NSC COP8CCR9LVA8, COP8CCR9LVA7, COP8CCR9KMT7, COP8CCR9IMT7, COP8CCR9HVA7 Datasheet
...
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
8-Bit CMOS Flash Microcontroller with 32k Memory,
Virtual EEPROM, 10-Bit A/D and Brownout
1.0 General Description
The COP8CBR/CCR/CDR9 Flash microcontrollers are
highly integrated COP8
Flash memory and advanced features including Virtual EEPROM, A/D, High Speed Timers, USART, and Brownout
Reset. This single-chip CMOS device is suited for applica-
Device included in this datasheet:
Device
COP8CBR9 32k 1k 2.7V to 2.9V
COP8CCR9 32k 1k 4.17V to 4.5V
COP8CDR9 32k 1k No Brownout
™
Feature core devices, with 32k
Flash Program
Memory
(bytes)
RAM
(bytes)
tions requiring a full featured, in-system reprogrammable
controller with large memory and low EMI. The same device
is used for development, pre-production and volume production with a range of COP8 software and hardware development tools.
Brownout
Voltage
I/O
Pins
37,39,49,
59
37,39,49,
59
37,39,49,
59
Packages Temperature
44 LLP,
44/68 PLCC,
48/56 TSSOP
44 LLP,
44/68 PLCC,
48/56 TSSOP
44 LLP,
44/68 PLCC,
48/56 TSSOP
−40˚C to +85˚C
−40˚C to +85˚C
−40˚C to +125˚C
−40˚C to +85˚C
−40˚C to +125˚C
August 2003
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9 8-Bit CMOS Flash Based Microcontroller with 32k Memory,
Virtual EEPROM, 10-Bit A/D and Brownout
2.0 Features
KEY FEATURES
n 32 kbytes Flash Program Memory with Security Feature
n Virtual EEPROM using Flash Program Memory
n 1 kbyte volatile RAM
n 10-bit Successive Approximation Analog to Digital
Converter (up to 16 channels)
n 100% Precise Analog Emulation
n USART with onchip baud generator
n 2.7V – 5.5V In-System Programmability of Flash
n High endurance -100k Read/Write Cycles
n Superior Data Retention - 100 years
n Dual Clock Operation with HALT/IDLE Power Save
Modes
n Three 16-bit timers:
— Timers T2 and T3 can operate at high speed (50 ns
resolution)
— Processor Independent PWM mode
— External Event counter mode
— Input Capture mode
n Brown-out Reset (COP8CBR9/CCR9)
OTHER FEATURES
n Single supply operation:
— 2.7V–5.5V (−40˚C to +85˚C)
— 4.5V–5.5V (−40˚C to +125˚C)
n Quiet Design (low radiated emissions)
n Multi-Input Wake-up with optional interrupts
n MICROWIRE/PLUS (Serial Peripheral Interface
Compatible)
n Clock Doubler for 20 MHz operation from 10 MHz
Oscillator, with 0.5 µs Instruction Cycle
n Thirteen multi-source vectored interrupts servicing:
— External Interrupt
— USART (2)
— Idle Timer T0
— Three Timers (each with 2 interrupts)
— MICROWIRE/PLUS Serial peripheral interface
— Multi-Input Wake-up
— Software Trap
n Idle Timer with programmable interrupt interval
n 8-bit Stack Pointer SP (stack in RAM)
n Two 8-bit Register Indirect Data Memory Pointers
n True bit manipulation
n WATCHDOG and Clock Monitor logic
n Software selectable I/O options
— TRI-STATE
— Push-Pull Output
— Weak Pull Up Input
n Schmitt trigger inputs on I/O ports
n High Current I/Os
n Temperature range: –40˚C to +85˚C and – 40˚C to
+125˚C (COP8CCR9/CDR9)
n Packaging: 44 and 68 PLCC, 44 LLP, 48 and 56 TSSOP
n True In-System, real time emulation and debug tools
available
®
Output/High Impedance Input
COP8™is a trademark of National Semiconductor Corporation.
© 2003 National Semiconductor Corporation DS101374 www.national.com
3.0 Block Diagram
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
4.0 Ordering Information
COP8 CB R 9 H VA 8
Family and
Feature Set
Indicator
CB = Low Brownout Voltage
CC = High Brownout Voltage
CD = No Brownout
Part Numbering Scheme
Program
Memory
Size
R = 32k 9 = Flash H = 44 Pin
Program
Memory
Type
No. Of Pins
I=48Pin
k=56Pin
L = 68 Pin
Package
Type
LQ = LLP
MT = TSSOP
VA = PLCC
10137401
Temperature
7 = -40 to +125˚C
8 = -40 to +85˚C
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Table of Contents
1.0 General Description ..................................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Features ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.0 Block Diagram .............................................................................................................................................. 2
4.0 Ordering Information .................................................................................................................................... 2
5.0 Connection Diagrams ................................................................................................................................... 6
6.0 Architectural Overview ............................................................................................................................... 10
6.1 EMI REDUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 10
6.2 IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMING AND VIRTUAL EEPROM ...................................................................... 10
6.3 DUAL CLOCK AND CLOCK DOUBLER ................................................................................................. 10
6.4 TRUE IN-SYSTEM EMULATION ............................................................................................................ 10
6.5 ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................................................... 10
6.6 INSTRUCTION SET ............................................................................................................................... 10
6.6.1 Key Instruction Set Features ............................................................................................................. 10
6.6.2 Single Byte/Single Cycle Code Execution ....................................................................................... 10
6.6.3 Many Single-Byte, Multi-Function Instructions .................................................................................. 10
6.6.4 Bit-Level Control ................................................................................................................................ 11
6.6.5 Register Set ....................................................................................................................................... 11
6.7 PACKAGING/PIN EFFICIENCY .............................................................................................................. 11
7.0 Absolute Maximum Ratings ....................................................................................................................... 12
8.0 Electrical Characteristics ............................................................................................................................ 12
9.0 Pin Descriptions ......................................................................................................................................... 18
9.1 EMULATION CONNECTION ................................................................................................................... 20
10.0 Functional Description .............................................................................................................................. 20
10.1 CPU REGISTERS ................................................................................................................................. 20
10.2 PROGRAM MEMORY ........................................................................................................................... 20
10.3 DATA MEMORY .................................................................................................................................... 20
10.4 DATA MEMORY SEGMENT RAM EXTENSION .................................................................................. 21
10.4.1 Virtual EEPROM .............................................................................................................................. 22
10.5 OPTION REGISTER ............................................................................................................................. 22
10.6 SECURITY ............................................................................................................................................ 23
10.7 RESET ................................................................................................................................................... 23
10.7.1 External Reset ................................................................................................................................. 24
10.7.2 On-Chip Brownout Reset ................................................................................................................. 24
10.8 OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS ...................................................................................................................... 26
10.8.1 Oscillator .......................................................................................................................................... 26
................................................................................................................................................................... 0
10.8.2 Clock Doubler .................................................................................................................................. 27
10.9 CONTROL REGISTERS ....................................................................................................................... 27
10.9.1 CNTRL Register (Address X'00EE) ................................................................................................. 27
10.9.2 PSW Register (Address X'00EF) ..................................................................................................... 27
10.9.3 ICNTRL Register (Address X'00E8) ................................................................................................ 27
10.9.4 T2CNTRL Register (Address X'00C6) ............................................................................................. 27
10.9.5 T3CNTRL Register (Address X'00B6) ............................................................................................. 27
10.9.6 HSTCR Register (Address X'00AF) ................................................................................................ 28
10.9.7 ITMR Register (Address X'00CF) .................................................................................................... 28
10.9.8 ENAD Register (Address X'00CB) .................................................................................................. 28
11.0 In-System Programming ........................................................................................................................... 28
11.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 28
11.2 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................. 28
11.3 REGISTERS .......................................................................................................................................... 29
11.3.1 ISP Address Registers ..................................................................................................................... 29
11.3.2 ISP Read Data Register .................................................................................................................. 29
11.3.3 ISP Write Data Register ................................................................................................................... 29
11.3.4 ISP Write Timing Register ................................................................................................................ 29
11.4 MANEUVERING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN FLASH MEMORY AND BOOT ROM ..................... 30
11.5 FORCED EXECUTION FROM BOOT ROM ......................................................................................... 30
11.6 RETURN TO FLASH MEMORY WITHOUT HARDWARE RESET ....................................................... 31
11.7 MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP ........................................................................................................................ 31
11.8 USER ISP AND VIRTUAL E
11.9 RESTRICTIONS ON SOFTWARE WHEN CALLING ISP ROUTINES IN BOOT ROM ....................... 34
11.10 FLASH MEMORY DURABILITY CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................ 34
12.0 Timers ....................................................................................................................................................... 35
2
................................................................................................................ 32
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
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Table of Contents (Continued)
12.1 TIMER T0 (IDLE TIMER) ...................................................................................................................... 35
12.1.1 ITMR Register .................................................................................................................................. 36
12.2 TIMER T1, TIMER T2, AND TIMER T3 ................................................................................................ 36
12.2.1 Timer Operating Speeds .................................................................................................................. 36
12.2.2 Mode 1. Processor Independent PWM Mode ................................................................................. 36
12.2.3 Mode 2. External Event Counter Mode ........................................................................................... 37
12.2.4 Mode 3. Input Capture Mode .......................................................................................................... 37
12.3 TIMER CONTROL FLAGS .................................................................................................................... 38
13.0 Power Saving Features ............................................................................................................................ 38
13.1 POWER SAVE MODE CONTROL REGISTER .................................................................................... 39
13.2 OSCILLATOR STABILIZATION ............................................................................................................. 40
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
13.3 HIGH SPEED MODE OPERATION ......................................................................................................40
13.3.1 High Speed Halt Mode .................................................................................................................... 40
13.3.1.1 Entering The High Speed Halt Mode ......................................................................................... 40
13.3.1.2 Exiting The High Speed Halt Mode ........................................................................................... 40
13.3.1.3 HALT Exit Using Reset .............................................................................................................. 40
13.3.1.4 HALT Exit Using Multi-Input Wake-up ....................................................................................... 40
13.3.1.5 Options ....................................................................................................................................... 41
13.3.2 High Speed Idle Mode ..................................................................................................................... 41
13.4 DUAL CLOCK MODE OPERATION ......................................................................................................42
13.4.1 Dual Clock HALT Mode ................................................................................................................... 42
13.4.1.1 Entering The Dual Clock Halt Mode .......................................................................................... 42
13.4.1.2 Exiting The Dual Clock Halt Mode .............................................................................................42
13.4.1.3 HALT Exit Using Reset .............................................................................................................. 42
13.4.1.4 HALT Exit Using Multi-Input Wake-up ....................................................................................... 42
13.4.1.5 Options ....................................................................................................................................... 42
13.4.2 Dual Clock Idle Mode ...................................................................................................................... 42
13.5 LOW SPEED MODE OPERATION .......................................................................................................43
13.5.1 Low Speed HALT Mode ................................................................................................................... 43
13.5.1.1 Entering The Low Speed Halt Mode ......................................................................................... 43
13.5.1.2 Exiting The Low Speed Halt Mode ............................................................................................ 43
13.5.1.3 HALT Exit Using Reset .............................................................................................................. 43
13.5.1.4 HALT Exit Using Multi-Input Wake-up ....................................................................................... 43
13.5.1.5 Options ....................................................................................................................................... 43
13.5.2 Low Speed Idle Mode ...................................................................................................................... 44
13.6 MULTI-INPUT WAKE-UP ...................................................................................................................... 45
14.0 USART ..................................................................................................................................................... 45
14.1 USART CONTROL AND STATUS REGISTERS ................................................................................... 46
14.2 DESCRIPTION OF USART REGISTER BITS ...................................................................................... 46
14.3 ASSOCIATED I/O PINS ........................................................................................................................ 47
14.4 USART OPERATION ............................................................................................................................ 48
14.4.1 Asynchronous Mode ........................................................................................................................ 48
14.4.2 Synchronous Mode .......................................................................................................................... 48
14.5 FRAMING FORMATS ............................................................................................................................ 48
14.6 USART INTERRUPTS .......................................................................................................................... 49
14.7 BAUD CLOCK GENERATION .............................................................................................................. 49
14.8 EFFECT OF HALT/IDLE ....................................................................................................................... 51
14.9 DIAGNOSTIC ........................................................................................................................................ 51
14.10 ATTENTION MODE ............................................................................................................................. 51
14.11 BREAK GENERATION ........................................................................................................................ 51
15.0 A/D Converter ........................................................................................................................................... 51
15.1 OPERATING MODES ........................................................................................................................... 52
15.1.1 A/D Control Register ........................................................................................................................ 52
15.1.1.1 Channel Select ........................................................................................................................... 52
15.1.1.2 Multiplexor Output Select ........................................................................................................... 53
15.1.1.3 Mode Select ............................................................................................................................... 54
15.1.1.4 Prescaler Select ......................................................................................................................... 54
15.1.1.5 Busy Bit ...................................................................................................................................... 54
15.1.2 A/D Result Registers ....................................................................................................................... 54
15.2 A/D OPERATION ................................................................................................................................... 55
15.2.1 Prescaler .......................................................................................................................................... 55
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Table of Contents (Continued)
15.3 ANALOG INPUT AND SOURCE RESISTANCE CONSIDERATIONS .................................................. 55
16.0 Interrupts .................................................................................................................................................. 56
16.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 56
16.2 MASKABLE INTERRUPTS ................................................................................................................... 56
16.3 VIS INSTRUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 57
16.3.1 VIS Execution .................................................................................................................................. 58
16.4 NON-MASKABLE INTERRUPT ............................................................................................................ 59
16.4.1 Pending Flag .................................................................................................................................... 59
16.4.2 Software Trap .................................................................................................................................. 59
16.4.2.1 Programming Example: External Interrupt ................................................................................. 60
16.5 PORT L INTERRUPTS .......................................................................................................................... 61
16.6 INTERRUPT SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 61
17.0 WATCHDOG/Clock Monitor ..................................................................................................................... 61
17.1 CLOCK MONITOR ................................................................................................................................ 62
17.2 WATCHDOG/CLOCK MONITOR OPERATION .................................................................................... 62
17.3 WATCHDOG AND CLOCK MONITOR SUMMARY .............................................................................. 63
17.4 DETECTION OF ILLEGAL CONDITIONS ............................................................................................ 63
18.0 MICROWIRE/PLUS .................................................................................................................................. 63
18.1 MICROWIRE/PLUS OPERATION ......................................................................................................... 64
18.1.1 MICROWIRE/PLUS Master Mode Operation .................................................................................. 64
18.1.2 MICROWIRE/PLUS Slave Mode Operation .................................................................................... 64
18.1.2.1 Alternate SK Phase Operation and SK Idle Polarity ................................................................. 65
19.0 Memory Map ............................................................................................................................................ 66
20.0 Instruction Set .......................................................................................................................................... 67
20.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 67
20.2 INSTRUCTION FEATURES .................................................................................................................. 67
20.3 ADDRESSING MODES ......................................................................................................................... 68
20.3.1 Operand Addressing Modes ............................................................................................................ 68
20.3.2 Tranfer-of-Control Addressing Modes .............................................................................................. 69
20.4 INSTRUCTION TYPES ......................................................................................................................... 69
20.4.1 Arithmetic Instructions ...................................................................................................................... 70
20.4.2 Transfer-of-Control Instructions ....................................................................................................... 70
20.4.3 Load and Exchange Instructions ..................................................................................................... 70
20.4.4 Logical Instructions .......................................................................................................................... 70
20.4.5 Accumulator Bit Manipulation Instructions ....................................................................................... 70
20.4.6 Stack Control Instructions ................................................................................................................ 70
20.4.7 Memory Bit Manipulation Instructions ............................................................................................. 70
20.4.8 Conditional Instructions ................................................................................................................... 70
20.4.9 No-Operation Instruction .................................................................................................................. 70
20.5 REGISTER AND SYMBOL DEFINITION .............................................................................................. 70
20.6 INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 72
20.7 INSTRUCTION EXECUTION TIME ...................................................................................................... 73
21.0 Development Support .............................................................................................................................. 76
21.1 TOOLS ORDERING NUMBERS FOR THE COP8 FLASH FAMILY DEVICES ................................... 76
21.2 COP8 TOOLS OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................... 78
21.3 WHERE TO GET TOOLS ..................................................................................................................... 79
22.0 Revision History ....................................................................................................................................... 80
23.0 Physical Dimensions ................................................................................................................................ 83
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
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5.0 Connection Diagrams
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
Top View
Plastic Chip Package
See NS Package Number V68A
Top View
LLP Package
See NS Package Number LQA44A
10137402
10137455
Top View
10137403
Plastic Chip Package
See NS Package Number V44A
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Top View
10137456
TSSOP Package
See NS Package Number MTD48
5.0 Connection Diagrams (Continued)
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
Top View
TSSOP Package
See NS Package Number MTD56
10137457
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5.0 Connection Diagrams (Continued)
TABLE 1. Pinouts for All Packages
In System
Port Type Alt. Fun
L0 I/O MIWU or Low Speed OSC In 16 11 11 15 22
L1 I/O MIWU or CKX or Low Speed
OSC Out
L2 I/O MIWU or TDX 18 13 13 17 24
L3 I/O MIWU or RDX 19 14 14 18 25
L4 I/O MIWU or T2A 20 15 15 19 26
L5 I/O MIWU or T2B 21 16 16 20 27
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
L6 I/O MIWU or T3A 22 17 17 21 28
L7 I/O MIWU or T3B 23 18 18 22 29
G0 I/O INT Input 7 2223
G1 I/O WDOUT
G2 I/O T1B Output 9 4445
G3 I/O T1A Clock 10 5556
G4 I/O SO 11 6 6 6 11
G5 I/O SK 12 7 7 7 12
G6 I SI 13 8 8 8 13
G7 I CKO 14 9 9 9 14
D0O 42 37414958
D1O 43 38425059
D2O 44 39435160
D3 O 1 40 44 52 61
D4 O 2 41 45 53 62
D5 O 3 42 46 54 63
D6 O 4 43 47 55 64
D7 O 5 44 48 56 65
E0 I/O 47 54
E1 I/O 48 55
E2 I/O 56
E3 I/O 57
E4 I/O 67
E5 I/O 68
E6 I/O 1
E7 I/O 2
C0 I/O 11 18
C1 I/O 12 19
C2 I/O 13 20
C3 I/O 14 21
C4 I/O 23 30
C5 I/O 24 31
C6 I/O 25 32
C7 I/O 26 33
A0 I/O ADCH0 33 39 46
A1 I/O ADCH1 34 40 47
A2 I/O ADCH2 36 31 35 41 48
A3 I/O ADCH3 37 32 36 42 49
A4 I/O ADCH4 38 33 37 43 50
a
Emulation
Mode
POUT 8 3334
44-Pin LLP
17 12 12 16 23
44-Pin
PLCC
48-Pin
TSSOP
56-Pin
TSSOP
68-Pin
PLCC
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5.0 Connection Diagrams (Continued)
TABLE 1. Pinouts for All Packages (Continued)
In System
Port Type Alt. Fun
Emulation
44-Pin LLP
Mode
A5 I/O ADCH5 39 34 38 44 51
A6 I/O ADCH6 40 35 39 45 52
A7 I/O ADCH7 41 36 40 46 53
B0 I/O ADCH8 24 19 19 27 34
B1 I/O ADCH9 25 20 20 28 35
B2 I/O ADCH10 26 21 21 29 36
B3 I/O ADCH11 27 22 22 30 37
B4 I/O ADCH12 28 23 23 31 38
B5 I/O ADCH13 or A/D MUX OUT 29 24 24 32 39
B6 I/O ADCH14 or A/D MUX OUT 30 25 25 33 40
B7 I/O ADCH15 or A/DIN 31 26 26 34 41
F0 I/O 7
F1 I/O 8
F2 I/O 9
F3 I/O 10
DV
CC
V
CC
35 30 32 38 17, 45
DGND GND 32 27 27 35 16, 42
AV
CC
34 29 31 37 44
AGND 33 28 28 36 43
CKII 15 10101015
RESET
a. G1 operation as WDOUT is controlled by Option Register bit 2.
I RESET 6 11166
44-Pin
PLCC
48-Pin
TSSOP
56-Pin
TSSOP
68-Pin
PLCC
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
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6.0 Architectural Overview
6.1 EMI REDUCTION
The COP8CBR/CCR/CDR devices incorporate circuitry that
guards against electromagnetic interference - an increasing
problem in today’s microcontroller board designs. National’s
patented EMI reduction technology offers low EMI clock
circuitry, gradual turn-on output drivers (GTOs) and internal
Icc smoothing filters, to help circumvent many of the EMI
issues influencing embedded control designs. National has
achieved 15 dB–20 dB reduction in EMI transmissions when
designs have incorporated its patented EMI reducing circuitry.
6.2 IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMING AND VIRTUAL
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
EEPROM
The device includes a program in a boot ROM that provides
the capability, through the MICROWIRE/PLUS serial interface, to erase, program and read the contents of the Flash
memory.
Additional routines are included in the boot ROM, which can
be called by the user program, to enable the user to customize in system software update capability if MICROWIRE/
PLUS is not desired.
Additional functions will copy blocks of data between the
RAM and the Flash Memory. These functions provide a
virtual EEPROM capability by allowing the user to emulate a
variable amount of EEPROM by initializing nonvolatile variables from the Flash Memory and occasionally restoring
these variables to the Flash Memory.
The contents of the boot ROM have been defined by National. Execution of code from the boot ROM is dependent
on the state of the FLEX bit in the Option Register on exit
from RESET. If the FLEX bit is a zero, the Flash Memory is
assumed to be empty and execution from the boot ROM
begins. For further information on the FLEX bit, refer to
Section 4.5, Option Register.
6.3 DUAL CLOCK AND CLOCK DOUBLER
The device includes a versatile clocking system and two
oscillator circuits designed to drive a crystal or ceramic
resonator. The primary oscillator operates at high speed up
to 10 MHz. The secondary oscillator is optimized for operation at 32.768 kHz.
The user can, through specified transition sequences
(please refer to 13.0 Power Saving Features), switch execution between the high speed and low speed oscillators. The
unused oscillator can then be turned off to minimize power
dissipation. If the low speed oscillator is not used, the pins
are available as general purpose bidirectional ports.
The operation of the CPU will use a clock at twice the
frequency of the selected oscillator (up to 20 MHz for high
speed operation and 65.536 kHz for low speed operation).
This doubled clock will be referred to in this document as
‘MCLK’. The frequency of the selected oscillator will be
referred to as CKI. Instruction execution occurs at one tenth
the selected MCLK rate.
6.4 TRUE IN-SYSTEM EMULATION
On-chip emulation capability has been added which allows
the user to perform true in-system emulation using final
production boards and devices. This simplifies testing and
evaluation of software in real environmental conditions. The
user, merely by providing for a standard connector which can
be bypassed by jumpers on the final application board, can
provide for software and hardware debugging using actual
production units.
6.5 ARCHITECTURE
The COP8 family is based on a modified Harvard architecture, which allows data tables to be accessed directly from
program memory. This is very important with modern
microcontroller-based applications, since program memory
is usually ROM or EPROM, while data memory is usually
RAM. Consequently constant data tables need to be contained in non-volatile memory, so they are not lost when the
microcontroller is powered down. In a modified Harvard architecture, instruction fetch and memory data transfers can
be overlapped with a two stage pipeline, which allows the
next instruction to be fetched from program memory while
the current instruction is being executed using data memory.
This is not possible with a Von Neumann single-address bus
architecture.
The COP8 family supports a software stack scheme that
allows the user to incorporate many subroutine calls. This
capability is important when using High Level Languages.
With a hardware stack, the user is limited to a small fixed
number of stack levels.
6.6 INSTRUCTION SET
In today’s 8-bit microcontroller application arena cost/
performance, flexibility and time to market are several of the
key issues that system designers face in attempting to build
well-engineered products that compete in the marketplace.
Many of these issues can be addressed through the manner
in which a microcontroller’s instruction set handles processing tasks. And that’s why the COP8 family offers a unique
and code-efficient instruction set - one that provides the
flexibility, functionality, reduced costs and faster time to market that today’s microcontroller based products require.
Code efficiency is important because it enables designers to
pack more on-chip functionality into less program memory
space (ROM, OTP or Flash). Selecting a microcontroller with
less program memory size translates into lower system
costs, and the added security of knowing that more code can
be packed into the available program memory space.
6.6.1 Key Instruction Set Features
The COP8 family incorporates a unique combination of instruction set features, which provide designers with optimum
code efficiency and program memory utilization.
6.6.2 Single Byte/Single Cycle Code Execution
The efficiency is due to the fact that the majority of instructions are of the single byte variety, resulting in minimum
program space. Because compact code does not occupy a
substantial amount of program memory space, designers
can integrate additional features and functionality into the
microcontroller program memory space. Also, the majority
instructions executed by the device are single cycle, resulting in minimum program execution time. In fact, 77% of the
instructions are single byte single cycle, providing greater
code and I/O efficiency, and faster code execution.
6.6.3 Many Single-Byte, Multi-Function Instructions
The COP8 instruction set utilizes many single-byte, multifunction instructions. This enables a single instruction to
accomplish multiple functions, such as DRSZ, DCOR, JID,
LD (Load) and X (Exchange) instructions with postincrementing and post-decrementing, to name just a few
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6.0 Architectural Overview (Continued)
examples. In many cases, the instruction set can simultaneously execute as many as three functions with the same
single-byte instruction.
JID: (Jump Indirect); Single byte instruction decodes external events and jumps to corresponding service routines
(analogous to “DO CASE” statements in higher level languages).
LAID: (Load Accumulator-Indirect); Single byte look up table
instruction provides efficient data path from the program
memory to the CPU. This instruction can be used for table
lookup and to read the entire program memory for checksum
calculations.
RETSK: (Return Skip); Single byte instruction allows return
from subroutine and skips next instruction. Decision to
branch can be made in the subroutine itself, saving code.
AUTOINC/DEC: (Auto-Increment/Auto-Decrement); These
instructions use the two memory pointers B and X to efficiently process a block of data (simplifying “FOR NEXT” or
other loop structures in higher level languages).
6.6.4 Bit-Level Control
Bit-level control over many of the microcontroller’s I/O ports
provides a flexible means to ease layout concerns and save
board space. All members of the COP8 family provide the
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
ability to set, reset and test any individual bit in the data
memory address space, including memory-mapped I/O ports
and associated registers.
6.6.5 Register Set
Three memory-mapped pointers handle register indirect addressing and software stack pointer functions. The memory
data pointers allow the option of post-incrementing or postdecrementing with the data movement instructions (LOAD/
EXCHANGE). And 15 memory-mapped registers allow designers to optimize the precise implementation of certain
specific instructions.
6.7 PACKAGING/PIN EFFICIENCY
Real estate and board configuration considerations demand
maximum space and pin efficiency, particularly given today’s
high integration and small product form factors. Microcontroller users try to avoid using large packages to get the I/O
needed. Large packages take valuable board space and
increase device cost, two trade-offs that microcontroller designs can ill afford.
The COP8 family offers a wide range of packages and does
not waste pins.
www.national.com11
7.0 Absolute Maximum Ratings
(Note 1)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Supply Voltage (V
Voltage at Any Pin −0.3V to V
Total Current into V
)7V
CC
+0.3V
CC
Pin (Source) 200 mA
CC
8.0 Electrical Characteristics
Total Current out of GND Pin (Sink) 200 mA
Storage Temperature Range −65˚C to +140˚C
ESD Protection Level 2 kV (Human Body
Model)
Note 1: Absolute maximum ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to
the device may occur. DC and AC electrical specifications are not ensured
when operating the device at absolute maximum ratings.
DC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ T
Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
≤ +85˚C)
A
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Operating Voltage 2.7 5.5 V
Power Supply Rise Time 10 50 x 10
Power Supply Ripple (Note 2) Peak-to-Peak 0.1 V
CC
Supply Current (Note 3)
High Speed Mode
CKI = 10 MHz V
CKI = 3.33 MHz V
= 5.5V, tC= 0.5 µs 13.2 mA
CC
= 4.5V, tC= 1.5 µs 6 mA
CC
Dual Clock Mode
CKI = 10 MHz, Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
CKI = 3.33 MHz, Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
= 5.5V, tC= 0.5 µs 13.2 mA
CC
= 4.5V, tC= 1.5 µs 6 mA
CC
Low Speed Mode
Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
= 5.5V 60 103 µA
CC
HALT Current with BOR Disabled (Note 4)
High Speed Mode V
Dual Clock Mode V
Low Speed Mode V
= 5.5V, CKI=0MHz
CC
= 5.5V, CKI = 0 MHz, Low
CC
Speed OSC = 32 kHz
= 5.5V, CKI = 0 MHz, Low
CC
Speed OSC = 32 kHz
<
210 µA
<
517 µA
<
517 µA
Idle Current (Note 3)
High Speed Mode
CKI = 10 MHz V
CKI = 3.33 MHz V
= 5.5V, tC= 0.5 µs 2.5 mA
CC
= 4.5V, tC= 1.5 µs 1.2 mA
CC
Dual Clock Mode
CKI = 10 MHz, Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
CKI = 3.33 MHz, Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
= 5.5V, tC= 0.5 µs 2.5 mA
CC
= 4.5V, tC= 1.5 µs 1.2 mA
CC
Low Speed Mode
Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
Supply Current for BOR Feature V
= 5.5V 15 30 µA
CC
= 5.5V 45 µA
CC
High Brownout Trip Level (BOR Enabled) 4.17 4.28 4.5 V
Low Brownout Trip Level (BOR Enabled) 2.7 2.78 2.9 V
Input Levels (V
Logic High 0.8 V
Logic Low 0.16 V
Internal Bias Resistor for the CKI
Crystal/Resonator Oscillator
Hi-Z Input Leakage V
Input Pullup Current V
Port Input Hysteresis 0.25 V
IH,VIL
)
CC
CC
0.3 1.0 2.5 MΩ
= 5.5V −0.5 +0.5 µA
CC
= 5.5V, VIN= 0V −50 −210 µA
CC
CC
6
ns
V
V
V
V
www.national.com 12
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
8.0 Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
DC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA≤ +85˚C) (Continued)
Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Output Current Levels
D Outputs
Source V
Sink (Note 7) V
All Others
Source (Weak Pull-Up Mode) V
Source (Push-Pull Mode) V
Sink (Push-Pull Mode) (Note 7) V
TRI-STATE Leakage V
Allowable Sink Current per Pin 15 mA
Maximum Input Current without Latchup (Note 5)
RAM Retention Voltage, V
(in HALT Mode) 2.0 V
R
Input Capacitance 7pF
Load Capacitance on D2 1000 pF
Voltage on G6 to Force Execution from Boot
ROM(Note 8)
G6 Rise Time to Force Execution from Boot ROM 100 nS
Input Current on G6 when Input
>
V
CC
Flash Memory Data Retention 25˚C 100 yrs
Flash Memory Number of Erase/Write Cycles See Table 13, Typical Flash
= 4.5V, VOH= 3.8V −7 mA
CC
V
= 2.7V, VOH= 1.8V −4 mA
CC
= 4.5V, VOL= 1.0V 10 mA
CC
V
= 2.7V, VOL= 0.4V 3.5 mA
CC
= 4.5V, VOH= 3.8V −10 µA
CC
V
= 2.7V, VOH= 1.8V −5 µA
CC
= 4.5V, VOH= 3.8V −7 mA
CC
V
= 2.7V, VOH= 1.8V −4 mA
CC
= 4.5V, VOL= 1.0V 10 mA
CC
V
= 2.7V, VOL= 0.4V 3.5 mA
CC
= 5.5V −0.5 +0.5 µA
CC
±
200 mA
G6 rise time must be slower than
100 ns
2xV
CC
VCC+7 V
VIN= 11V, VCC= 5.5V 500 µA
5
Memory Endurance
10
cycles
AC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA≤ +85˚C)
Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Instruction Cycle Time (t
Crystal/Resonator 4.5V ≤ V
Flash Memory Page Erase Time See Table 13, Typical
Flash Memory Mass Erase Time 8 ms
Frequency of MICROWIRE/PLUS in
Slave Mode
MICROWIRE/PLUS Setup Time (t
MICROWIRE/PLUS Hold Time (t
MICROWIRE/PLUS Output Propagation
UPD
)
Delay (t
Input Pulse Width
Interrupt Input High Time 1 t
Interrupt Input Low Time 1 t
Timer 1 Input High Time 1 t
)
C
≤ 5.5V 0.5 DC µs
CC
2.7V ≤ V
Flash Memory
<
4.5V 1.5 DC µs
CC
1ms
Endurance
2 MHz
)20ns
UWS
)20ns
UWH
150 ns
www.national.com13
C
C
C
8.0 Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
AC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA≤ +85˚C) (Continued)
Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Timer 1 Input Low Time 1 t
Timer 2, 3 Input High Time (Note 6) 1 MCLK or t
Timer 2, 3 Input Low Time (Note 6) 1 MCLK or t
Output Pulse Width
Timer 2, 3 Output High Time 150 ns
Timer 2, 3 Output Low Time 150 ns
USART Bit Time when using External
CKX
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
USART CKX Frequency when being
Driven by Internal Baud Rate Generator
Reset Pulse Width 1 t
tC= instruction cycle time.
<
Note 2: Maximum rate of voltage change must be
Note 3: Supply and IDLE currents are measured with CKI driven with a square wave Oscillator, CKO driven 180˚ out of phase with CKI, inputs connected to V
and outputs driven low but not connected to a load.
Note 4: The HALT mode will stop CKI from oscillating. Measurement of I
and G2–G5 programmed as low outputs and not driving a load; all D outputs programmed low and not driving a load; all inputs tied to V
monitor and BOR disabled. Parameter refers to HALT mode entered via setting bit 7 of the G Port data register.
Note 5: Pins G6 and RESET are designed with a high voltage input network. These pins allow input voltages
biased at voltages>VCC(the pins do not have source current when biased at a voltage below VCC). These two pins will not latch up. The voltage at the pins must
be limited to
Note 6: If timer is in high speed mode, the minimum time is 1 MCLK. If timer is not in high speed mode, the minimum time is 1 t
Note 7: Absolute Maximum Ratings should not be exceeded.
Note 8: V
<
14V. WARNING: Voltages in excess of 14V will cause damage to the pins. This warning excludes ESD transients.
must be valid and stable before G6 is raised to a high voltage.
cc
0.5 V/ms.
HALT is done with device neither sourcing nor sinking current; with L. A. B, C, E, F, G0,
DD
6 CKI
periods
2 MHz
; A/D converter and clock
CC
>
VCCand the pins will have sink current to VCCwhen
.
C
C
C
C
C
CC
A/D Converter Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA≤ +85˚C unless
otherwise noted) (Single-ended mode only)
Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Resolution 10 Bits
DNL V
DNL V
=5V
CC
= 3V,
CC
−20˚C ≤ T
≤ +85˚C
A
INL VCC=5V
INL V
Offset Error V
Offset Error V
Gain Error V
Gain Error V
Input Voltage Range 2.7V ≤ V
= 3V,
CC
−20˚C ≤ T
CC
CC
−20˚C ≤ T
CC
CC
−20˚C ≤ T
≤ +85˚C
A
= 5V +2.5, −1 LSB
= 3V,
≤ +85˚C
A
= 5V +0.5, −2.5 LSB
= 3V,
≤ +85˚C
A
<
5.5V 0 V
CC
Analog Input Leakage Current 0.5 µA
Analog Input Resistance (Note 9) 6k Ω
Analog Input Capacitance 7pF
Conversion Clock Period 4.5V ≤ V
2.7V ≤ V
<
5.5V
CC
<
4.5V
CC
0.8
1.2
±
1 LSB
±
1 LSB
±
3 LSB
±
4 LSB
±
2.5 LSB
±
2.5 LSB
CC
30
30
V
µs
µs
www.national.com 14
8.0 Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
A/D Converter Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA≤ +85˚C unless
otherwise noted) (Single-ended mode only)
Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Conversion Time (including S/H Time) 15 A/D
Operating Current on AV
Note 9: Resistance between the device input and the internal sample and hold capacitance.
CC
AVCC= 5.5V 0.2 0.6 mA
(Continued)
Conversion
Clock
Cycles
DC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA≤ +125˚C)
Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Operating Voltage 4.5 5.5 V
Power Supply Rise Time 10 50 x 10
Power Supply Ripple (Note 2) Peak-to-Peak 0.1 V
Supply Current (Note 3)
High Speed Mode
CKI = 10 MHz V
CKI = 3.33 MHz V
= 5.5V, tC= 0.5 µs 14.5 mA
CC
= 4.5V, tC= 1.5 µs 7 mA
CC
Dual Clock Mode
CKI = 10 MHz, Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
CKI = 3.33 MHz, Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
= 5.5V, tC= 0.5 µs 14.5 mA
CC
= 4.5V, tC= 1.5 µs 7 mA
CC
Low Speed Mode
Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
= 5.5V 65 110 µA
CC
HALT Current with BOR Disabled (Note 4)
High Speed Mode V
Dual Clock Mode V
Low Speed Mode V
= 5.5V, CKI=0MHz
CC
= 5.5V, CKI = 0 MHz, Low
CC
Speed OSC = 32 kHz
= 5.5V, CKI = 0 MHz, Low
CC
Speed OSC = 32 kHz
<
440 µA
<
950 µA
<
950 µA
Idle Current (Note 3)
High Speed Mode
CKI = 10 MHz V
= 5.5V, tC= 0.5 µs 2.7 mA
CC
Dual Clock Mode
CKI = 10 MHz, Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
= 5.5V, tC= 0.5 µs 2.7 mA
CC
Low Speed Mode
Low Speed OSC = 32 kHz V
Supply Current for BOR Feature V
= 5.5V 30 70 µA
CC
= 5.5V 45 µA
CC
High Brownout Trip Level (BOR Enabled) 4.17 4.28 4.5 V
Input Levels (V
Logic High 0.8 V
IH,VIL
)
CC
Logic Low 0.16 V
Internal Bias Resistor for the CKI
Crystal/Resonator Oscillator
Hi-Z Input Leakage V
Input Pullup Current V
= 5.5V −3 +3 µA
CC
= 5.5V, VIN= 0V −40 −250 µA
CC
Port Input Hysteresis 0.25 V
0.3 1.0 2.5 MΩ
CC
6
CC
CC
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
ns
V
V
V
V
www.national.com15
8.0 Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
DC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA≤ +125˚C) (Continued)
Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Output Current Levels
D Outputs
Source V
Sink (Note 7) V
All Others
Source (Weak Pull-Up Mode) V
Source (Push-Pull Mode) V
Sink (Push-Pull Mode) (Note 7) V
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
TRI-STATE Leakage V
Allowable Sink Current per Pin 1mA
Maximum Input Current without Latchup (Note 5)
RAM Retention Voltage, V
(in HALT Mode) 2.0 V
R
Input Capacitance 7pF
Load Capacitance on D2 1000 pF
Voltage on G6 to Force Execution from Boot
ROM(Note 8)
G6 Rise Time to Force Execution from Boot ROM 100 nS
Input Current on G6 when Input
>
V
CC
= 4.5V, VOH= 3.8V −6.3 mA
CC
= 4.5V, VOL= 1.0V 9 mA
CC
= 4.5V, VOH= 3.8V −9 µA
CC
= 4.5V, VOH= 3.8V −6.3 mA
CC
= 4.5V, VOL= 1.0V 9 mA
CC
= 5.5V −3 +3 µA
CC
±
200 mA
G6 rise time must be slower than
100 ns
2xV
CC
VCC+7 V
VIN= 11V, VCC= 5.5V 500 µA
AC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA≤ +125˚C)
Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Instruction Cycle Time (t
Crystal/Resonator 4.5V ≤ V
Output Propagation Delay R
Frequency of MICROWIRE/PLUS in
Slave Mode
MICROWIRE/PLUS Setup Time (t
MICROWIRE/PLUS Hold Time (t
MICROWIRE/PLUS Output Propagation
UPD
)
Delay (t
Input Pulse Width
Interrupt Input High Time 1 t
Interrupt Input Low Time 1 t
Timer 1 Input High Time 1 t
Timer 1 Input Low Time 1 t
Timer 2, 3 Input High Time (Note 6) 1 MCLK or t
Timer 2, 3 Input Low Time (Note 6) 1 MCLK or t
Output Pulse Width
Timer 2, 3 Output High Time 150 ns
Timer 2, 3 Output Low Time 150 ns
USART Bit Time when using External
CKX
USART CKX Frequency when being
Driven by Internal Baud Rate Generator
Reset Pulse Width 0.5 t
tC= instruction cycle time.
Note 10: Maximum rate of voltage change must be
)
C
≤ 5.5V 0.5 DC µs
CC
=2.2k, CL= 100 pF
L
2 MHz
)20ns
UWS
)20ns
UWH
150 ns
6 CKI
periods
2 MHz
<
0.5 V/ms.
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
www.national.com 16
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
8.0 Electrical Characteristics (Continued)
AC Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA≤ +125˚C) (Continued)
Note 11: Supply and IDLE currents are measured with CKI driven with a square wave Oscillator, CKO driven 180˚ out of phase with CKI, inputs connected to V
and outputs driven low but not connected to a load.
Note 12: The HALT mode will stop CKI from oscillating. Measurement of I
G0, and G2–G5 programmed as low outputs and not driving a load; all D outputs programmed low and not driving a load; all inputs tied to V
clock monitor and BOR disabled. Parameter refers to HALT mode entered via setting bit 7 of the G Port data register.
Note 13: Pins G6 and RESET are designed with a high voltage input network. These pins allow input voltages
when biased at voltages>VCC(the pins do not have source current when biased at a voltage below VCC). These two pins will not latch up. The voltage at the pins
must be limited to
Note 14: If timer is in high speed mode, the minimum time is 1 MCLK. If timer is not in high speed mode, the minimum time is 1 t
Note 15: Absolute Maximum Ratings should not be exceeded.
Note 16: V
<
(VCC+7V.WARNING: Voltages in excess of 14V will cause damage to the pins. This warning excludes ESD transients.
must be valid and stable before G6 is raised to a high voltage.
cc
HALT is done with device neither sourcing nor sinking current; with L. A. B, C, E, F,
DD
>
VCCand the pins will have sink current to V
C
.
; A/D converter and
CC
CC
CC
A/D Converter Electrical Characteristics (−40˚C ≤ TA≤ +125˚C)
(Single-ended mode only)
Datasheet min/max specification limits are guaranteed by design, test, or statistical analysis.
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
Resolution 10 Bits
DNL V
INL V
Offset Error V
Gain Error V
Input Voltage Range 4.5V ≤ V
=5V
CC
=5V
CC
= 5V +2.5, −1 LSB
CC
= 5V +0.5, −2.5 LSB
CC
<
5.5V 0 V
CC
Analog Input Leakage Current 0.5 µA
Analog Input Resistance (Note 9) 6k Ω
Analog Input Capacitance 7pF
Conversion Clock Period 4.5V ≤ V
<
5.5V 0.8 30 µs
CC
Conversion Time (including S/H Time) 15 A/D
Operating Current on AV
Note 17: Resistance between the device input and the internal sample and hold capacitance.
CC
AVCC= 5.5V 0.2 0.6 mA
±
1 LSB
±
3 LSB
CC
Conversion
Cycles
V
Clock
FIGURE 1. MICROWIRE/PLUS Timing
10137405
www.national.com17
9.0 Pin Descriptions
The COP8CBR/CCR/CDR I/O structure enables designers
to reconfigure the microcontroller’s I/O functions with a
single instruction. Each individual I/O pin can be independently configured as output pin low, output high, input with
high impedance or input with weak pull-up device. A typical
example is the use of I/O pins as the keyboard matrix input
lines. The input lines can be programmed with internal weak
pull-ups so that the input lines read logic high when the keys
are all open. With a key closure, the corresponding input line
will read a logic zero since the weak pull-up can easily be
overdriven. When the key is released, the internal weak
pull-up will pull the input line back to logic high. This eliminates the need for external pull-up resistors. The high current options are available for driving LEDs, motors and
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
speakers. This flexibility helps to ensure a cleaner design,
with less external components and lower costs. Below is the
general description of all available pins.
and GND are the power supply pins. All VCCand GND
V
CC
pins must be connected.
Users of the LLP package are cautioned to be aware that the
central metal area and the pin 1 index mark on the bottom of
the package may be connected to GND. See figure below:
10137470
FIGURE 2. LLP Package Bottom View
CKI is the clock input. This can be connected (in conjunction
with CKO) to an external crystal circuit to form a crystal
oscillator. See Oscillator Description section.
RESET is the master reset input. See Reset description
section.
is the Analog Supply for A/D converter. It should be
AV
CC
connected to V
resistor ladder D/A converter used within the A/D converter.
AGND is the ground pin for the A/D converter. It should be
connected to GND externally. This is also the bottom of the
resistor ladder D/A converter used within the A/D converter.
The device contains up to six bidirectional 8-bit I/O ports (A,
B, C, E, G and L) and one 4-bit I/O port (F), where each
individual bit may be independently configured as an input
(Schmitt trigger inputs on ports L and G), output or TRISTATE under program control. Three data memory address
locations are allocated for each of these I/O ports. Each I/O
port has three associated 8-bit memory mapped registers,
the CONFIGURATION register, the output DATA register and
the Pin input register. (See the memory map for the various
addresses associated with the I/O ports.) Figure 3 shows the
I/O port configurations. The DATA and CONFIGURATION
registers allow for each port bit to be individually configured
externally. This is also the top of the
CC
under software control as shown below:
CONFIGURATION
Register
0 0 Hi-Z Input
0 1 Input with Weak Pull-Up
1 0 Push-Pull Zero Output
1 1 Push-Pull One Output
DATA
Register
Port Set-Up
(TRI-STATE Output)
Port A is an 8-bit I/O port. All A pins have Schmitt triggers on
the inputs. The 44-pin package does not have a full 8-bit port
and contains some unbonded, floating pads internally on the
chip. The binary value read from these bits is undetermined.
The application software should mask out these unknown
bits when reading the Port A register, or use only bit-access
program instructions when accessing Port A. These unconnected bits draw power only when they are addressed (i.e.,
in brief spikes). Additionally, if Port A is being used with some
combination of digital inputs and analog inputs, the analog
inputs will read as undetermined values and should be
masked out by software.
Port A supports the analog inputs for the A/D converter. Port
A has the following alternate pin functions:
A7 Analog Channel 7
A6 Analog Channel 6
A5 Analog Channel 5
A4 Analog Channel 4
A3 Analog Channel 3
A2 Analog Channel 2
A1 Analog Channel 1
A0 Analog Channel 0
Port B is an 8-bit I/O port. All B pins have Schmitt triggers on
the inputs. If Port B is being used with some combination of
digital inputs and analog inputs, the analog inputs will read
as undetermined values. The application software should
mask out these unknown bits when reading the Port B
register, or use only bit-access program instructions when
accessing Port B.
Port B supports the analog inputs for the A/D converter. Port
B has the following alternate pin functions:
B7 Analog Channel 15 or A/D Input
B6 Analog Channel 14 or Analog Multiplexor Output
B5 Analog Channel 13 or Analog Multiplexor Output
B4 Analog Channel 12
B3 Analog Channel 11
B2 Analog Channel 10
B1 Analog Channel 9
B0 Analog Channel 8
Port C is an 8-bit I/O port. The 44-pin device does not offer
Port C. The unavailable pins are not terminated. A read
operation on these unterminated pins will return unpredictable values. On this device, the associated Port C Data and
Configuration registers should not be used. All C pins have
Schmitt triggers on the inputs. Port C draws no power when
unbonded.
Port E is an 8-bit I/O Port. The 44-pin device does not offer
Port E. The unavailable pins are not terminated. A read
operation on these unterminated pins will return unpredictable values. On this device, the associated Port E Data and
www.national.com 18
9.0 Pin Descriptions (Continued)
Configuration registers should not be used. All E pins have
Schmitt triggers on the inputs. Port E draws no power when
unbonded.
Port F is a 4-bit I/O Port. All F pins have Schmitt triggers on
the inputs.
The 68-pin package has fewer than eight Port F pins, and
contains unbonded, floating pads internally on the chip. The
binary values read from these bits are undetermined. The
application software should mask out these unknown bits
when reading the Port F register, or use only bit-access
program instructions when accessing Port F. The unconnected bits draw power only when they are addressed (i.e.,
in brief spikes).
Port G is an 8-bit port. Pin G0, G2–G5 are bi-directional I/O
ports. Pin G6 is always a general purpose Hi-Z input. All pins
have Schmitt Triggers on their inputs. Pin G1 serves as the
dedicated WATCHDOG output with weak pull-up if the
WATCHDOG feature is selected by the Option register.
The pin is a general purpose I/O if WATCHDOG feature is
not selected. If WATCHDOG feature is selected, bit 1 of the
Port G configuration and data register does not have any
effect on Pin G1 setup. G7 serves as the dedicated output
pin for the CKO clock output.
Since G6 is an input only pin and G7 is the dedicated CKO
clock output pin, the associated bits in the data and configuration registers for G6 and G7 are used for special purpose
functions as outlined below. Reading the G6 and G7 data
bits will return zeros.
The device will be placed in the HALT mode by writing a “1”
to bit 7 of the Port G Data Register. Similarly the device will
be placed in the IDLE mode by writing a “1” to bit 6 of the
Port G Data Register.
Writing a “1” to bit 6 of the Port G Configuration Register
enables the MICROWIRE/PLUS to operate with the alternate phase of the SK clock. The G7 configuration bit, if set
high, enables the clock start up delay after HALT when the
R/C clock configuration is used.
Config. Reg. Data Reg.
G7 CLKDLY HALT
G6 Alternate SK IDLE
L4 Multi-input Wake-up or T2A (Timer T2A Input/Output)
L3 Multi-Input Wake-up and/or RDX (USART Receive)
L2 Multi-Input Wake-up or TDX (USART Transmit)
L1 Multi-Input Wake-up and/or CKX (USART Clock) (Low
Speed Oscillator Output)
L0 Multi-Input Wake-up (Low Speed Oscillator Input)
Port D is an 8-bit output port that is preset high when RESET
goes low. The user can tie two or more D port outputs
(except D2) together in order to get a higher drive.
Note: Care must be exercised with the D2 pin operation. At
RESET, the external loads on this pin must ensure that the
output voltages stay above 0.7 V
to prevent the chip from
CC
entering special modes. Also keep the external loading on
D2 to less than 1000 pF.
10137406
FIGURE 3. I/O Port Configurations
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
Port G has the following alternate features:
G7 CKO Oscillator dedicated output
G6 SI (MICROWIRE/PLUS Serial Data Input)
G5 SK (MICROWIRE/PLUS Serial Clock)
G4 SO (MICROWIRE/PLUS Serial Data Output)
G3 T1A (Timer T1 I/O)
G2 T1B (Timer T1 Capture Input)
G1 WDOUT WATCHDOG and/or Clock Monitor if WATCH-
DOG enabled, otherwise it is a general purpose I/O
G0 INTR (External Interrupt Input)
G0 through G3 are also used for In-System Emulation.
Port L is an 8-bit I/O port. All L-pins have Schmitt triggers on
the inputs.
Port L supports the Multi-Input Wake-up feature on all eight
pins. Port L has the following alternate pin functions:
L7 Multi-Input Wake-up or T3B (Timer T3B Input)
L6 Multi-Input Wake-up or T3A (Timer T3A Input/Output)
L5 Multi-Input Wake-up or T2B (Timer T2B Input)
10137407
FIGURE 4. I/O Port Configurations —Output Mode
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9.0 Pin Descriptions (Continued)
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
FIGURE 5. I/O Port Configurations —Input Mode
9.1 EMULATION CONNECTION
Connection to the emulation system is made viaa2x7
connector which interrupts the continuity of the RESET, G0,
G1, G2 and G3 signals between the COP8 device and the
rest of the target system (as shown in Figure 6). This connector can be designed into the production pc board and can
be replaced by jumpers or signal traces when emulation is
no longer necessary. The emulator will replicate all functions
of G0 - G3 and RESET. For proper operation, no connection
should be made on the device side of the emulator connector.
10137408
addressing space with separate address buses. The architecture, though based on the Harvard architecture, permits
transfer of data from Flash Memory to RAM.
10.1 CPU REGISTERS
The CPU can do an 8-bit addition, subtraction, logical or shift
operation in one instruction (t
There are six CPU registers:
A is the 8-bit Accumulator Register
PC is the 15-bit Program Counter Register
PU is the upper 7 bits of the program counter (PC)
PL is the lower 8 bits of the program counter (PC)
B is an 8-bit RAM address pointer, which can be optionally
post auto incremented or decremented.
X is an 8-bit alternate RAM address pointer, which can be
optionally post auto incremented or decremented.
S is the 8-bit Data Segment Address Register used to extend
the lower half of the address range (00 to 7F) into 256 data
segments of 128 bytes each.
SP is the 8-bit stack pointer, which points to the subroutine/
interrupt stack (in RAM). With reset the SP is initialized to
RAM address 06F Hex. The SP is decremented as items are
pushed onto the stack. SP points to the next available location on the stack.
All the CPU registers are memory mapped with the exception of the Accumulator (A) and the Program Counter (PC).
10.2 PROGRAM MEMORY
The program memory consists of 32,768 bytes of Flash
Memory. These bytes may hold program instructions or constant data (data tables for the LAID instruction, jump vectors
for the JID instruction, and interrupt vectors for the VIS
instruction). The program memory is addressed by the 15-bit
program counter (PC). All interrupts in the device vector to
program memory location 00FF Hex. The program memory
reads 00 Hex in the erased state. Program execution starts
at location 0 after RESET.
If a Return instruction is executed when the SP contains 6F
(hex), instruction execution will continue from Program
Memory location 7FFF (hex). If location 7FFF is accessed by
an instruction fetch, the Flash Memory will return a value of
00. This is the opcode for the INTR instruction and will cause
a Software Trap.
For the purpose of erasing and rewriting the Flash Memory,
it is organized in pages of 128 bytes.
) cycle time.
C
10137409
FIGURE 6. Emulation Connection
10.0 Functional Description
The architecture of the device is a modified Harvard architecture. With the Harvard architecture, the program memory
(Flash) is separate from the data store memory (RAM). Both
Program Memory and Data Memory have their own separate
www.national.com 20
10.3 DATA MEMORY
The data memory address space includes the on-chip RAM
and data registers, the I/O registers (Configuration, Data and
Pin), the control registers, the MICROWIRE/PLUS SIO shift
register, and the various registers, and counters associated
with the timers and the USART (with the exception of the
IDLE timer). Data memory is addressed directly by the instruction or indirectly by the B, X and SP pointers.
The data memory consists of 1024 bytes of RAM. Sixteen
bytes of RAM are mapped as “registers” at addresses 0F0 to
0FF Hex. These registers can be loaded immediately, and
also decremented and tested with the DRSZ (decrement
register and skip if zero) instruction. The memory pointer
registers X, SP, B and S are memory mapped into this space
at address locations 0FC to 0FF Hex respectively, with the
other registers being available for general usage.
10.0 Functional Description
(Continued)
The instruction set permits any bit in memory to be set, reset
or tested. All I/O and registers (except A and PC) are
memory mapped; therefore, I/O bits and register bits can be
directly and individually set, reset and tested. The accumulator (A) bits can also be directly and individually tested.
Note: RAM contents are undefined upon power-up.
10.4 DATA MEMORY SEGMENT RAM EXTENSION
Data memory address 0FF is used as a memory mapped
location for the Data Segment Address Register (S).
The data store memory is either addressed directly by a
single byte address within the instruction, or indirectly relative to the reference of the B, X, or SP pointers (each
contains a single-byte address). This single-byte address
allows an addressing range of 256 locations from 00 to FF
hex. The upper bit of this single-byte address divides the
data store memory into two separate sections as outlined
previously. With the exception of the RAM register memory
from address locations 00F0 to 00FF, all RAM memory is
memory mapped with the upper bit of the single-byte address being equal to zero. This allows the upper bit of the
single-byte address to determine whether or not the base
address range (from 0000 to 00FF) is extended. If this upper
bit equals one (representing address range 0080 to 00FF),
then address extension does not take place. Alternatively, if
this upper bit equals zero, then the data segment extension
register S is used to extend the base address range (from
0000 to 007F) from XX00 to XX7F, where XX represents the
8 bits from the S register. Thus the 128-byte data segment
extensions are located from addresses 0100 to 017F for
data segment 1, 0200 to 027F for data segment 2, etc., up to
FF00 to FF7F for data segment 255. The base address
range from 0000 to 007F represents data segment 0.
Figure 7 illustrates how the S register data memory extension is used in extending the lower half of the base address
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
range (00 to 7F hex) into 256 data segments of 128 bytes
each, with a total addressing range of 32 kbytes from XX00
to XX7F. This organization allows a total of 256 data segments of 128 bytes each with an additional upper base
segment of 128 bytes. Furthermore, all addressing modes
are available for all data segments. The S register must be
changed under program control to move from one data
segment (128 bytes) to another. However, the upper base
segment (containing the 16 memory registers, I/O registers,
control registers, etc.) is always available regardless of the
contents of the S register, since the upper base segment
(address range 0080 to 00FF) is independent of data segment extension.
The instructions that utilize the stack pointer (SP) always
reference the stack as part of the base segment (Segment
0), regardless of the contents of the S register. The S register
is not changed by these instructions. Consequently, the
stack (used with subroutine linkage and interrupts) is always
located in the base segment. The stack pointer will be initialized to point at data memory location 006F as a result of
reset.
The 128 bytes of RAM contained in the base segment are
split between the lower and upper base segments. The first
112 bytes of RAM are resident from address 0000 to 006F in
the lower base segment, while the remaining 16 bytes of
RAM represent the 16 data memory registers located at
addresses 00F0 to 00FF of the upper base segment. No
RAM is located at the upper sixteen addresses (0070 to
007F) of the lower base segment.
Additional RAM beyond these initial 128 bytes, however, will
always be memory mapped in groups of 128 bytes (or less)
at the data segment address extensions (XX00 to XX7F) of
the lower base segment. The additional 892 bytes of RAM in
this device are memory mapped at address locations 0100
to 017F through 0700 to 077F hex.
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10.0 Functional Description (Continued)
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
10137410
FIGURE 7. RAM Organization
10.4.1 Virtual EEPROM
The Flash memory and the User ISP functions (see Section
5.7), provide the user with the capability to use the flash
program memory to back up user defined sections of RAM.
This effectively provides the user with the same nonvolatile
data storage as EEPROM. Management, and even the
amount of memory used, are the responsibility of the user,
however the flash memory read and write functions have
been provided in the boot ROM.
One typical method of using the Virtual EEPROM feature
would be for the user to copy the data to RAM during system
initialization, periodically, and if necessary, erase the page of
Flash and copy the contents of the RAM back to the Flash.
10.5 OPTION REGISTER
The Option register, located at address 0x7FFF in the Flash
Program Memory, is used to configure the user selectable
security, WATCHDOG, and HALT options. The register can
be programmed only in external Flash Memory programming
or ISP Programming modes. Therefore, the register must be
programmed at the same time as the program memory. The
contents of the Option register shipped from the factory read
00 Hex.
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10.0 Functional Description
(Continued)
The format of the Option register is as follows:
Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
Reserved SECURITY Reserved
Bits 7, 6 These bits are reserved and must be 0.
Bit 5
= 1 Security enabled. Flash Memory read and write
are not allowed except in User ISP/Virtual E
mands. Mass Erase is allowed.
= 0 Security disabled. Flash Memory read and write
are allowed.
Bits 4, 3 These bits are reserved and must be 0.
Bit 2
= 1 WATCHDOG feature disabled. G1 is a general
purpose I/O.
= 0 WATCHDOG feature enabled. G1 pin is
WATCHDOG output with weak pullup.
Bit 1
= 1 HALT mode disabled.
= 0 HALT mode enabled.
Bit 0
= 1 Execution following RESET will be from Flash
Memory.
= 0 Flash Memory is erased. Execution following RE-
SET will be from Boot ROM with the MICROWIRE/
PLUS ISP routines.
The COP8 assembler defines a special ROM section type,
CONF, into which the Option Register data may be coded.
The Option Register is programmed automatically by programmers that are certified by National.
The user needs to ensure that the FLEX bit will be set when
the device is programmed.
The following examples illustrate the declaration of the Option Register.
Syntax:
[label:].sect config, conf
.db value ;1 byte,
.endsect
Example: The following sets a value in the Option Register
and User Identification for a COP8CBR9HVA7. The Option
Register bit values shown select options: Security disabled,
WATCHDOG enabled HALT mode enabled and execution
will commence from Flash Memory.
.chip 8CBR
.sect option, conf
.db 0x01 ;wd, halt, flex
.endsect
...
.end start
Note: All programmers certified for programming this family
of parts will support programming of the Option Register.
Please contact National or your device programmer supplier
for more information.
WATCH
DOG
HALT FLEX
;configures
;options
2
com-
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
10.6 SECURITY
The device has a security feature which, when enabled,
prevents external reading of the Flash program memory. The
security bit in the Option Register determines, whether security is enabled or disabled. If the security feature is disabled, the contents of the internal Flash Memory may be
read by external programmers or by the built in
MICROWIRE/PLUS serial interface ISP. Security must be
enforced by the user when the contents of the Flash
Memory are accessed via the user ISP or Virtual EEPROM capability.
If the security feature is enabled, then any attempt to externally read the contents of the Flash Memory will result in the
value FF (hex) being read from all program locations (except
the Option Register). In addition, with the security feature
enabled, the write operation to the Flash program memory
and Option Register is inhibited. Page Erases are also inhibited when the security feature is enabled. The Option Register is readable regardless of the state of the security bit by
accessing location FFFF (hex). Mass Erase Operations are
possible regardless of the state of the security bit.
The security bit can be erased only by a Mass Erase of the
entire contents of the Flash unless Flash operation is under
the control of User ISP functions.
Note: The actual memory address of the Option Register is
7FFF (hex), however the MICROWIRE/PLUS ISP routines
require the address FFFF (hex) to be used to read the
Option Register when the Flash Memory is secured.
The entire Option Register must be programmed at one time
and cannot be rewritten without first erasing the entire last
page of Flash Memory.
10.7 RESET
The device is initialized when the RESET pin is pulled low or
the On-chip Brownout Reset is activated. The Brownout
Reset feature is not available on the COP8CDR9.
10137411
FIGURE 8. Reset Logic
The following occurs upon initialization:
Port A: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input)
Port B: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input)
Port C: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input)
Port D: HIGH
Port E: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input)
Port F: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input)
Port G: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input). Exceptions: If
Watchdog is enabled, then G1 is Watchdog output. G0
and G2 have their weak pull-up enabled during RESET.
Port L: TRI-STATE (High Impedance Input)
PC: CLEARED to 0000
PSW, CNTRL and ICNTRL registers: CLEARED
SIOR:
UNAFFECTED after RESET with power already applied
RANDOM after RESET at power-on
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10.0 Functional Description
(Continued)
T2CNTRL: CLEARED
T3CNTRL: CLEARED
HSTCR: CLEARED
ITMR: Cleared except Bit 6 (HSON) = 1
Accumulator, Timer 1, Timer 2 and Timer 3:
RANDOM after RESET
WKEN, WKEDG: CLEARED
WKPND: RANDOM
SP (Stack Pointer):
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
Initialized to RAM address 06F Hex
B and X Pointers:
UNAFFECTED after RESET with power already applied
RANDOM after RESET at power-on
S Register: CLEARED
RAM:
UNAFFECTED after RESET with power already applied
RANDOM after RESET at power-on
USART:
PSR, ENU, ENUR, ENUI: Cleared except the TBMT bit
which is set to one.
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER:
ENAD: CLEARED
ADRSTH: RANDOM
ADRSTL: RANDOM
ISP CONTROL:
ISPADLO: CLEARED
ISPADHI: CLEARED
PGMTIM: PRESET TO VALUE FOR 10 MHz CKI
WATCHDOG (if enabled):
The device comes out of reset with both the WATCHDOG
logic and the Clock Monitor detector armed, with the
WATCHDOG service window bits set and the Clock Monitor bit set. The WATCHDOG and Clock Monitor circuits
are inhibited during reset. The WATCHDOG service window bits being initialized high default to the maximum
WATCHDOG service window of 64k T0 clock cycles. The
Clock Monitor bit being initialized high will cause a Clock
Monitor error following reset if the clock has not reached
the minimum specified frequency at the termination of
reset. A Clock Monitor error will cause an active low error
output on pin G1. This error output will continue until
16–32 T0 clock cycles following the clock frequency
reaching the minimum specified value, at which time the
G1 output will go high.
10.7.1 External Reset
The RESET input when pulled low initializes the device. The
RESET pin must be held low for a minimum of one instruction cycle to guarantee a valid reset. During Power-Up initialization, the user must ensure that the RESET pin of a
device without the Brownout Reset feature is held low until
the device is within the specified V
edge on the RESET pin while V
voltage. Any rising
CC
is below the specified
CC
operating range may cause unpredictable results. An R/C
circuit on the RESET pin with a delay 5 times (5x) greater
than the power supply rise time is recommended. Reset
should also be wide enough to ensure crystal start-up upon
Power-Up.
RESET may also be used to cause an exit from the HALT
mode.
A recommended reset circuit for this device is shown in
Figure 9.
10137412
FIGURE 9. Reset Circuit Using External Reset
10.7.2 On-Chip Brownout Reset
When enabled, the device generates an internal reset as
rises. While VCCis less than the specified brownout
V
CC
voltage (V
the Idle Timer is preset with 00Fx (240– 256 t
reaches a value greater than V
), the device is held in the reset condition and
bor
, the Idle Timer starts
bor
). When V
C
CC
counting down. Upon underflow of the Idle Timer, the internal
reset is released and the device will start executing instructions. This internal reset will perform the same functions as
external reset. Once V
is above the V
CC
and this initial Idle
bor
Timer time-out takes place, instruction execution begins and
the Idle Timer can be used normally. If, however, V
below the selected V
, an internal reset is generated, and
bor
CC
drops
the Idle Timer is preset with 00Fx. The device now waits until
is greater than V
V
CC
and the countdown starts over.
bor
When enabled, the functional operation of the device, at
frequency, is guaranteed down to the V
level.
bor
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10.0 Functional Description (Continued)
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
10137413
FIGURE 10. Brownout Reset Operation
One exception to the above is that the brownout circuit will
insert a delay of approximately 3 ms on power up or any time
the V
drops below a voltage of about 1.8V. The device will
CC
be held in Reset for the duration of this delay before the Idle
Timer starts counting the 240 to 256 t
soon as the V
rises above the trigger voltage (approxi-
CC
. This delay starts as
C
mately 1.8V). This behavior is shown in Figure 10.
In Case 1, V
rises from 0V and the on-chip RESET is
CC
undefined until the supply is greater than approximately
1.0V. At this time the brownout circuit becomes active and
holds the device in RESET. As the supply passes a level of
about 1.8V, a delay of about 3 ms (t
) is started and the Idle
d
Timer is preset to a value between 00F0 and 00FF (hex).
Once V
is greater than V
CC
Timer is allowed to count down (t
and tdhas expired, the Idle
bor
).
id
Case 2 shows a subsequent dip in the supply voltage which
goes below the approximate 1.8V level. As V
, the internal RESET signal is asserted. When VCCrises
V
bor
back above the 1.8V level, t
supply rise time is longer for this case, t
rises above V
V
CC
greater than V
and tidstarts immediately when VCCis
bor
.
bor
is started. Since the power
d
d
Case 3 shows a dip in the supply where V
, but not below 1.8V. On-chip RESET is asserted when
V
bor
goes below V
V
CC
goes back above V
and tidstarts as soon as the supply
bor
.
bor
drops below
CC
has expired before
drops below
CC
If the Brownout Reset feature is enabled, the internal reset
will not be turned off until the Idle Timer underflows. The
internal reset will perform the same functions as external
reset. The device is guaranteed to operate at the specified
frequency down to the specified brownout voltage. After the
underflow, the logic is designed such that no additional
internal resets occur as long as V
remains above the
CC
brownout voltage.
The device is relatively immune to short duration negative-
going V
transients (glitches). It is essential that good
CC
filtering of V
be done to ensure that the brownout feature
CC
works correctly. Power supply decoupling is vital even in
battery powered systems.
There are two optional brownout voltages. The part numbers
for the three versions of this device are:
COP8CBR, V
COP8CCR, V
= low voltage range
bor
= high voltage range
bor
COP8CDR, BOR is disabled.
Refer to the device specifications for the actual V
volt-
bor
ages.
High brownout voltage devices are guaranteed to operate at
10MHz down to the brownout voltage. Low brownout voltage
devices are guaranteed to operate at 3.33MHz down to the
brownout voltage. Devices are not guaranteed to operate
at 10MHz down to the low brownout voltage.
Under no circumstances should the RESET pin be allowed
to float. If the on-chip Brownout Reset feature is being used,
the RESET pin should be connected directly to V
CC
. The
RESET input may also be connected to an external pull-up
resistor or to other external circuitry. Any rising edge on the
RESET pin while V
is below the specified operating range
CC
may cause unpredictable results. The output of the brownout
reset detector will always preset the Idle Timer to a value
between 00F0 and 00FF (240 to 256 t
). At this time, the
C
internal reset will be generated.
If the BOR feature is disabled, then no internal resets are
generated and the Idle Timer will power-up with an unknown
value. In this case, the external RESET must be used. When
BOR is disabled, this on-chip circuitry is disabled and draws
no DC current.
The contents of data registers and RAM are unknown following the on-chip reset.
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10.0 Functional Description
(Continued)
10137414
COP8CBR9/COP8CCR9/COP8CDR9
FIGURE 11. Reset Circuit Using Power-On Reset
10.8 OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS
The device has two crystal oscillators to facilitate low power
operation while maintaining throughput when required. Further information on the use of the two oscillators is found in
High Speed Oscillator Low Speed Oscillator
Section 7.0 Power Saving Features. The low speed oscillator
utilizes the L0 and L1 port pins. References in the following
text to CKI will also apply to L0 and references to G7/CKO
will also apply to L1.
10.8.1 Oscillator
CKI is the clock input while G7/CKO is the clock generator
output to the crystal. An on-chip bias resistor connected
between CKI and CKO is provided to reduce system part
count. The value of the resistor is in the range of 0.5M to 2M
(typically 1.0M). Table 2 shows the component values required for various standard crystal values. Resistor R2 is
on-chip, for the high speed oscillator, and is shown for
reference. Figure 12 shows the crystal oscillator connection
diagram. A ceramic resonator of the required frequency may
be used in place of a crystal if the accuracy requirements are
not quite as strict.
10137415
FIGURE 12. Crystal Oscillator
TABLE 2. Crystal Oscillator Configuration,
= 25˚C, VCC=5V
T
A
R1 (kΩ)R2(MΩ) C1 (pF) C2 (pF)
CKI Freq.
(MHz)
0 On Chip 18 18 10
0 On Chip 18 18 5
0 On Chip 18–36 18–36 1
5.6 On Chip 100 100–156 0.455
0 20 ** ** 32.768
kHz*
*Applies to connection to low speed oscillator on port pins L0 and L1 only.
**See Note below.
The crystal and other oscillator components should be
placed in close proximity to the CKI and CKO pins to minimize printed circuit trace length.
The values for the external capacitors should be chosen to
obtain the manufacturer’s specified load capacitance for the
crystal when combined with the parasitic capacitance of the
trace, socket, and package (which can vary from 0 to 8 pF).
The guideline in choosing these capacitors is:
Manufacturer’s specified load cap = (C
C
parasitic
)/(C1+C2)+
1*C2
10137416
C2can be trimmed to obtain the desired frequency. C
should be less than or equal to C1.
Note: The low power design of the low speed oscillator
makes it extremely sensitive to board layout and load capacitance. The user should place the crystal and load capacitors within 1cm. of the device and must ensure that the
above equation for load capacitance is strictly followed. If
these conditions are not met, the application may have
problems with startup of the low speed oscillator.
TABLE 3. Startup Times
CKI Frequency Startup Time
10 MHz 1–10 ms
3.33 MHz 3–10 ms
1 MHz 3–20 ms
455 kHz 10–30 ms
32 kHz (low speed oscillator) 2–5 sec
2
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