Omron C500-ASC04 Operation Manual

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C500-ASC04 ASCII Unit

Operation Manual

Revised February 2001

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No. 6182

OMRON Corporation

Read and Understand this Manual

Please read and understand this manual before using the product. Please consult your OMRON representative if you have any questions or comments.

Warranty and Limitations of Liability

WARRANTY

OMRON's exclusive warranty is that the products are free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year (or other period if specified) from date of sale by OMRON.

OMRON MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, REGARDING NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE OF THE PRODUCTS. ANY BUYER OR USER ACKNOWLEDGES THAT THE BUYER OR USER ALONE HAS DETERMINED THAT THE PRODUCTS WILL SUITABLY MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THEIR INTENDED USE. OMRON DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.

LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY

OMRON SHALL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, LOSS OF PROFITS OR COMMERCIAL LOSS IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THE PRODUCTS, WHETHER SUCH CLAIM IS BASED ON CONTRACT, WARRANTY, NEGLIGENCE, OR STRICT LIABILITY.

In no event shall the responsibility of OMRON for any act exceed the individual price of the product on which liability is asserted.

IN NO EVENT SHALL OMRON BE RESPONSIBLE FOR WARRANTY, REPAIR, OR OTHER CLAIMS REGARDING THE PRODUCTS UNLESS OMRON'S ANALYSIS CONFIRMS THAT THE PRODUCTS WERE PROPERLY HANDLED, STORED, INSTALLED, AND MAINTAINED AND NOT SUBJECT TO CONTAMINATION, ABUSE, MISUSE, OR INAPPROPRIATE MODIFICATION OR REPAIR.

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No. 6182

Application Considerations

SUITABILITY FOR USE

OMRON shall not be responsible for conformity with any standards, codes, or regulations that apply to the combination of products in the customer's application or use of the products.

At the customer's request, OMRON will provide applicable third party certification documents identifying ratings and limitations of use that apply to the products. This information by itself is not sufficient for a complete determination of the suitability of the products in combination with the end product, machine, system, or other application or use.

The following are some examples of applications for which particular attention must be given. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all possible uses of the products, nor is it intended to imply that the uses listed may be suitable for the products:

• Outdoor use, uses involving potential chemical contamination or electrical interference, or conditions or uses not described in this manual.

• Nuclear energy control systems, combustion systems, railroad systems, aviation systems, medical equipment, amusement machines, vehicles, safety equipment, and installations subject to separate industry or government regulations.

• Systems, machines, and equipment that could present a risk to life or property.

Please know and observe all prohibitions of use applicable to the products.

NEVER USE THE PRODUCTS FOR AN APPLICATION INVOLVING SERIOUS RISK TO LIFE OR PROPERTY WITHOUT ENSURING THAT THE SYSTEM AS A WHOLE HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO ADDRESS THE RISKS, AND THAT THE OMRON PRODUCTS ARE PROPERLY RATED AND INSTALLED FOR THE INTENDED USE WITHIN THE OVERALL EQUIPMENT OR SYSTEM.

PROGRAMMABLE PRODUCTS

OMRON shall not be responsible for the user's programming of a programmable product, or any consequence thereof.

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No. 6182

Disclaimers

CHANGE IN SPECIFICATIONS

Product specifications and accessories may be changed at any time based on improvements and other reasons.

It is our practice to change model numbers when published ratings or features are changed, or when significant construction changes are made. However, some specifications of the products may be changed without any notice. When in doubt, special model numbers may be assigned to fix or establish key specifications for your application on your request. Please consult with your OMRON representative at any time to confirm actual specifications of purchased products.

DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS

Dimensions and weights are nominal and are not to be used for manufacturing purposes, even when tolerances are shown.

PERFORMANCE DATA

Performance data given in this manual is provided as a guide for the user in determining suitability and does not constitute a warranty. It may represent the result of OMRON's test conditions, and the users must correlate it to actual application requirements. Actual performance is subject to the OMRON Warranty and Limitations of Liability.

ERRORS AND OMISSIONS

The information in this manual has been carefully checked and is believed to be accurate; however, no responsibility is assumed for clerical, typographical, or proofreading errors, or omissions.

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Notice:

OMRON products are manufactured for use according to proper procedures by a qualified operator and only for the purposes described in this manual.

The following conventions are used to indicate and classify warnings in this manual. Always heed the information provided with them.

DANGER Indicates information that, if not heeded, is likely to result in loss of life or serious injury.

WARNING Indicates

Caution Indicates

age to the product, or faulty operation.

information that, if not heeded, could possibly result in loss of life or serious injury

information that, if not heeded, could result in relatively serious or

OMRON Product References

All OMRON products are capitalized in this manual. The word “Unit” is also capitalized when it refers to an OMRON product, regardless of whether or not it appears in the proper name of the product.

The abbreviation “Ch,” which appears in some displays and on some OMRON products, often means “word” and is abbreviated “Wd” in documentation in this sense.

The abbreviation “PC” means Programmable Controller and is not used as an abbreviation for anything else.

Visual Aids

The following headings appear in the left column of the manual to help you locate different types of information.

Note Indicates

of the product.

information of particular interest for ef

minor injury

ficient and convenient operation

, dam

 OMRON, 1991

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of OMRON.

No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Moreover, because OMRON is constantly striving to improve its high-quality products, the information contained in this manual is subject to change without notice. Every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this manual. Nevertheless, OMRON assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained in this publication.

1, 2, 3...

1. Indicates lists of one sort or another, such as procedures, checklists, etc.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Intended Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 General Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Operating Environment Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Application Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 1

Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-1 Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-2 Back Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-3 ASCII Unit Internal Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-4 System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-5 Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 2

Data Allocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-1 Bits and Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-2 Data Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 3

Programming and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-1 Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-2 Program Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-3 Running the BASIC Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-4 Assembly Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 4

BASIC Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-1 Program Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-2 Commands, Statements, and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 5

Assembly Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-1 Assembly Language Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-2 Terminology and Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-3 Monitor Mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 6

Program Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-1 Timing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-2 Programs in Two-word Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-3 Programs in Four-word Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-4 Assembly Language Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendices

A Standard Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C PC Statements and Refresh Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D Formatting and Data Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G BASIC Commands, Statements, and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

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About this Manual:

This

manual describes the installation and operation of the C500-ASC04 ASCII Unit. The ASCII Unit can be mounted to a C500, C1000H, C2000H, or CV-series PC to control ASCII data I/O through a BASIC program and I/O WRITE instructions (READ(88) and WRIT(87) or READ(190) and WRIT(191)).

It has been assumed in the writing of this manual that the reader is already familiar with the hardware, programming, should refer to the appropriate OMRON PC manuals for assistance.

stored in the ASCII Unit. The C500-ASC04

and terminology of OMRON PC’

must be used with a PC that supports the I/O READ

s. If a review of this information is necessary

, the

reader

manual contains the following sections. Please read this

This stand the information provide before attempting to install and operation the ASCII Unit.

Section 7 Section

ASCII Unit and the PC exchange data.

Section

load, save, and run an BASIC program for the ASCII Unit.

Section

commands ers already proficient in BASIC pay careful attention to this section.

Section 11

Unit’s

Section 12

ented the PC work together in various applications. Also in this section are several examples used to illustrate the execution sequence of the hardware during execution of the ASCII Unit and PC programs.

Detailed technical information not immediately necessary for the understanding of a particular section has of the appendices, see the table of contents.

Note In this manual, ladder diagram instructions are given by mnemonics with the function codes in

explains the external hardware of the ASCII Unit and how it connects to a PC system.

explains the format of the PC memory area accessed by the ASCII Unit. This area is where the

explains how the ASCII Unit program and the PC program communicate as well as how to write,

presents the BASIC programming language used by the ASCII Unit. Since many of the BASIC are nonstandard and peculiar to an ASCII Unit-PC system, it

explains the

BASIC program. It also explains in detail how to write, edit, and run an assembly language program.

presents programming examples that are meant to bring together all of the concepts pres-

in this manual. Most of the programs deal with data transfer and illustrate

been put into one of the seven appendices and should be used for reference

parentheses code is for CV-series PCs. For example, in MOV(21/030) (the MOVE instruction), the function code for C-series PCs is 21; for CV-series PCs, 030.

assembly language programming environment and how it relates to the ASCII

following them. The first function code is for C-series PCs and the second function

manual completely and be sure you under

is recommended that even read

how the ASCII Unit and

when needed. For a list

WARNING Failure to read and understand the information provided in this manual may result in

personal injury or death, damage to the product, or product failure. Please read each section and related sections before attempting any of the procedures or operations given.

in its entirety and be sure you understand the information provided

in the section

Page 10

PRECAUTIONS

This section provides general precautions for using the Programmable Controller (PC) and related devices.

The

information contained in this section is important for the safe and r

this section and understand the information contained before attempting to set up or operate a PC system.

1 Intended Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 General Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Operating Environment Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Application Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

eliable application of the PC. Y

ou must read

Page 11

1 Intended Audience

This

manual is intended for the following personnel, who must also have knowl

edge of electrical systems (an electrical engineer or the equivalent).

• Personnel in charge of installing FA systems.

• Personnel in charge of designing FA systems.

• Personnel in charge of managing FA systems and facilities.

2 General Precautions

The

user must operate the product according to the performance specifications

described in the operation manuals. Before

using the product under conditions which are or applying the product to nuclear control systems, railroad systems, aviation systems, vehicles, combustion systems, medical equipment, amusement machines, may your OMRON representative.

Make sure that the ratings and performance characteristics of the product are sufficient systems, machines, and equipment with double safety mechanisms.

This Be

sure

manual close at hand for reference during operation.

safety equipment, and other systems, machines,

have a serious influence on lives and property if

for

manual provides

to read this manual before attempting to use the software and keep this

4Operating Environment Precautions

not described in the manual

and equipment that

used improperly

the systems, machines, and equipment, and be sure to provide the

information for programming and operating OMRON PCs.

, consult

WARNING It is extreme important that a PC and all PC Units be used for the specified

purpose directly or indirectly affect human life. You must consult with your OMRON representative before applying a PC System to the abovementioned applications.

and under the specified conditions, especially in applications that can

3 Safety Precautions

WARNING Do

WARNING Do not touch any of the terminals or terminal blocks while the power is being

WARNING Do

not attempt to take any Unit apart while the power is being supplied. Doing

may result in electric shock.

supplied. Doing so may result in electric shock.

not

attempt to disassemble, repair

may result in malfunction, fire, or electric shock.

, or modify any Units. Any attempt to do so

4 Operating Environment Precautions

Caution Do not operate the control system in the following locations:

xii

• Locations subject to direct sunlight.

• Locations subject to temperatures or humidity outside the range specified in

the specifications.

• Locations

ture.

subject to condensation as the result of severe changes in tempera

Page 12

• Locations subject to corrosive or flammable gases.

• Locations subject to dust (especially iron dust) or salts.

• Locations subject to exposure to water, oil, or chemicals.

• Locations subject to shock or vibration.

5Application Precautions

Caution Take

Caution The

appropriate and suf

following locations:

• Locations subject to static electricity or other forms of noise.

• Locations subject to strong electromagnetic fields.

• Locations subject to possible exposure to radioactivity.

• Locations close to power supplies.

operating environment of the PC system can

gevity

and reliability of the system. Improper operating environments can lead to malfunction, sure

that the operating environment is within the specified conditions at installa

tion and remains within the specified conditions during the life of the system.

failure,

5 Application Precautions

Observe the following precautions when using the PC system.

WARNING Always heed these precautions. Failure to abide by the following precautions

could lead to serious or possibly fatal injury.

• Always

necting to a ground of 100 Ω or less may result in electric shock.

• Always

lowing. shock.

ground the system to 100 Ω or less when installing the Units. Not con

turn OFF the power supply to the PC before attempting any of the fol

Not turning OFF the power supply may result in malfunction or

• Mounting ply Units, or any other Units.

• Assembling the Units.

• Setting DIP switches or rotary switches.

• Connecting cables or wiring the system.

• Connecting or disconnecting the connectors.

or dismounting I/O Units, CPU Units, Memory Units Power Sup

ficient countermeasures when installing systems in the

have a large ef

and other unforeseeable problems with the PC system. Be

fect on the lon

electric

Caution Failure

PC cautions.

• Fail-safe measures must be taken by the customer to ensure safety in the

• Always use the power supply voltages specified in this manual. An incorrect

• Take

• Install

to abide by the following precautions could lead to faulty operation of the

or the system, or

of incorrect, missing, or abnormal signals caused by broken signal lines,

event momentary power interruptions, or other causes.

voltage may result in malfunction or burning.

appropriate measures to ensure that the specified power with the rated voltage power

ing result in burning.

and frequency is supplied. Be particularly careful in places where the

supply is unstable. An incorrect power supply may result in malfunction.

external breakers and take other safety measures against short-circuit

in external wiring. Insuf

could damage the PC or PC Units. Always heed these pre

ficient safety measures against short-circuiting may

xiii

Page 13

• Do not apply voltages to the Input Units in excess of the rated input voltage. Excess voltages may result in burning.

• Do not apply voltages or connect loads to the Output Units in excess of the maximum switching capacity. Excess voltage or loads may result in burning.

• Disconnect tests.

• Be sure that all the mounting screws, terminal screws, and cable connector screws ing torque may result in malfunction.

• Leave sult in malfunction if foreign matter enters the Unit.

• Remove tion. Leaving the label attached may result in malfunction.

• Double-check ply. Incorrect wiring may result in burning.

• Wire correctly. Incorrect wiring may result in burning.

• Mount Units only after checking terminal blocks and connectors completely.

• Be

sure that the terminal blocks, Memory items with locking devices are properly locked into place. Improper locking may result in malfunction.

• Check Unit. Not checking the program may result in an unexpected operation.

• Confirm the following. Not doing so may result in an unexpected operation.

• Changing the operating mode of the PC.

• Force-setting/force-resetting any bit in memory.

• Changing the present value of any word or any set value in memory.

• Resume

the DM Area, HR Area, and other data required for resuming operation. Not doing so may result in an unexpected operation.

• Do

not pull on the cables or bend the cables beyond their natural limit.

either of these may break the cables.

• Do

not place objects on top of the cables or other wiring lines. Doing so may

break the cables.

• Use

crimp terminals for wiring. Do not connect bare stranded wires directly to

terminals. Connection of bare stranded wires may result in burning.

• When Not doing so may result in malfunction or burning.

• Before to

discharge any

age.

the functional ground terminal when

Not disconnecting the functional ground terminal may result in burning.

are tightened to the torque specified

the label attached to

the label after the completion of wiring to ensure proper heat dissipa

all wiring and switch settings before turning ON the power sup

the user program for proper execution before actually running it on the

that no adverse ef

operation only after transferring to the new CPU Unit the contents of

replacing parts, be sure to confirm that the

touching a Unit, be sure to first touch a

static built-up. Not doing so may result in malfunction or dam

the Unit when wiring. Removing the label may re

fect will occur in the system before attempting any of

performing withstand voltage

in this manual. Incorrect tighten

Units, expansion cables, and other

Doing

rating of a new part is correct.

grounded metallic object in order

5Application Precautions

xiv

Page 14

SECTION 1

Hardware

This

section describes the external hardware of the ASCII Unit. The front and back panels of the ASCII Unit contain switches, buttons, Unit’s internal configuration as well as a typical system configuration are also illustrated.

connectors, and indicators which

1-1 Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-2

Back Panel

1-3 ASCII Unit Internal Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-4 System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-5 Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

enable the user to setup, control, and monitor ASCII Unit operations. The ASCII

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page 15

Front Panel Section 1-1

1-1 Front Panel

On the front panel of the ASCII Unit, there are six indicator lights, the reset switch,

the ST partment. for setting various control parameters.

Ports The front panel of the ASCII Unit contains two RS-232C ports. These ports

are used for connecting peripheral I/O devices to the ASCII Unit. Both ports can be used for communication devices such as printers, terminals, and modems. Only port 1 can be used for uploading or downloading a BASIC program. The standard configuration is a personal computer connected to port 1 and a printer or other I/O device connected to port 2.

Switches The START/STOP switch is a toggle switch and is used for initiating and halt-

ing execution of the ASCII Unit program.

RESET

The

Battery Compartment The battery compartment holds the C500-BAT08 Battery. Front Panel

ART/ST

OP switch, two RS-232C

connectors, and a battery com

In addition, behind the LED Display Panel, is an 8-pin DIP switch used

switch is used for resetting the ASCII Unit.

LED display

Indicates the operating status of the ASCII Unit.

RESET switch

Resets the ASCII Unit

START/STOP switch

Starts/stops BASIC program execution.

Indicator LEDs

Name Indication Function

RUN Lit (green) Lit when the ASCII Unit is operating normally. Unlit if an error

T/R for ports 1 and 2 Blinking (green) Blinks during data transmission (port 1 and port 2). ERROR 1 (port 1)

ERROR 2 (port 2)

BASIC

BAT ERR Blinking (red) Blinks when the battery voltage has fallen below the rated level or

4CH Lit (green) Lit when the ASCII Unit is set for 4-word mode. Unlit when the

Lit (red) Lit if a reception buffer overflows or an error such as parity error

Lit (green) Lit while the BASIC program is running. Blinking (green) Blinks when the BASIC program stops, or when the ASCII Unit is

Unlit (green) Unlit when in monitor mode.

The following table describes the ASCII Unit’s indicators.

DIP switch

DIP switch is visible when the indicator panel is removed.

RS-232C connector port 1

Connects peripheral devices. Is generally used to input the BASIC program but can be used for other peripheral devices as well.

RS-232C connector port 2

Connects peripheral devices. Cannot be used to input a BASIC program. Is generally used for a printer or other RS-232C devices.

Battery compartment

Holds the C500-BAT08 Battery.

occurs.

occurs (see note), or while the ASCII Unit is waiting for specific transmission conditions to be satisfied.

waiting for input while the BASIC program is running.

if the battery is not inserted correctly.

ASCII Unit is set for 2-word mode.

Page 16

Front Panel Section 1-1

Front Panel DIP Switch

Note When

a reception buf

lit and will not be turned of overflow tor, execute the CLOSE instruction or stop the program.

In order to access the front panel DIP switch, the indicator cover must be removed DIP before when mounting the ASCII Unit.

is corrected, because the error log must be kept. To turn of

with a standard screwdriver as shown in the illustration below

switch, the power

the ASCII Unit is mounted to the PC. Make sure the power to the PC is of

fer overflows or transmission error occurs, the red indicator

f even if the transmission error

to the ASCII Unit must be OFF

Standard Screwdriver

. The DIP switch must be set

or reception buf

fer

f the indica

. T

o set the

Page 17

Front Panel Section 1-1

DIP Switch Settings

OFFON: 0

: 1

12345678

Start mode

Pin No. 1 Function

Setting

Automatic program transfer from EEPROM to RAM

Pin No. Function Setting

Manual start mode In this mode, the BASIC program is

not started upon power application.

To start the program, either press the START/STOP switch or issue a start command from the personal computer connected to port 1.

Automatic start mode In this mode, the BASIC program

is started automatically on power application.

Set this pin to “0” if only the RAM is to be used.

Set this pin to “1” to automatically transfer the program from the EEPROM to RAM on power application or reset.

Screen size

Pin No. Screen Size

Setting

Pin No. Function5

Setting

678 000 1

00 1 11 00 0

Specifies 2 or 4 word setting for the Data Section.

Two word setting. Choose this setting

to use WRIT(87/191)/READ(88/190) Four word setting. This setting is used

when the ASCII Unit is mounted to a

Slave Rack or when the PC does not support WRIT(87/191)/READ(88/190).

40 columns x 7 lines 40 columns x 8 lines 40 columns x 15 lines

40 columns x 16 lines

80 columns x 15 lines

80 columns x 16 lines

80 columns x 24 lines 80 columns x 25 lines

111

Program No.

These pins select which program will be executed on power application or reset. The program number can be changed later with the PGEN command.

Pin No. Function34 Setting

00 10 01 11

No. 1

No. 2 No. 3

Page 18

Back Panel Section 1-2

1-2 Back Panel

The back panel of the ASCII Unit houses the PC connector and an 8-pin DIP switch used for setting the communication parameters.

Back Panel

Mounting Screw

For mounting the ASCII Unit to the PC Rack

Connector

Connects the ASCII Unit to the PC

DIP Switch

For setting the communication parameters

Mounting Screw

For mounting the ASCII Unit to the PC Rack

Back Panel DIP Switch

Baud rate selection for port 1

Pin No.

Setting

123 000 1

1 0

• Pins 1, 2, and 3 are used for setting the baud rate of port 1.

• Pins 4, 5, and 6 are used for setting the baud rate of port 2.

• Pins

7 and 8 are not used but must be set to OFF

. If they are left ON, the Hard

ware Test program will be executed and all RAM data will be lost.

The DIP switch settings are described in more detail in the following diagram.

OFFON: 0

00 1

0 1

0 11

111

: 1

Baud Rate

300 bps 600 bps 1,200 bps 2,400 bps 4,800 bps

9,600 bps

12345678

Not used (Always set these pins to OFF.)

Baud rate selection for port 2

Pin No.

Setting

456 000 1

00 1

0 1

111

Baud Rate

300 bps 600 bps 1,200 bps 2,400 bps 4,800 bps 9,600 bps

19,200 bps

Page 19

ASCII Unit Internal Configuration Section 1-3

1-3 ASCII Unit Internal Configuration

The

Common Memory can be accessed using the ASCII Unit’ WRITE READ(88/190)

statements. It can also be accessed using the PC’

instructions. I/O data can be accessed using the ASCII Unit’ GET, PC PUT, and ON PC statements. It can also be accessed using the MOV(21/030) instruction.

The following figure illustrates these instructions and their relationship to the Common Memory and the I/O data.

ASCII Unit

s PC READ or PC

s WRIT(87/191) and

s PC

CPU

LED Indicators

DIP Switches

I/O Bus

Interface Circuit

Common Memory

Data

I/O

EEPROM

I/O

CPU

System Memory

Work Memory

BASIC Program Memory

BASIC Data Memory

RS-232C Interface

RS-232C

Port 1

Connectors

Port 2

RESET

START /STOP

Page 20

Mounting Section 1-5

1-4 System Configuration

The ASCII Unit can be mounted to any slot on the CPU Backplane. Before mounting er

supply to the PC is turned OFF during installation of the ASCII Unit. A personal computer and connected tion on peripheral interface connections and timing, refer to

C500/C1000H/C2000H CV SeriesC120

the ASCII Unit, the DIP switches must be set. Make sure that the used for entering the BASIC program should be connected to Port

other peripheral I/O devices such as a printer or a display terminal can be

to Port 2 (refer to the following diagram). For more detailed informa

Appendix B

C500 Expansion I/O Rack

pow

1-5 Mounting

Personal Computer

The ASCII Unit can be mounted to any I/O slot. The control panel must allow enough space for the connectors, as shown in the figure below.

Bar-code Reader

Plasma Display

*1. Height

*2. Height of the ASCII Unit with an RS-232C con-

of the ASCII Unit including the base (100

mm)

nector attached (approximately 160 to 180 mm)

Printer

Page 21

This section explains the words of the PC used to communicate with the ASCII Unit.

2-1

Bits and W

2-2 Data Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-2-1 Two-word Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-2-2 Four-Word Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 2

Data Allocations

Page 22

Data Configuration Section 2-2

2-1 Bits and Words

The

PC’

s memory is divided up into many sections, each of which has its own

unique name and purpose. The ASCII Unit can access any of these memory

using

areas detail IR data area that are uniquely assigned to each ASCII Unit.

The PC’s memory is organized into units called stored in word or multiple word units. Each word has a unique address in the computer memory and can be accessed by specifying its address.

Each stored one (OFF or ON). Certain bits can be accessed individually and are used as flags. computer or to enable or disable certain operations. Bits can also be set or cleared the

CPU.

For

example, when the ASCII Unit program requests data to be sent from the PC using that

the ASCII Unit must wait while the PC prepares the data. When the PC has collected proceed to read the data.

the BASIC READ and WRITE statements (this is explained in more

Section

word contains 16 bits. A bit is the smallest piece of information that can be

or accessed by a computer

flag

by the programmer to communicate certain parameters or conditions to

the BASIC GET statement, the PC’

the data,

4 BASIC Programming

is turned ON and OFF by the hardware to indicate some state of the

it turns ON the W

). However

. A bit is always

s W

rite Flag, signaling the ASCII Unit that it may

, there

are words in the PC’

words

. Information is usually

in one of two states: zero or

rite Flag is turned OFF

, indicating

2-2 Data Configuration

Each

ASCII Unit is assigned a section of memory in the PC. The data has two

configurations,

pin 5 of the front panel

setting Unit.

The

basic dif in

two-word mode the WRIT(87/191)/READ(88/190) instructions are supported

for

data transfer while in four-word mode they are not supported. The structure

and application of the words in each of the two modes is explained next.

2-2-1 Two-word Configuration

WRIT(87/191) WRIT(87/191) is the PC’ I/O READ instruction.

When

the PC uses can be transferred at one time. In order to transfer multiple data words at the same

time, however

or PC WRITE statements. In addition the A or S formats

Appendix D

The following PCs support WRIT(87/191)/READ(88/190): C500: 3G2C3-CPU11-EV1 C120: 3G2C4-SC024-EV1 All C1000H, C2000H, CV-series PCs.

When WRIT(87/191)/READ(88/190) are not supported or not used, data is transferred used, only one word of data is transferred at a time.

To output (word n) data using the MOV(21/030), set bits 00, 01, 02 and 03 to zero.

for more information on formats.

using the PC’

two-word

ference between the two-word

and READ(88/190) are supported in the two-word configuration.

and

four-word

DIP switch before power is applied to the ASCII

s I/O WRITE instruction and READ(88/190)

these instructions for data transfer

, the ASCII

Unit must be programmed to use the PC READ

s MOV(21/030) instruction. When

. The data configuration is selected by

and four-word configurations is that

, up to 255 words of data

must be used. Refer to

is the PC’

the MOV(21/030) is

Data Bit Definitions

The

following table identifies the individual bits in the two words allocated to the

ASCII

Unit. In the following Bit Definition table, entries in the

Bit

column enclosed

Page 23

Data Configuration Section 2-2

in parentheses are reserved for use by WRIT(87/191)/READ(88/190) and are not available for general programming application.

Word Bit Function Description

n (00) PC busy Reserved for WRIT(87/191)/READ(88/190)

(01) PC WRITE complete (02) PC READ complete 03 Restart The ASCII Unit is activated when this bit goes OFF 04 to 07 08 to 15

n+1 (00) ASCII busy Reserved for WRIT(87/191)/READ(88/190)

(01) PC READ complete (02) PC WRITE complete 03 ASCII error Turns ON when an error occurs in the ASCII Unit, when the RESET

04 Port 1 error Turns ON when a buffer overflows or transmission error occurs in Port 1.

05 Port 2 error Turns ON when a reception buffer overflows or transmission error occurs in

06 Battery error Turns ON when the battery is low or removed 07 BASIC RUN Turns ON when a BASIC program is running 08 to 15

--- Not Used Output data bits 0 to7Data output from the PC to the ASCII Unit. Read by the PC GET statement.

activates, or when the ASCII Unit restarts.

Turns OFF when the CLOSE statement is executed or the program is stopped.

Port 2. Turns OFF when the CLOSE statement is executed or the program is stopped.

Input data bits 0 to 7 Data output from the ASCII Unit to the PC. Written by the PC PUT

statement.

Program Execution

Application Program

Note When

the reset switch is turned ON, the data in word n+1 will be $FFF9. Restart ing can be checked using bit 03 of word n+1. When the ASCII Unit is restarted, the data of word n+1 will be 0000.

following diagram illustrates how the words and bits allocated to the ASCII

The Unit relate to program execution.

WRIT(87/191) is executed when the data communication condition for WRIT(87/191)

satisfied and the ASCII busy flag is cleared. If these conditions

are not met, the WRIT(87/191) is treated as a NOP. READ(88/190)

and

the ASCII busy flag and ASCII write

is executed when the data communication condition is

tions are not met, the READ(88/190) is treated as a NOP.

WRIT(87/191)

(n)

Common Memory

READ(88/190)

(n+1)

MOV(21/030)/OUT Output Data

(n) 08 to 15

MOV(21/030)/LD/OR

(n+1) 08 to 15

Write Data in n

PC READ

Read data in n+1

PC WRITE

PC GET

Input Data PC PUT

complete flag are OFF

ASCII Unit

BASIC Program

satisfied

. If these condi

Timing

The WRIT(87/191) and READ(88/190) instructions are executed

and the com mon memory is refreshed every time the PC completes one cycle of the program. I/O data, however, does not use the common memory (see above diagram) and is refreshed when the PC refreshes all the I/O data. Consequently

Page 24

Data Configuration Section 2-2

there

is a time dif

I/O

data is set. This time dif

paring both the ASCII Unit and PC programs.

ference between when common memory data is set and when

ference must be taken into consideration when pre

1 cycle

MOV(21/030) WRIT(87/191)

With WRIT(87/191)

Data set in common memory

The following diagram illustrates the various timing relationships between the PC and ASCII Unit during data transfer.

Relationship between READ and WRITE Timing

Application Program

PC busy: n (00)

Write/Read data: n or n+1

PC Unit

PC write complete: n (01)

PC read complete: n (02)

BASIC Program

ASCII busy n+1 (00)

↔ common memory

PC WRITE PC READ

→ ASCII

I/O refresh

Output data set

ASCII

→ PC

time

ASCII read complete: n+1 (01)

Read data common memory

data

Write ASCII → common memory

ASCII write complete: n+1 (02)

→ ASCII

Relationship between Output and Input Timing

Output

data

PC → ASCII: n (08 to 15)

Input data

ASCII → PC: n+1 (08 to 15)

2-2-2 Four-Word Configuration

In four-word mode, WRIT(87/191) and READ(88/190) instructions cannot be used.

The ASCII Unit can be

panel DIP switch to ON.

Bit Allocation The

following two tables identify the individual bits in the four words allocated to

the

ASCII Unit. Notice that words n and n+1 are used for output and words n+2

PC READ

PC → ASCII

ASCII → PC

set to four-word mode by setting pin 5 of the front

PC WRITE

PC → ASCII

ASCII → PC

I/O refresh

Page 25

Data Configuration Section 2-2

and n+3 are used for input. In this case, input and output are from the point of view of the PC.

Bit Word n (OUT) Word n+1 (OUT) Word n+2 (IN) Word n+3 (IN) 00

Write Data 00 Read Data 00PC busy

Write Data 01

Write Data 02 Write Data 03

Write Data 04

Write Data 05

Write Data 06

Write Data 07

Write Data 08

Write Data 09

Write Data 10

Write Data 11

Write Data 12

Write Data 13

Write Data 14

Write Data 15

PC write complete PC read complete Restart Interrupt No. 00 Interrupt No. 01 Interrupt No. 02 Interrupt No. 03 Output Data 00 Output Data 01 Output Data 02 Output Data 03 Output Data 04 Output Data 05 Output Data 06 Output Data 07

Read Data 01 Read Data 02 Read Data 03 Read Data 04 Read Data 05 Read Data 06 Read Data 07 Read Data 08 Read Data 09 Read Data 10 Read Data 11 Read Data 12 Read Data 13 Read Data 14 Read Data 15

ASCII busy ASCII read complete ASCII write complete ASCII error Port 1 error Port 2 error Battery error BASIC RUN Input Data 00 Input Data 01 Input Data 02 Input Data 03 Input Data 04 Input Data 05 Input Data 06 Input Data 07

Page 26

Data Configuration Section 2-2

Bit Definitions

Word Bit Function Description

n 00

n+1 00 PC busy Set by the PC program when the PC accesses common memory, and cleared

n+2

n+3 00 ASCII busy Set when the ASCII Unit accesses the common memory and cleared when

to 15

01 PC write

02 PC read

03 Restart The ASCII Unit is activated at the trailing edge of this flag (when the flag goes

04 to 07

08 to 15

00 to 15

01 ASCII read

02 ASCII write

03 ASCII error Set when an ASCII Unit error occurs, when RESET is activated, or when the

04 Port 1 error Set when a reception buffer overflows or transmission error occurs at Port 1.

05 Port 2 error Set when a reception buffer overflows or transmission error occurs at Port 2.

06 Battery error Set when the battery is low or removed. 07 BASIC RUN Set when the BASIC program is running. 08 to 15

Write data bits 00 to 15

complete

Interrupt number bits 00 to 03

Output data bits 00 to 07

Read data bits 00 to 15

complete

Input data bits 00 to 07

Data that will be written to the common memory from the PC by the MOV(21/030) and read with the PC READ statement.

when memory access is terminated. The ASCII Unit cannot access the common memory while this bit is set.

Momentarily set by the PC program when the PC has completed writing data to the common memory. When this bit goes ON, the ASCII Unit read complete flag n+3 (01) goes ON as well.

Momentarily set by the PC program when the PC has completed reading data from the common memory. When this bit goes ON, the ASCII Unit write complete flag n+3 (02) goes OFF as well.

OFF). A differentiated signal must be used for the Restart signal. Serves as an interrupt number when the ON PC statement is used.When bits 00

to 03 are converted into hexadecimal 00 to 15, 00 is ignored and 01 to 15 are used as valid interrupt numbers.

Data output from the PC to the ASCII Unit, written by the MOV and read with the PC GET statement.

Data that will be written to the common memory from the ASCII Unit with the PC WRITE statement and read with the MOV.

memory access is terminated. The PC cannot access common memory while this bit is set.

Momentarily set when the PC write complete flag goes ON enabling the ASCII Unit to read from common memory. This flag is cleared when the ASCII Unit terminates the read operation.

Set at the time the ASCII Unit terminates a write operation to the common memory and cleared when the PC read complete flag goes ON.

ASCII Unit restarts.

Turns OFF when the CLOSE statement is executed or the program is stopped.

Data written with the PC PUT statement and read with the MOV.

Note 1. Apart

to 15 of word n+2 can be used for program control

ting the 8-bit data to the PC.

2. When starting can be checked using bit 03 of word n+1. When the ASCII Unit is restarted, the data of word n+1 will be 0000.

from the data used to

read bit 00 to 15 of word n+2, the input data of bit

of the PC by transmit

the reset switch is turned ON, the data in word n+1 will

be $FFF9. Re

Page 27

Data Configuration Section 2-2

The

Program Execution

following diagram illustrates how the words and bits allocated to the ASCII

Unit relate to program execution.

rite data in n

W PC READ

Read data in n+2 PC WRITE

PC GET

ASCII Unit

BASIC Program

Application Program

MOV(21/030)

MOV/OUT Output Data

MOV/LD/OR

Common Memory

n+1 08 to 15 Input Data PC PUT

n+3 08 to 15

Timing The following diagram illustrates the various timing relationships between the

PC and ASCII Unit during data transfer.

Relationship between READ and WRITE Timing

Application program

PC busy: n+1 (00)

Write/Read data: n or n+2

PC Unit

PC write complete: n+1 (01)

↔ common memory

PC WRITE PC READ

→ ASCII ASCII → PC

PC read complete: n+1 (02)

BASIC Program

ASCII busy n+3 (00)

ASCII read complete: n+3 (01)

Read data: n common memory

Write data: n+2

→ common memory

ASCII ASCII write complete: n+3 (02)

→ ASCII

Relationship between Output and Input Timing

Output

data

PC → ASCII: n+1 (08 to 15)

Input data

ASCII → PC: n+3 (08 to 15)

ASCII READ

PC READ

PC → ASCII

ASCII

→ PC

ASCII WRITE

PC WRITE

→ ASCII

ASCII

→ PC

I/O refresh

Page 28

SECTION 3

Programming and Communications

The first part of this section explains how the ASCII Unit and the PC exchange information. The

second part of this section explains how to transfer programs from one device to another

is written on a personal computer

gram Unit

program can be permanently stored in the ASCII Unit’

also be transferred back to the personal computer or other storage device. The last part of this section explains how to run a BASIC program once it has been transferred to the ASCII Unit.

3-1 Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-2 Program Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-3 Running the BASIC Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-4

Assembly Routines

. T

o run the program, it must be transferred to the RAM of the ASCII Unit. The ASCII

s EEPROM and also loaded from the EEPROM. The program can

. The ASCII Unit’

s BASIC pro

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page 29

Program Transfer Section 3-2

3-1 Programs

use the ASCII

BASIC is needed. A data exchange routine must also be incorporated into the PC program. The PC data exchange routine must set the number of words to be transferred, using the PC’s MOV(21/030) instruction.

There are two ways the ASCII Unit can communicate with the PC. In the first method,

the PC controls the timing of the data transfer between The ASCII Unit “requests” access to the PC data memory area using the PC READ, respond performs

PC WRITE, PC GET

by setting either the read or write flag. The PC data exchange routine

the designated operations. When the PC is ready

is set and the ASCII Unit proceeds with the data transfer. In the second method, the WRIT(87/191) and READ(88/190) instructions are

used

in conjunction with the PC READ, PC WRITE, PC GET

ments to transfer data. This diagram illustrates the PC and ASCII Unit programs.

Unit in conjunction with the PC, an ASCII Unit program written

the base address, and the specific memory area. This can be done

the two devices.

, or PC

PUT statements, and then waits for the PC to

, the appropriate flag

, and PC PUT

state

Write/read data exchange

I/O data exchange

PC program

General Program

This diagram illustrates the relationship between the PC data exchange code and the ASCII Unit program.

PC program

MOV(21/030)

MOV(21/030), OUT, etc.

Data exchange code

ASCII Unit program

Data exchange processing or I/O program

ASCII Unit program

PC READ command

Common memory

PC WRITE command

PC GET command

I/O memory

PC PUT command

3-2 Program Transfer

Preparation For

the personal computer to communicate with the ASCII Unit, set the comput

er communication software as follows: Baud rate: same as ASCII Unit

Data length: 8 bits Parity: none No. stop bits: 2

Full duplex, no echo, no XON/XOFF buf

Also: Set

the ASCII Unit DIP

Hardware

fer busy control, no auto line

switches to the desired configuration (refer to

feed.

Section

Page 30

Program Transfer Section 3-2

Transfer

The ASCII Unit’s BASIC or assembly language program must be written on a personal computer which is connected to port 1 of the ASCII Unit through an RS-232C sonal

interface. A program can be transferred to the ASCII Unit from the per

computer or any other storage device connected to one of the communi cation ports with the BASIC LOAD command or the S and L commands. Programs can also be transferred from the ASCII Unit’s EEPROM to the ASCII Unit’s RAM using the LOAD command.

Programs personal

can be transferred

computer or other storage device connected to one of the communica

from the ASCII Unit’

s RAM to the EEPROM or to a

tion ports using the BASIC SAVE command.

ASCII Unit can be booted on

The

power up by a program stored in the EEPROM.

To do this set pin 2 of the front panel DIP switch on the ASCII Unit to ON.

Note 1. During

data transfer

baud

rate settings of the computer and the

overflow

error does occur

, an overflow may occur if

, set either a slower baud rate or specify XON with

the buf

fering capacity of the

ASCII Unit are not matched. If an

the OPEN command.

2. Programs executing

The

FIT or LSS can be used to back up BASIC programs onto

named with PNAME cannot be transferred. Delete the name PNAME “ ” if necessary before attempting to transfer a program.

floppy disks, con

sult the FIT or LSS Operation Manual. The following figure illustrates the direction of data transfer when using the

SAVE and LOAD commands.

SAVE #1, “COMU:” LOAD #1, “COMU:”

SAVE #2, “COMU:” LOAD #2, “COMU:”

Note 1. The

Refer to the explanation of the OPEN statement for details on

COMU.

EEPROM’

(1)

Computer or other peripheral device

(2)

Computer or other peripheral device

sn lifetime is limited to 5,000 write operations.

Page 31

Assembly Routines Section 3-4

3-3 Running the BASIC Program

The ASCII Unit can store and access three separate BASIC programs. Each program gram be done before the Unit is activated.

There are three ways to execute the specified BASIC program:

• Enter

• Press the START/STOP switch. Press it again to stop the program.

• If

has an associated program number

is to be used by setting pins 3 and 4 of the front panel DIP switch. This must

the RUN

in CTRL+X will abort the program.)

pin 1 of the front panel DIP switch is set

gram will be executed automatically when the Unit is turned ON or reset.

command from the keyboard of the personal computer

. The user can specify which pro

. (Keying

to the ON position, the specified pro

3-4 Assembly Routines

Use

the

monitor mode of the ASCII Unit for writing assembly language routines to execute operations that cannot be processed with BASIC programs. The ASCII Unit incorporates the Hitachi HD6303 CPU.

Assembly language routines can be written for the ASCII Unit and called from the BASIC program with the USR statement. An assembly program can be saved

to the

personal computer with the S command and loaded from the per sonal computer with the L command. Assembly programs are stored in the S format.

Page 32

SECTION 4

BASIC Programming

This

section contains an explanation of the terminology

the ASCII Unit. Even those familiar with BASIC should study this section carefully as many of the ASCII Unit BASIC

commands,

attention to the explanations of statements

cial

statements, and functions are non-standard, especially those that control I/O operations. Readers should pay spe

that are prefixed with “PC.” Also pay special attention to the OPEN statement.

4-1 Program Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-2

Commands, Statements, and Functions

4-2-1 BASIC Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-2-2 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-2-3 4-2-4

4-2-5 Arithmetic Operation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-2-6 Character String Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4-2-7

General Statements Device Control Statements

Special Functions

, components, structure, and use of the BASIC programming language

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page 33

Program Configuration Section 4-1

4-1 Program Configuration

A BASIC program consists of commands, statements, and functions.

General statement

Statement

Device control statement

BASIC

Language

Command

Arithmetic operation function

Lines and Statements

Function

Basic

Statements

used

program lines within a program. Statements are usually created as pro grams and executed by the RUN command. Statements can be directly input and executed from the keyboard.

Commands

Basic

ations

external to the program such as printing and listing. Commands must be directly into programs and executed into programs and executed, the commands may not work properly.

Examples: print, list, run

Functions are self-contained programs which accept one or more arguments,

perform predefined calculations, and return a result(s). There are predefined BASIC functions for arithmetic and string operations as well as user defined functions.

Examples: INT(x), LOG(x), SQR(x) A

more separated quote marks (’) to separate comments.

Example of four statements on a line: 10 FOR L=1 TO 100: J=L*I: PRINT J: NEXT L

input and executed from the keyboard. Commands cannot be inserted

program written in BASIC is a series of lines, each of which consists of one or

statements. If several statement are written on the same line, they must be

with colons(:). A line can be no longer than 255

designate and control

are

Character string function Special function

the flow of programs and are generally

usually entered from the command line and control oper

the RUN command. If commands are inserted

characters. Use single

Line Numbers Every

Character Set The

BASIC program line begins with

order

in which the program

erences for branching and editing. Line numbers must be in the range of 0 to

63999. refer to the current line.

Examples: LIST. EDIT. AUTO DEL 100–

acters, and special characters. The

the alphabet. The numeric characters in BASIC are the digits 0 through 9. The following special characters are recognized by BASIC: SP (space) ! ” # $ & ’ ( ) * + , – . / : ; < = > ? [ \ } ^ _

A period may be used in AUT

BASIC character set is comprised

alphabetic characters in BASIC are the upper case and lower case letters of

lines are stored in memory and are also used as ref

a line number

O, DELETE, EDIT

of alphabetical characters, numeric char

Constants The following can be used as constants:

. Line numbers indicate the

, and LIST commands to

Page 34

Program Configuration Section 4-1

Constants Character

Character Constants

Integers Constants

character constant is a

(”).

It can be up to 255 characters long. If it has no character

character string” or a null string. Example: “CF-BASIC”

Whole sign (%) can be added to specifically indicate an integer constant. Integer con stants do not have decimal points.

Examples: 1234 –1234 12

Octal Constants Octal

to &177777 can be used. Examples: &0127 &7777

Hexadecimal Constants

Hexadecimal in the range &H0000 to &HFFFF can be used.

Examples:

Numeric Integer

Real Number

character string enclosed by double quotation marks

numbers between –32768 and 32767 can be used.

numbers from 0 to 7 beginning with the prefix “&” and within the range of &0

numbers with the prefix “&H”, from

&H5E &HBF4

Decimal Octal Hexadecimal

Single-precision Double-precision

, it is called an “empty

An optional percent

0 to F (0 to 9,A,B,C,D,E,F) and

Floating Point Constants

1, 2, 3...

precision: This type of constant is stored with seven-digit output as a six-digit constant with by one of the following methods:

1. As a number with seven or less digits: 1234.5

2. As a number in exponential form using E: 1.2E+3

3. As a number with the character “!” at the end: 2.34!

Double precision: This type of constant is stored with 16-digit precision and is output as 16 digits or less. It is represented by one of the following methods:

1. As a number with 8 or more valid digits: 1.23456789

2. As a number in exponential form using D: –1.2D–3

3. As a number with the character “#” at the end: 2.34#

the

seventh digit rounded of

precision and is

f. It is represented

Single

Variables Variables are names used to represent values that are used in a BASIC pro-

gram. The value of a variable may be assigned as the result of calculations or explicitly by the programmer with an assignment statement. If no value is assigned

Variable Name A

Note A

to a numeric variable, it is assumed to

character variable, it is assumed to be a null string.

variable may be up to 255 alphanumeric characters long, but only the first 16 characters are actually valid. No variable can start with “FN” or a valid BASIC command name.

syntax error will occur if a variable begins with a reserved word (i.e., in the case of TOT

AL or ABSOL, a syntax error will occur because T

words).

be zero. If no value is assigned to a

O and ABS are reserved

Type Declarator The

is placed after the variable name. Even if two variables have the same name, they

Integer: Uses 2 bytes per variable.

variable TYPE must be declared. This is done using a type declarator

will be treated dif

ferently if they are declared as dif

ferent types of variables.

which

Page 35

Program Configuration Section 4-1

! Single-precision real: Uses 4 bytes per variable. # Double-precision real: Uses 8 bytes per variable. $ Character: Uses a maximum of 255 characters. There is a second way to declare variable types. The BASIC statements DE-

FINT, DEFSTR, DEFSNG, and DEFDBL may be used to declare the types for certain variable names.

Variable Array An

array is a group of values of the same TYPE that is

unit

by the same variable name. Each element in an array has

and

is referenced by the name of the array subscripted with an integer or

expression. There

can be many dimensions to an array

two,

and three dimensional

sion in the array. For example, T(4) would reference the fourth element in the one-dimensional

array T. R(2,3) would reference the value located in the second row and third column of the two-dimensional array R.

maximum number of

The of

elements per dimension is 32767. The array

must be declared with

of the first element

tion TYPE.

arrays. An array has one subscript for each dimen

dimensions of an array is 255. The maximum number

the

DIM statement. The subscript value zero is the posi

in an array

. All elements of an array must be of the same

. The most common types are one,

stored and referenced as a

a unique position

integer

size and number of dimensions

Type Conversion When necessary, BASIC will convert a numeric constant from one TYPE to

another. The following rules and examples apply:

1, 2, 3...

1. If

the numeric data on

the

type of data on the However, sa.

Example: A = 12.3: if A is an integer then, “12” is assigned to A.

2. Double-precision to a single-precision variable.

Example: IF “A” is a single-precision variable and the statement: LET

verted to a single-precision number and then assigned to “A.”

3. When double-precision values, the single-precision value is converted to double-precision first, and then the operation is performed. Therefore, the result is a double-precision value.

Example: 0#/3 (double-precision)

4. In

logic operations, all numeric data is first converted into integer data. If any value cannot be converted into an integer within the range of –32768 to 32767, an error will occur.

Example: LET A = NOT 12.34, –13 is assigned as A.

5. When the decimal point is rounded off.

Example: A = 12.3: “12” is assigned to A.

character data cannot be converted to numerical data, or vice ver

A = 12.3456789# occurs in a program, then 12.3456789# will be con

an arithmetic operation is performed using both single-precision

a real number is converted into an integer

the right side of an assignment statement dif

left side, the right side is converted to match the left.

data is converted to single-precision data when assigned

, everything to the right of

fers from

and

Expressions Expressions refer to constants, variables, and functions that have been com-

bined by operators. Numeric values, variables, or characters alone can also form expressions. There are four types of expressions:

• Arithmetic

Page 36

Program Configuration Section 4-1

• Relational

• Logical

• Character

these,

the first three produce numeric values as a result, and are thus called,

“numeric expressions.” The last type is called a “character expression.” An

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operator Example Operation

arithmetic expression is made up of constants, variables, and functions com

using arithmetic operators. A list of valid arithmetic operators is shown

bined the following table.

+ – * /

MOD ^

Relational Operators

Relational Operator Example Operation

= <>,><

A + B A – B, –A A * B A / B A \ B A MOD B A ^ B

Note If A or B is a real number in an expression using the \ or MOD operator

mal

part is first rounded up to convert the real number into an integer, and then

Addition Subtraction or negation Multiplication Real number division Integer division Remainder after integer division Exponentiation

, the deci the operation is performed.

Relational

operators

compare two values. The output is “–1” (&HFFFF) if the two

values are equal and “0” if they are not.

A = B A <> B

Equal Not equal

< >

≤ ≥

Character Operator A

character expression is made up of character constants and variables that are linked with the character operator “+” operator links the characters together to form one character value.

Input: A$=“CF” B$=“BASIC” PRINT A$+“–”+B$ Output: “CF–BASIC” is displayed.

Logical Operators Logical

ean

operations. The logical operator returns a bit result which is either “true”

“false” (0). In an expression, logical operations are performed after arithme

and relational operations. The outcome of a logical operation is determined

tic

A B A

≤ B

≥ B

Less than Greater than Less than or equal to Greater than or equal to

“+”. Instead of adding characters together

, the

Operators perform tests on multiple relations, bit manipulation, or bool

(not

Page 37

Program Configuration Section 4-1

as shown in the following table. The operators are listed in the order of precedence.

Logical Operator Description, Example, and Result

NOT (negation)

AND (logical product)

OR (logical sum)

XOR (exclusive-OR)

A 1

A B A AND B

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

A B A OR B

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

A B A XOR B

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

NOT A

0 1

1 0 0 0

1 1 1 0

0 1 1 0

IMP (implication)

EQV (equivalence)

A B A IMP B

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

A B A EQV B

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 1 1

1 0 0 1

Operator Priority Arithmetic and logical operations are performed in the following order. Note,

however, that an expression or function enclosed by parentheses is executed first, irrespective of operator priority.

1. ^ (exponentiation) 8. NOT

2. – (negation) 9. AND

4. \ 11. XOR

5. MOD 12. EQV

6. +. – 13. IMP

7. Relational operators

*, /

10. OR

Page 38

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Calculation Examples of Logical Expressions NOT (negation)

A =1= 0000000000000001 NOT 1 = 1111111111111110 = –2 NOT A = –2

AND (logical product)

A = 5 = 0000000000000101 B = 6 = 0000000000000110 A AND B = 0000000000000100 = 4

OR (logical sum)

A = 4 = 0000000000000100 B = 3 = 0000000000000011 A OR B = 0000000000000111 = 7

XOR (exclusive OR)

A = –4 = 1111111111111100 B = 5 = 0000000000000101 A XOR B = 1

EQV (equivalent)

A = –4 =1111111111111100 B = 5 = 0000000000000101 A EQV B = 0000000000000110 = 6

IMP (implication)

A = –4 = 1111111111111100 B = 5 = 0000000000000101 A IMP B = 0000000000000111 = 7

111111111111001 = –7

4-2 Commands, Statements, and Functions

This section explains, in detail, the BASIC commands, statements and functions.

They are presented in alphabetical order by section. Each description is

formatted as described below.

4-2-1 BASIC Format

Purpose: Explains the purpose or use of the instruction Format: Shows the correct format for the instruction

The following rules apply to the format descriptions of all commands, instructions, and functions:

• Items in CAPITAL LETTERS must be input as shown.

• Items

• Items in square brackets ([ ]) are optional.

• All punctuation marks except angle and square brackets (i.e., comas, hy-

• Arguments to functions are always enclosed in parentheses. In the formats

in lower case letters enclosed in angle brackets (< >) are to be supplied

by the user.

phens, semicolons, parentheses, and equal signs) must be included where

shown.

for the functions in this chapter

given

follows:

x and y : represent numeric expressions I and J : represent integer expressions A$ and B$ : represent string expressions

, the arguments have

been abbreviated as

Page 39

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Remarks: Explain in detail how to use the instruction Examples: Show sample code to demonstrate the use of the instruction

4-2-2 Commands

This section describes all of the BASIC commands for the ASCII Unit.

AUTO Command

CONT Command

Purpose: To automatically generate line numbers for each line of the pro-

gram

Format

Examples: AUTO 100, 10

Remarks: Auto

by <increment>. The default value for both <line> and <increment> is 10. The AUTO Command can be canceled by entering CTRL+C. If

diately the line number unchanged.

Purpose: To resume execution of a program after a Ctrl+Break has been

: AUTO [<line>][,[<increment>]]

<line> is a an integer from 0 to 63999. <increment> is an integer value that specifies the increment of

the generated line numbers.

AUTO 500, 100

begins numbering at <line> and increments each subsequent line number

an already existing line number is specified, an asterisk (*) is displayed imme

after the line number

new line number will be used instead. Pressing only the CR key leaves the

typed, a STOP or END statement has been executed, or an error has occurred

. If a new line number is input followed by a CR key

DEL Command

Format Remarks:

Execution during gram cannot be resumed.

If the program is modified after execution has been stopped, the program can not be resumed.

CONT is usually used in conjunction with STOP for debugging.

Purpose: To Delete the specified program lines Format: DEL [<first>] [-<last>] or DEL <first> -

Examples DEL 100 Deletes line 100

DEL 100- Deletes all lines from line 100 DEL -150 Deletes all lines up to line 150 DEL 100-150 Deletes all lines between 100 and 150

: CONT

resumes at the point where

data exchange with an external device, execution is aborted and the pro

<first> is the first line number deleted. <last> is the last line number deleted.

the break occurred. If CTRL+X is pressed

Page 40

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Remarks: A period may be used in place of the line number to indicate the current line.

EDIT Command

LIST Command

Purpose: To Edit one line of the program Format: EDIT <line>

<line> is the line number to be edited.

Remarks: The

EDIT Command is used to display a specified line and to position the cursor

the beginning of that line. The cursor can then be moved within the specified

line

and characters can be inserted or the previously entered program line. “.” refers to the last line referenced by an EDIT statement, LIST statement, of error message.

Purpose: To list the program currently in memory on the screen or other

specified device

Format: LIST [<line>] [-[<line>]]

LLIST [<line>] [-[<line>]] <line> is a valid line number from 0 to 63339.

deleted. Executing “EDIT .” will bring up

LOAD Command

1, 2, 3...

Remarks: LIST

displays a program or

vice. If the line range is omitted, the entire program is listed. “LIST

the line that was last input or was last displayed.

can be aborted by entering CTRL+B or CTRL+X. If CTRL+B is used, list

Output ing can be resumed by entering CTRL+B again.

LIST/LLIST ment tus.

The LIST Command automatically outputs to port 1 and the LLIST Command automatically outputs to port 2.

The LLIST Command outputs data to the device “LPRT” independently of the OPEN statement.

When the dash (-) is used in a line range, three options are available:

1. If listed.

2. If only the second number is given, all lines from the beginning of the program through the given line are listed.

3. If both numbers are given, the inclusive range is listed.

Examples LIST -500 List everything up to line 500 LIST 10-100 List all lines ranging from 10 through 100 LIST 200- List everything from line 200 on

Purpose: To load a program from the EPROM into memory

Commands can be written into the program, but

will not be executed and the ASCII Unit will enter command input wait sta

only the first number is given, that line and all higher numbered lines are

a range of lines on the screen or other specified de

.” displays or prints

the following state

Format Remarks

The contents of the program area specified with the MSET Command are loaded from the EEPROM.

: LOAD

Page 41

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Purpose: To load a program sent from an RS-232C device to the current

program area

MON Command

Format

Example: LOAD #1,”COMU:(43) Remarks:

When this command is executed, the BASIC indicator LED will begin blinking rapidly. Make sure the RS-232C device is connected at this time.

During put from port 1 will not be acknowledged.

The program area currently used is cleared immediately after the LOAD command is executed.

For the OPEN instruction.

Purpose: To change to monitor mode Format: MON

: LOAD #<port>,“COMU:[<spec>,<vsl>]

<port> is either port 1 or port 2. <spec>: see OPEN statement tables. <vsl>: valid signal line––refer to the OPEN statement tables.

execution of the LOAD command, the ST

details on communication parameters, valid signal lines, and COMU refer to

ART/ST

OP switch and key in

MSET Command

Remarks: This Command passes control from BASIC mode to monitor mode.

To return to BASIC mode, enter CTRL+B. In monitor mode, all Roman characters used must be in upper case.

Purpose Format: MSET [<address>]

Example Remarks

When special memory space must be reserved for the assembly program.

The MSET command sets the lowest possible address that a BASIC program can memory. “fit”.

no MSET address is specified, the default MSET boundary address will be set at will be overwritten.

The turned OFF. To cancel the effect of this command, execute MSET &H2000.

: To reserve memory space for an assembly program

<address> is a hexadecimal number between &H200 and &H7FFF.

: MSET &H5000

an assembly program is to be used in conjunction with a BASIC program,

occupy

&H2000. Do not specify an address higher than &H7FFF or the system

address specified by this command is maintained even if system power is

. The assembly program is then stored “below” the BASIC program in

It is necessary to reserve enough space for the assembly program to

stack

Page 42

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

This diagram illustrates the PC memory map before and after the MSET command is executed.

&H0000 &H0020

&H2000

&H8000

&HFFFF

NEW Command

Under normal conditions

I/O Area

System area

Basic text area

System stack area Character String area

System area

Purpose: To delete the program currently in memory and clear all variables Format: NEW

Remarks: New

is used to clear memory before a new program

files and ports to be closed. Programs

therefore executed.

When MSET is executed

&H0000 &H0020

&H2000

&H5000

(Standard 1K byte)

&H8000

&HFFFF

I/O Area

System area

Assembly language program area

Basic text area

System stack area

Character String area

System area

(Standard 1K byte)

is entered. New causes all

named with

the PNAME command cannot be erased. The name must

be erased first by executing PNAME “ ” before the NEW command is

PGEN Command

PINF Command

Purpose

: To select one of three program areas for the current program

Format: PGEN <num>

<num> is an integer of value 1, 2, or 3.

Remarks The

occupied capacity of the selected program area

will be displayed. (Refer to

the discussion of the PINF command.)

Purpose

: To display memory area information

Format: PINF [<arg>]

<arg> is either an integer of value 1, 2, or 3 or the character string “ALL”. ALL is entered without quotes.

Examples

: PINF 1

PINF ALL

Remarks This

the

Command displays the amount of program

area currently being used and

program names that have been assigned by the PNAME command. Specify

1, 2, or 3 as <arg> for a specific program area.

Page 43

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

If <arg> is not specified, information on the area currently being used is displayed.

If ALL is specified, information on all three program areas will be displayed.

PNAME Command

Purpose: To assign a name to a program stored in the area specified with

the PGEN command or to cancel a previously assigned program name

Format: PNAME <string>

<string> is the chosen name (enclosed in quotes) for the program or the null string, “ ”.

RENUM Command

Examples

Remarks The chosen name must be eight characters or less. Program

execution of the LOAD and NEW commands which erase program area contents. command before execution of the LOAD or NEW commands.

Purpose: To renumber program lines Format: RENUM [<new number>] [,[<old number>][,<inc>]]

Examples

: PNAME “PROG1”

PNAME “ ”

areas assigned a name with the PNAME command are protected from

It is necessary to erase all assigned program names with the PNAME “ ”

<new number> is the first line number to be used in the new sequence. The default is 10.

<old number> is the line in the current program where the renumbering is to begin. The default is the first line of the program.

<inc> is the increment to be used in the new sequence. The default is 10.

: RENUM 200

RENUM 500, 200, 10

RUN Command

Remarks: RENUM

THEN, ELSE, ON ... GOTO, ON ... GOSUB, RESTORE, RENAME, and ERL statements to reflect the new line numbers.

Statement numbers greater than 63999 cannot be used.

Purpose Format: RUN [<line>]

Remarks If

a line number is specified, execution begins from that line. If the line number is omitted, execution starts from the first line of the program.

The ing the designated program.

Program Program STOP statement.

will also change all line number references following GOT

: To execute a program

<line> is any line number less than 63999.

RUN

command clears all variables and closes all open files before execut

execution can be aborted with CTRL+X, or the ST execution can also be aborted from within the program by an END or

ART/ST

O, GOSUB,

OP switch.

Page 44

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

SAVE Command

TRON and TROFF Commands

Purpose: To write the program area to the EEPROM Format

Remarks: The

area reserved with the MSET command are written to the EEPROM. If

the process will be aborted. Purpose: To write a program in the current program area to a storage de-

Format: SAVE #<port>,“COMU:[(<valid signal line>)]”

Example Remarks

When blink When the device is set, press the START/STOP switch.

During execution of this command the START/STOP switch and key input through port 1 are inhibited.

For further details on COMU refer to the OPEN command.

Purpose: To trace execution of a program

:SAVE

contents of the BASIC program area and the assembly language

the ST

ART/ST

: SAVE #1,“COMU:(43)”

this command is executed, the BASIC LED indicator

rapidly warning the user to prepare the peripheral device for data transfer

OP switch is pressed during execution of the SAVE command,

vice connected to one of the ports.

<port> is one of the two ports (1,2). <valid signal line>: refer to the OPEN statement tables.

on the ASCII Unit will

program

Format Remarks

The

TRON command is a debugging tool that enables the programmer to follow the execution of a program line by line. Execution of the TRON command will cause the screen as they are executed.

trace

The turning off the power or, with the RESET switch.

VERIFY Command

Purpose: To verify the contents of the EEPROM by comparing them to the

Format: VERIFY Remarks

If the contents of the program area are identical to those of the EEPROM, the message is displayed.

4-2-3 General Statements

CLEAR Statement

Purpose: To initialize numeric and character variables and set the size of

: TRON

the line

numbers of subsequent program statements to be displayed on

can be canceled with the TROFF command, the NEW command, by

contents of the program area

“READY” will be displayed;

the character memory area

otherwise, the message “PROM ERROR”

Example

: CLEAR [<size>]

<size> is the size of memory area used to process character strings and is specified in byte units.

Page 45

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Remarks: This command initializes numeric variables to zero and character strings to

empty. It also clears all user functions defined by the DEF FN statement. This statement must be executed before the ON ERROR GOTO statement. <size> is automatically set to 200 bytes upon power application or after reset.

COM Statement

Purpose: To enable, disable, or stop an interrupt defined by the ON COM

GOSUB statement.

Format: COM[<port number>] ON/OFF/STOP

<port number> is an integer (1 or 2). Example: COM1 ON Remarks

The statement.

After data ecution ment.

The COM OFF statement disables the com port interrupts. Even if data to a com port buffer, branching will not take place.

The COM STOP statement stops the com port interrupts from branching program branching terrupt will then take place.

If no port number is specified, port 1 is selected as the default port. Execute the COM OFF statement at the end of the program. The COM ON/OFF/STOP statement can be executed only after the ON COM

GOSUB statement has been executed. Program Example:

10 OPEN #2, “COMU:” 20 ON COM2 GOSUB 100 30 COM2 ON

40 GOTO 40 100 IF LOC(2)<>0 THEN A$=INPUT$ (LOC(2), #2) 110 RETURN

COM ON statement enables an interrupt defined by the ON COM GOSUB

this statement has been executed, an interrupt will be generated each time

is written to the specified port buf

to branch to a routine defined by the associated ON COM GOSUB state

execution. However

to the specified interrupt

, if

the COM ON statement is subsequently executed,

fer

. The interrupt will cause program ex

service routine based on the “ST

written

OPPED” in

DATA Statement

Purpose: Defines numeric and character constants to be specified in a

subsequent READ statement

Format: DATA <constant>[,<constant>]...

<constant> may be a numeric constant in any format; i.e., fixed-point, floating-point, or integer. <constant> can also be a character string. Quotes are only necessary if the constant contains comas, colons, or spaces.

Example Remarks

Any access

: DATA CF, 10, 2.5, “A.:B”

number of DATA statements can be used in a program. READ statements

DATA statements in order (by line

number). The data contained therein

Page 46

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

may

be thought of as one continuous list of items, regardless of how many items

are on a line or where the lines are placed in the program. DATA statements are non-executable and can be placed anywhere in a pro-

gram. A data statement can contain as many constants as will fit on one line (separated by comas).

variable type given in the READ statement must agree with the correspond

The ing constant in the DATA statement.

DATA

DEF FN statement

statements may be re-read from the beginning by use

statement. No comment (with “:” or “’”) can be written after the DATA statement.

Purpose Format: DEF FN<name>[(<arg1>[,<arg2>]...)] = <def>

: To define and name a function written by the user

<name>, which must be a legal variable name, is the name of the function.

<argn> is a list of variable names called parameters that will be replaced with values calculated when the function is called. The items in the list are separated by comas.

<def> is an expression that performs the operation of the function and is limited to one line.

of the REST

ORE

Example Remarks:

A user function must be defined with the DEF FN statement before it can be called. To call a user function once it has been defined, append FN to the assigned name of the function and set it equal to some variable.

distance = FNA(X,5,5) Variable

function; they do not affect program variables that have the same name. The variables in the parameter list represent, on a one-to-one basis, the

argument variables or values that will be given in the function call. This

fied it is returned to the calling statement.

a type is specified in the function name and the argument type does not match,

an error will occur.

DEF INT/SNG/DBL/STR Statement

Purpose

Format: DEF <type><letter>[-<letter>]

: DEF FNA (X, Y, Z) = SQR(X**2 + Y**2 + Z**2)

names that appear in the defining expression serve only to define the

statement may define either

in the function name, the value of the expression is

: To declare variable types as integer, single-precision,

double-precision, or string

[<letter>[-<letter>]]... <type> is INT, SNG, DBL, or STR

numeric or string functions. If a type is speci

forced to that type before

Remarks: Any

variable names beginning with

signed to the specified variable type. The

“”, “!”, and “$” declaration characters take precedence over a DEF <type>

statement. If

no type declaration statements are encountered, BASIC

without declaration characters to be single-precision variables.

the <letter(s)> listed will automatically be as

assumes all variables

Page 47

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

DEF USER Statement

Example: DEFINT All variables beginning with A, B, C, D, and X will be integer variables.

Purpose: To specify the starting address of an assembly language subrou-

tine that will be called via the USR function

Format: DEF USR [<digit>] = <offset>

<digit> is an integer from 0 to 9. The digit corresponds to the USR routine number whose address is being specified. If <digit> is omitted, DEF USR0 is assumed.

<offset> is the starting address of the USR routine.

Remarks: Any

number of DEF USR routine essary.

Program Example:

starting addresses,

100 DEF USR1=&H2100 110 120 A=USR1 (A) 130

POKE &H2100, &H39

PRINT A

A-D, X

statements may appear in a program to redefine sub

thus allowing access to as many subroutines as nec

DIM Statement

END Statement

Purpose: To specify the maximum values for array variable subscripts and

allocate storage accordingly

Format: DIM <variable>(<subscripts>)

[ ,<variable>(<subscripts>)]... <variable> is a legal variable name. <subscripts> are the maximum number of elements for each di-

mension of the array. There can be up to 255 subscripts but the maximum size of the array cannot exceed the amount of memory available.

Example Remarks:

an array variable name is used without a DIM statement, the maximum value of the than script is zero.

The array elements are initialized to NULL.

Purpose: To terminate program execution, close all files, and return to

: DIM A (10,20), B$(30)

array’

s subscript(s) is assumed

the maximum specified, an error will occur

DIM

statement initializes all the elements of numeric arrays to zero. String

command level

to be 10. If a subscript is used that is greater

. The minimum value

for a sub

Format: END Remarks:

END statements may be placed anywhere in the program to terminate execution.

Unlike the ST statement mand level after an END is executed.

at the end of the program

OP statement, END closes all open

is optional. BASIC always returns to com

files or devices. An END

Page 48

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

ERROR Statement

FOR and NEXT Statements

Purpose: To simulate the occurrence of an error, or to allow error codes to

be defined by the user

Format

Remarks: Error code numbers 1 to 255 are predefined and reserved by BASIC. Higher

numbers codes program to an error handling routine.

When GOTO ber ROR is displayed if an undefined error occurs.

The error occurred is assigned to the variable ERL.

Purpose

Format

: ERROR <n>

<n> is the error code to be simulated.

can be used for user-defined error code messages. User-defined error

can be used together with the ON ERROR GOT

the ERROR statement is executed without an accompanying ON ERROR

statement,

is output and program execution is stopped. The message UNDEFINED ER

error

number is assigned to the variable ERR and the line number where the

: To allow a series of instructions to be performed in a loop a given

: For <var>=<x> TO <y> [STEP<z>]

the error message corresponding to the specified error num

number of times

O statement to branch the

<x>, <y>, and <z> are numeric expressions.

Example: 100 FOR Y = base TO 10 STEP 2

10 NEXT Y

Remarks: <var>

is used as a counter of the counter. The second numeric expression (<y>) is the final value of the counter.

The program lines following the FOR statement are executed until the NEXT statement cified

check is performed to see if the value of the counter is now final value (<y>). If it is not greater, execution branches back to the first statement tion continues with the statement following the NEXT statement. This is a FOR...NEXT loop.

STEP is not specified, the increment is assumed to be

If the until the counter is less than the final value.

The er than the final value.

NESTED LOOPS FOR...NEXT

loop. counter. The NEXT statement for the inside loop must come before the NEXT statement for the outer loop.

nested loops have the same end point, the same NEXT statement can be used

for both of them. If a NEXT statement is encountered before its corresponding FOR statement,

an error message is issued and execution is terminated.

is encountered. Then the counter is incremented by the amount spe

by STEP

after the FOR statement and the process is repeated. If it

counter will count down instead of up. In this case, the loop will be executed

body of the loop will never be executed if the initial value of the loop is great

When loops are nested, each loop must have a unique variable name for its

loops may be nested, that

. The first numeric expression (<x>) is the initial value

greater than the

is greater

one. If STEP is negative,

is, a loop can be placed inside of another

, execu

Page 49

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

GOSUB and RETURN Statements

Purpose: To branch to and return from a subroutine Format: GOSUB <line>

Remarks A

subroutine may be called any number of times in may be called from within another subroutine.

The the statement following the most recent GOSUB statement.

subroutine may contain more than one RETURN statement should logic dic

A tate a return at different points in the subroutine.

Subroutines can appear anywhere in the program, but it is recommended that subroutines be readily distinguishable from the main program.

To by a STOP, END, or GOTO statement to direct program execution around the subroutine.

Program Example

10 T = Time

20 GOSUB 100

30 {stuff}

40 .

50 .

60 .

90 GOTO 150

100 110 T = T + TIME 120 RETURN 130 {stuff}

<line> is the first line number of the subroutine.

a program, and a subroutine

RETURN statement(s) in a subroutine causes execution to branch back to

prevent inadvertent entry into a subroutine, the subroutine may be preceded

GOTO Statement

IF...THEN Statements

Purpose

Format: GOTO <line>

Remarks: If <line> is a non-executable statement, execution will proceed at the first ex-

ecutable statement encountered after <line>.

Purpose

Format

Example: IF B=10 THEN PRINT “hello” ELSE 500

: To unconditionally branch program execution to the specified line

number

<line> is a valid line number.

: To control program flow based on the results returned by an

arithmetic or logical expression

: IF <expression> [ , ] THEN <statement(s)> or <line>

[ELSE <statement(s)> or <line>] IF <expression> [ , ] GOTO <line> [[ , ] ELSE <statement(s)> or <line>]

Page 50

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Remarks: If

INPUT Statement

the result of <expression> is not zero, the THEN or

(GOT

ecuted either a line number for branching or one or more statements to be executed.

the result of <expression> is zero, the THEN or GOT

and

the ELSE clause, if present, will be executed. IF there is no ELSE clause,

execution will continue with the next executable statement.

Purpose: To allow input from the keyboard during program execution

O is always followed by a line number).

GOT

O clause will be ex

THEN may be followed by

O clause will be ignored

KEY(n) Statement

Format

Examples: INPUT “DATA” : A$

Remarks: When

tion included, continue execution until the user has entered the required data.

A the question mark.

Data Therefore input can be edited with the backspace and delete keys.

When The

The the INPUT statement.

The subscripted agree with the type specified by the variable name.

Strings input to an INPUT statement need not be surrounded by quotation marks.

Responding sage to be displayed prompting the user to re-enter the data.

If a peripheral device other than TERM or COMU is selected by the OPEN state ment, neither the prompt statement nor “?” is displayed.

To LINE INPUT command.

The omitted, port 1 is assumed as the default port.

Purpose: To enable, disable, or stop an interrupt invoked by key input and

: INPUT [;] [#<port>][<“prompt”>;]<variable>

[,<variable>]... #<port> is the port number (1 or 2). <“prompt”> is a message that will be displayed when the INPUT

statement is executed.

INPUT #2, “DATA” , A$, B$

an INPUT statement is executed, program execution pauses and a ques

mark is displayed to indicate the program is waiting for data. If <“prompt”> is

the string is displayed before the question mark. The program will not

coma may be used instead of a semicolon after the prompt string to

is not excepted by the INPUT statement until a carriage return is entered.

more than two variables

data entered is assigned to the variables specified by the INPUT statement. number of values entered must be the same as the number of variables in

variable names in the list may be numeric or string variable types as well as

variables (array variable). The type of each entered data item must

to INPUT with too many or too few items will cause an error mes

eliminate “?” when COMU, etc., is selected by the OPEN statement, use the

INPUT statement cannot be executed in direct mode. If the port number is

defined by the ON KEY GOTO or ON KEY GOSUB statements

are input, they must be delimited by a coma(s).

suppress

Format

Example: KEY(4) ON

: KEY(<n>) ON/OFF/STOP

<n> is the key number (1-8).

Page 51

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Remarks: The KEY ON statement enables an interrupt invoked by keyboard input. After

this statement has been executed, an interrupt will be triggered each time the specified routine defined with the ON KEY GOTO or ON KEY GOSUB statements.

The interrupt.

The subsequently enabled with the KEY ON statement, execution will then branch to the statements.

Execute the KEY OFF statement at the end of the program. Program Example:

10 OPEN #1, “TERM:(42)”

40 A=0

60 GOTO 60

100 PC READ “14”;A 110 RETURN 200 PC WRITE “14”;A 210 RETURN

key is input. Program execution then branches to an interrupt service

KEY OFF statement disables

KEY ST

interrupt service routine defined by the ON KEY GOT

OP statement also disables

ON KEY 1 GOSUB 100 On KEY 2 GOSUB 200

KEY ON

the interrupt; key input will no longer trigger an

the interrupt. However

, if the interrupt is

O or ON KEY GOSUB

LET Statement

LINE INPUT Statement

Purpose: To assign the value of an expression on the right side of an equal

sign to the variable on the left side Format: [LET] <variable>=<expression> Example: LET A = 1.2

Remarks: Notice

the word

an expression to a variable name. Assignment

not permitted. When

assigning unmatched types of numeric variables, the variable type on the

right

side

ment is performed. String assignments should be enclosed in double quotation marks.

Purpose

Format: LINE INPUT [#<port>,] [“<prompt>”;]<string>

: To input an entire line of characters (up to 255) from the key-

LET is optional, i.e., the equal sign is suf

of a character variable to a numeric variable, and

of the equal sign is converted into the type on the left before the assign

board or other input device without the use of delimiters

<port> is the port number (1 or 2).

“<prompt>” is a message displayed on the screen prompting the

user for input.

ficient when assigning

the reverse, are

Example

<string> is a string variable that is assigned to the input charac-

ter string.

: LINE INPUT #2,”DATE”;A$

Page 52

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Remarks: All

of the characters input from the end of the prompt to the carriage return are assigned also treated as character data.)

A question mark is not displayed unless it is part of the prompt string. The

COMU is selected with the OPEN statement. The

pressed. ing that the Unit is waiting for input of a carriage return.

If the port number is omitted, port 1 is assumed as the default port.

MID$ Statement

Purpose Format: MID$(<string 1>,<n>[,<m>]) = <string 2>

to the character variable

prompt statement is not displayed if a peripheral

character

string is not assigned to the variable until the carriage return key is

Until then,

: To replace a portion of one string with another string

<string 1> is a string variable. <n> is an integer expression from 1 to 255. <m> is an integer expression from 0 to 255. <string 2> is a string expression.

the BASIC LED indicator on the ASCII Unit will blink indicat

as a series of data. (Comas and colons are

device other than TERM or

ON COM GOSUB Statement

Example: MID$(A$,2,4) = “ABCDEFGH” Remarks:

The

characters in <string 1>, beginning at position <n> are replaced by the

acters in <string 2>. The

optional <m> refers to the number of characters from used in the replacement. If <m> is omitted, all of <string 2> is used. However, regardless of whether <m> is included or not, the replacement of characters never goes beyond the original length of <string 1>.

Refer to the discussion of the MID$ function

Purpose

Format: ON COM(<n>) GOSUB <line>

Example Remarks:

This opened.

An interrupt the interrupt timing, nothing may be in the buffer when execution branches to the interrupt routine. ing the LOC or EOF Command at the beginning of the interrupt routine.

All subroutines must end with a RETURN statement. If

a statement specified by the branch line number

will

: Defines an interrupt service routine to handle data coming into a

com port buffer

<n> is the port number (1 or 2). <line> is the line number of the first statement of the interrupt

service routine.

: ON COM1 GOSUB 1000

statement

interrupt

new interrupt will not take place until after the RETURN statement

It is therefore necessary to check whether

begin with the first

is not valid unless it is executed after the specified port has been

service routine cannot be interrupted by another interrupt. If a new

occurs during processing of a previous interrupt, branching to handle service routine is executed. This means

executable statement following the branch line number

that, depending on the branch

data is in the buf

is non-executable, execution

<string 2> that will be

fer by execut

char

of the first

Page 53

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

ON ERROR Statement

zero is specified as the branch line number

statement has been executed. If the port number is omitted, port 1 is selected. The

ON COM GOT abled with the COM OFF statement.

Program Example:

10 OPEN #1, “COMU:(40)” 20 ON COM GOSUB 100 30 COM ON 40

PC READ “2I4”;A,B

PRINT A, B

60 GOTO 30 100 IF LOC (1)=0 THEN 120 110 PRINT INPUT$ (LOC(1),#1) 120 RETURN

Program Remarks If an interrupt from port 1 is detected, the buffer contents are displayed.

Purpose: To enable error processing and to specify the first line number of

O statement is enabled with the COM ON statement and

the error handling routine

, it is assumed that the COM OFF

dis

Format

Remarks When

ing able ERR and the line number where the error occurred is assigned to ERL.

To will cause an error message to be printed and execution to be halted.

If ror message will be printed and execution terminated.

Refer tions.

ON GOSUB and ON GOTO Statements

Purpose: To branch to one of several specified line numbers, depending

Format: ON <expression> GOTO <list>

Example

: ON ERROR GOTO <line>

an error occurs, this statement directs execution to the proper error handl

routine. When an error is detected, the error number is assigned to the vari

disable error processing, execute ON ERROR GOTO 0. Subsequent errors

an error occurs during execution of an error handling subroutine, a BASIC er

to the discussion of the RESUME Command, and the ERR and ERL func

<line> is any valid line number.

on the resultant evaluation of a numeric or logical expression

ON <expression> GOSUB <list> <expression> is any valid expression. <list> is a list of valid line numbers separated by comas.

: ON X–2 GOSUB 50,100,150

Remarks: The

value of <expression> determines which line number in the list will be

for

branching. For example, if

list

will be chosen for branching. If the resultant value is not an integer

tional part is rounded off. In

the ON...GOSUB statement, each line number in the list

number of a subroutine.

the result is 2, then the second line number in the

must be the first line

used

, the frac

Page 54

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

the value of <expression> is zero or greater than the number of items in the list, execution sion> is negative or greater than 255, an error message will be displayed.

continues with the next executable statement.

If the value of <expres

ON KEY GOSUB Statement

Purpose: Defines an interrupt service subroutine to handle specific key-

board input

Format: ON KEY(<n>) GOSUB <line>

<n> is a numeric expression from one to eight indicating a specific key.

Example Remarks:

interrupt interrupt the

new interrupt will not take place until after the RETURN statement

interrupt service routine is executed. If

a statement specified by the branch line number

will

begin with the first

zero is specified as the branch line number

statement has been executed. If the port number is omitted, port 1 is selected. There should be only one ON KEY GOTO statement for each key number. Key

input will not be processed during execution of an assembly language pro

gram. The

ON KEY GOSUB statement is enabled with the KEY ON statement and dis

abled with the KEY OFF statement. Program Example:

10 OPEN #1,“TERM:(42)” 20 30 40

50 100 110 RETURN 200 210 RETURN 300 PRINT C 310 RETURN

ON KEY 1 GOSUB 1000

service routine cannot be interrupted by another interrupt. If a new

occurs during processing of a previous interrupt, branching to handle

of the first

is non-executable, execution

executable statement following the branch line number

, it is assumed that the KEY OFF

ON KEY 1 GOSUB 100 ON KEY 2 GOSUB 200 ON KEY 3 GOSUB 300 KEY ON PRINT A

PRINT B

ON KEY GOTO Statement

Program Remarks: “A”,

“B”, and “C” are displayed by pressing keys 1, 2, and 3, respectively

cel the specification, write 0 as the branch destination.

Purpose: To branch program execution to a specified line number in re-

sponse to a specific key input

Format

: ON KEY<n> GOTO <line>

<n> is an integer in the range of 1 to 8. <line> is any valid line number.

. T

o can

Page 55

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Example: ON KEY 1 GOTO 1000

ON PC ... GOSUB Statement

Remarks

a statement specified by the branch line number

If will

zero is specified as the branch line number

statement has been executed. If the port number is omitted, port 1 is selected. There should be only one ON KEY GOTO statement for each key number. Key

gram. The

abled with the KEY OFF statement. Program Example

10 OPEN #1,“TERM:(42)”

20 ON KEY 1 GOTO 100

30 ON KEY 2 GOTO 200

40 ON KEY 3 GOTO 300

50 100 PRINT “A” 110 GOTO 500 200 PRINT “B” 210 GOTO 5000 300 PRINT “C” 500 {cont. processing}

Program Remarks “A”,

cel the specification, write 0 as the branch destination.

Purpose

is non-executable, execution

begin with the first

input will not be processed during execution of an assembly language pro

ON KEY GOT

KEY ON

“B”, and “C” are displayed by pressing keys 1, 2, and 3, respectively

: Defines an interrupt service routine invoked by the PC

executable statement following the branch line number

, it is assumed that the KEY OFF

O statement is enabled with the KEY ON statement and dis

. T

o can

Format

Example Remarks

In to ber is indicated with bits 00 to 07 of word n.

An another rupt, TURN statement of the first interrupt service routine is executed.

If tion ber.

If statement has been executed.

If interrupt numbers, 1 to 15.

: ON PC [<int num>] GOSUB <line>

<int num> is an integer from 1 to 15. <line> is a valid line number.

: ON PC 3 GOSUB 1000

four-word mode, the interrupt source number is indicated with bits 04 to 07 (1 F in hexadecimal) of word n+1. In two-word mode, the

interrupt routine invoked by the ON PC

interrupt.

branching to handle the new interrupt will not take place until after the RE

the statement specified by the branch line number is non-executable,

will begin with the first

zero is specified as the branch line number

the interrupt number is omitted, the same branch destination is assumed for all

If a new interrupt occurs during processing of a previous inter

executable statement following the branch line num

statement cannot be interrupted by

, it is assumed that the KEY OFF

interrupt source num

execu

Page 56

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

The ON PC GOSUB statement is enabled with the PC ON statement and disabled with the PC OFF statement.

Program Example:

10 ON PC 1 GOSUB 100

20 ON PC 2 GOSUB 200

PC ON

40 GOTO 40 100 PC READ “H4,I2”;I, J 110 PRINT I, J 120 RETURN 200 210 PC READ “H4,I2”;K,L 220 PC WRITE “14”; A 230 RETURN

Program Remarks When interrupt 1 is invoked, program execution branches to statement 100,

reads two words of data from the PC, and displays them on the CRT. When

writes data entered through the keyboard to the PC.

PC GET Statement

Purpose

INPUT A

interrupt 2 is invoked,

: To read output data from the PC

program execution branches to statement 200 and

PC ... ON/STOP Statements

Format Example

Remarks In

to same bits are assigned from word (n+1).

The fore assigning it to the specified variables.

Purpose: To enable or stop a PC interrupt defined with an ON PC GOSUB

Format: PC [<num>] ON/STOP

Remarks: The

ment. After this statement has been executed, each PC interrupt will cause program

execution ment.

The PC ST tion. branch rupt.

The statement has been executed.

If there is more than one interrupt routine in the program the specific interrupt number

: PC GET <var 1>[,<var 2>]

: PC GET I,J

two-word mode, bits 0 to 7 of word (n) are read and assigned to <var 1>. Bits 8 15 of data word (n) are read and assigned to <var 2>. In four-word mode, the

ASCII Unit converts the hexadecimal data into decimal data (0 to 255)

statement

<num> is a specific interrupt number.

PC ON

However

PC ON/ST

statement enables an interrupt defined by the ON PC GOSUB state

to branch to a routine defined by the associated ON PC GOSUB state

OP statement disables PC interrupts from branching program execu

, if the PC ON statement is subsequently

to the specified interrupt service routine based on the “ST

OP statements can be executed only after the ON PC GOSUB

should be specified. If there are two or more routines and the interrupt

executed, execution will

OPPED” inter

Page 57

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

PC PUT Statement

PC READ Statement

number highest line number will be executed regardless of which interrupt is invoked.

After the following example.

Program Example

30 GOTO 30

100 PC READ “3I2”; A, B, C 110 120 RETURN

Purpose: To write data to the PC’s ASCII Unit Data Memory Area Format

Examples: PC PUT I

Remarks In

data is written to bits 8 to 15 of word n+3. If

nally greater than 255, zero is written to the PC.

Purpose: To read data from the PC

is not specified, the routine closest to the end of the program or at the

the ON PC GOSUB statement is

10 ON PC GOSUB 100

PC ON

PRINT A, B, C

: PC PUT <num exp>

<num exp> is a valid numeric expression between 0 and 255.

PC PUT 123

two-word mode, data is written to bits 8 to 15 of word n+1.

the value of the numeric expression

executed to round it of

f. If the value

executed, PC ON becomes valid. Refer to

In four-word mode,

is not an integer

of the numeric expression is negative or

, the INT function is inter

Format

Examples PC READ “2H1, A3, I4, O2”; X, Y, A$, I, J Remarks: When

executed. If

data, and the PC READ statement is not executed until the data comes. If

format parameters, the excess part of the output data will be ignored. The maximum number of data items that can be transferred with one READ

statement specification is 255 in the S or A formats. If

READ statement, a FORMAT ERROR will occur. The PC READ statement’s formatting parameters can

character variable and that variable may then be used in the PC READ statement.

Refer to Appendix C for details on READ and WRITE statement formatting. Example A$ = “2H1, A3, I4, O2” PC READ A$;X, Y

: PC READ “<format>[,<format>,<format>, ...]”;

<var1>[,<var2>,]... <format> specifies how the data will be read. For specific format

information, refer to Appendix C.

the PC has written the data to the ASCII Unit, the PC READ statement is

the PC has not written the data to the ASCII Unit, the ASCII Unit will wait for

the number of data items

an amount of memory greater than the actual memory area is specified by the

, A$, I, J

output by the PC is greater than that specified by the

be assigned to a single

the

Page 58

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

PC WRITE Statement

POKE Statement

Purpose: To write data to the PC Format: PC WRITE “<format>[,<format> ...]”;<exp1>

[,<exp2>, ...]

Note For parameter definitions, refer to the PC READ instruction.

Examples PC WRITE “H4, A2, I3, O4”; 1234, “AB”, K, L Remarks: If

the data of the previous PC WRITE statement has not been read by the PC, the next PC WRITE statement cannot be executed until the previous one is completed.

The maximum number of data items that can be transferred with one WRITE statement specification is 255 in the S or A formats.

an amount of memory greater than the actual memory area is specified by the WRITE instruction, a FORMAT ERROR will occur.

the value of <exp> is not an integer

If round it off.

Single-precision verted into integer expressions.

The character ment.

Example A$=“H4, A2, I3, O4” PC WRITE A$; 1234, “AB”, K, L

Purpose: To write one byte to a specified memory address

, the INF function is internally executed to

and double-precision

PC WRITE

statement’

variable and that variable may then be used in the PC WRITE state

s formatting parameters can be assigned to a single

numeric expressions are internally con

PRINT Statement

Format: POKE <address>,<data>

<address> is the memory location where data will be POKEd. <data> is an integer from 0 to 255.

Example Remarks:

The

address must be a 2-byte integer ranging from 0 to 65535 (&HFFFF). Do not

write

data to addresses &H0000 to &H1FFF

reserved for system use.

Purpose: To output data and text to the screen or printer Format: PRINT [#<port>,] [<list of exp>][;]

Example Remarks:

The list of expressions must be separated by comas, semicolons, or blanks. When

POKE &H2000,&H39

, and &H8000 to &HFFFF; they are

LPRINT <port> is an integer (1 or 2). <list of exp> can be numeric or character expressions. Character

expressions should be enclosed in double quotation marks.

: PRINT #1,A,B$;“BASIC”

the expressions are separated with blanks or semicolons, the next value

Page 59

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

LPRINT USING Statement

output immediately after the preceding value. When the

arated with comas, the values are output at intervals of nine characters. If

the list of appended after the last expression.

numeric expressions are used, a blank is output before and after the resultant value. The blank before the value is used for a minus sign, if one is required.

<list of exp> is omitted, execution of this statement causes a carriage return to be output.

the port specification is omitted, port and port 2 for the LPRINT statement.

The LPRINT statement outputs data under control of the device connected to port 2, irrespective of the OPEN statement directives.

Purpose: To output strings or numbers according to a specified format Format: PRINT [#<port>,] USING “<format>”; <list of exp> Example: PRINT #1, USING “####,# \\###”;A;B

expressions is not terminated with a semicolon, a carriage return is

1 is assumed for the PRINT statement,

expressions are sep

Remarks The following characters control the format of the output:

! Outputs the first character only. & & @ Outputs the corresponding character string. # Outputs the corresponding character string. . Inserts a decimal point at any desired place. + Places a plus sign before and after a numeric value.

- Places a minus sign before and after a numeric value. (Write this

** Places two asterisks in the blank, upper digit positions of a nu-

\\ Places one \ in the blank digit position immediately before a nu-

**\ Combines the functions of ** and \\. ’ Delimits an integer at every third digit position from the right. ^^^^ Indicates the output in exponential format (E+nn). Add this char-

Outputs the characters enclosed by &.

character at the end of the format character string.)

meric value.

acter after #.

RANDOM Statement

”” is output before the numeric value if the specified number of dig-

its is too great.

the

port number is omitted, port 1 is assumed for the PRINT USING statement

If and port 2 for the LPRINT USING statement.

The

LPRINT statement outputs data

nected to port 2 irrespective of the OPEN statement directives.

Purpose: To reseed the random number generator Format

: RANDOM [<exp>]

<exp> is a single or double-precision integer that is used as the random number seed.

under control of the peripheral device con

Page 60

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Example: RANDOM 5649

READ Statement

Remarks The

a message requesting the random number seed will be displayed. If

the random number generator is not reseeded, same sequence of random numbers each time the program is run. To change the DOM RUN.

For more information, refer to the explanation of RND.

Purpose: To read values from a DATA statement and assign them to the

Format Example

Remarks: A read statement must always be used in conjunction with a DATA statement.

READ basis. must tax error will occur.

single

A be statement.

the number of variables in <list DATA statement(s), an error message will be displayed. If the number of variables subsequent READ statements will begin reading data at the first unread element. If there are no subsequent READ statements, the extra data is ignored.

value of <exp> should be from -32768 to 32767. If the expression is omitted,

the RND function returns the

sequence of random numbers each time the program is RUN, place a RAN

statement at the beginning of the program and

specified variables

: READ <list of var>

READ A,B$

statements assign variables to DATA statement values on a one-to-one

READ statement variables

be the same type as the corresponding variable. If they

READ statement may access one or more DATA statements (they will

accessed in order), or several READ statements may access the same DA

specified is fewer than the number of elements in the DATA statement(s),

reread

DATA statements from the beginning, use the REST

may be numeric or string, and the values read

of var> exceeds the number of elements in the

change the seed with each

do not agree, a syn

ORE statement.

REM Statement

RESTORE Statement

Purpose: To insert non-executable comments in a program Format: REM <remark>

<remark> text does not need to be enclosed in quotes.

Example: Remarks:

The REM statement is used to provide titles to programs and to insert helpful comments to be used during program debugging or modification.

Remarks quotation mark instead of REM.

Do not use a REM statement in a DATA statement as it will be taken as legal data.

Purpose Format: RESTORE [<line>]

Example: RESTORE 1000

REM SAMPLE PROGRAM

may be added to the end of a line by preceding the remark with a single

: To allow DATA statements to be reread from a specified line

<line> should be the line number of a valid DATA statement.

Page 61

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Remarks: This

statement causes the next READ statement to read the first element in first DATA statement that exists in the program. If <line> is specified, the next READ statement accesses the first item in the specified DATA statement.

RESUME Statement

Purpose: To resume program execution after an error handling procedure

has been performed

Formats: RESUME [0]: execution resumes at the statement which caused

the error.

the

STOP Statement

WAIT Statement

RESUME NEXT ly following the one which caused the error.

RESUME <line>: execution resumes at <line>. Example: Remarks: Any one of the above formats may be used.

Purpose: To terminate program execution and return to the BASIC com-

Format:STOP Remarks:

Execution of this statement causes the message “BREAK IN xxxx” to be displayed and the ASCII Unit to return to the command level.

The ports will not be closed. Program execution can be resumed with the CONT command.

Purpose: Sets a time limit for the execution of a specific statement Format

RESUME 100

mand level

: WAIT “<wait time>”[,<line number>]

<wait time> is the allowable time for the monitored statement to

be executed.

: execution resumes at the statement immediate-

<line number> is any valid line number. Example: WAIT “10:30.5”,100

Remarks: The delay time is set in the form MM.SS.F, where:

MM is the number of minutes - up to 59 SS is the number of seconds F is tenths of seconds.

The

statement immediately following the W

If execution of this statement is not completed within the set wait time, pro

ment. gram execution will branch to <line number>.

Interrupts will has been processed.

The WAIT statement can monitor the following statements: INPUT,

USING, LPRINT USING If

a statement other than one of those listed above is specified to be monitored by a WAIT statement, and if execution of set time of the WAIT statement, an error will occur.

invoked by the ON COM, ON KEY

not be recognized until after the W

INPUT$,

LINE INPUT

, PC READ, PC WRITE, PRINT

AIT statement is the monitored state

, ON

PC, or ON ERROR statements

AIT statement or the monitored statement

, LPRINT

that statement is not completed within the

, PRINT

Page 62

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Program Example:

10 WAIT “10.0”, 100 20 PC READ “3I4”; A, B, C, 30

PRINT A, B, C

40 END 100 PRINT “PC ERR” 110 GOTO 40

Program Remarks This

example will display the message “PC ERR” if the PC READ statement is

not executed within 10 seconds.

4-2-4 Device Control Statements

This

section describes statements that control hardware and communications.

CLOSE Statement

Purpose: To close a port

CLS Statement

OPEN Statement

Format

Remarks: If the port number is omitted, both ports will be closed. Once the port has been closed, it cannot be used for data transfer until it is

opened again. Be sure to execute the CLOSE statement to correctly end the output process.

CLOSE not dump data from input operations.

To to ment.

The END statement and the NEW command automatically close the ports, the STOP statement does not.

Purpose Format

Remarks: This

the port number is omitted, port 1 is assumed.

Purpose: To allow input/output operations to take place through the speci-

: CLOSE [#<port>]

<port> is an integer (1 or 2).

dumps any data remaining in the buf

turn OFF the error indicators at Port 1 and Port 2 or error

a transmission error or reception buf

: To clear the screen

: CLS [#<port>]

<port> is an integer (1 or 2).

statement clears the screen and moves the cursor to the home position. If

fied port

fer from output operations. It does

bits that are ON due

fer overflow

, execute the CLOSE

state

but

Format: OPEN #<port>, “<device name>:[(<com spec. or vsl>)]”

<port> is an integer (1 or 2). <device name> identifies the device. <com spec> stands for the communication specifications. <vsl> stands for valid signal line.

Examples

OPEN #1,“KYBD:” OPEN #2,“COMU:(14)”

Page 63

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

The

following three tables define the communication parameters for the OPEN

Statement.

Peripheral Device Name Output from

ASCII Unit

Terminal TERM: YES YES Keyboard KYBD: NO YES Display SCRN: YES NO Printer LPRT: YES NO RS-232C device COMU: YES YES

Note TERM cannot be used with port 2.

Input to ASCII

Unit

Communication

Specifications

0 7 bits Even 2 bits 1 7 bits Odd 2 bits 2 7 bits Even 3 7 bits Odd 4 8 bits None 2 bits 5 8 bits None 6 8 bits Even 7 8 bits Odd

Signal Line CTS DSR RTS XON / XOFF

0 Valid Valid Valid Invalid 1 Valid Valid Invalid

2 Valid Invalid Valid 3 Valid Invalid Invalid 4 Invalid Valid Valid 5 Invalid Valid Invalid 6 Invalid Invalid Valid 7 Invalid Invalid Invalid 8 Valid Valid Valid Valid 9 Valid Valid Invalid A Valid Invalid Valid B Valid Invalid Invalid C Invalid Valid Valid D Invalid Valid Invalid E Invalid Invalid Valid F Invalid Invalid Invalid

Character Length Parity Stop Bit

1 bit 1 bit

1 bit 1 bit 1 bit

Note To

make the CTS signal invalid

at port 2, pull the CTS line high or connect it to the

RTS line. When

the R

TS is specified to be ON (valid), the R

port

is opened and remains high until

the port is closed. When the R

TS signal goes high when the

specified to be OFF (invalid), the RTS signal remains low unless an I/O statement such as PRINT or INPUT is executed.

XON is designated, the XOFF request data the

the interruption of transmission when the buf

reception. The

XON code will be transmitted and the ASCII Unit will request

restart of transmission

code will be transmitted and the ASCII Unit will

fer is 3/4 full at the time of

if the buf

fer becomes 1/4 full. Data transmission will be interrupted if the XOFF code is received and data transmission will restart when

the XON code is received. If XOFF is designated, control is not possible.

This means, if the buffer is full, no more data can be received.

TS signal is

Page 64

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

the communication specification and the valid signal line are omitted, their de

faults are:

Peripheral Device Communication

Conditions

Terminal 4 3 Keyboard 4 3 Display 4 3 RS-232C device 4 3 Printer 4 3

Valid Signal Line

Ports already open cannot be opened again. When the OPEN and CLOSE statements are used, port 1 is assumed to be for a terminal and port 2 is assumed to be for a printer. Port 2 cannot be selected for a terminal.

statements specifying #<port> cannot be used to transfer data through a port

I/O that

has not been opened with the OPEN statement. T

case

where the OPEN statement has

not been executed, use the I/O statements

o input/output data in the

without the #<port> specification. The

following

two tables illustrate peripheral device output levels during execu

tion of the OPEN statement.

Device When Opened During Operation

RTS DTR RTS DTR

TERM LOW HIGH HIGH No change SCRN LOW LOW HIGH No change KEYB LOW HIGH HIGH No change COMU LOW HIGH HIGH No change LPRT LOW LOW HIGH No change

Device When Closed

RTS DTR

1 LOW HIGH 2 LOW LOW

Note The default selection for the ports is as follows:

Port 1: Terminal device Port 2: Printer The following table presents the output control codes for the terminal, printer,

and COMU device.

SCRN TERM Clears the screen buffer when code &H0C (CLR) is output.The column position is set to 0 (i.e., the

LPRT Set the column position to 0 (i.e., the leftmost position) when code &H0A, &H0D, &H0B, or &H0C is

COMU If characters are input to the buffer, they are output.

leftmost position) when code &H0A (LF), &H0D (CR), &H0B (HOME), or &H08 (BS) is output. The cursor is moved as specified on the screen when code &H08 (BS), &H1C (->), or &H1D (<-) is output. Codes &H00 to &H09 and &H0E to &H1B are ignored (no output) at Port 1 but are output at Port 2.

When Closed: Nothing is executed.

output. Characters exceeding 80th character are output with code &H0A (LF) appended. When Closed: If characters (80 characters or less) remain in the buffer, they are output along with

&H0A (LF).

When Closed: If characters remain in the buffer, they are output.

Page 65

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

4-2-5 Arithmetic Operation Functions

ABS Function

ACOS Function

ASIN Function

Purpose: To return the absolute value of the numeric expression specified

by the argument Format Example: A = ABS (-1.5)

Purpose: To return the arc cosine of the numeric expression given by the

Format: ACOS(<x>)

Example: A = ACOS (1) Remarks

Purpose Format

Example: A = ASIN (1) Remarks

: ABS(<x>)

argument

<x> is a number in the range of -1 to 1.

: The arc cosine is given in radian units in the range of 0 to pi.

: To return the arc sine of the value given by the argument

: ASIN(<x>)

<x> is a number in the range of -1 to 1.

: The arc sine is given in radian units in the range of -pi/2 to pi/2.

ATN Function

CDBL Function

CINT Function

COS Function

Purpose Format

Example: Remarks

Purpose Format: CDBL(<x>) Example

Purpose

Format: CINT(<x>) Example

Purpose

: To return the arc tangent of the value given by the argument

: ATN(<x>)

<x> is a number in the range of -1 to 1.

A = A

TN (1)

: The arc tangent is given in radian units in the range of -pi/2 to

pi/2.

: To convert a single-precision numeric value into double-precision

: CDBL (2/3)

: To round off a numeric value at the decimal point and convert it

into an integer

: A = CINT(B#)

: To return the cosine of the numeric value given by the argument

Format

Example: A = COS(pi/2)

: COS(<x>)

<x> is an expression in radian units.

Page 66

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

CSNG Function

FIX Function

INT Function

Purpose: To convert a numeric value into a single-precision real number Format: CSNG(<x>) Example

Purpose: To return the integer part of the expression specified by the argu-

Format: FIX(<x>) Example Remarks: If the value of the argument is negative, this function returns a

Purpose: To return the truncated integer of a numeric value Format Example Remarks: Returns the largest integer value less than or equal to the value

: B = CSNG(C#)

ment

: A = FIX(B/3)

different value than the INF function returns.

: INT(<x>)

: A = INT(B)

specified by the argument.

If the value of the argument is negative, this function returns a

different value than the FIX function returns.

LOG Function

RND Function

SGN Function

Purpose Format

Example: A = LOG(5)

Purpose: To return a random number between 0 and 1. Format: RND [<x>] Example: A = RND(1) Remarks

If <x> is negative, a new random number is generated. If

<x> is omitted, or if it is positive, the next random number of the sequence is

generated. If <x> is 0, the last generated random number is repeated. The sequence can be changed by executing the RANDOM statement.

Purpose Format: SIGN(<x>)

: To return the natural logarithm of the argument

: LOG(<x>)

<x> must be greater than 0.

: To return the sign of an argument

Example Remarks:

If the value of <x> is positive, SGN returns 1. If the value of <x> is negative, SGN returns -1. If the the value of <x> is 0, SGN returns 0.

: B = SGN(A)

Page 67

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

SIN Function

TAN Function

Purpose: To return the sine of the numeric value given by the argument Format: SIN(<x>)

<x> is an expression in radian units. Example: A = SIN(pi)

Purpose: To return the tangent of the numeric value given by the argument Format: TAN(<x>)

<x> is an expression in radian units. Example: A = TAN(3.141592/2)

4-2-6 Character String Functions

ASC Function

Purpose: To return the ASCII character code of the first character of the

given string Format: ASC(<x$>) Example: A = ASC(A$) Remarks:

CHR$ Function

HEX$ Function

INSTR Function

empty string cannot be specified.

operation.

Purpose: To return a character corresponding to the specified character

code Format Example: A$ = word R$(&H41) Remarks

verted into an integer. The ASC function performs the inverse operation.

Purpose: To return a string which represents the hexadecimal value of the

Format: HEX$(<x>) Example Remarks

Purpose

: CHR$()

must be from 0 to 255. If is a real number

decimal argument

: A$ = HEX$(52)

: If the value of the decimal number includes a decimal point, the

INF function is internally executed to round it off to an integer.

: To return the position of the first occurrence of string <y$> within

string <$x>

The word R$ function performs the inverse

, it will be rounded of

f and con

Format: INSTR([,]<x$>,<y$>) is the position from where the search starts. must be be-

tween one and 255.

<x$> is the string to be searched.

<y$> is the desired string.

Page 68

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Example: A = INSTR(5,B$,“BASIC”) Remarks: If is omitted, the search begins with the first character in

<x$>. If the data cannot be found, 0 is returned as the function

value. If <y$> is an empty string, INSTR returns or 1.

LEFT$ Function

LEN Function

MID$ Function

Purpose

Format: LEFT$(<x$>,)

Example Remarks: must be an integer from 0 to 255. If is 0, an empty string

Purpose Format: LEN(<x$>) Example: A = LEN(A$) Remarks

Purpose

: To return the specified number of characters beginning from the

leftmost character of the character string

<x$> is the string to be searched.

is the number of characters to be returned.

: A$ = LEFT$(B$,5)

is returned as the function value. If is greater than the num-

ber of characters in <x$>, the entire character string is returned.

: To return the number of characters in a character string

: A value of 0 is returned if the “character expression” is an empty

string.

: To return the requested part of a given string

OCT$ Function

Format: MID$(<x$>,[,<j>]) <x$> is the given string.

is the position of the first character to be returned.

<j> is the number of characters to be returned. Example

Remarks: must be from 1 to 255. <j> must be from 0 to 255. If

<j> is 0, or if the value of the specified character position () is greater the turned.

If <j> is omitted, or if <j> exceeds the number of characters to the right of the specified are returned.

Purpose: To convert the specified decimal number into an octal character

Format

:B$ = MID$(A$,2,5)

number of characters in the character

position () in the character expression, all the characters to the right

string

: OCT$(<x>)

<x> is a numeric expression in the range of -32768 to 32767.

expression (x$), an empty string is re

than

Example: A$ = OCT$(B)

Page 69

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Remarks: If the value of <x> includes a decimal point, the INT function is internally ex-

ecuted to round it off.

RIGHT$ Function

Purpose: To return the specified number of characters from the rightmost

character of the character string

Format: RIGHT$(<x$>,)

<x$> is the string to be searched. is the number of characters to be returned.

SPACE$ Function

STR$ Function

Example Remarks

function character string is returned.

Purpose: To return a string of spaces of the specified length Format: SPACE$(<x>)

Example: A$ = “CF”+SPACE$(5)+“BASIC” Remarks:

<x> specified, an empty character string is returned.

Purpose: Converts the specified numeric value into a character string Format: STR$(<x>) Example: B$ = “A”+STR$(123) Remarks: The VAL function performs the inverse operation.

: A$ = RIGHT$(B$,5)

must be an integer from 0 to 255. If is 0, an empty string is returned as the

value. If is greater than the

<x> is the number of spaces.

must be from 0 to 255. If <x> is not an integer

number of characters in <x$>, the entire

, it will be rounded of

f. If 0 is

STRING$ Function

TAB Function

Purpose: To return a character string of the specified character and length Formats: STRING$(,<j>)

STRING$(,<x$>) is the number of characters to be returned. <j> is the ASCII code of some character. <x$> is a given string.

Example Remarks:

and <j> must be from 0 to 255. An empty string is returned if the is 0.

the <x$> is made up of two or more

Purpose Format: TAB()

: A$ = STRING$(10,“A”)

characters, only the first character is used.

: To move the cursor to a specific position on the terminal display

Page 70

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

is the cursor position counting from the leftmost side of the display.

Example: PRINT “CF” TAB (10) “BASIC” Remarks:

The “column position” must be from 1 to 255. If

the current print position is already beyond , the cursor moves to the th position on the next line. TAB is only valid for the PRINT and LPRINT statements.

VAL Function

Purpose: To convert a character string into a numeric value Format: VAL(<x$>) Example:

Remarks: The VAL function also

ment string. If the first character of <x$> is not numeric, zero is returned.

4-2-7 Special Functions

DATE$ Function

Purpose: To set or display the current date Format: As a statement: DATE$ = <x$>

Example

A = V

AL(A$)

strips leading blanks, tabs, and linefeeds from the argu

As a variable: <y$> = DATE$ <x$>: the date in one of the following formats:

mm-dd-yy mm-dd-yyyy mm/dd/yy mm/dd/yyyy

<y$>: A ten character string in mm-dd-yyyy format:

mm: two digit value for the month (01-12) dd: two digit value for the day (01-31) yy: two digit value for the year yyyy: for digit value for the year

: DATE$ = “89/05/23”

DAY Function

Remarks If

DA ment, side new message will be displayed.

Purpose: To give or set the current day of the week Format: DAY = <num>

Remarks: In the first format, DAY returns a number between 0 and 6, corresponding to

Sunday to

TE$ is on the right side of the assignment statement or in a PRINT state

the current date is assigned or printed, respectively of the assignment, the right side of the assignment statement becomes the current date. If any of the values are out

I = DAY

through Saturday

. In the second format, the day of the

of range or are missing, an error

. If DA

TE$ is

week is assigned

on the left

Page 71

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

EOF Function

ERR and ERL Variables

FRE Function

Purpose: To check whether the specified port buffer is empty Format: EOF (<port#>) Example: IF EOF (2) THEN CLOSE#1 ELSE GOTO 100

Remarks: This

function returns true (-1) if the specified port is empty. If not, it returns false

(0).

Note that the port specified by <port#> must

mode.

Purpose: To return the error code and the location (line number) of the

error

Format: x = ERL

y = ERR

Remarks: When an error occurs, the error code is assigned to the variable ERR and the

statement number is assigned to ERL. If the statement that caused the error was executed in direct mode, statement

number 65535 is assigned to ERL. ERL and ERR can be used in error handling routines to control the execution

flow of the program.

Purpose

: To return the amount of unused memory

already be open and in the input

INKEY$ Function

INPUT$ Function

Format

Example: PRINT FRE (0) Remarks:

If given.

If the argument is a character expression, the number of unused bytes in the character variable area is given.

When To avoid long interruption times, execute this instruction intermittently so that

each interruption will be a short one.

Purpose: To return the character code of the key being pressed Format: INKEY$ [#<port>] Example:

Remarks: A null string is returned if no key is being pressed. Any key input other than

CTRL+X is valid. Port 1 is the default port.

Purpose

: FRE(0)

FRE(<x$>)

the

argument is numeric, the number of unused bytes in the program area is

this instruction is executed, the unnecessary parameter area will be filled.

A$ = INKEY$

: To Read a string of characters from the keyboard or from a pe-

ripheral device

Format

: INPUT$ (<num>[,#<port>])

<num> is the number of characters to be input. <num> must be from 1 to 255.

Page 72

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

<port> is the port number (1 or 2).

Example: A$ = INPUT$(10,#1) Remarks:

All characters except CTRL+X can be read, including CR and LF: CR and LF cannot be read with the LINE INPUT statement.

The BASIC LED indicator on the ASCII Unit will blink indicating that waiting is entered.

Example Program:

for input. It

10 CLS 20 A$ = INPUT$ (1) 30 A$ = HEX$ (ASC(A$)) 40 PRINT A$ 50 GOTO 20

will continue blinking until the specified number of characters

the unit is

LOC Function

PEEK Function

Remarks displays key character codes.

Purpose: To return the number of data items in the specified port buffer. Format Example: A = LOC(2)

Remarks: The

items in the buffer of the specified port is given in byte units.

Purpose: To read the contents of a specified memory address Format: PEEK()

Example Remarks:

If the specified address is not an integer, it is converted into one. Do

to HFFFF.

: x = LOC(<port#>)

port specified must already be open and in input mode. The number of data

is the memory location and must be in the range of 0 to 65535 (&HFFFF).

A = PEEK(&H3000)

not try to read reserved system addresses &H0000 to &H1FFF and &H8000

TIME$ Function

Purpose: Sets or gives the time Format: TIME$ = <x$>

<y$> = TIME$ <x$> is a string expression indicating the time to be set. The fol-

lowing formats may be used:

hh: sets the hour (minutes and seconds 00) hh:mm: sets the hours and minutes (seconds 00) hh:mm:ss: sets the hours, minutes, and seconds

<y$> is a string variable to which the current value of the time is to be assigned.

Page 73

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Example: TIME$ = “09:10:00”

PRINT TIME$

Remarks: In the form <y$> = TIME$, TIME$ returns an eight character string in the form:

hh:mm:ss. If <x$> is not a valid string, an error message

will be displayed.

USR Function

Purpose: To call a user-written assembly language program. Format: USR [<number>](<argument>)[,W]

<number> is a digit from 1 to 9 that was previously assigned to the given assembly program with the DEF USR statement.

<x> is an argument used to pass data from the BASIC program to the assembly program.

Example

: J = USR2(I),W

Remarks: If <number> is omitted, the default value is zero. If

the W parameter in the USR statement is not specified then the watchdog timer

refresh

will be performed as usual. If the

W parameter is specified, then the user

must include a watchdog timer refresh routine in the assembly program. The

watchdog timer

has

run out, the ASCII Unit is reset, and the message “I/O ERR” is displayed on

prevents the program from overrunning. When the set time

the programming console of the PC. By

refreshing the watchdog timer before its set

value is up, the program can be

continuously executed. To refresh the watchdog timer in the assembly program, execute the following

two steps every 90 milliseconds when, W has been designated: AIM #DF,03

OIM #20,03 The

following table lists the Argument type and its corresponding Accumulator

code number.

Accumulator

Value

2 3 4 5

Integer Character Single-precision, real number Double-precision, real number

Argument Type

Index register X contains the memory address where the argument is stored. The address differs as shown below depending on the type of the argument.

Page 74

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Integer Type

Higher 8 bits Lower 8 bits

Single-Precision, Real Number Type

Exponent Higher 8 bits of mantissa Middle 8 bits of mantissa Lower 8 bits of mantissa

← X

Character Type

Length of character string Address storing argument (higher) Address storing argument (lower)

Double-Precision, Real Number Type

← X

(MSB is always 1.)

Exponent Higher 8 bits of mantissa

Lower 8 bits of mantissa

← X

(MSB is always 1.)

Sign (most significant bit)

Program Example:

BASIC Program

100 A$ = &H1234 110 DEF USR0 = &H2000 120 130

A = USER (A) PRINT A

140 END

Assembly Language Program:

2000 PSHA 2001 PSHX 2002 LDD 2,X 2004 ADD #10 2007 STD 2,X 2009 PULX 2010 PULA 2011 RTS

Program Remarks When

program execution branches to the

<argument> is stored in the accumulator A, and the memory address where

the

argument is stored is input to the index

stored in the accumulator D, to whose contents 10 will

assembly language routine, the TYPE

be added. The result of

the addition is written to the address of <argument>

VARPTR Function

Purpose

: Returns the memory address of the variable argument

Page 75

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Format: <x> = VARPTR(<variable>)

<variable> is a number, string, or array variable.

Integer Type

0010 V V

ariable name

Example: Remarks:

ARPTR function returns the address of

The the

variable. A value must be assigned to the variable prior to the call to V or an error will result. Any type variable name may be used (numeric, string, array).

that all simple variables should be assigned before calling V

Note array

because addresses of arrays

assigned. VARPTR is used to obtain the address of a variable or array so that it may be

passed to an assembly language subroutine. A function call of the form VARPTR(A(0)) element of the array is returned.

The

following figure illustrates the relationship between

address indicated by VARPTR.

ariable name length -1

B = V

ARPTR (A)

change whenever a new simple variable is

is specified when passing an array

Character Type

0011 V V

ariable name

ariable name length -1

the first byte of data identified with

ARPTR

ARPTR for an

, so that the lowest addressed

the variable type and the

≈

Higher 8 bits Lower 8 bits

Single-precision, Real Number Type

0100 V V

ariable name

Exponent Sign and higher 7 bits of mantissa Middle 8 bits of mantissa Lower 8 bits of mantissa

ariable name length -1

≈

← Address

≈≈ ≈≈

← Address

Length of character string Storage address of variable (MSB) Storage address of variable (LSB)

Double-precision, Real Number Type

1000 V V

ariable name

Exponent Sign and higher 7 bits of mantissa

ariable name length -1

≈≈

← Address

Lower 8 bits of mantissa

Page 76

Commands, Statements, and Functions Section 4-2

Subscript information

Actual

data

Integer Array Type

Variable

0010

ariable name

name length -1

≈≈

Higher 8 bits of total data length Lower 8 bits of total data length

Number of subscripts (Dimension number of array)

Size of subscript n (MSB) Size of subscript n (LSB)

≈≈

Size of subscript 2 (MSB) Size of subscript 2 (LSB)

Size of subscript 1 (MSB) Size of subscript 1 (LSB)

Element data (0,0---0) (MSB) Element data (0,0---0) (LSB)

Element data (1,0---0) (MSB) Element data (1,0---0) (LSB)

Element data (2,0---0) (MSB) Element data (2,0---0) (LSB)

Address→

← Address

Address→

← Address

Address→

≈≈

Element data (a,b---x) (MSB) Element data (a,b---x) (LSB)

*Each element of array requires to be specified.

← Address

Character Array Type

Variable

0011

ariable name

Higher

8 bits of total data length

Lower 8 bits of total data length

Number of subscripts (Dimension number of array)

Size of subscript n (MSB) Size of subscript n (LSB)

Size of subscript 2 (MSB) Size of subscript 2 (LSB)

Size of subscript 1 (MSB) Size of subscript 1 (LSB)

Length of character string of element (0, 0--0))

Storage address of element (0, 0--0) (MSB) Storage address of element (0, 0--0) (LSB)

Length of character string of element (1, 0--0)

Storage address of element (1, 0--0) (MSB) Storage address of element (1, 0--0) (LSB)

Length of character string of element (2, 0--0)

Storage address of element 2 (MSB) Storage address of element 2 (LSB)

name length -1

≈

≈≈

≈

Subscript information

Actual data

formation

Address→

Element (a, b---x) The subscripts will be stored one

. . . . . . . . .

Subscript Subscript 2 Subscript 1

after

another when they change.

Note The

total number of bytes from the higher 8 bits of total data length (in the above

diagram) to element data (a,b---x) comprise the total length of the data.

Length of character string of element (a, b--x)

Storage address of element (a, b--x) (MSB) Storage address of element (a, b--x) (LSB)

*Each element of array requires specification.

Page 77

SECTION 5

Assembly Programming

This

section explains how to create, edit, transfer

use

memory more ef

bly

routines instead of BASIC to perform specialized functions. An assembly routine can be called from the BASIC program

and

used in much the same way as a BASIC subroutine.

Assembly ples of their use are presented in this section.

programs are written, edited, and tested in what is called Monitor

5-1 Assembly Language Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-2 Terminology and Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-3

ficiently than higher level programs such as BASIC. In certain situations it is advantageous to use assem

Monitor Mode Commands

, and use an assembly language program. Assembly programs are faster and

Mode

. The monitor mode

commands and exam

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page 78

Assembly Language Programming Section 5-1

5-1 Assembly Language Programming

The

Hitachi HD6303X CPU is incorporated into the ASCII Unit. Mnemonics used

are those found in the HD6303X operation manual.

Memory Area Special

the MSET command. When programming in assembly language, you cannot use

the BASIC program area to store the assembly program. The MSET

mand will move an existing BASIC program to another part of memory.

Writing an Assembly Program

1, 2, 3...

There are two ways to write an assembly language program:

• By using the monitor functions

• By directly writing the program to the memory using the POKE statement in

BASIC.

most cases the first method is quicker and easier

In od can be used to create short programs consisting of only a few steps.

Assembly and

L commands, respectively

PROM by using the SAVE and LOAD commands, respectively. Addresses &H0000 to &H1FFF and &H8000 to &HFFFF are reserved for the

ASCII Unit operating system and must not be altered by the user.

Note When

the

input terminal connected

dure

described below.

1. Enter the command and key in a carriage return.

2. Disconnect

3. Press the START/STOP switch on the ASCII Unit to start data transfer.

4. Reconnect the input terminal and key in CTRL+x.

memory

it is necessary to load or save data using a peripheral device other than

space for assembly language programs must be reserved with

com

, however, the second meth

language programs can be written to and read from RAM using the S

. They can also be written to or read from the EE

to port 1, follow the

the input terminal from port 1 and connect the peripheral

peripheral

data transfer proce

device.

The Assembly Language Program

assembly language program can be called from BASIC with the USR func

An tion:

USR [<number>][<argument>] Before the USR function can be used, the DEF USR statement must be ex-

ecuted

to reserve space for the assembly routine. When the USR function is ecuted, in the BASIC program.

Variables other than the argument specified by the USR function can also be passed to the assembly language program by using the VARPTR function.

The following arguments are passed to the assembly program:

The RTS command should be the last command of the assembly routine; it re turns execution back to the BASIC program.

The value of the stack pointer must not be altered by the assembly routine. Therefore, and then pulled off before executing the RTS command.

The same tions. Any data passed back as the USR or VARPTR Function argument(s).

Do not disable any interrupts in the assembly language program. It

nal storage device or in the EEPROM for safety.

it calls the specified assembly routine and passes it an argument defined

Accumulator A contents: type of <argument> Index register X contents: address of <argument>

the data should be pushed on the

assembly routine must store

address as that of the argument(s) passed by the USR or V

recommended that the assembly language program be saved on an exter

any data needed by the BASIC program in the

the BASIC program must be of the same TYPE

stack at the beginning of the routine

ARPTR func

Page 79

Monitor Mode Commands Section 5-3

Monitor Mode To

enter monitor mode from BASIC mode, key in “mon” followed by a

return when the message “READY” is displayed on the console:

READY

mon

When in monitor mode a “*” is displayed on the left-side of the screen. Also, when in monitor mode, the BASIC LED on the ASCII Unit front panel is unlit.

To return to BASIC mode, key in CTRL+B.

carriage

5-2 Terminology and Formatting

Terminology Start

in consecutive memory locations is stored: e.g., an array or a block of data. For some monitor mode commands, indicating a start address is optional. For

these dress the current monitor command. To simplify following explanations, this address will be called the base address.

assembly language program can be edited, traced, and debugged in

tor mode. Note

displaying and writing data when using the monitor commands.

Format The

denote as actual operators in monitor mode. Therefore, whenever you see an arrow bracket character in a monitor mode command, it must be entered as such. The arrow character is used to delineate address ranges.

For denote user supplied text.

Brackets must be entered as such whenever indicated.

The carriage return key is indicated with ↵. Whenever this appears in a command, a carriage return must be entered by the user.

Do not insert spaces within a monitor command unless explicitly indicated.

address refers to the first memory address where a group of values stored

commands, the address immediately following the highest or largest ad used by the

that the address held in the

left and right arrow brackets “<” and “>” that

“user supplied text” in BASIC programming format statements are used

monitor format statements only

“[ ]” still indicate optional entry

previous monitor command is taken to be the start address for

moni-

program counter

, left

and right parentheses “( )” will be used to

. Pay close attention to periods “.”;

is the base

have been previously used to

address used for

they

the following examples and also on the actual terminal the “*” character indi

cates

that the user must enter a

are generated by the computer in response to a user command.

5-3 Monitor Mode Commands

The

following table lists the monitor mode commands with a short description of

each

command’

planation can be found. To enter monitor mode, type mon and carriage return at the READY prompt.

Note Enter all command in all-caps while in monitor mode. Do not use lower case.

s function as well as the page number on which its detailed

command. Lines of text that do not start with a “

*”

Page 80

Monitor Mode Commands Section 5-3

Page Command Purpose

70 address Displays/changes memory contents at the specified

address. 71 M Transfers memory contents. 72 C Compares memory contents. 72 R Displays/changes register contents. 73 BP Sets/displays break points. 73 N Clears break points. 73 I Disassembler 74 S Outputs data to a port. 74 L Loads data from a port. 75 V Verifies data. 75 G Executes a program. 75 T Single-step program execution 76 Mini-assembler Single-line assembly 76 Arithmetic Addition/subtraction of hexadecimal numbers.

DUMP Command

Purpose: To display the contents of memory in hexadecimal Format: [(display start address)].[(display end address)]

1, 2, 3...

Remarks If

the carriage return ↵ is input by itself, eight bytes of data, starting from the base

address will be displayed (refer to example 2.) If an address is entered preceded by a dot, e.g., “.3000”, data stored in all the

addresses

from the base address to the entered

address will be displayed (refer

to examples 3 and 4.) New

data can be stored in memory as well; this data will overwrite existing data. Input data must be in hexadecimal. Upper case characters must be used for the alphanumeric values of A to F (hex). When the leftmost digit is a “0”, it can be omitted.

There are two ways to poke data (directly store data to a specific address).

1. Specify

the data (1 or 2 byte hexadecimal values only) separated

the first address followed by a colon. Directly after the colon, enter

by spaces. Then

type a carriage return (refer to example 5.)

2. Enter

a colon followed by the data and type a carriage return. Data will be

stored starting from the base address (refer to example 6.)

Examples:

1. Enter: *4000 ↵

Displayed: 4000–10

• Displays 1 byte of data from the specified address.

2. Enter:

Displayed: *20 30 50 60 70 80 90 9F

↵

• Displays 8 bytes of data, starting from the base address.

3. Enter: *.4010A ↵

Displayed: 4008–A0 B0 C0 D0 E0 F0 00 10

4010–01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 4018–12 34 56

• Displays all of the data from the base address to the specified address.

Page 81

Monitor Mode Commands Section 5-3

4. Enter: *.3000 ↵

Displayed: 401B–78

• If

the “dot” address format is used and the the base address, the contents of the specified address will not be displayed. The contents of the base address will be displayed instead.

5. Enter: *3000:9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

*3000.3007 ↵

Displayed: 3000–09 08 07 06 05 04 03 21

• Pokes

6. Enter: *:11 22 33 44 55 ↵

Displayed: 3000–11 22 33 44 55 04 03 21

data in a series of addresses starting from the specified

*3000.3007 ↵

entered address is lower than

↵

address.

• Pokes data in a series of addresses starting from the base address.

Move Command

Purpose: To transfer the data stored in a consecutive range of addresses

to another place in memory

Format: M(destination start address)< (source start address). (source

end address)

Remarks This

and source address range must not overlap the destination address range; otherwise, the data will not be transferred correctly.

Example: Enter: *M3000<4000.4007

Displayed: 4000–01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Enter: *3000.3007

Displayed: 3000–01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Example Remarks: In

the above example, the contents of addresses 4000 to 4007 are transferred to

an address range starting at address 3000. The

mand.

command will transfer a block of data starting from (source start address)

ending at (source end address) to (destination start address). Note that the

↵

*4000.4007 ↵

↵

following diagram illustrates correct and incorrect usage of the Move com

Page 82

Monitor Mode Commands Section 5-3

Source start address

Source end address

Source start address

Source end address

Destination address

Proper Data Movement

Source start address

Source end address

this example, the source start address smaller than the destination address and the destination address is equal to or smaller than the source end address. Consequently, the data is not transferred

Destination address

correctly. has

not been overlapped and transfer the

data again.

Improper Data Movement

ransfer the data to an area

Destination address

that

Compare Command

Purpose: To compare two blocks of data Format: (start address 1)<(start address 2).(end address 2)

Remarks: Compares

data

the data stored from

(start address 2) to (end address 2) to a block of

of the same size starting at (start

address 1). If the contents of the two ad dress ranges differ, the corresponding address(es) where the data is not the same is displayed with its contents.

Example

Enter: *C3000<4000.4007 ↵ Displayed: 4003–FF (03)

Enter: *3000.3007 ↵ Displayed: 3000–00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Enter: *4000.4007

↵

Displayed: 4000–00 01 02 FF 04 05 06 07 Example Remarks: In

the above example, data stored in addresses 3000 to 3007 is compared with

data

stored in addresses 4000 to

dress

3003 has been found to dif

sequently,

the data stored in address 4003

4007. In this example, the data stored in ad

fer from

the data stored in address 4003. Con

(FF) and the data stored in address

3003 (03) are displayed.

Purpose: To display or change the contents of a register. Format: R(register) = (data)

(register) is one of the hardware registers: C, A, B, X, S, or P. (data) is a one or two digit hexadecimal number.

Page 83

Monitor Mode Commands Section 5-3

Remarks: If

R is entered by itself, all of the registers and their contents will be displayed.

Examples:

1. Enter: *R

Displayed: C–C0 A–00 B–01 X–ABCD S–2EFF P–5000

↵

• The contents of all the registers are displayed.

Break Point Command

2. Enter:

Displayed: C–C0 A–12 B–01 X–FF00 S–2EFF P–5000

• The

Purpose: To set a break point at a specified address

contents of the specified registers (A and

fied.

*A=12 *X=FF00 ↵ *R

↵

X) are rewritten as speci

New Command

Format Remarks

Up current break point will be set at that address.

Examples:

1. Enter:

2. Enter:

: BP[(address)]

to two break points can be set

break point(s) will be displayed. If BP is followed

*BP3000

•

Sets a Break point.

*BP

↵

Displayed: BP=3000

at the same time. If BP is entered by itself, the

↵

• Displays the currently set bread points.

3. Enter:

Displayed: BP=5000 3000

*BP5000 *BP

↵

• Up to two bread points can be set.

Purpose: To clear all bread points. Format:N

by an address, a new

Disassembler Command

Example: Enter:

Displayed: BP=0000 0000 Example Remarks:

Clears all the bread points currently set.

Purpose: To disassemble and display 20 lines of code starting from the

Format

↵

*BP

↵

specified address.

: I(address)

Page 84

Monitor Mode Commands Section 5-3

Examples:

1. Enter: *I 3000

Displayed: 3000–CE 10 00 LDX #$1000

3003–FF 40 00 STX $4000 3006–86 80 LDAA #$80

... ...

3030–81 12 CMPA #$12

• Disassembles and displays 20 lines of code starting from the specified

address.

2. Enter: *I, I ↵

Displayed: 3032–26 02 BNE $3036

3034–A7 00 STAA $00, X

3036–39 RTS .. ..

3080–08 INX

• Each

time I,I is subsequently entered, the next 20 lines

played.

of code will be dis

Save Command

Load Command

Purpose: To transfer the specified block of data to port 1 in S format Format: S(start address).(end address)

Remarks: Transfers

port 1 buffer. Example

Step 1: *S3000.300F ↵ Step 2: Press the START/STOP switch. Example Remarks The

eral device other than the input terminal needs to be connected for the data transfer, follow the peripheral data transfer procedure explained at the beginning of this section.

Purpose Format: L[(offset)]

Examples:

1. Enter:

2. Enter: *3100.310F

the data stored from (start address) to (end address) in S format to

data stored from &H3000 to &H300F will be transferred to port 1. If a periph

: To load a data file in S format through port 1

↵

Enter: *L100 ↵

Press the START/STOP switch.

• Loads

a data file in S format through port 1 and stores the file in memory

the

↵

Displayed: 3100–CE 00 00 08 26 FD 08 26

3108–FD 86 55 97 17 CE 00 00

• When

starting

an of

fset address is specified, the loaded file is stored in memory

from an address whose value is the

specified address

plus the

Page 85

Monitor Mode Commands Section 5-3

offset.

Data transfer will not start until the ASCII Unit ST

is pressed.

Verify Command

Purpose: To verify whether data sent through port 1 is the same as data

stored in the specified memory locations

ART/ST

OP switch

Go Command

Format Example:

Enter:

Displayed: 3120–12 Remarks The

The If

therein are both displayed. Data will not be verified until the ASCII Unit ST STOP switch is pressed.

If a peripheral device other than the input terminal needs to be connected for data ginning of this section.

Purpose: To execute a program Format

Example Enter: *I3000 ↵

Displayed: 3000–86 80

Enter:

Displayed: C–C8 A–80 B–FF X–0000 S–2EFF P–3005 Remarks: If an address is specified, the user program is executed starting from that ad-

dress. by the program counter.

If register contents will be displayed.

If not execute correctly.

: V[(offset)]

*V100

Press the START/STOP switch.

input data base address for data comparison is the specified address

a discrepancy is found, the address at which it occurs and the data contained

transfer

: G[(address)]

If no address is specified, execution will start from the address indicated

program execution is aborted due to a bread point, SW1, or an interrupt,

the

stack pointer is not set to the assembly language area, this command will

is compared with the data stored in the specified address range.

, follow the peripheral data transfer procedure explained at the be

3002–B7 40 00 STAA $4000

3005–20 F9 BRA $3000

*BP3005

*G3000 ↵

↵

LDAA

plus the of

#$80

fset.

ART/

↵

the

Step Command

Purpose: To execute a program one step at a time. This command is used

for debugging.

Format Example:

Enter: *T3000 ↵ Displayed: 3000–86 80

: T[(address)]

C–C8 A–80 B–00 X–0000 S–2EFF P–3002

LDAA

#$80

Page 86

Monitor Mode Commands Section 5-3

Remarks: When (address) is specified, the instruction stored starting at (address) is ex-

ecuted. If (address) is not specified, the instruction stored at the address indicated by the program counter is executed. To execute several program steps, execute the Step command as many times as required.

When Step is executed, the instruction stored at the specified address is displayed as well as the contents of all the hardware registers.

Mini-assembler

Purpose

: To assemble one line of the program at a time.

Note Mnemonics

Procedure:

1, 2, 3...

1. Key in CTRL+A

2. Type in one line of code and a carriage return.

3. To stop, key in X followed by a carriage return. Remarks: Keying

code will carriage return.

Note Always

es. Always enter a space between operands. Example: Enter: *CTRL+A

Displayed: 3000–86 80 Enter: !_LDAB_#$7F ↵

Displayed: 3002–C6 7F Enter: !_STD_$4000

Displayed: 3004–FD 40 00 STD $4000 Enter:

Displayed: 3007 48 ASLA Enter: !_BNE_$3000 ↵

Displayed: 3008 26 F6 Enter:

used in Hitachi’

in CTRL+A puts the monitor in mini-assembler mode. Each time

followed by a carriage return is subsequently entered, the mini-assembler

assemble and display it. To exit

enter a space after the prompt (!) when using command without

s HD6303X CPU operation manual

mini-assembler mode enter “x” followed by a

are used here.

a line of

address

↵

!_3000:LDAA_ #$80 ↵

LDAA

LDAB

#$80

#$7F

↵

!_ASLA

↵

BNE

$3000

↵

Arithmetic Using Hexadecimal

Purpose: To add or subtract 4-digit hexadecimal data. Format: (hex data)+(hex data)

(hex data)–(hex data)

Examples: Enter: *1234+5678

Displayed: 1234+5678=68AC Enter:

Displayed: ABCD+EF01=9ACE Enter:

Displayed: AB–12=0099

*ABCD+EF01

*AB–12

↵

Page 87

SECTION 6

Program Examples

order for the PC

program must be prepared. These two programs work with each other to coordinate the timing of communications and data

transfer

between the two devices.

The ASCII Unit can be set in one of two modes: two-word mode or four mode, the PC can use READ(88/190) and WRIT(87/191) for data transfer with the ASCII Unit. If the four-word mode, the PC must use the MOV(21/030) instruction to transfer data with the ASCII Unit.

The

first part of this section presents an explanation of the timing between the

and

WRIT(87/191) are used with the PC READ, PC WRITE, PC GET, and PC PUT statements. In order to understand the programming section carefully before going on to the examples.

The second part of this section presents example programs written for the ASCII Unit and PC with the ASCII Unit set in two-word mode.

The third part of this section presents example programs written for the ASCII Unit and PC with the ASCII Unit set in four-word mode.

The fourth and last part of this section presents an assembly language programming example. Some

of the examples also present detailed explanations of what the PC and ASCII Unit are doing during

devices respective programs. When this material is present, it is listed under the heading Execution Sequence.

and the ASCII Unit to communicate with each other

examples in this section,

it is necessary to fully understand the timing explained in this section. Please study this

, both an ASCII Unit program written in BASIC and a

-word mode. If the ASCII Unit is set in two-word ASCII Unit is set in

ASCII Unit and the PC when READ(88/190)

execution of each

6-1 T

6-2 Programs in Two-word Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-3 Programs in Four-word Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-4

iming Considerations

Assembly Language Examples

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page 88

Timing Considerations Section 6-1

6-1 Timing Considerations

READ(88/190) struction. diagram program. READ(88/190) and WRIT(87/191) give the PC the ability to transfer MOV(21/030) instruction can only transfer one word of data per cycle.

Because variable sized blocks of data can be transferred with one READ(88/190)/WRIT(87/191) instruction, the amount of time needed to complete execution of the READ(88/190)/WRIT(87/191) instruction will vary depending on how many words of data are being transferred. Therefore, the PC must tion in turned OFF. When the READ(88/190)/WRIT(87/191) instruction finishes executing, this flag is turned ON.

The READ(88/190) and the PC WRITE statement and WRIT(87/191) and the PC READ statement.

Whenever reading data with READ(88/190) and whenever the PC is writing data with WRIT(87/191), illustrates two important points:

• Whenever

• The device which is writing data always initiates data transfer.

The following rules are illustrated in the diagram on the next page: B. If

large blocks of data during one cycle time: up to 255 words at a time. The

have a method of

is completed. The PC uses the

the midst of

diagram on the following page illustrates the timing relationships between

the other one is writing.

is the I/O READ instruction and WRIT(87/191) is I/O WRITE in

These are PC commands and are executed from within the PC ladder

informing the ASCII Unit when the data transfer opera

Equals Flag for this purpose. When the PC is

executing a READ(88/190)/WRIT(87/191) instruction, this flag is

the ASCII Unit is writing

the ASCII Unit is reading data with the PC READ statement.

the ASCII Unit and the PC communicate, one of them is reading and

a READ(88/190) is executed before its

statement, it is treated as a NOP.

data with the PC WRITE statement, the PC is

This

corresponding PC WRITE

3. If a PC WRITE statement is executed before processing of a previous

PC WRITE statement is completed, it must wait for execution

of the next READ(88/190) before data transfer can begin.

6. If a PC READ statement is executed before processing of a previous PC READ statement is completed, it must wait for the next WRIT(87/191).

H. If

a WRIT(87/191) instruction is executed before processing of the previous WRIT(87/191) instruction is completed, it is treated as a NOP.

Page 89

Timing Considerations Section 6-1

Timing Between PC and ASCII Unit Instructions

READ(88/190) ← PC WRITE, WRIT(87/191) → PC

1 cycle

UM Execution

EXECUTABLE YES YES YES YES YES YESNO NO

READ(88/190)

No data in common memory

EQ=1 EQ=1 EQ=1 EQ=1 EQ=1 EQ=1

End Refresh

BCDEFGH

READ(88/190) READ(88/190) READ(88/190) WRIT(87/191) WRIT(87/191) WRIT(87/191)WRIT(87/191)

EQ=0

ASCII UNIT

3. Waits until data previously written to the common memory is written to the PC.

123 56 7

PC WRITE PC WRITE PC WRITE PC READ PC READ PC READ

1 cycle 1 cycle 1 cycle

UM Execution

wait

End Refresh

6. Waits until the data being read is transferred to

UM Execution

the common memory

End Refresh

wait

READ

UM Execution

End Refresh

Common Memory is full

ASCII UNIT

1 cycle

UM Execution

MOV(21/030) (or OUT) bit 08 to 15

PC GET (previous data)

MOV(21/030) ← PC GET, MOV(21/030) → PC PUT

1 cycle 1 cycle 1 cycle

End Refresh

PC GET

data

UM Execution

PC GET

End Refresh

MOV(21/030) (or OUT) bit 08 to 15 (Previous Data)

data

UM Execution

LMN

PC PUT

End Refresh

Same Same

(Previous Data)

UM Execution

Same 13 Data

13 Data

End Refresh

Page 90

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

6-2 Programs

Example 1

PC Program

Execution condition

#0005: DM000: 00:

Number of words to be transferred First word to transfer (DM 000) Destination word address

in T

wo-word Mode

The

following programs are executed with the ASCII Unit set in two-word mode.

For all of the following examples:

• printer is connected to port 2

• 8 bits/ no parity/ 2 stop bits

Purpose: To write data from the PC using WRIT(87/191) and to the

ASCII Unit using the PC READ statement.

ASCII Unit Program

WRIT(87/191)

#0005

DM000

Equals

Flag

To next process

PC READ “5I4” ;A, B, C, D, E

Example 2

PC Program

#0003: 01: DM010:

Number of words to be transferred Destination word address First word to transfer

Remarks: When

the execution condition

Unit

reads five words of data starting at DM 000, converts them into BCD, and

assigns

them

to the variables A through E. When execution of WRIT(87/191) is

goes ON, WRIT(87/191) is executed. The ASCII

completed, the Equals Flag is turned ON.

Purpose: To write data from the ASCII Unit using the PC WRITE

statement to the PC using the READ(88/190) instruction.

ASCII Unit Program

READ(88/190)

#0003

Equals

Flag

To next process

DM010

PC WRITE “3I4”;P,Q,R

Remarks: When

the ASCII Unit executes the PC WRITE statement, the variables P

R are converted into BCD and stored in DM 010, 011, and 012.

, Q,

and

Page 91

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

Example 3

Purpose: To enter characters from the keyboard and write them to

the PC using the PC WRITE statement and READ(88/190).

PC Program

Equals

Flag

To next process

READ(88/190)

#0002

DM020

ASCII Unit Program

OPEN #2, “KYBD:” INPUT #2, A$ PC WRITE “2A2”; A$

Example 4

#0002: 01:

DM020:

PC Program

Number of words to be transferred Destination word address

First word to transfer

Remarks: When

the PC WRITE statement is

executed, the first four characters of charac

ter string A$ are converted into ASCII code and stored in DM 0020 and 0021.

Purpose

Equals

: The

MOV(21/030)

#0003

WRIT(87/191)

#0005

DM000

Flag

To next process

PC uses interrupt number 3 to direct the ASCII Unit to

read

five words of data from the specified DM

ASCII Unit Program

000

50 ON PC 3 GOSUB 200 60 PC 3 ON

200 PC READ “5H4” ; A, B, C, D, E

addresses.

Example 5

#0005: DM000: 00:

Number of words to be transferred First word to transfer (DM 000) Destination word address

Remarks: When

the Interrupt Input goes ON, the PC writes the interrupt number to DM with the MOV(21/030) instruction and the ASCII Unit branches to the interrupt service routine at line 200. WRIT(87/191) then writes 5 words of data to the ASCII Unit which stores them in variables “A” through “E”.

Purpose

: To

read and print PC data at

specific times using the ASCII

Unit PC READ statement and WRIT(87/191)

000

Page 92

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

PC Program ASCII Unit Program

0108

3200

Equals

Flag

To next process

DIFU 3200

WRIT(87/191)

#0001

DM000

10 OPEN #2,“LPRT:(47)” 20 A$ = “00:00” 30 B$ = MID$ (TIME$, 4, 5) 40 IF B$ <:> A$ GOTO 30 50 PC PUT 1 60 PC READ, “I4” ; X 70 PC PUT 0 80 PRINT #2, “DM=” ; X 90 GOTO 30

Example 6

Example 7

#0001: DM000: 00:

PC Program

#0001: 01: DM000:

Number of words to be transferred First word to transfer (DM 000) Destination word address

Number of words to be transferred Destination word address First word to transfer

Purpose: To

READ(88/190)

Equals

Flag

DM 000

To next process

Purpose: To

input from the keyboard and write it to the PC us

ing the PC WRITE statement and READ(88/190)

ASCII Unit Program

#0001

10 INPUT I 20 PC WRITE “I4”; I 30 GOTO 10

display the state of PC bit 1000 on a display device con

nected to port 2

PC Program

#0001: DM000: 00:

WRIT(87/191)

#0001

DM000

Equals

Flag

To next process

Number of words to be transferred First word to transfer (DM 000) Destination word address

ASCII Unit Program

10 OPEN #2, “SCRN:(40)” 20 PC READ “B0”; R 30 RS$ = “ON” 40 IF R = 0 THEN RS$ = “OFF” 50 PRINT #2, “RELAY = ”; RS$ 60 GOTO 20

Page 93

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

Example 8

Purpose

PC Program ASCII Unit Program

: To

ing the PC GET statement and WRIT(87/191)

retrieve and print several types of

data from the PC us

SW1

Start 3200

Equals Flag

3200

Start

MOV(21/030)

#0100

MOV(21/030)

#0200

WRIT(87/191)

#0002

DM000

3200

10 OPEN #2, “LPRT : (47)”

20 PC READ “2I4” ; X, Y

30 PC GET I, J 40 IF J = 1 THEN GOTO 100

50 IF J = 2 THEN GOTO 200

60 GOTO 30

100 PRINT #2, “DATA1 = ” ;X

200 PRINT #2, “DATA2 = ” ;Y

Remarks: The two MOV(21/030) instructions place the data in the memory locations that

will

be read by the PC READ statement. After the MOV(21/030) instructions are

executed, the Start flag is turned ON and WRIT(87/191) is executed. Two lot size areas, stored in PC DM 000 and 001, are retrieved and printed.

Page 94

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

Example 9

Purpose

PC Program ASCII Unit Program

: To use PC interrupts to direct execution of the ASCII Unit

Start 1Start 2 Start 3

Start 2 Start 1 Start 3

Start 3 Start 1 Start 2

Always ON

WRIT(87/191)

#0002

DM000

WRIT(87/191)

#0003

DM010

WRIT(87/191)

#0004

DM100

MOV(21/030)

#0001

DM 000

MOV(21/030)

#0002

DM 010

10 OPEN #2, “LPRT: (47)” 20 ON PC 1 GOSUB 100 30 ON PC 2 GOSUB 200

40 ON PC 3 GOSUB 300

50 PC ON

60 GOTO 60 100 PC READ “2I4” ; X1, X2

110 PRINT #2, “DM1 = ”; X2 120 RETURN

200 PC READ “3I4” ; X1, X2, X3 210 PRINT #2, “DM11 = ” ; X2 220 PRINT #2, “DM12 = ” ; X3 230 RETURN

300 PC READ “4I4” ; X1, X2, X3, X4 310 PRINT #2, “DM101 = ” ; X2 320 PRINT #2, “DM102 = ” ; X3 330 PRINT #2, “DM103 = ” ; X4 340 RETURN

MOV(21/030)

#0003

DM 100

Remarks: Three

ON PC GOSUB statements are used to direct program execution to different the interrupts.

interrupt service routines.

After the branch destinations are defined by

ON PC GOSUB statements, the ON PC statement is executed enabling the

The statement “GOT

O 60” at line 60 causes the program to “sit and

wait” for a PC interrupt to initiate further action. If

PC interrupt 1 interrupts the ASCII Unit, the contents of DM 000 will be If PC interrupt 2 interrupts the ASCII Unit, printed.

If PC interrupt 3 interrupts the ASCII

the contents of DM 010 and 01

Unit, the contents of DM 100, 101,

printed.

1 will be

and 102 will be printed. Connect the printer to port 2 and set the baud rate to 4,800 bps. The lot sizes are stored in DM words as follows:

three

Page 95

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

122

Example 10

DM0000 DM0010

Lot size Lot size

Purpose: To print PC data and the time of data transfer

PC Program

Start condition

Equals Flag

#0002: DM100: 00:

Number of words to be transferred First word to transfer (DM 000) Destination word address

DM0011

WRIT(87/191)

#0002

DM100

To next process

DM0100

Lot size

10 OPEN #2, “LPRT: (47)” 20 C READ “2I4 ” ; D1, D2 30 PRINT #2, “DATA1 = ” ; D1,

40 GOTO 20

DM100 DM101

DM0101

DM0102

ASCII Unit Program

“DATA2 = ” ; D2, “TIME = ” ; TIME$

Data 1 Data 2

Lot size

Example 11

STX Data

Remarks: When

the start condition is activated, PC data and the time of transfer are output to a printer connected to port 2 of the ASCII Unit. The PC read statement and WRIT(87/191) are used to obtain the data from the PC.

Output:

DATA1 = 5678

DATA1 = 3249

Purpose: To

DATA2 = 9876

DATA2 = 12

TIME = 13:45:03

TIME = I4:02:51

input data from a bar code reader using the PC

statement Remarks: Connect the bar code reader to port 2. The following figure defines the output format of the bar code reader.

Data 2 Data 3 Data 4 Data 5 Data 6 Data 7 Data 8 Data 9

Data 10

ETX

WRITE

Page 96

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

PC Program

#0005: 01: DM000:

DM000

DM001

DM002

DM003

READ(88/190)

#0005

Equals

Flag

To next process

Number of words to be transferred Destination word address First word to transfer

Data 1

Data 3

Data 5

Data 7

Data 2

Data 4

Data 6

Data 8

DM000

ASCII Unit Program

10 OPEN #2, “COMU:(22)” 20 A$ = INPUT$ (1, #2) 30 IF A$ = CHR$(2) GOTO 50 40 GOTO 20 50 B$ = INPUT$(11, #2) 60 IF CHR$(3) = RIGHT$ (B$, 1) THEN B$ = MID$(B$, 1, 10)

ELSE GOTO 20 70 PC WRITE “5A3” ; B$ 80 GOTO 20

Example 12

DM004

Data 9

Data 10

Purpose: To transfer data from the PC to the ASCII Unit with the

ASCII Unit maintaining control

PC Program ASCII Unit Program

0108

3200

3201

3202

Equals Flag

DIFU(13/013) 3200

3201

WRIT(87/191)

#0005

DM100

3202

100 PC PUT 1 110 PC READ “5I4” ; A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 120 PC PUT 0 130 PRINT A1, A2, A3, A4, A5

Execution Sequence:

ASCII: PC:

The PC PUT 1 statement turns ON bit 0108 The

self-holding bit (3201) is set on the positive edge tran

sition of bit 0108.

3. PC: WRIT(87/191) is executed.

Page 97

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

Example 13

4. PC: When

execution of

WRIT(87/191) is complete, the Equals

Flag is turned ON and the self-holding bit is turned OFF.

ASCII:

The data is read from the PC using PC READ

6. ASCII: Turns OFF bit 0108 using the PC PUT 0 statement

ASCII:

Displays the data which is read in step 5.

Purpose: To transfer data from the ASCII Unit to the PC with the

ASCII Unit maintaining control

PC Program ASCII Unit Program

0109

3400

3401

3402

DIFU(13/013) 3400

3401

READ(88/190)

#0005

DM300

100 PC PUT 2

10 PC WRITE “5I4” ; A1, A2, A3, A4, A5

1 120 FOR J = 1 T 130 PC PUT 0

O 100 : NEXT J

Execution Sequence:

Equals

Flag

3402

1. ASCII: Turns ON bit 0109 with the PC PUT 2 statement and executes the PC WRITE statement.

2. PC: The

self-holding bit (3401) is set on the positive edge tran

sition of bit 0109.

3. PC: Executes READ(88/190) when the self-holding bit (3401) is turned ON.

4. PC: Turns ON the Equals Flag after execution of READ(88/190) is completed and then turns OFF the self-holding bit (3401).

5. ASCII: Waits

at line 120 until bit 0109 is turned ON by

wait time should be adjusted to the cycle time of the PC.

6. ASCII: Turns OFF bit 0109 with the PC PUT 0 statement.

Remarks

the PC. The

the

time required to transfer data from the ASCII Unit to the PC is shorter than

one

PC scan cycle, the PC cannot execute READ(88/190). In the above exam

ple, the ASCII Unit waits for the PC signal to be received at line 120.

Page 98

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

Example 14

Purpose

:To

transfer data from the PC

maintaining control.

to the ASCII Unit with the PC

PC Program

Start

Input

3300

3301

Execution Sequence:

3302

Equals Flag

1. PC: The

2. PC: WRIT(87/191) is executed.

4. ASCII: When the PC interrupts the ASCII Unit, execution

5. ASCII: Displays

DIFU(13/013) 3300

3301

WRIT(87/191)

3302

PC:

#0005

DM200

ASCII Unit Program

10 ON PC 1 GOSUB 100

20 PC 1 ON

90 GOTO 20 100 PC READ SUBROUTINE 110 PC READ “5I4” ; A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 120 PRINT A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 130 RETURN

self-holding bit

(3301) is set on the leading edge of the

start statement signal.

When

execution of

WRIT(87/191) is complete, the Equals

Flag is turned ON and the self-holding bit is turned OFF.

branches

to line 100 of the BASIC program and the data is

read by the PC READ statement.

the data and processing returns to line 20 to await

the next interrupt.

Page 99

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

Example 15

Purpose

:To

transfer data from the ASCII

maintaining control.

Unit to the PC with the PC

PC Program

Start

Input

3500

3501

0009

3501

3502

TIM000

Equals Flag

DIFU(13/013) 3500

3501

TIM

000

#0005

0009

READ(88/190)

#0005

DM100

3502

ASCII Unit Program

100 PC GET I, J 110 K = J AND 2 120 IF K <> 2 THEN GOTO 100 130 PC WRITE “5I4” ; A1, A2, A3, A4, A5

Execution Sequence:

Example 16

1. PC: The

self-holding bit

(3501) is set on the leading edge of the

Start Input signal.

2. PC: Turns

ON bit 0009 for 0.5 seconds with

the TIM command

after the self-holding bit has been turned ON.

3. PC: Executes READ(88/190)

4. PC: Turns ON the Equals Flag after READ(88/190) has been executed and then turns OFF the self-holding bit (3501).

5. ASCII: Monitors the setting of bit 0009 at lines 100 to 120.

6. ASCII: Executes the PC WRITE statement.

Purpose: To process data with the ASCII Unit Remarks: This

program transfers 10 words of data from the PC to the ASCII Unit (starting from PC DM 100) each time bit 1000 is turned ON. The ASCII Unit performs some calculations with the data and the results are sent back to the PC and stored in DM 200 to 214.

Page 100

Programs in Two-word Mode Section 6-2

PC Program

Start

Input

3200

0008

3200

3201

6306 Equals Flag

3201

3202

0108

3202

3203

DIFU(13/013) 3200

0008

3201

WRIT(87/191)

#0010

DM100

3202

ASCII Unit Program

100 PC GET J, K

110 L = K AND 1

120 IF L=1 THEN GOSUB 1000

( other processing )

990 GOT 1000 SUBROUTINE 1010 PC PUT 1

1020 PC READ “10H4” ; A1, A2, . . . . , A10

1030 (computation processing: assigns the values to B1 through B10 ) 1090 1

100 PC WRITE “15H4” ; B1, B2, . . . , B15 1110 PC GET J, K 1

120 L = K AND 1 1

130 IF L = 0 THEN GOT 1

140 GOT 1

150 PC PUT 0 1160 RETURN

O 100

O 1150

O 1110

3202

Execution Sequence:

6306 Equals Flag

1. PC: Detects

2. PC: Executes WRIT(87/191) when bit 3201 is turned ON.

3. PC: Turns ON the Equals Flag after the execution of

4. ASCII: Reads the status of bit 0008 with the PC GET statement.

5. ASCII: If

6. ASCII: Turns ON bit 0108 with the PC PUT 1 statement at line

7. ASCII: Executes the PC READ statement at line 1020 which as-

8. ASCII: Performs computations on variables A1 through A10 and

9. ASCII: Writes B1 through B15 to the PC at line 1100.

10.ASCII: Waits

11.ASCII: Turns OFF bit 0108 with the PC PUT 0 statement at line

12.PC: Transfers data written from the ASCII Unit to DM 200

READ(88/190)

#0015

DM200

3203

the positive edge transition of Start

Input and turns

ON bit 0008.

WRIT(87/191) is completed.

bit 0008 has been turned ON, execution branches to the

subroutine beginning at line 1000.

1010 and the self-holding bit (0008) is turned OFF.

signs the PC data to variables A1 through A10.

assigns the results to B1 through B15.

for bit 0008 to be cleared at lines 1110 through 1

140.

1150.

through 214 using the READ(88/190).

Omron C500-ASC04 Operation Manual

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