Nikon 1 AW1 Reference guide (full instructions) [ar]

ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ

ﻲﻌﺟﺮﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ

Ar

ﺀﺎﺟﺮﺑ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ .ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺮﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ ﻚﺋﺍﺮﺸﻟ ﺍﹰﺮﻜﺷ

ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺒﺼﺗ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻆﻔﺘﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ

.ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ

.ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﺘﻔﺗ

ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻢﺗ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﺜﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺘﻟ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ

ﻕﺎﺤﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺐﺠﻳ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ؛ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺐﺠﻳ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ؛ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ

.ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺼﻟ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ

ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻴﻤﻴﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻔﺳﻷﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻟ 2 ﻭ 4 ﻭ 3 ﻭ 1 ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ

ﻚﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ

ﻲﻓ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺃﺮﻗﺍ ،ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

.xxiii ﻰﻟﺇ xi ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺼﻟﺍ

D

A

0

.ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ

A

28

50

66

76

87

101

115

126

143

153

174

177

ii

0

iv

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ

ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ

ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻲﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﺽﺮﻋﻭ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ

ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

ﻲﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻓ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﻤﻟﺍ

ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺷﺆﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ

ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﻤﻟﺍ

ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ

ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

s
z
P
y
R
t
O
I
Q
o
i
(
)

191

201

0

0

i

ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

ﺔﻴﻨﻓ ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ

g
n

ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ

10 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ .ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ

.ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺰﻤﻟ

ﺭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﻼﻓﺃ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ

،(28 0) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ

.(66 0) ﻡﺪﻘﺘﻣ ﻢﻠﻴﻓﻭ ،(37 0) ﻲﻋﺍﺪﺑﺇﻭ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻟﺍ

.ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺭﺯ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ

ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺭﺯ

.ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺭﺯ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻡﻼﻓﺃ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ

ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺭﺯ

ii

ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ

.

ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ،ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﺑ ﻢﻗ

ﺪﻳﺰﻤﻟ 50 ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ .ﺓﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ 60 ﻰﻟﺇ ﻞﺼﺗ ﺓﺪﻤﻟ ﺮﺘﻣ 15 ﻰﻟﺇ ﻞﺼﺗ ﻕﺎﻤﻋﺃ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺓﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺰﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﺗ .ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ

:ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻲﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ

• ﺎﻬﻃﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺭﺯﻷﺍ ﻞﻈﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

.(54 0) ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ

• ﺖﺤﺗ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺎﺑ ﻩﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ

.(56 0) ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ

• ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺰﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﻪﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺵﻼﻓ

.(56 0) ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻖﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﻩﺎﺠﺗﻻﺍﻭ ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﻂﺧ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ

.ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧﻭ ،(GPS/GLONASS) ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ

:ﻚﻨﻜﻤﻳ ،ﺀﺎﻤﺴﻠﻟ ﻲﻓﺎﺻ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﺃ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

.(101 0) ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻝﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﻂﺧﻭ

ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ

• ﻚﻫﺎﺠﺗﺍﻭ ﻲﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻖﻓﻷﺍ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ

• .(104 0) ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ

• .(110 0) ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻚﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ

iii

ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ

ii ............................................................................ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻟﺍ

xi ................................................................................................................ ﻚﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ

xiv ................................................................................... ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ

xiv ...........................................................................................................ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ

xiv ...................................................................................................... ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ

xv ...................................................................................... ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ :ﻡﺎﻫ

xv ......................................................................................ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ :ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ

xv ................................................................................. ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ :ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ

xvii................................................................................................................ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺑ

xviii .......................................................................(GPS/GLONASS) ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ :ﻡﺎﻫ

xix ............................................................................................................................ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ

1 ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

1 ............................................................................................................................ ﺃﺪﺒﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ

2 .......................................................................................................................ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﺃ

14 ................................................................................................................. ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﻄﺨﻟﺍ

28 ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ

28 .................................(ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻊﺿﻭ) ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﻻﺍﻭ

31 .................................................................................................... ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺽﺮﻋ

32 ..........................................................................................................................ﺭﻮﺻ ﻑﺬﺣ

35 .........................................................................................ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ

37 ........................................................................................................... ﻲﻋﺍﺪﺑﺇ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

38 ...........................................................................ﻒﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻳ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

38 ..........................................................................................((6 ،5) 4) ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ

38 ........................................................................................... (j) ﻲﻠﻴﻟ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ

39 ....................................................................................... (o) ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻟ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ

39 ......................................................................................................(m) ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺇ

39 .........................................................................................(p) ﺔﻠﻬﺳ ﺎﻣﺍﺭﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ

39 ......................................................................................................................(q) ﻢﻋﺎﻧ

39 .....................................................................................................(r) ﺮﻴﻐﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ

39 ......................................................................................................(s) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ

ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺒﻋ ﻲﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﻦﻳﻮﻠﺗ

iv

40 ........................................................................... Mﻭ Aﻭ Sﻭ P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ

46 .................................................................................................................... ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﺇ

47 ........................................................................................................ﺔﻠﻬﺳ ﺎﻣﺍﺭﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ

50 ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻲﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

50 ................................................................................................................ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ :ﻡﺎﻫ

51 ...............................................................................ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

53 .............................................................................................................. ﻲﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺺﺤﻔﻟﺍ

54 ................................................................................................ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ

56 ....................................................ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻲﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺪﺧﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﻴﻤﻠﺗ

56 ................................................................................................... ﻩﻮﺸﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻢﻜﺤﺗ

56 ...................................................................................................................... ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺵﻼﻓ

57 .................................................................................................................. ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ

60 ............................................................................... ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ

62 ...............................................................................................O ﻑﺮﺣ

66 ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﺽﺮﻋﻭ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ

67 .............................................................................................ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺓﺩﻮﺠﺑ ﻡﻼﻓﺃ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ

69 ........................................ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺓﺩﻮﺠﺑ ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ

70 ......................................................................................................................ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

71 .........................................................................................................................ﻡﻼﻓﺃ ﻑﺬﺣ

72 ............................................................................................ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﻡﻼﻓﺃ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ

76 ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

76 .......................................................... (ﺔﻈﺤﻟ ﺐﺴﻧﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ) ﺔﻈﺤﻠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ u

76 .........................................................................................(ﺀﻲﻄﺑ ﺽﺮﻋ) ﺔﻈﺤﻠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

78 ....................................................... (ﺔﻘﻴﻧﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ) ﺔﻈﺤﻠﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﺗ

83 .................... (ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﻣ ﺔﻄﻘﻟ ﻊﺿﻭ)

86 ..............................................................................................ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

86 ..............................................................................................ﺔﻛﺮﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ

ﺓﺰﺟﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺧﺯ ﻊﻣ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ z

ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻠﺣ

v

87 ﻲﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻓ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﻤﻟﺍ

87 .......................................................................................................................ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ

89 ..............................................................................................................ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻗﺆﻣ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ

90 ............................................................................................... ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

92 ........................................................................................................................ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺵﻼﻓ

96 ........................................................................................................................( ﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ) C ﺭﺯ

96 ...........................................................................................ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ :ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ

97 .................................................................................................ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﺒﻋ ﺮﻳﺮﻤﺘﻟﺍ :ﺽﺮﻋ

98 ............................................................................................... ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ :ﻢﺋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ

99 ...........................................................................WU-1b ﺯﺍﺮﻃ ﻝﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﻲﻜﻠﺳﻻ ﺊﻳﺎﻬﻣ

101 ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺷﺆﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ

103 ...............................................................................................................ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﻻﺍ

104 .................................................................................................................. ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ

107 ................................................................................................... ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ

110 ................................................................................................................ ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﺠﺳ

113 .............................................................................................................ﺕﻼﺠﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ

114 .........................................................................................ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺔﻠﺻﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ

115

115 ............................................................................................................ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ

118 ..........................................................................................................ﺓﺮﻐﺼﻣ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺽﺮﻋ

119 .................................................................................................................. ﻢﻳﻮﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

120 ........................................................................................................................ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﺯ

121 .........................................................................................................................ﺭﻮﺻ ﻑﺬﺣ

121 ...................................................................................................ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ

121 .................................................................................................................ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

122 ................................................................................................................ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ

123 .................................................................................................................. ﺢﺋﺍﺮﺷ ﺽﻭﺮﻋ

ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﻤﻟﺍ

vi

126 ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ

126 ................................................................................................. ﻖﻓﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ

128 ...........................................................................................................ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ

130 .............................................................................ﺐﺳﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗﻭ ﺽﺮﻋ

130 ......................................................................................................................ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ

132 ................................................................................................................... ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

134 ........................................................................................................ﺓﺮﻴﺼﻗ ﻡﻼﻓﺃ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ

136 .................................................................................. ﻥﻮﻳﺰﻔﻠﺗ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

136 ...................................................................................... ﺡﻮﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ

138 ................................................................................................ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻓ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ

138 ............................................................................................................ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ

139 .................................................................................. ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻮﻠﺗ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ

140 ............................................................................................................ﺭﻮﺻ ﺓﺪﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻃ

142 ...............................................................ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺿ :DPOF ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺮﻣﺃ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ

143 ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

145 .............................................................................................................ﺭﻮﺻ ﺓﺪﻋ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

146 ................................................................................................................

146 .......................................................................................................................ﻲﻟﻮﻃ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ

146 ................................................................................................................................ﺔﻳﺎﻤﺣ

146 ..........................................................................................................................ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟﺍ

147 ....................................................................................................................... D-Lighting

148 .................................................................................................................. ﻢﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ

149 ...........................................................................................................................ﺹﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

150 ....................................................................................................... ﻪﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﻷ ﺮﻴﺒﻜﺗ

150 .................................................................................................................. ﻢﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ

152 .................................................................................................................... ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ

ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻳﺎﻌﻣ

vii

153 ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

155 ........................................................................................ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ

155 ................................................................................................. ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

156 .................................................................................................................... ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ

156 .................................................................................................................. ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ

159 ................................................................................... ﺎﻬﻈﻔﺣ ﻢﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ

159 ....................................................................................ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ/ﻞﺒﻗ ﻢﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ

160 .................................................................................................................. ﻒﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺻ

160 ................................................................................................................................ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ

161 .................................................................................................ﻩﻮﺸﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻢﻜﺤﺗ

162 .................................................................................................................. ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ

163 ......................................................................................................... ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting

164 .................................................................................. NR ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ

164 ............................................................................................VR ﻱﺮﺼﺒﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

165 .......................................................................................VR ﻲﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

165 ........................................................................................................ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

168 .............................................................................................................ﻱﻭﺪﻳ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ

170 .....................................................................................ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ

171 .......................................................................................................ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ

172 .................................................................................................................... ﻪﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ

172 .............................................................................. ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻱﺭﺆﺑ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ

173 ...............................................................................................................ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻜﺤﺗ

173 ............................................................................................................... ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

174 ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

175 .......................................................................................... ﻢﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ

175 .................................................................................................. ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ

175 ............................................................................................................... ﻢﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

176 ..................................................................................................... ﻢﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ

ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ

viii

177 ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

178 .....................................................................................ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ

178 .................................................................................................................... ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ

179 .....................................................................................ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺘﻟ ﻖﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﻀﻟﺍ

180 ......................................................................................................ﻖﺒﺴﻣ ﻂﺒﻀﺑ ﻱﻭﺪﻳ

183 ................................................................................................................ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

184 .............................................................................................................. Picture Control

184 .................................................................................................... Picture Controls ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ

188 ...............................................................................................Picture Control ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﺍ

188 ..................................................................................................................ﻆﻔﺣ/ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ

189 ..............................................................................ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻆﻔﺤﻟﺍ/ﻦﻣ ﻞﻴﻤﺤﺘﻟﺍ

190 ................................................................................ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ISO ﺪﻨﻋ ﺀﺎﺿﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

191 ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ

193 ...........................................................................................ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ

193 ..................................................................................................... ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ

193 ........................................................................................ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻎﻳﺮﻔﺘﻟ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ

194 ...............................................................................................................................ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ

194 .............................................................................................................. ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻄﺳ

194 .............................................................................................. ﻦﻳﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ

194 ...............................................................................................................ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻋ

194 ............................................................................................................... ﺕﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

195 ....................................................................................................ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ

195 .................................................................................... ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺭﺰﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞﻔﻗ

195 ...................................................................................................................ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ

196 .................................................................................................. ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺍ/ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺧ

196 ...................................................................................ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ/ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﻻﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ

196 ...............................................................................................ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺍ/ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﻻﺍ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ

196 ..................................................................................................ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺍ/ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺣﻭ

197 .............................................................................................................ﺏﺍﺮﻄﺿﻻﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ

197 .......................................................................................... ﺕﺎﻔﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻗﺮﺗ ﻂﺒﺿ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ

198 ................................................................................................. ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ

ﺽﺮﻋ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ

ix

198 .......................................................................................................... (Language) ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ

199 ...................................................................................................... ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻭﺪﺗ

200 ........................................................................................................... ﺕﻼﺴﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ

200 .................................................................................................ﺖﺑﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺨﺴﻧ

201 ﺔﻴﻨﻓ ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ

201 ................................................................................................... ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ

203 ..................................................................ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ 1 NIKKOR ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻋ

206 ...........................................................................................ﺓﺪﻤﺘﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ

207 ...........................................................................................ﺓﺪﻤﺘﻌﻤﻟﺍ Eye-Fi ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ

208 ............................................................ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﻣﻭ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﺻﻮﻣ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ

210 .........................................................................................................ﻒﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺘﻟﺍ

210 ................................................................................................. ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ

210 ...........................................................................................................................ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺘﻟﺍ

210 ........................................................................................................................ﻒﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ

211 .......................................................................ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺗ :ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ

215 .......................................................................................................... ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

219 ..................................................................................................... ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ

220 ...................................................................................................... ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﻌﺳ

223 ...................................................................................................ﻪﺣﻼﺻﺍﻭ ﻞﻠﺨﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﺤﺗ

223 ............................................................................................................

223 .................................................................................................. (ﻉﺎﺿﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﻛ) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

225 ...................................................................................... (Mﻭ Aﻭ Sﻭ P ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺃ) ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

225 ................................................................................................................................ﻡﻼﻓﺃ

225 ...............................................................................................................................ﺽﺮﻋ

226 .................................................................................................................ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ

227 ........................................................................................................... ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻣ

228 ...................................................................................................................ﻞﻠﺨﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺭ

232 ...................................................................................................................... ﺕﺎﻔﺻﺍﻮﻤﻟﺍ

232

.......................................................................................

249 ...........................................................................................ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻠﻟ ﻲﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺮﻤﻌﻟﺍ

250 ................................................................................................................................ﺱﺮﻬﻓ

Nikon 1 AW1 ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ

ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

x

ﻚﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ

ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻰﺟﺮﻳ ،ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﺮﻄﺨﻟ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻚﺴﻔﻧ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻚﺑ ﺹﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﺑ ﺭﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﺤﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ

ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﺑ ﻆﻔﺘﺣﺍ .ﺓﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺗ

ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻌﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺙﺪﺤﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺎﻬﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ

ﺐﻗﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ

ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻰﺟﺮﻳ ،ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻣ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﺇ ﻱﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ .ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻝﺪﻳ

ﺀﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺬﺤﻟﺍ ﺥﻮﺗ

ﻚﻳﺪﻳﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺮﻄﻣ ﻭﺃ

ﺖﺤﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ .ﺔﻠﺘﺒﻣ

ﻢﺘﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻥﺎﻣﺄﺑ ﺔﻠﺘﺒﻣ ﺪﻴﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻟﻭﺎﻨﻣﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ

ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ

/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺠﺣ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻕﻼﻏﺇﻭ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ

ﻻ .ﻞﺻﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏﻭ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ

ﺎﻬﻀﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺲﻤﻐﺑ ﻢﻘﺗ

ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻠﺘﺒﻣ ﺪﻴﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻟﻭﺎﻨﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ

ﻩﺬﻫ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﻡﺪﻋ .ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﻭﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺗ

ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺗﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ

.ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻛ ﺔﻣﺪﺻ ﻭﺃ ﻖﻳﺮﺣ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ

ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﻷﺍ ﺲﻤﻟ .ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻚﻔﺗ ﻻ

ﻲﻓ .ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻠﻟ

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﻠﺼﺗ ﺐﺠﻳ ،ﻞﻄﻋ ﺙﻭﺪﺣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ

ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﻂﻘﻓ ﻞﻫﺆﻣ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺪﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻪﺋﺍﺰﺟﺃ ﺭﻮﻬﻇﻭ ﺮﺴﻜﻠﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ
ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧﺍ ،ﺮﺧﺃ ﺙﺩﺎﺤﻟ ﻭﺃ ﻁﻮﻘﺴﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﻰﻟﺇ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﻭ ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﻣ ﻭﺃ/ﻭ

.ﺺﺤﻔﻠﻟ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺻ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ

.ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟﺍ

A

A

.ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻀﺗ ﻻ

ﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﺟﺍ

ﺪﻗ .ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻟﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺿﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ

ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺒﻳﺮﻗ ﻭﺃ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ

.ﻖﻳﺮﺣ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﺙﻭﺪﺣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻖﻠﻏﺍ

ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻄﻋ

ﻦﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻋ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺔﺤﺋﺍﺭ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﺧﺩ ﺙﺎﻌﺒﻧﺍ

ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻣ) ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﻣ ﻞﺼﻓﺍ ،(ﺩﺮﻔﻨﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ

ﺭﺬﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﺧﻮﺗ ﺐﺠﻳ ،ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧﺍﻭ
ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ .ﻕﻭﺮﺤﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﺐﻨﺠﺘﻟ

ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ ﺪﻌﺑ .ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ

.ﺺﺤﻔﻠﻟ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺻ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻏ ﻂﺳﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻻ

ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺇ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻻ .ﻝﺎﻌﺘﺷﻼﻟ

ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻝﺎﻌﺘﺷﻼﻟ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻏ ﻂﺳﻭ

.ﻖﻳﺮﺣ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺎﺠﻔﻧﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ

A

ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗ ❚❚

A

A

A

xi

ﻪﻴﻓ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻳ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﺗ ﻻ

ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺳ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺪﻟ

ﻡﺪﻋ .ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻣ

ﻭﺃ ﻒﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ

.ﻖﻳﺮﺣ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ

ﻡﺪﻋ .ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺳ ﺪﺋﺎﻗ ﻮﺤﻧ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﺼﺗ ﻻ

.ﺙﺩﺍﻮﺣ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ

.ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﺒﺘﻧﺍ

ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ

.ﻕﻭﺮﺣ ﻲﻓ

ﻲﻓ ﺔﺘﻗﺆﻣ ﺔﻗﺎﻋﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ
ﺮﺘﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻳ ﻻﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻳ .ﺔﻳﺅﺮﻟﺍ

ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﺀﺍﺪﺑﺇ ﺐﺠﻳ .ﻑﺪﻬﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ

.ﻝﺎﻔﻃﻷﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﻝﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺘﺴﻳﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺲﻤﻠﺗ

ﺹﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﺐﺠﻳ ،ﺮﺴﻜﻠﻟ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ

ﺝﺎﺟﺰﻟﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺘﺴﻳﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺲﻤﻟ ﻡﺪﻋﻭ ﺭﻮﺴﻜﻤﻟﺍ

ﻲﻓ ﻝﻮﺧﺪﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﺸﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ

.ﻢﻔﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻦﻴﻌﻟﺍ

ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﻤﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻤﻓ .ﻪﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ

،ﺄﻄﺨﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺎﺑ ﻡﺪﻄﺼﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻖﻟﺰﻨﺗ

.ﺔﺑﺎﺻﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺎﻤﻣ

A

A

A

• ﺏﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

• ﻦﻴﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺇ

ﻻ

A

A

ﻡﺪﻋ .ﻝﺎﻔﻃﻷﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻆﻔﺤﺗ

ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ

ﺀﺍﺰﺟﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ ،ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ .ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ

.ﻕﺎﻨﺘﺧﻼﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻄﺧ ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺼﻟﺍ

ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻴﺒﻃ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺘﺳﺍ ﺐﺠﻳ

.ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺟ ﻱﻷ ﻞﻔﻃ ﻉﻼﺘﺑﺍ

ﻢﻗ ،ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺈﺑ
،ﻖﻠﺤﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻡﺍﺰﺤﻟﺍ ﻒﺘﻠﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﺫﺇ .ﺽﺭﻷﺍ

.ﻕﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻕﺎﻨﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺎﻤﻣ

.ﻞﻔﻃ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻴﺿﺭ ﻖﻨﻋ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻂﻳﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻀﺗ ﻻ

ﻭﺃ ﻊﻴﺿﺭ ﺔﺒﻗﺭ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻖﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﻳﺮﺷ ﻒﻟ

.ﻕﺎﻨﺘﺧﻼﻟ ﻪﺿﺮﻌﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻞﻔﻃ

ﻥﺍﺮﻴﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﻲﻔﻇﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﻊﺒﺗﺍ

ﻩﺬﻫ ﻡﻮﻘﺗ .ﺕﺎﻴﻔﺸﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻠﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍﻭ

ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﺳﻻ ﺕﺍﺩﺩﺮﺗ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﺈﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ
ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﻷﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻞﺧﺍﺪﺘﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ

ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺘﺑ ﻢﻗ .ﺓﺮﺋﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺣﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ

ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻒﺋﺎﻇﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻛﻭ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ

ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻣ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﺳﻻ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻞﺼﻓﺍﻭ ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻟﺍ

ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺈﺑ ﻢﻗﻭ ،ﺓﺮﺋﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﻛﺭ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ

.ﻁﻮﺒﻬﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﻼﻗﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ

ﻖﻳﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﻊﺒﺗﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻴﻜﻠﺳﻼﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﻷﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ

.ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻤﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺒﻋ ﺔﺣﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻧﺃﻭ

ﻦﺣﺎﺷ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺲﻣﻼﺗ ﻻ

ﻞﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻊﻔﺗﺮﺗ .ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﻷﺍ

ﺓﺮﺸﺒﻠﻟ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﺲﻤﻟ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ .ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﺃ

ﻕﻭﺮﺤﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ

A

A

A

A

A

.ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺪﺑ

xii

ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﺐﺠﻳ

ﺔﻣﺪﺻ ﻭﺃ ﻖﻳﺮﺣ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ

ﻡﺪﻋ .(ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﺮﺼﻗ) ﺾﻌﺒﻟﺍ

ﺔﻧﻮﺨﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ

ﺏﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺲﺑﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﻷﺍ

.ﺔﻓﺎﺟ ﺵﺎﻤﻗ ﺔﻌﻄﻗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ

ﻰﻟﺇ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ

ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ

.ﺔﻠﺘﺒﻣ ﻱﺪﻳﺄﺑ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺲﺑﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺲﻤﻠﺗ ﻻ

ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ

ﻊﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻴﻄﻟﻮﻓ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺘﺑ

.ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺖﺑﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺗ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ

ﻒﻠﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ

ﺏﻮﺸﻧ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻧﻮﺨﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ

ﺪﻨﻋ .ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻙﻼﺳﻷﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

،ﺝﺮﺨﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻞﺧﺪﻟﺍ ﺲﺒﻘﻤﺑ ﻙﻼﺳﺃ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ

ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﻙﻼﺳﻷﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻉﺎﺒﺗ

.ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺹﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻴﻘﻓﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ

ﺹﺍﺮﻗﻷﺍ ﻱﻮﺘﺤﺗ .ﺔﺠﻣﺪﻤﻟﺍ ﺹﺍﺮﻗﻷﺍ

ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻻ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﻛ ﻭﺃ ﺞﻣﺍﺮﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺠﻣﺪﻤﻟﺍ

ﺓﺰﻬﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻐﺸﺗ
ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻣﺪﻤﻟﺍ ﺹﺍﺮﻗﻷﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ .ﺹﺍﺮﻗﺃ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﺑ
ﻊﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﺣ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺕﻮﺻ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ

:ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻛ

.ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺗ ﻭﺃ

.ﻖﻳﺮﺣ ﺏﻮﺸﻧ

.ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻛ ﺔﻣﺪﺻ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻛ ﺔﻣﺪﺻ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ

.ﻖﻳﺮﺣ

.ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺗ ﻭﺃ

A

• ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ .ﹰﺎﻓﺎﺟ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻆﻓﺎﺣ

• ﻢﻬﻀﻌﺒﺑ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﻞﺻﻮﺗ ﻻ

• ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺮﺗﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﺠﻳ

• .ﺔﻳﺪﻋﺭ ﺔﻔﺻﺎﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻦﺣﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﺘﻘﺗ ﻻ

•

• ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﻣ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻻ

A

A

ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﺐﺠﻳ

ﺽﺮﻌﺘﺗ ﺪﻗ .ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ

ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺠﻔﻧﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺐﻳﺮﺴﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ
ﺐﺠﻳ .ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺄﺑ ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ
ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ

:ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ

ﺭﺎﻴﺗ ﻝﻮﺤﻣ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﺖﻨﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ .ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

ﻊﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺰﺨﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻨﺗ ﻻ .ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

ﺲﻴﺑﺎﺑﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺪﺋﻼﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﻣ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﺃ

.ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻐﻳﺮﻔﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ

ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ،ﻒﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ

.ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻔﻧ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧ

ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺰﺧﻭ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ

ﺔﻗﺎﻃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺓﺪﺘﻤﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﻞﺒﻗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ .ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

ﻰﺘﺣ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﻛﺮﺗﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻉﺰﻧ

ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻝﺎﺣ

A

• ﺔﺼﺼﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

• ﺮﺼﻗ) ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﺻﻮﺗ ﻻ

.ﺎﻬﻜﻜﻔﺗ ﻭﺃ (ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ

• ﻝﺍﺪﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ

.ﻪﻠﺼﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ،ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻣ

• ﻭﺃ ﺏﻮﻠﻘﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻝﻭﺎﺤﺗ ﻻ

.ﺲﻜﻌﻟﺎﺑ

• ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺐﻬﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﻻ

.ﺔﻃﺮﻔﻣ

•.ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻌﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺮﻤﻐﺗ ﻻ

• ﻞﻘﻧ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺃ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺐﻛﺭ

.ﺮﻌﺸﻟﺍ

• ﻲﻓ ﺐﻳﺮﺴﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﺿﺮﻋ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ

• ﺐﻛﺭ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

.ﻑﺎﺟﻭ ﺩﺭﺎﺑ

• ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻨﺧﺎﺳ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ

.ﺩﺮﺒﺗ

• ﻲﻓ ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ

.ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ

xiii

ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻳﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺘﻳ

ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ

ﻊﻣ 1 ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻮﻘﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ،ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺐﻛﺮﻤﻟﺍ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺯﺎﺘﺟﺍ

ﻥﺄﺑ ﺎﹰﺤﻳﺮﺻ ﺎﹰﻧﺎﻤﺿ ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ 2 .ﺔﻣﺪﺼﻟﺍ :516.5 ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍ MIL-STD-810F ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ

.ﺮﻴﻣﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻒﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ

ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ

ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻮﺘﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ

ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ 60 ﻰﻟﺇ ﻞﺼﺗ ﺓﺪﻤﻟ ﺮﺘﻣ 15 ﻰﻟﺇ ﻞﺼﺗ ﻕﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺢﻴﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ،JIS IP68 ﻢﻗﺭ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ

ﺮﻴﻏ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﹰﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﺳ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺎﹰﺤﻳﺮﺻ ﺎﹰﻧﺎﻤﺿ ﺲﻴﻟ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ 3 .ﺓﺮﻤﻟﺍ

ﻁﺎﻘﺳﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﻡﺍﺪﻄﺻﻻﺍ :516.5 ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍ MIL-STD-810F ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﺘﺸﻣ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ 1

ﻩﻮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻢﻟﻭ .ﻢﺳ 5 ﻚﻤﹸﺴﺑ ﻲﻘﺋﺎﻗﺭ ﺐﺸﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻢﺳ 200 ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻ ﻢﺳ 122 ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻋ 5 ﻁﺎﻘﺳﺇ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻳ ﻲﻜﻳﺮﻣﺃ ﻱﺮﻜﺴﻋ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ 2

ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻼﻟ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﻤﻛ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺍ

5 ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ،ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻣ ﺖﺛﺪﺣ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ) ﻻﺎﻤﺟﺇ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻋ 5 ﺯﺎﺘﺠﺗ ﻥﺃ

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ،Nikon ﻕﺮﻃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻫﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗ ﻢﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ ﺍﺬﻫ 3

ﻦﻣﻭ ،(ﻩﻮﺟﻭ 6 ﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺯ 8 ،ﻑﺍﻮﺣ 12) ﺢﻄﺳ 26 ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺍﺪﻄﺻﻻﺍ

.(ﻻﺎﻤﺟﺇ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻋ 5 ﺯﺎﺘﺠﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻼﻟ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﻤﻛ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻋ

.ﺓﺩﺪﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻠﻟ ﺎﹰﻘﻓﻭﻭ ﺩﺪﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﺿ ﻕﺎﻄﻧ ﻲﻓ

.ﺮﻴﻣﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻒﻠﺘﻠﻟ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ

.ﺢﻄﺴﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺗﻭ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ

xiv

ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ :ﻡﺎﻫ

15 m

ﺔﻧﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻠﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ

ﺔﺼﺼﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ

ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ .ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ

"ﻚﺘﻣﻼﺳ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ" ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﻷﺍ

"ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺗ :ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ" ﻲﻓﻭ (xiii–xi 0)

ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺃﺮﻗﺍ ,ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ .(214–211 0)

.(65–50 0) "ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻲﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ" ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ :ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ

ﻊﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﺐﺠﻳ

ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺐﺋﺎﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻟﺎﺧﺩﺇ ﻝﻭﺎﺤﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﻴﻘﺛ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﺃ ﺖﺤﺗ

:ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ

.ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ

.ﻪﻟ ﻊﺴﺘﺗ ﻻ ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﺃ

.ﻂﻐﻀﻠﻟ

ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ :ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ

ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﺐﺠﻳ

ﺪﻨﻋ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ .ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ

.ﺕﺎﻣﺎﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﺑﺎﻨﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻩﺬﺧﺄﺗ ﻻ .ﺮﺤﺒﻟﺍ

ﺭﻮﺒﻨﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺓﻮﻘﺑ ﺔﻘﻓﺪﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻻﻼﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻤﻟﺍ

15 m

15 m

ﻩﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻔﺧﻹﺍ .ﻂﻐﻀﻠﻟ ﺔﺿﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ

ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﻔﻜﺗ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻁﻮﻐﻀﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻳ ﺪﻗ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ

:ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ

.ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺧﺩ ﻲﻓ

• ﻊﻓﺭ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻧﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻠﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ

• ﻪﻌﻀﺗ ﻭﺃ ،ﺪﺼﻗ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻔﻴﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻠﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﱢﺮﻌﺗ ﻻ

• ﺔﺿﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﻼﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺪﺤﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻀﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺮﺘﻣ 15 ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﺗ ﻕﺎﻤﻋﻷ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﱢﺮﻌﺗ ﻻ

•.ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺄﻄﺧ ﻦﻋ ﻢﺟﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻄﻐﺗ ﻢﺘﺗ ﻻ

• ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻘﻓﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺤﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻻ ،ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳﺎﺑ

• ﻩﺎﻴﻣﻭ (ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻬﻧﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺎﻤﺣ ﻞﺜﻣ) ﺔﺑﺬﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺮﻓﻮﻳ

• ﺕﺍﺭﺪﺤﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻌﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺮﺘﻣ 15 ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﺗ ﻕﺎﻤﻋﻷ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺽﱢﺮﻌﺗ ﻻ

•.ﺓﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ 60 ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﺗ ﺓﺪﻤﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﹰﺳﻮﻤﻐﻣ ﻪﻛﺮﺘﺗ ﻻ

xv

ﺕﺎﺘﺒﺜﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﺘﻔﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺭﺯ ﻞﱢﻐﺸﺗ ﻭﺃ ،ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺠﺣ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻭﺃ ﻞﺻﻮﻤﻟﺍ

ﺪﻴﺑ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺠﺣ ﺀﺎﻄﻏﻭ ﻞﺻﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﻔﻗﺃ ﻭﺃ

ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ .ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺡﺎﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺫﺍﺫﺮﻠﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﺗ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺘﺒﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻠﺘﺒﻣ

ﻦﻋ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ ،ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺐﻳﺮﺴﺗ ﺙﻭﺪﺣ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ .ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻓﺎﺟ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺒﺑ ﻥﺃ

.ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺮﺸﺘﺳﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻔﺟﻭ ،ﺍﹰﺭﻮﻓ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ

• ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺈﺑ ﻢﻘﺗ ﻻ ،ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺧﺩ ﻊﻨﻤﻟ .ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﻔﺑ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﻷﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺗ

ﺔﻤﻋﺎﻧ ﺵﺎﻤﻗ ﺔﻌﻄﻗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺠﺣ ﺀﺎﻄﻏﻭ ﻞﺻﻮﻤﻟﺍ

ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺈﺑ ﺀﺎﻨﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻊﻣ ،ﺥﺎﻔﻨﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺒﻳﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ ﺐﺠﻳ .ﺔﻓﺎﺟﻭ

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺒﻳﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ .ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺓﺩﺎﻀﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﻨﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺍﻭﺯﻭ ﺐﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﺕﺎﺌﻳﺰﺟ ﻱﺃ

ﺩﺍﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻔﻈﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻮﺑﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻻ .ﺔﻓﺎﺟﻭ ﺔﻤﻋﺎﻧ ﺵﺎﻤﻗ ﺔﻌﻄﻗ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ

ﻡﺎﻤﺤﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺡﻼﻣﺃﻭ ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺐﺟﺎﺣ ﻢﻳﺮﻛﻭ ،ﺓﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺳﺍ ﺖﻳﺯ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗﻭ ،ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟﺍ

.ﺭﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻬﺑﺎﺷ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻝﻮﺤﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﺖﻳﺰﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﻀﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻳﺬﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﺑﺎﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻈﻨﻤﻟﺍﻭ

ﺲﻤﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺊﻃﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺭﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﺘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺔﻳﻮﺌﻣ ° 50 ﻦﻋ

ﺔﺿﺮﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﺟ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻁﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺮﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻔﺧﻹﺍ .ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟﺍ

.ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺧﺪﻟ

• ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻭﺃ O ﻑﺮﺣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻠﺤﻟﺍ ﺐﻳﺮﺴﺗ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻞﺋﺍﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺇ ﺐﺠﻳ

• ﺪﻳﺰﺗ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺪﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺪﻟ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻳ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﺗ ﻻ

xvi

ﺔﻣﺪﺼﻟ ﻭﺃ ﻁﻮﻘﺴﻠﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﺍﺫﺇ .ﺯﺍﺰﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻔﻴﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺼﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺪﻳﺪﺸﻟﺍ ﻂﻐﻀﻠﻟ

ﻪﺘﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﺑ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻳ ﻝﺍﺰﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻠﻟ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍﻭ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻩﺬﺧﺃ ﺐﺠﻳ ،ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻣ

.ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﺳﺭ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣ ﻻ .ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ

ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺑ

ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﻢﺗ

ﻆﺣﻻ .ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﻮﺌﻣ° +40ﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺌﻣ° 0 ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺲﺑﺎﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﻮﺌﻣ° +40 ﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﺌﻣ ° –10 ﻦﻴﺑ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ

.ﺊﻓﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺑ ﻆﻔﺘﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻳﺪﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺑ

.ﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺔﻨﻛﺍﺩ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺪﺒﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻴﺧ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻝﺎﺜﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ :ﺓﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ

ﻙﺮﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﺗ ﺪﻗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ،ﺪﻤﺠﺘﺗ ﺎﻬﻛﺮﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻌﺻ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ

.ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻄﻏﺃﻭ ﻥﻮﻓﻭﺮﻜﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻛﺍﺮﺘﺗ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻓﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﻞﺻﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺠﺣ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻬﻛﺮﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻢﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ

ﻩﺬﻫ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻔﺧﻹﺍ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ .ﺔﺒﻃﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻔﻠﺨﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻐﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﺗ ﻭﺃ

ﺎﹰﻀﻳﺃ ﻒﺜﻜﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ .ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺬﺧﺃ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻒﺜﻜﺗ ﺙﻭﺪﺣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ

ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺙﺪﺤﻳ ﺎﻤﻠﺜﻣ ،ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻳﺮﺳ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ

،ﺓﺩﺭﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺔﺌﻴﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺌﻓﺍﺩ ﺔﻓﺮﻏ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻪﻠﻘﻧ ﻭﺃ ،ﺭﺎﺣ ﺊﻃﺎﺷ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺩﺭﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﻴﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻢﺘﻳ

ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻜﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺠﺣ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻭﺃ
ﻰﻟﺇ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺬﺧﺃ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺖﺘﺸﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻳﻭ ﺮﺧﺁ ﻒﻠﺗ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻄﻋ ﻱﺃ ﻒﺜﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺐﺒﺴﻳ ﻦﻟ .ﺐﻃﺭ

ﻪﻠﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﻢﺛ - ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﺎﻣﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺑﻮﻃﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻧﻮﺨﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺧ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ - ﺓﺮﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺪﺑ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ

ﻰﺘﺣ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺠﺣ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺢﺘﻓﻭ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺝﺍﺮﺧﺇ ﻊﻣ ﻪﻛﺮﺗﻭ

ﺖﻴﺘﺸﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻔﺧﻹﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﻲﻨﻓ ﺮﺸﺘﺳﺍ .ﺔﻄﻴﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻞﺼﻳ

.ﻒﺜﻜﺘﻟﺍ

• ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﻁﻮﻘﺴﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺍﺪﻄﺻﻼﻟ ﻪﺿﺮﻌﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ

•.ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺄﻄﺧ ﻦﻋ ﻢﺟﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻄﻐﺗ ﻢﺘﺗ ﻻ

• ﺰﻴﻬﺠﺘﺑ ﻢﻗ ﻭﺃ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺀﻑﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻆﻓﺎﺣ .ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻳ

• ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻊﻗﻮﺘﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻻ ﺪﻗ ،ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻋ

• ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋﻭ ﺢﻴﺗﺎﻔﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﺯﻷﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺗ ﺪﻗ .ﺭﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻄﻣﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺝﻮﻠﺛ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻟﺍﺯﺈﺑ ﻢﻗ ،ﺓﺩﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ

• ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻔﻘﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺪﺗﺭﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺮﺣﺍ .ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺪﻠﺠﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺩﺭﺎﺑ ﻥﺪﻌﻣ ﺲﻣﻼﻣ ﻱﺩﺆﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ

• ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﺗ ﺐﻨﺠﺗﻭ ،ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻸﻟ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻚﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﹰﻓﺎﺟ ﺎﹰﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺮﺘﺧﺍ

xvii

(GPS/GLONASS) ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ :ﻡﺎﻫ

:ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺠﺳ ﺕﺍﺰﻴﻣﻭ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﻊﺒﺗﺍ

ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺮﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﺗ ﻑﻮﺳﻭ ﺔﻄﻘﺘﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻊﻣ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ،(104 0)

ﺔﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺜﻌﺒﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻮﻳﺩﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﺪﻗ .ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺇ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻰﺘﺣ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ

ﺮﻤﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺣﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻊﻨﻤﹸﻳ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺮﻈﺤﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ؛ﺕﺍﺮﺋﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺣﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻧﺃﻭ

ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻻ ﺩﺪﺣ ،ﻲﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺠﺳ ﺀﺎﻬﻧﺈﺑ ﻢﻗ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻄﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﺸﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ

ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﺠﺳﻭ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺭﺬﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﺧﻮﺗ

" ﻊﺟﺍﺭ .ﺎﻬﺿﺮﻋ ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﻸﻟ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﺚﻴﺤﺑ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺮﺸﻧ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻭﺃ

ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ

ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺢﺴﻣ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺰﻤﻟ (xxii 0)

ﺔﺣﻼﻣ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻂﺋﺍﺮﺧ ﺏﺎﺤﻄﺻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ .ﺔﺣﻼﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺿﺭﺃ ﺢﺴﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺽﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ﻂﻘﻓ

ﻖﻠﺴﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺲﻄﻐﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺐﻛﺮﻣ ﺏﻮﻛﺭ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺔﻴﺟﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ

ﺮﻈﺤﺗ .ﻦﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﺑ ﺔﻄﻴﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻦﻴﺼﻟﺍ (2013 ،ﺮﺑﻮﺘﻛﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺍﹰﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ) ﻚﻟﺫ ﻞﻤﺸﻳ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ

ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻤﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺒﻋ ﺔﺣﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟ ﻝﻮﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ

ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻚﻳﺪﻟ ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻛﻭ ﻊﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺍﺬﻟ ؛ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ

ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ < ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻻ ﺩﺪﺣ ،ﺍﹰﺭﻮﻈﺤﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ .ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺰﺗ ﻑﻮﺳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﻑﺎﻘﻳﺈﺑ ﻢﻗﻭ ،ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ

ﺐﺠﻳ .ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻣﺪﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﺠﺳ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻧﺰﺨﻤﻟﺍ

"ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ

.ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻚﻌﻣ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ

.ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻝﺎﺒﺠﻟﺍ

.ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ

• ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ < ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻺﻟ ﻢﻌﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ :ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﺠﺳ

• ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻝﺪﺘﺴﹸﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﻭﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ :ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ

• ﺔﻴﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺮﻳﺭﺎﻘﺗ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﺭﺪﺼﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑﻭ ﻖﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﻻﺍﻭ ﻊﺿﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ :ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻟﺍ

• ﻭﺃ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻗﻮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺎﺑ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻻ ﺪﻗ :ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺩﻮﻴﻗ

xviii

.ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

،ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻛﻭ

ﺎﻬﻓﺎﺸﺘﻛﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺀﺎﻄﺧﺃ ﻱﺄﺑ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﺈﺑ ﺐﺣﺮﻧ ﺎﻨﻧﺃ ﻻﺇ

ﺔﻘﻓﺮﻣ ﻦﻳﻭﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ) ﻚﺘﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻞﺜﻤﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ

.(ﻞﺼﻔﻨﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ

• ﻦﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﺗ ﺭﺍﺮﺿﺃ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻞﻤﺤﺘﺗ ﻦﻟ
،ﺎﻬﺨﺴﻧ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻳﻮﺤﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻘﻓﺮﻤﻟﺍ

ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻭﺃ ،ﺩﺍﺩﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻳﺰﺨﺗ

• ﺔﻗﺩ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺩﻮﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻝﺬﺑ ﻢﺗ ﻦﻴﺣ ﻲﻓ
ﻲﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻥﺫﺇ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻱﺄﺑ ،ﻞﻜﺷ ﻱﺄﺑ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻱﺃ

ﻩﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﻷﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ

.ﻖﺒﺴﻣ ﺭﺎﻄﺧﺇ ﻥﻭﺪﺑﻭ ﺖﻗﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﻜﻟﺍ

.ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻖﺒﺴﻣ

ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ

• ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺟ ﻱﺃ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻻ

• ﺕﺎﻔﺻﺍﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻖﺤﻟﺎﺑ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻆﻔﺘﺤﺗ

xix

ﺎﻬﺟﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﹰﺎﻴﻤﻗﺭ ﺎﻬﺨﺴﻧ ﻢﺗ ﺩﺍﻮﻤﺑ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺩﺮﺠﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ

ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﺻﺃ
ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺴﻠﻟ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ
ﻢﺋﺎﺴﻗ ،ﺕﺎﻜﻴﺸﻟﺍ ،ﺮﻴﺗﺍﻮﻔﻟﺍ ،ﻢﻬﺳﻷﺍ) ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ

،ﺮﻛﺍﺬﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ

ﻡﺯﻼﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﻰﻧﺩﻷﺍ ﺪﺤﻟﺍ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺇ

،ﺔﻳﻮﻬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ،ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﻤﺠﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑﻭ ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺮﻛﺍﺬﺘﻟﺍﻭ

ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺤﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻡﺍﺰﺘﻟﻻﺍ •

،ﺔﻴﺒﺸﺨﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺣﻮﻠﻟﺍ ،ﻰﻘﻴﺳﻮﻤﻟﺍ

ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﻻ .ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍﻭ

،ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺍﺮﺘﺷﺍ ،(ﺦﻟﺇ ،ﺎﻳﺍﺪﻬﻟﺍ

ﺦﺴﻧ ﺯﻮﺠﻳ ﻻ ،ﹰﺎﻀﻳﺃ .ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ

ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻔﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﺍﻮﺟ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ
ﺕﻻﺎﻛﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺺﺧﺮﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺩﺪﺤﺗ

ﺔﻴﻨﻓ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ

،ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺔﻇﻮﻔﺤﻣ ﺦﺴﻧ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺕﺍﺫ

ﻡﻼﻓﻷﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻣﻮﺳﺮﻟﺍ ،ﻂﺋﺍﺮﺨﻟﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺒﻄﻤﻟﺍ

ﻕﺮﺧ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺽﺮﻐﺑ

ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ

.ﺕﺎﺒﺟﻮﻟﺍ

.ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ

ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﻣ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺔﻇﻮﺤﻠﻣ

.ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ ،ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺢﺳﺎﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ

• ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻥﺄﺸﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗ

،ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺩﻮﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺪﻴﻌﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻨﺗ ﻻ

ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺴﻟﺍ

ﻢﺗ ﻮﻟﻭ ﻰﺘﺣ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺴﻟﺍ

ﻢﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺦﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ "ﺔﻨﻴﻋ" ﺔﻣﻼﻋ ﻊﺿﻭ

ﻭﺃ ،ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺩﻮﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺯﻮﺠﻳ ﻻ

.ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻜﺻ ﻢﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺴﻟﺍ

ﺮﻴﻏ ﺪﻳﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺍﻮﻃ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺯﻮﺠﻳ ﻻ

ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺪﻳﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻤﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻮﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺍﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺦﺴﻧ ﺯﻮﺠﻳ ﻻ

ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺛﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺪﺼﺗ

ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻘﺒﺴﻣ

.ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺺﻨﻳ

ﹰﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ

،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺴﻟﺍ

.ﺎﻬﺋﺎﺸﻧﺇ

• ﺎﻬﺟﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺨﺴﻧ ﺯﻮﺠﻳ ﻻ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ

xx

ﺎﹰﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﻻ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻰﺟﺮﻳ

ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻓﻭﺬﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺣﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ .ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺓ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺢﺴﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ

ﺭﺎﻀﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺎﻤﻣ ،ﺎﹰﻳﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺔﺣﺎﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺘﻟﺍ

.ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺆﺴﻣ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ .ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟ

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﻹﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻻ ﺩﺪﺣ ،ﺮﺧﺁ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻜﻠﻣ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

ﻑﺬﺤﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﺢﺴﻤﺑ ﻢﻗﻭ (104 0) ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ < ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ

ﺀﺎﻤﺳ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﺜﻣ) ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺕﻼﺠﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻛ ﻑﺬﺣﺍﻭ ﻞﺠﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ ﺩﺪﺣ ،ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺠﺳ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻑﺬﺤﻟ .(ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺻ

.ﺎﹰﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻑﻼﺗﺇ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺘﻟ ﺭﺬﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﺧﻮﺗ ﺐﺠﻳ .(113 0)

ﻱﻮﺘﺤﺗ ﻻ ﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻪﺌﻠﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻢﺛ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﺗ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ

xxi

ﺮﻴﻏﻭ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ AVC Patent Portfolio License ﺺﻴﺧﺮﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻤﺑ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺺﻴﺧﺮﺗ ﻢﺗ

ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻓ ﺰﻴﻣﺮﺗ ﻚﻓ (ii) ﻭﺃ/ﻭ ("AVC ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻓ") AVC ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻟ ﺎﹰﻘﻓﻭ ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻣﺮﺗ (i) ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﻚﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻟ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ

ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻓ ﺮﻓﻮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺣ ﻭﺃ/ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺮﻴﻏﻭ ﺎﹰﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺎﹰﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﻳ ﻚﻠﻬﺘﺴﻣ ﻩﺰﻴﻣﺮﺘﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ AVC

ﻦﻜﻤﻳ .ﺮﺧﺁ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﻷ ﻪﻨﻴﻤﻀﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻦﻟﻭ ﺺﻴﺧﺮﺗ ﻱﺃ ﺢﻨﻣ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ .AVC ﻮﻳﺪﻴﻓ ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﻟ ﺺﹼﺧﺮﻣ

ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ .ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻗ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳ ﻻﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺍﺬﻫ ؛ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺎﻬﺴﻤﻟ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﺌﻓﺍﺩ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺗ ﺪﻗ

،ﺔﻋﺮﺴﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﺘﻣ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺪﺘﻤﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ

ﺎﻫﺮﺋﺍﻭﺩ ﺐﻴﺼﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﺿﻷﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﻪﻌﺒﺘﻳ ﻢﺛ ،ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﺪﻗ

.ﺪﻴﻘﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻛ ﺮﺋﺍﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺘﺤﺗﻭ ﺲﻴﻳﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻷ ﹰﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻢﺗ

ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺰﻬﺟﺃ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ ﻊﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﺪﺼﻤﻟﺍﻭ (ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇﻭ ﺩﺩﺮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﻣﻭ

ﻞﺜﻤﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺪﻨﻫ ﺖﻤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺮﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ

ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺍﺭ L.L.C. ،MPEG LA ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺰﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻟﺍ

.ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﺮﺒﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺮﻈﺘﻧﺍ .ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ

ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﻚﻟﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺑ) ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ

ﻚﻣﺮﺤﻳﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺔﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﻦﺤﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﺔﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻡﻮﻴﺜﻴﻟ-ﻥﻮﻳﺃ ﺕﺎﻳﺭﺎﻄﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ .ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ﻦﻣ

ﻊﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﻦﻣ

ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﻭﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﻷﺍ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺭﺎﻌﺷ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻻ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺷ

،ﺭﺮﺷ ﺭﻭﺪﺻ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺐﺒﺴﺘﻳ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ

.ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻉﺯﻮﻤﺑ ﻞﺼﺗﺍ ،ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟ

AVC Patent Portfolio License ﺺﻴﺧﺮﺗ

http://www.mpegla.com

ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗ

ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻌﻔﺗﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺤﻟﺍ

.ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺮﺋﺍﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ

.ﺐﻳﺮﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺭﺎﺠﻔﻧﻻﺍ

xxii

ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﺪﺼﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ

ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺳﺪﻨﻫ ﺖﻤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻚﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻗﺮﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻛ ﻊﻣ

ﺮﻴﻏ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ .ﺎﻬﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻳﺎﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟﺍﻭ

.ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻣﺮﺤﻳﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ

ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﻹﺍﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺻ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺺﺤﻔﺑ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺢﺼﻨﺗ .ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺻ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺗﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺗ ﻭﺫ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ

ﻰﻟﺇ ﺙﻼﺛ ﻞﻛ ﺓﺮﻣ ﺎﻬﺘﻧﺎﻴﺻﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻋ ﻞﻛ ﺓﺮﻣ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﻞﺜﻤﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻠﺻﺃ ﻉﺯﻮﻣ ﺪﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺺﺤﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺢﺼﻨﻳ .(ﺔﻣﺪﺨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﺳﺭ ﻞﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻆﺣﻻ) ﻡﺍﻮﻋﺃ ﺲﻤﺧ

ﻱﺃ ﻕﺎﻓﺭﺇ ﺐﺠﻳ .ﻑﺮﺘﺤﻣ ﻲﻨﻬﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ

ﻭﺃ ﺺﺤﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ،ﺕﺎﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻢﻈﺘﻨﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻮﺴﺴﻛﺇ

.ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻴﺻ

ﺔﻤﻬﻣ ﺭﻮﺻ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

ﻂﻘﺘﻟﺍ ،(ﺔﻠﺣﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺬﺧﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻭﺃ ﻑﺎﻓﺰﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻔﺣ ﻞﺜﻣ) ﺔﻣﺎﻬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

ﺭﺍﺮﺿﺃ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻞﻤﺤﺘﺗ ﻦﻟ .ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﺒﻳﺮﺠﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ

.ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻮﺼﻘﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺙﺪﺤﺗ ﺪﻗ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ﻭﺃ

ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ

،ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗﻭ ﻢﺋﺍﺩ ﻢﻋﺩ ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺘﻟ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﺑ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺠﻛ

:ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻳﻮﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﺣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ

http://www.nikon-asia.com/

ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﺤﻴﻤﻠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺙﺪﺣﺄﺑ ﻡﺎﻤﻟﻺﻟ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺰﺑ ﻞﻀﻔﺗ

ﺮﻓﺍﻮﺘﺗ ﺪﻗ .ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺢﺋﺎﺼﻧﻭ (FAQs) ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺳﻸﻟ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺟﺇ

ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺰﺑ ﻞﻀﻔﺗ ،ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟ .ﻚﺘﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﻞﺜﻤﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺿﺇ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ

http://imaging.nikon.com/

D

D

A

A

•http://www.nikonusa.com/ :ﺔﻴﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻦﻴﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ

•http://www.europe-nikon.com/support/ :ﺎﻴﻘﻳﺮﻓﺇﻭ ﺎﺑﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ

• :ﻂﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺳﻮﻧﺎﻴﻗﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻴﺳﺁ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟ

xxiii

ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

s

ﺃﺪﺒﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ

ﺓﺭﻮﻛﺬﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺘﺤﺗ ﺓﻮﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺗ ،ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ

.ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻲﻓ

1s1

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﺃ

ﺪﻗ .ﺎﻬﺗﺎﺷﺎﺷﻭ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﺯﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﺘﻌﺗ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻚﺴﻔﻧ ﺢﻨﻣﺍ

ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻟ ﻚﺗﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﺴﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﺷﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺪﺠﺗ

.ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ

s

6

15

14

17

16

21 ............................................ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺭﺯ

211 ،210 ...........................................ﺭﺎﺒﻐﻟﺍ ﻲﻗﺍﻭ

169 ،20 ..................................... ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ

20 ............................................... ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ

172..... ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺀﻮﺿ

89 ..................................ﻲﺗﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﺆﻤﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

93 .......................ﺀﺍﺮﻤﺤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

202...............................................ﻢﺴﺠﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

203..................O ﻑﺮﺣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻠﺣ ﻲﻗﺍﻭ

92 .................................................... ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺵﻼﻓ

138 ،130 ،99 ................................. USB ﻞﺻﻮﻣ

136..................................ﺮﻴﻐﺻ HDMI ﻞﺻﻮﻣ

51 ....................................................ﺏﺮﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﻣ

1 2 3 4 5

13 1112

6
7
8
9

10

73 ،68 ،66 ................................ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺭﺯ

11

84 ،79 ،77 ،69 ،33 ،29 ..............ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺭﺯ

12

22 .................................................ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻣ

13

22 ...............................................ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

14

176 ..................................................... ﻥﻮﻓﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ

15

169 .....................(E) ﺔﻳﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﻋ

14 .......................................ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺰﺣ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ

16

138 ،136 ،130 ،99 ......... ﻞﺻﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ

17

138 ،136 ،130 ،99 .....................ﻞﺻﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ

18

138 ،136 ،130 ،99 ...ﻞﺻﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﻥﺎﻣﺃ ﻞﻔﻗ

19

201 ،62 ،19 ............O ﻑﺮﺣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻠﺣ

20

21

18

19

20

21

1
2
3

4
5

6
7
8
9

10

2

(ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ) ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﺟ

21

3

45

13

1514

16

17

10 9 8

1112

9 ........................................ (ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍ) G ﺭﺯ

30 ،18 .......... ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ

86 ،81 ،31 ................................. (ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ) K ﺭﺯ

8 ......................................... (ﻖﻓﺍﻮﻣ) (OK) J ﺭﺯ

8 ........................................... ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺭﺯ

12 ..........................................................(ﺓﺰﻴﻣ) &

90 .................... (ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ) E

93 ،92 ..................................... (ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ) M

89 ،87 ............. (ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ﺖﻗﺆﻣ/ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ) C

121 ،32 ........................................ (ﻑﺬﺤﻟﺍ) O ﺭﺯ

7 ........................................... (ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ) $ ﺭﺯ

51 ....................................................ﺏﺮﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﻣ

16 ..................................... ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ

208 ،18 ،16 ................................ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ

.TA-N100 ﻞﺟﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺪﻋﺎﺒﻣ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﻋﺪﺗ ﻻ *

6

19 18

7

13

92 ................................ﻰﻠﻋﻸﻟ ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻓﺪﻧﺍ ﺭﺯ

194 ،115 ،5 ..............................................ﺔﺷﺎﺷ

14
15

118....... (ﺓﺮﻐﺼﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ/ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻐﺼﺗ) W ﺭﺯ

16

120.................................... (ﺽﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺒﻜﺗ) X ﺭﺯ

17

96 ................................................... (ﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇ) C ﺭﺯ

ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺠﺣ

208 ،18 ،16 .......................................................

ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻄﻏ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺠﺣ

18

208 ،18 ،16 ..........................................ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ

19

ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺑ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ/ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺠﺣ ﻥﺎﻣﺃ ﻞﻔﻗ

208 ،18 ،16 ..........................................ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ

20
21
22

ﺾﺒﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺭﺎﻤﺴﻣ

*ﻞﺟﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﺛﻼﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﺣ ﻒﻳﻮﺠﺗ

ﻂﻐﻀﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﺤﺘﻓ

s

21 2220

1
2
3

4

5

6
7

8

9

ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺳ

10
11

12

3

.ﻰﻨﻤﻴﻟﺍ ﻙﺪﻴﺑ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺣﺍ

s

ﻰﻟﺇ ﻖﻓﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺩﻮﻨﺴﻣ ﻚﻴﻘﻓﺮﻣ ﻖﺑﺃ

.ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﺢﺿﻮﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺣﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻃﺄﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﺍﺮﻴﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﺣ

ﻙﺪﻴﺑ ﺔﺳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻚﺴﻣﺃ

.ﻚﻋﺬﺟ

A

.ﻯﺮﺴﻴﻟﺍ

4

421 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

34
33
32

3131
3030
2929
2828

92 .................................ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﻷ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ ﻊﺴﺘﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ) "K"

27 .................................. (ﻲﺋﻮﺿ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺗ 1000

27 ........ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ

ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗ ﺀﻼﺘﻣﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ

88 ........................................ﺔﻄﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻛﺍﺬﻟﺍ

181...................... ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

228 ،193 ............ﺔﻗﺎﻄﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺮﻳﺬﺤﺗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

73 ،68 ........................................... ﺡﺎﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ

183..............................................ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

183..................................ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

183.....................ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺗ ISO ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

43 ،42 ..................................................... ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ

43 ،41 ........................................... ﻖﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ

160............................................................ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﻣ

27 .........................................

(AE) ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻔﻗ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

195.....................................................................

194.......................................... 1ﺕﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

207.................................1 Eye-Fi ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

176.............................. 1ﻥﻮﻓﻭﺮﻜﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ

73 ،68 .....................................ﻲﻀﻘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ

73 ،68 ..................................... ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

2 ،1

ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻄﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

12
13
14

15
16
17

18
19

2127 222325 2426 20

10 ..................................................ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

19

35 ....................... ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻟﺍ

20

37 ................................................... ﻲﻋﺍﺪﺑﺇ ﻊﺿﻭ

78 ،76 ........... ﺔﻈﺤﻟ ﺐﺴﻧﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

21

72 ،66 .................................ﻡﺪﻘﺘﻣ ﻢﻠﻴﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ

155............................... ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

40 .................................... ﻥﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺮﺷﺆﻣ

93 ،92 .............................................ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

22

87 ................................................ 1ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ

23

163.................................... 1ﺔﻄﺸﻧ D-Lighting

24

184.......................... 1 Picture Control ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺘﻋﺍ

178............................................... 1ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ

25

175...... 1(ﺓﺩﻮﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻡﻼﻓﺃ) ﻢﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

26

1

(ﺔﺌﻴﻄﺑ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﻡﻼﻓﺃ) ﺕﺎﻄﻘﻠﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ

27

175.....................................................................

28

156.............................................. 1ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ

29

156............................................... 1ﺓﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟ

165................................... 1ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺿﻭ

30

170.....1ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ

31

172 ،34 .........................................1ﻪﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻟﻭﺃ

32

170 ،29 ......................... ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ

33

1

34

ﻲﺋﺎﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺆﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺱﺍﻮﻗﺃ

165.....................................................................

173.............................................ﺵﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

90 ............................ ﻲﺋﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺗ

ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟﺍ

s

1
2

3
4
5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15
16

17
18

5