Makita EW120R, EW320TR, EW220R User Manual

PUMP

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE

MANUEL D'UTILISATION

9ZZ9990030

アメリカ＆カナダ

WARNING :

The engine exhaust from this product contains
chemicals known to the State of California to
cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive
harm.

NOTICE

FEDERAL EMISSION COMPONENT DEFECT WARRANTY and CALIFORNIA
EMISSION CONTROL WARRANTY are applicable to only those engines/
generators complied with EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and CARB
(California Air Resources Board) emission regulations in the U.S.A.

NOTICE

To the engines/generators exported to and used in the countries other than the
U.S.A., warranty service shall be performed by the distributor in each country in
accordance with the standard engine/generator warranty policy as applicable.

AIR INDEX

To show compliance with California emission regulations, a hangtag has been
provided displaying the Air Index level and durability period of this engine.

ENGLISHFRANÇAISEESPAÑOL

The Air Index level defines how clean an engine’s exhaust is over a period of
time. A bar graph scaled from “0” (most clean) to “10” (least clean) is used to
show an engine’s Air Index level. A lower Air Index level represents cleaner
exhaust from an engine.

The period of time (in hours) that the Air Index level is measured is known as
the durability period. Depending on the size of the engine, a selection of time
periods can be used to measure the Air Index level (see below).

Descriptive Term Applicable to Emissions Durability Period

Moderate - 50 hours (engine from 0 to 80 cc)

125 hours (engine greater than 80 cc)

Intermediate - 125 hours (engine from 0 to 80 cc)

250 hours (engine greater than 80 cc)

Extended - 300 hours (engine from 0 to 80 cc)

500 hours (engine greater than 80 cc)

Notice : This hangtag must remain on this engine or piece of equipment, and
only be removed by the ultimate purchaser before operation.

FEDERAL EMISSIONS COMPONENT DEFECT WARRANTY

EMISSIONS COMPONENT DEFECT WARRANTY COVERAGE - This emission warranty is applic-

able in all States, except the State of California

Makita U.S.A. Inc., La Mirada, California, (herein "MAKITA") warrant(s) to the initial retail purchaser
and each subsequent owner, that this Nonroad engine (herein "engine") has been designed, built,
and equipped to conform at the time of initial sale to all applicable regulations of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and that the engine is free of defects in materials and work­manship which would cause this engine to fail to conform with EPA regulations during its warranty
period.

For the components listed under PARTS COVERED, the Makita Factory Service Center or Service
Center authorized by MAKITA will, at no cost to you, make the necessary diagnosis, repair, or
replacement necessary to ensure that the engine complies with applicable U.S. EPA regulations.

EMISSION COMPONENT DEFECT WARRANTY PERIOD

The warranty period for this engine begins on the date of sale to the initial purchaser and continues
for a period of 2 years.

PARTS COVERED

Listed below are the parts covered by the Emission Components Defect Warranty. Some of the parts
listed below may require scheduled maintenance and are warranted up to the first scheduled
replacement point for that part.

(1) Fuel Metering System

(i) Carburetor and internal parts (and/or pres-

sure regulator or fuel injection system).

(ii) Air/fuel ratio feedback and control system,

if applicable.

(iii) Cold start enrichment system, if applica-

ble.

(iv) Regulator assy (gaseous fuel, if applica-

ble)

(2) Air Induction System

(i) Intake manifold, if applicable

(ii) Air filter.

OBTAINING WARRANTY SERVICE

To obtain warranty service, take your engine to the nearest Makita Factory Service Center or Service
Center authorized by MAKITA. Bring your sales receipts indicating date of purchase for this engine.
The Makita Factory Service Center or Service Center authorized by MAKITA will perform the neces­sary repairs or adjustments within a reasonable amount of time and furnish you with a copy of the
repair order. All parts and accessories replaced under this warranty become the property of MAKI­TA.EPA - MAKITA FEDERAL EMISSIONS COMPONENT DEFECT WARRANTY-continued

(3) Ignition System

(i) Spark plugs.

(ii) Magneto or electronic ignition system.

(iii) Spark advance/retard system, if applica-

ble.

(4) Exhaust manifold, if applicable

(5) Miscellaneous Items Used in Above Systems

(i) Electronic controls, if applicable

(ii) Hoses, belts, connectors, and assem-

blies.

(iii) Filter lock assy (gaseous fuel, if applica-

ble)

WHAT IS NOT COVERED

*Conditions resulting from tampering, misuse, improper adjustment (unless they were made by the

Makita Factory Service Center or Service Center authorized by MAKITA during a warranty repair),
alteration, accident, failure to use the recommended fuel and oil, or not performing required mainte­nance services.

*The replacement parts used for required maintenance services.

*Consequential damages such as loss of time, inconvenience, loss of use of the engine orequip-

ment, etc.

*Diagnosis and inspection charges that do not result in warranty-eligible service being performed.

*Any non-authorized replacement part, or malfunction of authorized parts due to use of non-autho-

rized parts.

OWNER'S WARRANTY RESPONSIBILITIES

As the engine owner, you are responsible for the performance of the required maintenance listed in
your owner's manual. MAKITA recommends that you retain all receipts covering maintenance on
your engine, but MAKITA cannot deny warranty solely for the lack of receipts or for your failure to
ensure the performance of all scheduled maintenance.

As the engine owner, you should however be aware that MAKITA may deny warranty coverage if
your engine or a part has failed due to abuse, neglect, improper maintenance or unapproved modi­fications.

You are responsible for presenting your engine to the nearest Makita Factory Service Center or
Service Center authorized by MAKITA when a problem exists.

If you have any questions regarding your warranty rights and responsibilities, you should contact
the Makita Warranty Department at 1-800-4-MAKITA for the information.

THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM WARRANTY
MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS

You are responsible for the proper maintenance of the engine. You should keep all receipts and
maintenance records covering the performance of regular maintenance in the event questions
arise. These receipts and maintenance records should be transferred to each subsequent owner of
the engine. MAKITA reserves the right to deny warranty coverage if the engine has not been prop­erly maintained. Warranty claims will not be denied, however, solely because of the lack of required
maintenance or failure to keep maintenance records.

ENGLISHFRANÇAISEESPAÑOL

MAINTENANCE, REPLACEMENT OR REPAIR OF EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES AND SYS­TEMS MAY BE PERFORMED BY ANY REPAIR ESTABLISHMENT OR INDIVIDUAL ; HOWEVER,
WARRANTY REPAIRS MUST BE PERFORMED BY THE MAKITA FACTORY SERVICE CENTER
OR SERVICE CENTER AUTHORIZED BY MAKITA. THE USE OF PARTS THAT ARE NOT
EQUIVALENT IN PERFORMANCE AND DURABILITY TO AUTHORIZED PARTS MAY IMPAIR
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM AND MAY HAVE A BEARING
ON THE OUTCOME OF A WARRANTY CLAIM.

If other than the parts authorized by MAKITA are used for maintenance replacements or for the
repair of components affecting emission control, you should assure yourself that such parts are
warranted by their manufacturer to be equivalent to the parts authorized by MAKITA in their perfor­mance and durability.

HOW TO MAKE A CLAIM

All repair qualifying under this limited warranty must be performed by a Makita Factory Service Center or
Service Center authorized by MAKITA. In the event that any emission-related part is found to be defective
during the warranty period, you shall notify Makita Warranty Department at 1-800-4-MAKITA and you will be
advised of the appropriate warranty service dealer or service providers where the warranty repair can be
performed. A list of the Factory Service Center locations and phone numbers is provided below for your
convenience.

ARIZONA

3707 E.Broadway Rd., Ste.6
Phoenix, AZ 85040
[phone]

CALIFORNIA

41850 Christy St.
Fremont, CA 94538-5107
[phone]

14930 Northam St.
La Mirada, CA 90638-5753
[phone]

4191A Power Inn Rd.
Sacramento, CA 95826
[phone]

7674 Clairemont Mesa Blvd.
San Diego, CA 92111
[phone]

16735 Saticoy St.,Ste. 105
Van Nuys, CA 91406
[phone]

COLORADO

11809 E.51st Ave.
Denver, CO 80239-2709
[phone]

FLORIDA

750 East Sample Rd.
Pompano Beach, FL 33064
[phone]

GEORGIA

4680 River Green Parkway NW
Duluth, GA 30096
[phone]

ILLINOIS

1450 Feehanville Dr.
Mt. Prospect, IL 60056-6011
[phone]

MARYLAND

7397 Washington Blvd Ste 104
Elkridge, MD 21075
[phone]

MASSACHUSETTS

232 Providence Highway
Westwood, MA 02090
[phone]

MINNESOTA

6427 Penn Ave. South
Richfield, MN 55423
[phone]

MISSOURI

9876 Watson Rd.
St.Louis, MO 63126-2221
[phone]

NEBRASKA

4129 S. 84th St.
Omaha, NE 68127
[phone]

NEVADA

3375 S. Decatur Blvd., Suites22-24
Las Vegas, NV 89102
[phone]

NEW JERSEY

251 Herrod Blvd.
Dayton, NJ 08810-1539
[phone]

NEW YORK

4917 Genessee St.
Cheektowaga, NY 14225
[phone]

OREGON

828 19th Ave., N. W.
Portland, OR 97209
[phone]

PENNSYLVANIA

1904 Babcock Blvd.
Pittsburgh, PA 15209
[phone]

PUERTO RICO

200 Guayama St.
Hato Rey, PR 00917
[phone]

TENNESSEE

1120 Elm Hill Pike Suite 170
Nashville, TN 37210
[phone]

TEXAS

12801 Stemmons Fwy Ste. 809
Farmers Branch, TX 75234
[phone]

4321 W. Sam Houston Pkwy
Suite 130
Houston, TX 77043
[phone]

3453 IH-35 North, Ste. 101
San Antonio, TX 78219
[phone]

WISCONSIN

Lincoln Plaza Shopping Ctr.
2245 S. 108th St.
West Allis, WI 53227
[phone]

CALIFORNIA EMISSION CONTROL WARRANTY STATEMENT

(This warranty does not apply in any other state.)

YOUR WARRANTY RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS

The California Air Resources Board and Makita U.S.A., Inc. (herein "MAKITA") are pleased to
explain the emission control warranty on your 2005 and later small off-road engine (herein

"engine"). In California, new engine must be designed, built and equipped to meet the State's
stringent anti-smog standards. MAKITA must warrant the emission control system on your
engine for the periods of time listed below provided there has been no abuse, neglect or
improper maintenance of your engine.

Your emission control system includes parts such as the carburetor or fuel injection systems,
the ignition system and the catalytic converter. Also included are the hoses, belts, connectors
and other emission-related assemblies.

Where a warrantable condition exists, MAKITA will repair your engine at no cost to you including
diagnosis, parts and labor.

MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY COVERAGE :

The 2005 and later engines are warranted for two years. If any emission-related part on your

engine is defective, the part will be repaired or replaced by MAKITA.

OWNER'S WARRANTY RESPONSIBILITIES :

-As the engine owner, you are responsible for the performance of the required mainte­nance listed in your Owner's Manual. MAKITA recommends that you retain all receipts
covering maintenance on your engine, but MAKITA cannot deny warranty solely for the
lack of receipts or for your failure to ensure the performance of all scheduled mainte­nance.

-As the engine owner, you should be aware, however, that MAKITA may deny you warran­ty coverage if your engine or a part has failed due to abuse, neglect, improper mainte­nance or unapproved modifications.

-You are responsible for presenting your engine to a MAKITA service center as a problem
exists.
The warranty repairs should be completed in a reasonable time, not to exceed 30 days.

If you have any questions regarding your warranty rights and responsibilities, you should con­tact a Makita Factory Service Center Manager nearest you. A list of the Factory Service Center
locations and phone numbers is provided below for your convenience.

ENGLISHFRANÇAISEESPAÑOL

LIMITED WARRANTY

on Emission Control Systems

-

California Only

MAKITA , a distributor of small off-road equipment in the U.S., warrants to the owner of 2005

and later engines that the engine (1) has been designed, built, and equipped at the time of man­ufacture so as to conform with the applicable regulations of the California Air Resources Board
and, (2) is free from defects in materials and workmanship which may cause it to fail to conform
with those regulations as applicable according to the terms and conditions stated below.

WARRANTY PERIOD

This warranty period begins on the date which the engine is delivered to the original retail pur­chaser and ends two years after that date. During this two year period MAKITA warrants to the
original retail purchaser and each subsequent purchaser that the engine is free from defect in
material and workmanship that can cause the failure of a warranted emission-related part.

WHAT IS COVERED UNDER THIS WARRANTY

Repair and/or replacement of any warranted emission-related part will be performed at no
charge provided the work is performed at an authorized warranty station. There will also be no
charge for any diagnostic labor performed at an authorized warranty station which leads to the
determination that a warranted emission-related part is defective.

Any warranted part which is not scheduled for replacement as required maintenance, or which is
scheduled only for regular inspection to the effect of "repair or replace as necessary" shall be
warranted for the warranty period. Any warranted part which is scheduled for replacement as
required maintenance shall be warranted for the period of time up to the first scheduled replace­ment of that part. This warranty shall apply only towards the repair, replacement, and/or adjust­ment of the component parts listed below.

-

EMISSION-RELATED PARTS COVERED UNDER THIS WARRANTY

(1) Fuel Metering System

(i) Carburetor and internal parts (and/or pressure regulator or fuel injection system).
(ii) Air/fuel ratio feedback and control system, if applicable.
(iii) Cold start enrichment system, if applicable.
(iv) Regulator assy (gaseous fuel, if applicable)

(2) Air Induction System

(i)Intake manifold, if applicable
(ii)Air filter.

(3) Ignition System

(i)Spark plugs.
(ii)Magneto or electronic ignition system.

(iii)Spark advance/retard system, if applicable.
(4) Exhaust manifold, if applicable
(5) Miscellaneous Items Used in Above Systems

(i)Electronic controls, if applicable

(ii)Hoses, belts, connectors, and assemblies.

(iii) Filter lock assy (gaseous fuel, if applicable)

If it is determined by an authorized warranty station that other engine components have been
damaged due to the failure of a warranted emission-related part during the warranty period,
MAKITA will repair and/or replace the necessary components.

WHAT IS NOT COVERED UNDER THIS WARRANTY

This warranty does not cover any emission-related part which malfunctions, fails, or is dam­aged due to alterations and/or modifications such as changing, adding, or removing parts.

When an engine is being serviced under warranty, MAKITA and any of its authorized dealers,
distributors, or warranty stations shall not be liable for any loss of use of the engine, for any
damage to goods, or loss of time or inconvenience. This limited warranty also does not apply
to any emission-related part which malfunctions, fails, or is damaged due to failure to follow
the maintenance and operating instructions specified in the 2005 and later Owner's Manual

including.

(a) Improper or inadequate maintenance of any warranted emission-related part.
(b) Improper installation, adjustment, or repair of the engine or any warranted emission-

related part unless performed by a factory authorized warranty station.

(c) Failure to use recommended fuel as specified in the 2005 and later Owner's Manual.
(d) Repairs and diagnosis performed outside of an authorized warranty station.
(e) Use of parts which are not authorized by MAKITA.

MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

The engine owner is responsible for having all scheduled inspection and maintenance services
performed at the intervals specified in the 2005 and later Owner's Manual and to retain records

of these services as having been performed. These records should be transferred to each sub­sequent owner of the engine. MAKITA cannot deny a claim solely because there are no
records of scheduled maintenance, however, a warranty claim may be denied if the failure to
perform the scheduled maintenance and inspection resulted in the failure of a warranted emis­sion-related part.
As a minimum, the engine owner is responsible for the scheduled inspection and maintenance
described below which are based on the procedures described in the Owner's Manual.

ENGLISHFRANÇAISEESPAÑOL

PROCEDURE INTERVAL

1) Change engine oil : Initial 20 hours and every 100 hours afterward

2) Clean air cleaner (element) : Every 50 hours

3) Replace air cleaner element : Every 200 hours

4) Clean and adjust spark plug and electrodes : Every 200 hours

Note: More frequent maintenance may be necessary under dusty, dirty or severe conditions.

REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT OF EMISSION-RELATED PARTS

It is recommended that only engine replacement parts which have been authorized and
approved by MAKITA should be used in the performance of any warranty maintenance or repairs
of emission-related parts. These replacement parts will be provided at no charge if the part is still
under warranty.

HOW TO FILE A WARRANTY CLAIM

AND WHERE TO GET WARRANTY SERVICES

Contact the nearest Makita Factory Service Center Manager to determine the appropriate loca­tion where the required warranty services are to be performed. A list of the Factory Service
Center locations and phone numbers are provided below for your convenience.

41850 Christy Street
Fremont, CA 94538-5107
[phone]

1421 N. Clovis Ave., Ste. 112
Fresno, CA 93727
[phone]

14930 Northam Street
La Mirada, CA 90638-5753
[phone]

1970 Fulton Avenue
Sacramento, CA 95825
[phone]

1440 South "E" Street
San Bernardino, CA 92408
[phone]

7674 Clairemont Mesa Blvd.
San Diego, CA 92111
[phone]

1714 E. McFadden Ave., Unit M
Santa Ana, CA 92705
[phone]

333 Littlefield Ave.
South San Francisco, CA 94080
[phone]

16735 Saticoy St., Ste. 105
Van Nuys, CA 91406
[phone]

FACTORY SERVICE CENTERS IN CANADA

BRITISH COLUMBIA

RICHMOND
(Vancouver Regional Office)
11771 Hammersmith Way, Richmond, V7A.5H6
Tel. [phone] or 604.272.3104
Fax.[phone]

COQUITLAM
Unit 103. 2131 Hartley Avenue, Coquitlam, V3K.2Z3
Tel. [phone] or 1.800.266.7738
Fax.[phone]

ALBERTA

CALGARY
#8-6115 Fourth Street S.E., Calgary, T2H.2H9
Tel. [phone] or 403.243.3995
Fax.[phone]

EDMONTON
11614-149 Street, Edmonton, T5M.3R3
Tel. [phone] or 780.455.6544
Fax.[phone]

SASKATCHEWAN

SASKATOON
206A-2750 Faithful Avenue, Saskatoon, S7K.6M6
Tel. [phone] or 306.931.0111
Fax.[phone]

MANITOBA

WINNIPEG
1670 St. James Street, Winnipeg, R3H.0L3
Tel. [phone] or 204.694.0402
Fax.[phone]

ONTARIO

LONDON
317 Adelaide Street S., Unit 117, London, N5Z.3L3
Tel. [phone] or 519.686.3115
Fax.[phone]

MISSISSAUGA
6350 Tomken Road, Unit 8 Mississauga, L5T.1Y3
Tel. [phone] or 905.670.7255
Fax.[phone]

OTTAWA (Nepean)
210 Colonnade Road S, Unit #10, Ottawa (Nepean),
K2E.7L5
Tel. [phone] or 613.224.5022/5088
Fax.[phone]

WHITBY
(Toronto Head Office)
1950 Forbes Street, Whitby, L1N.7B7
Tel. [phone] or 905.571.2200
Fax.[phone]

QUÉBEC

ST. LEONARD
(Montréal Bureau Régional)
6389 Boul, Couture, St. Leonard, H1P.3J5
Tél. [phone] or 514.323.1223
Fax.[phone]

VILLE ST. LAURENT
1140 Rue Bégin, Ville St. Laurent, H4R 1X1
Tél. [phone] or 514.745.5025
Fax.[phone]

LES SAULES
1200 St. Jean Baptiste, Unit 106, Québec (Les Saules),
G2E.5E8
Tél. [phone] or 418.871.5720
Fax.[phone]

NOVA SCOTIA

DARTMOUTH
202 Brownlow Avenue, Dartmouth,B3B.1T5
Tel. [phone] or 902.468.7064
Fax.[phone]

ENGLISHFRANÇAISEESPAÑOL

FOREWORD

Thank you very much for purchasing a MAKITA PUMP.
This manual covers operation and maintenance of
All information in this publication is based on the latest product information
available at the time of approval for printing. Please read this manual carefully
before operating.

Please take a moment to familiarize yourself with the proper operation and
maintenance procedures in order to maximize the safe and efficient use of
this product.
Keep this owner’s manual at hand, so that you can refer to it at any time.
Due to constant efforts to improve our products, certain procedures and
specifications are subjected to change without notice.

CONTENTS

MAKITA PUMP.

Page

ENGLISHFRANÇAISEESPAÑOL

1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

2. COMPONENTS

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

3. PREPARATIONS FOR STARTING

4. OPERATION

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

5. MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

6. "HOW-TO" MAINTENANCE

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

7. PREPARATIONS FOR STORAGE

8. OIL SENSOR (OPTIONAL)

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

9. SPARK ARRESTER (OPTIONAL)

10. TROUBLESHOOTING

11. SPECIFICATIONS

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

・・・・・・・・・・・・・

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

・・・・・・・・・・・・・

・・・・・・・・・・・・・

1
3

6
10
15
17
23
25
26
27
29

1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Please make sure you review each precaution carefully.
Pay special attention to statement preceded by the following words.

WARNING

“WARNING” indicates a strong possibility of severe personal injury or loss of
life if instructions are not followed.

CAUTION

“CAUTION” indicates a possibility of personal injury or equipment damage if
instructions are not followed.

WARNING

■

Never inhale exhaust gasses.

: EXHAUST PRECAUTIONS

They contain carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless and extremely
dangerous gas which can cause unconsciousness or death.

■

Never operate the pump indoors or in a poorly ventilated area, such

as tunnel, cave, etc.

■

Exercise extreme care when operating the engine near people or animals.

■

Keep the exhaust pipe free of foreign objects.

WARNING

■

Gasoline is extremely flammable and its vapors can explode if ignited.

■

Do not refuel indoors or in a poorly ventilated area.

■

Be sure to stop the pump prior to refueling.

■

Do not remove fuel tank cap nor fill fuel tank while engine is hot or running.

: REFUELING PRECAUTIONS

Allow engine to cool at least 2 minutes before refueling.

■

Do not overfill the fuel tank.

■

If fuel is spilt, wipe it away carefully and wait until the fuel has dried
before starting the engine.

■

After refueling, make sure that the fuel cap is secured to prevent spillage.

WARNING

■

Do not operate the pump while smoking or near an open flame.

■

Do not use around dry brush, twigs, cloth rags, or other flammable

: FIRE PREVENTION

materials.

■

Keep cooling air intake (recoil starter area) and muffler side of the
engine at least 1 meter (3 feet) away from buildings, obstructions
and other burnable objects.

■

Keep the pump away from flammables and other hazardous

materials (trash, rags, lubricants, explosives).

−1−

1m

1m

WARNING

■

Be careful of hot parts.

: OTHER SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

The muffler and other engine parts become very hot while the pump

is running or just after it has stopped. Operate the pump in a safe
area and keep children away from the running pump.

■

Do not use diaphram pump for the mixture of water and oil.

■

Do not touch the spark plug and ignition cable when starting and
operating the engine.

■

Operate the pump on a stable, level surface.

If the engine is tilted, fuel spillage may result.

NOTE

Operating the engine at a steep incline may cause seizure due to
improper lubrication even with a maximum oil level.

■

Do not transport the pump with fuel in tank or with fuel strainer
cock open.

■

Keep the unit dry (do not operate it in rainy conditions).

ENGLISHFRANÇAISEESPAÑOL

CAUTION

■

Carefully check fuel hoses and joints for looseness and fuel

: PRE-OPERATION CHECKS

leakage. Leaked fuel creates a potentially dangerous situation.

■

Check bolts and nuts for looseness. A loose bolt or nut may
cause serious engine trouble.

■

Check the engine oil and refill if necessary.

■

Check the fuel level and refill if necessary.
Take care not to overfill the tank.

■

Keep cylinder fins and recoil starter free of dirt, grass and other
debris.

■

Wear snug fitting working clothes when operating the engine.
Loose aprons, towels, belt, etc., may be caught in the engine or
drive train, causing a dangerous situation.

−2−