
menu options, command buttons,
or items in a list.
Titles of chapters, sections, and
subsections.
Used to emphasize the
importance of a point, to
introduce a term or to designate a
command-line placeholder, which
is to be replaced with a real name
or value.
The names of commands, files,
and directories.
On-screen computer output in
your command-line sessions;
source code in XML, C++, or
other programming languages.
What you type, as contrasted with
on-screen computer output.
user must press and hold down
one key and then press another.
Go to the Resources tab.
Read the Basic Administration chapter.
These are the so-called EZ templates.
To destroy a Container, type vzctl
destroy ctid.
Use vzctl start to start a Container.
101
Ctrl+P, Alt+F4
Besides the formatting conventions, you should also know about the document organization
convention applied to Parallels documents: chapters in all guides are divided into sections, which,
in their turn, are subdivided into subsections. For example, About This Guide is a section, and
Documentation Conventions is a subsection.
11
Page 12
Introduction
Getting Help
In addition to this guide, there are a number of other resources available for Parallels Server Bare
Metal which can help you use the product more effectively. These resources include:
Manuals:
• Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0 Installation Guide. This guide provides detailed information
on installing Parallels Server Bare Metal on your server, including the pre-requisites and the
stages you shall pass.
• Getting Started With Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0. This guide provides basic information
on how to install Parallels Server Bare Metal on your server, create new Containers and
virtual machines, and perform main operations on them. As distinct from the Parallels Server
Bare Metal 5.0 Installation Guide, it does not contain detailed description of all the
operations needed to install and set Parallels Server Bare Metal to work (e.g. installing
Parallels Server Bare Metal in text mode).
• Parallels Server Bare Metal 5.0 Templates Management Guide. This guide is meant to
provide complete information on Parallels templates - an exclusive Parallels technology
allowing you to efficiently deploy standard Linux applications inside your Containers and to
greatly save the physical server resources (physical memory, disk space, etc.).
• Parallels Command Line Reference Guide. This guide is a complete reference on all Parallels
Server Bare Metal configuration files and command line utilities.
• Deploying Clusters in Parallels-Based Systems. This guide describes the process of creating
Parallels failover and GFS clusters using the Red Hat Cluster Suite (RHCS) software.
Help systems:
• Getting Started with Parallels Management Console. This help system provides information
on how to start working in Parallels Management Console. You will learn how to install this
application on your computer, connect to a server running Parallels Server Bare Metal, and
perform the basic operations on your virtual machines.
• Parallels Management Console User's Guide. This help system provides detailed information
on Parallels Management Console - a graphical user interface tool for managing physical
servers and their virtual machines.
12
Page 13
Introduction
Feedback
If you spot a typo in this guide, or if you have an opinion about how to make this guide more
helpful, you can share your comments and suggestions with us by completing the Documentation
Feedback form on our website (http://www.parallels.com/en/support/usersdoc/).
13
Loading...