LeCroy PXA125 User Manual

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User Manual

PXA125

125 MS/s

ARBITRARY WAVEFORM GENERATOR

Publication No. 010520

PUBLICATION DATE: June, 2002

REVISION: 1.1

WARRANTY STATEMENT

Products sold by LeCroy are warranted to be free from defects in workmanship or materials. LeCroy will, at its option, either repair or replace any hardware products, which prove to be defective during the warranty period. You are a valued customer. Our mission is to make any necessary repairs in a reliable and timely manner.

Duration of Warranty

The warranty period for this LeCroy hardware is one year, except software and firmware products designed for use with LeCroy Hardware is warranted not to fail to execute its programming instructions due to defect in materials or workmanship for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of delivery to the initial end user.

Return of Product

Authorization is required from LeCroy before you send your product for service or calibration. Call your nearest LeCroy support facility. A list is located on the last page of this manual. If you are unsure where to call, contact LeCroy Customer Support Department.

Limitation of Warranty

LeCroy shall be released from all obligations under this warranty in the event repairs or modifications are made by persons other than authorized LeCroy service personnel or without the written consent of LeCroy.

LeCroy expressly disclaims any liability to its customers, dealers and representatives and to users of its product, and to any other person or persons, for special or consequential damages of any kind and from any cause whatsoever arising out of or in any way connected with the manufacture, sale, handling, repair, maintenance, replacement or use of said products.

Representations and warranties made by any person including dealers and representatives of LeCroy, which are inconsistent or in conflict with the terms of this warranty (including but not limited to the limitations of the liability of LeCroy as set forth above), shall not be binding upon LeCroy unless reduced to writing and approved by an officer of LeCroy

Except as stated above, LeCroy makes no warranty, express or implied (either in fact or by operation of law), statutory or otherwise; and except to the extent stated above, LeCroy shall have no liability under any warranty, express or implied (either in fact or by operation of law), statutory or otherwise.

PROPRIETARY NOTICE

This document and the technical data herein disclosed, are proprietary to LeCroy, and shall not, without express written permission of LeCroy, be used, in whole or in part to solicit quotations from a competitive source or used for manufacture by anyone other than LeCroy. The information herein has been developed at private expense, and may only be used for operation and maintenance reference purposes or for purposes of engineering evaluation and incorporation into technical specifications and other documents, which specify procurement of products from LeCroy.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - PORTRAYAL

What’s in This Chapter...................................................................................................1-1

Introduction....... .............................................................................................................1-1

Conventions used in this Manual .............................................................................1-1

PXA125 Series Feature highlights .................................................................................1-2

ArbConnection Feature highlights..................................................................................1-3

Functional Description....................................................................................................1-6

Output Function.....................................................................................................1-6

Frequency .............................................................................................................1-6

Amplitude. .............................................................................................................1-6

Trigger Modes .......................................................................................................1-6

Arbitrary Waveforms..............................................................................................1-6

Memory Segmentation ..........................................................................................1-7

Remote Control .....................................................................................................1-7

Frequency Agility...................................................................................................1-7

Multi instrument Synchronization...........................................................................1-7

Supplied Accessories.....................................................................................................1-8

Specifications ... .............................................................................................................1-8

Functional Description....................................................................................................1-8

Front Panel Connectors .................................................................................................1-8

Output...... .............................................................................................................1-8

SYNC output..........................................................................................................1-8

TRIG/FSK IN .........................................................................................................1-8

SINE OUT .............................................................................................................1-9

REF IN..... .............................................................................................................1-9

Operating Modes............................................................................................................1-9

Continuous Mode ..................................................................................................1-9

Triggered Mode ...................................................................................................1-10

Gated mode.........................................................................................................1-10

Burst mode ..........................................................................................................1-10

Frequency Agility..........................................................................................................1-10

Sweep...... ...........................................................................................................1-11

FSK. ........ ...........................................................................................................1-11

User Manual PXA125

Ramped FSK.......................................................................................................1-11

FM .. ........ ...........................................................................................................1-11

Output Type ..... ...........................................................................................................1-11

Standard (Fixed) Waveforms ..............................................................................1-12

Arbitrary (User) Waveforms................................................................................. 1-12

Sequenced Waveforms .......................................................................................1-13

Output State ..... ...........................................................................................................1-14

Filters ...... ........ ...........................................................................................................1-14

Programming the PXA125 ...........................................................................................1-15

Chapter 2 - INSTALLATION

Installation Overview ......................................................................................................2-1

Unpacking and Initial Inspection ....................................................................................2-1

Safety Precautions ...................................................................................................2-1

Operating Environment .........................................................................................2-2

Power Requirements.............................................................................................2-2

Grounding Requirements ......................................................................................2-2

Calibration .............................................................................................................2-3

Abnormal Conditions .............................................................................................2-3

Cleaning .. .............................................................................................................2-3

Long Term Storage or Repackaging for Shipment......................................................... 2-3

Preparation for Use ........................................................................................................2-4

Removing the Instrument From the Bag ...............................................................2-4

Installation .............................................................................................................2-4

Installing instrument Drivers...........................................................................................2-4

Minimum System Requirements ...........................................................................2-5

Windows Software installation...............................................................................2-5

Windows 95/98/ME Device Driver installation.......................................................2-5

Windows 2000/XP Device Driver installation ......................................................2-12

Windows NT Device Driver installation ...............................................................2-17

Installing ArbConnection and ArbDetector ...................................................................2-17

The ArbDetector2-24

Using the ArbDetector .........................................................................................2-25

User Manual PXA125

Configuring Actual Slot Location .........................................................................2-26

Testing Communications with Your instrument ...................................................2-28

Chapter 3 - ArbConnection

What’s in This Chapter...................................................................................................3-1

Introduction to ArbConnection........................................................................................3-1

Installing ArbConnection .......................................................................................3-1

Quitting ArbConnection .........................................................................................3-2

For the New and Advance Users...........................................................................3-2

Conventions Used in This Manual.........................................................................3-2

The Opening Screen ......................................................................................................3-3

ArbConnection Features ................................................................................................3-6

The Control Panels.........................................................................................................3-6

The Main Panel ....................................................................................................3-8

Waveforms....................................................................................................3-9

Operating modes ..........................................................................................3-9

SYNC Output................................................................................................3-9

TTLTrig Output .............................................................................................3-9

Output.........................................................................................................3-10

The Standard Waveforms Panel .........................................................................3-10

Parameters .................................................................................................3-10

Frequency...................................................................................................3-10

10 MHz Ref.................................................................................................3-11

Waveforms..................................................................................................3-12

The Arbitrary & Sequence Panel .........................................................................3-13

Parameters .................................................................................................3-13

Sample Clock .............................................................................................3-14

10 MHz Ref.................................................................................................3-14

Sequence Advance ....................................................................................3-15

Using the Segment Table....................................................................................3-15

Using the sequence Table...................................................................................3-17

The Trigger Panel................................................................................................3-19

Trigger Parameters.....................................................................................3-19

User Manual PXA125

Slope ..........................................................................................................3-20

Source ........................................................................................................3-20

Arm . ...........................................................................................................3-21

The Modulation Panel .........................................................................................3-21

Frequency Modulation ................................................................................3-21

FSK. ...........................................................................................................3-23

Sweep.........................................................................................................3-23

The Utility Panel ..................................................................................................3-25

Multi-Instrument Synchronization Control...................................................3-25

Filter ...........................................................................................................3-28

System Commands ....................................................................................3-28

The System and Commands Editor ....................................................................3-28

Communication...........................................................................................3-28

System Commands ....................................................................................3-29

Command Editor.........................................................................................3-30

The Waveform Composer ............................................................................................ 3-30

The Commands Bar ............................................................................................3-30

File Commands ..........................................................................................3-31

Edit Commands ..........................................................................................3-32

View Commands ........................................................................................3-34

Wave Commands .......................................................................................3-35

System Commands ....................................................................................3-37

The Toolbars .......................................................................................................3-37

The Waveform Screen ........................................................................................3-40

The FM Composer .......................................................................................................3-42

The Commands Bar ............................................................................................3-42

File Commands ..........................................................................................3-43

Edit Commands ..........................................................................................3-44

Wave Commands .......................................................................................3-46

Generating Waveforms Using the Equation Editor ......................................................3-47

Anchor ........................................................................................................3-48

Level Adjuster.............................................................................................3-48

Equation .....................................................................................................3-49

User Manual PXA125

Control Buttons...........................................................................................3-49

Writing Equations ................................................................................................3-49

Equation Conventions .........................................................................................3-49

Typing Equations.................................................................................................3-51

Equation Examples..............................................................................................3-52

Combining Waveforms ........................................................................................3-56

Creating FM Markers....................................................................................................3-58

Chapter 4 – PROGRAMMING REFERENCE

What’s in This Chapter...................................................................................................4-1

What’s Required.............................................................................................................4-1

The TEComm.dll Functions............................................................................................4-1

FindInstrument.......................................................................................................4-2

Openinstrument.....................................................................................................4-4

OpenAllInstrument.................................................................................................4-6

CloseInstrument ....................................................................................................4-8

GetInstrumentAttribute ........................................................................................4-10

GetStateMessage................................................................................................4-13

The TE5200drv.dll Functions .......................................................................................4-14

SendCommand....................................................................................................4-14

SendBlock ...........................................................................................................4-17

Introduction to SCPI .....................................................................................................4-21

Command Format................................................................................................4-21

Command Separator ...........................................................................................4-22

The MIN and MAX Parameters ...........................................................................4-22

Querying parameter Setting ................................................................................4-22

Query Response Format .....................................................................................4-22

SCPI Command Terminator ................................................................................4-23

IEEE-488.2 Common Commands .......................................................................4-23

SCPI Parameter Type .........................................................................................4-23

Numeric Parameters...................................................................................4-23

Discrete Parameters...................................................................................4-23

Boolean Parameters...................................................................................4-24

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User Manual PXA125

SCPI Syntax and Styles ......................................................................................4-24

SOURce Subsystem ....................................................................................................4-30

APPLy:SINusoid{<freq>,<ampl>,<offs>,<phase>} .............................................. 4-31

APPLy:TRIangle{<freq>,<ampl>,<offs>,<phase>} .............................................. 4-31

APPLy:SQUare{<freq>,<ampl>,<offs>,<duty_cycle>}.........................................4-32

APPLy:PULSe{<freq>,<ampl>,<offs>,<delay>,<rise>,<high>,<fall>}.................. 4-32

APPLy:RAMP{<freq>,<ampl>,<offs>,<delay>,<rise>,<fall>}............................... 4-33

APPLy:SINC{<freq>,<ampl>,<offs>,<N_cycles>} ...............................................4-33

APPLy:EXPonential{<freq>,<ampl>,<offs>,<exp>}.............................................4-34

APPLy:GAUSsian{<freq>,<ampl>,<offs>,<exp>}................................................4-34

APPLy:DC{<%_ampl>}........................................................................................ 4-35

APPLy:USER{<seg# >,<sclk>,<ampl>,<offs>}.................................................... 4-35

FM(OFF|ON|0|1}..................................................................................................4-36

FM:DEViation<deviation>....................................................................................4-36

FM:FUNCtion:MODE{FIXed|USER}....................................................................4-36

FM:FUNCtion:SHAPe(SINusoid|TRIangle|SQUare|RAMP} ................................4-37

FM:FREQuency<FM_freq> ................................................................................. 4-37

FM:FREQuency:RASTer<FM_sclk> ...................................................................4-37

FM:TRIGger:MODE(CONTinuous|TRIGered|GATEd} ........................................ 4-38

FM:TRIGger:SLOPe(POSitive|NEGative} ...........................................................4-38

FREQuency{<freq>|MINimum|MAXimum} ..........................................................4-38

FREQuency:RASTer{<sclk>|MINimum|MAXimum}.............................................4-39

FREQuency:RASTer:SOURce{EXTernal|INTernal}............................................4-39

FSK:FREQuency:RASTer<FM_sclk> .................................................................4-40

FSK:MODE(HOP|RAMPed} ................................................................................4-40

FSK:RAMP:TIME<time> .....................................................................................4-40

FUNCTion:MODE{FIXed|USER|SEQuence}.......................................................4-41

FUNCtion:SHAPe{SINusoid|TRIangle|SQUare|PULSe|RAMP|SINC|

EXPonential|GAUSsian|NOISe|DC} ........................................................... 4-41

ROSCillator:SOURce{INTernal|EXTernal|TCXO} ...............................................4-42

SWEep:STOP<stop_sclk> ..................................................................................4-42

SWEep:TIME<time>............................................................................................ 4-42

SWEep:DIRection{UP|DOWN}............................................................................4-43

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User Manual PXA125

SWEep:SPACing{LINear|LOGarithmic}...............................................................4-43

SWEep:TRIGger:MODE(CONTinuous|TRIGered|GATEd} .................................4-43

SWEep:TRIGger:SLOPe(POSitive|NEGative} ....................................................4-44

SWEep:MARKer<mark_sclk> .............................................................................4-44

VOLTage{<ampl>|MINimum|MAXimum} .............................................................4-44

VOLTage:OFFSet<offs>......................................................................................4-45

SINusoid:PHASe<phase> ...................................................................................4-45

TRIangle:PHASe<phase> ...................................................................................4-45

SQUare:DCYCle<duty_cycle> ............................................................................4-46

PULSe:DELay<delay>.........................................................................................4-46

PULSe:WIDTh<pulse_width>..............................................................................4-46

PULSe:TRANsition<rise> ....................................................................................4-47

PULSe:TRANsition:TRAiling<fall>.......................................................................4-47

RAMP:DELay<delay>..........................................................................................4-47

RAMP:TRANsition<rise> .....................................................................................4-48

RAMP:TRANsition:TRAiling<fall>........................................................................4-48

SINC:NCYCleN_cycles> .....................................................................................4-48

GAUSsian:EXPonent<exp>.................................................................................4-49

EXPonential:EXPonent<exp>..............................................................................4-49

DC<%_amplitude> ..............................................................................................4-49

OUTPut Subsystem......................................................................................................4-50

OUTPut{OFF|ON|0|1}..........................................................................................4-50

OUTPut:FILTer{NONE|25M|50M|ALL} ................................................................4-50

OUTPut:SYNC{OFF|ON|0|1}...............................................................................4-51

OUTPut:SYNC:SOURce{BIT|LCOMplete} ..........................................................4-51

OUTPut:SYNC:POSition<position>.....................................................................4-51

OUTPut:SYNC:WIDTh<width>............................................................................4-52

OUTPut:TTLTrig<N>{OFF|ON|0|1}......................................................................4-52

OUTPut:STAR {OFF|ON|0|1} ..............................................................................4-53

INSTrument Subsystem ...............................................................................................4-54

INSTrument:COUPle{OFF|ON|0|1} .....................................................................4-54

INSTrument:COUPle:MODE{MASTer|SLAVe}....................................................4-54

INSTrument:COUPle:PHASe<phase> ................................................................4-55

User Manual PXA125

INSTrument:SET {0|1|2}......................................................................................4-55

Synchronizing Multiple Instruments .............................................................................4-56

TRIGger Subsystem..................................................................................................... 4-58

ARM{OFF|ON|0|1}............................................................................................... 4-58

ARM:SLOPe{POSitive|NEGative} .......................................................................4-59

ARM:BREakpoint:POSition<position>................................................................. 4-59

INITiate:CONTinuous{OFF|ON|0|1} ....................................................................4-59

TRIGger:BURSt{OFF|ON|0|1}.............................................................................4-60

TRIGger:COUNt<count> ..................................................................................... 4-60

TRIGger:GATE{OFF|ON|0|1} .............................................................................. 4-60

TRIGger:SLOPe{POSitive|NEGative} .................................................................4-61

TRIGger:SOURce:ADVance{EXTernal|INTernal|TTLTrig<N>|STAR} ................4-61

TRIGger:TIMer<interval> ....................................................................................4-62

TRIGger:IMMediate.............................................................................................4-62

*TRG ....... ...........................................................................................................4-62

TRACe Subsystem....................................................................................................... 4-63

Arbitrary Waveforms ....................................................................................................4-63

Arbitrary Memory Management.................................................................................... 4-64

Downloading Arbitrary Waveforms............................................................................... 4-64

TRACe:DEFine<segment_number>,<length> ....................................................4-65

TRACe:DELete<segment_number> ...................................................................4-65

TRACe:DELete:ALL ............................................................................................4-65

TRACe:SELect<segment_number>....................................................................4-66

Sequenced Waveforms................................................................................................4-66

SEQuence:ADVance(?){AUTOmatic|STEP|SINGle|MIXed} ...............................4-67

SEQuence:ADVance:SOURce(?){EXTernal|INTernal|TTLTrig<N>|STAR} ........4-67

SEQuence:DEFine <step_#>,<segment_#>,<#_repeat>,<mode> .....................4-68

SEQuence:DELete:ALL.......................................................................................4-68

SYSTem Subsystem .................................................................................................... 4-69

SYSTem:ERRor? ................................................................................................4-69

SYSTem:VERSion? ............................................................................................4-69

SYSTem:IDENtification? .....................................................................................4-69

RESet, *RST .......................................................................................................4-69

User Manual PXA125

*IDN?....... ...........................................................................................................4-69

IEEE-STD-488.2 Common Commands and Queries ...................................................4-70

The SCPI Status Registers..................................................................................4-71

The Status Byte

Reading the Status Byte Register

Clearing the Status Byte Register

Service Request Enable Register (SRE)

Standard Event

......................................................................4-74

............................................................4-74

Status Register (ESR) ...............................................................4-75

Standard Event Status Enable Register (ESE) ...................................................4-76

Error Messages ...................................................................................................4-76

Appendix A - SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................ A-1

List of Figures

Figure 1-1, PXA125 Series.............................................................................................1-3

Figure 1-2, ArbConnection – Control Panels..................................................................1-4

Figure 1-3, ArbConnection – Wave Composer ..............................................................1-5

Figure 1-4, ArbConnection – FM Composer ..................................................................1-5

Figure 1-5a, Segment 1 – Sin (x)/x Waveform .............................................................1-13

Figure 1-5b, Segment 2 – Sin Waveform .....................................................................1-13

Figure 1-5c, Segment 3 – Pulse Waveform .................................................................1-14

Figure 1-5d, Sequenced Waveforms............................................................................1-14

Figure 2-1, Add New Hardware Wizard..........................................................................2-6

Figure 2-2, Search for PXA125 Driver............................................................................2-7

Figure 2-3, Specify PXA125 Driver Location..................................................................2-8

Figure 2-4, Specify Subfolder for Your Instrument .........................................................2-9

Figure 2-5, Device Driver Detected ................................................................................2-9

Figure 2-6, Copying Device Driver ...............................................................................2-10

Figure 2-7, Finish Copying Device Driver.....................................................................2-10

Figure 2-8, Checking Driver Installation .......................................................................2-11

Figure 2-9, The Welcome to the Found New Hardware Wizard...................................2-12

Figure 2-10, Install Hardware Device Drivers...............................................................2-13

Figure 2-11, Locate Driver Files ...................................................................................2-13

User Manual PXA125

Figure 2-12, Copying Device Drivers ...........................................................................2-14

Figure 2-13, Driver Files Search Results .....................................................................2-15

Figure 2-14, Completing the Found New Hardware Wizard ........................................2-15

Figure 2-15, Device Manager....................................................................................... 2-16

Figure 2-16, CD’s GUI.................................................................................................. 2-18

Figure 2-17, Install preparation ....................................................................................2-19

Figure 2-18, First Installation Step ...............................................................................2-20

Figure 2-19, Customer Information Step......................................................................2-20

Figure 2-20, Selecting Setup Type...............................................................................2-21

Figure 2-21, Selecting Destination ...............................................................................2-22

Figure 2-22, Selecting Features...................................................................................2-22

Figure 2-23, Selecting ArbDetector Icon options .........................................................2-23

Figure 2-24, Setup Complete .......................................................................................2-24

Figure 2-25, The ArbDetector Icon at the Startup Tray................................................2-24

Figure 2-26, ArbDetector Icon Options ........................................................................2-25

Figure 2-27, The ArbDetector Dialog Box ....................................................................2-25

Figure 2-28, The Settings Tab .....................................................................................2-27

Figure 2-29, Editing Chassis Number and Slot Location .............................................2-27

Figure 2-30, Communicating with your Instrument ......................................................2-29

Figure 3-1, The Opening Screen....................................................................................3-3

Figure 3-2, ArbConnection’s Toolbars ...........................................................................3-5

Figure 3-3, The Main Panel............................................................................................3-8

Figure 3-4, The Standard Waveforms Panel................................................................ 3-12

Figure 3-5, The Arbitrary & Sequence Panel ...............................................................3-14

Figure 3-6, The Segment Table ...................................................................................3-16

Figure 3-7, The Sequence Table .................................................................................3-18

Figure 3-8, The Trigger Panel ......................................................................................3-20

Figure 3-9, The Modulation Panel................................................................................3-23

Figure 3-10, The Utility Panel.......................................................................................3-26

Figure 3-11, The Multi-Instrument Synchronization Panel ........................................... 3-27

Figure 3-12, Multi-Instrument Synchronization Error Message....................................3-27

Figure 3-13, System Control and the Command Editor ...............................................3-29

Figure 3-14, The Wave Composer Opening Screen....................................................3-31

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Figure 3-15, The Save Wave As… Dialog Box ............................................................3-32

Figure 3-16, Zooming In on Waveforms.......................................................................3-35

Figure 3-17, An Example of Generating Sine Waveforms From the Built-in Library ....3-36

Figure 3-18, The Toolbar Icons....................................................................................3-37

Figure 3-19, The Waveform Screen .............................................................................3-41

Figure 3-20, The FM Composer Opening Screen ........................................................3-43

Figure 3-21, The FM Composer Save As… Dialog Box...............................................3-44

Figure 3-22, An Example of Generating Modulating Sine From the Built-in Library.....3-47

Figure 3-23, The Equation Editor Dialog Box...............................................................3-48

Figure 3-24, Using the Equation Sample to Combine Two Waveforms .......................3-52

Figure 3-25, Using the Equation Editor to Modulate Sine Waveforms .........................3-53

Figure 3-26, Using the Equation Editor to Add Second Harmonic Distortion ...............3-54

Figure 3-27, Using the Equation Editor to Generate Exponentially Decaying

Sinewave ...........................................................................................................3-55

Figure 3-28, Using the Equation Editor to Build Amplitude Modulated Signal with ............

Upper and Lower Sidebands ..............................................................................3-56

Figure 3-29, Combining Waveforms Into Equations.....................................................3-57

Figure 3-30, Generating FM markers ...........................................................................3-59

Figure 4-1, SCPI Status Registers ...............................................................................4-73

List of Tables

Table 4-1, Model PXA125 SCPI Commands List Summary.........................................4-25

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xiv

Chapter 1

PORTRAYAL

What’s In This Chapter

Introduction

Conventions Used in this Manual

This chapter contains general and functional description of the Model PXA125 Arbitrary Waveform Generator. It also describes the front panel connectors and operational modes and provides description o all features available with the instruments.

Model PXA125 is a single-channel PXI-based Arbitrary Waveform Generator. It is a high performance waveform generator that combines three powerful instruments in one small package: function generator, Waveform generator and modulation generator. Supplied free with the instrument is ArbConnection software, which is used fo controlling the PXA125 and for generating, editing and downloading waveforms from a remote computer. The following highlights the PXA125 and ArbConnection features.

The following conventions may appear in this manual:

NOTE

A Note contains information relating to the use of this product

CAUTION

A Caution contains information that should be followed to avoid personal damage to the instrument or the equipment connected to it.

PXA125 Series

WARNING

A Warning alerts you to a potential hazard. Failure to adhere to the statement in a WARNING message could result in personal injury.

The following symbol may appear on the product:

CAUTION: Refer to Accompanying Documents

This refers you to additional information contained in this manual. The corresponding information in the manual is similarly denoted.

• PXI Single Slot Module

User Manual PXA125

Feature Highlights

• 125 MS/s sample clock frequency

• Built-in standard waveforms. Up to 50 MHz sinewave output

• 10 digits frequency setting, limited by 1 µS/s

• 14-bit vertical resolution

• 2 Meg memory depth

• Ultra fast waveform downloads

• 1 ppm clock stability

• Extremely low phase noise carrier

• Frequency agility: FSK, ramped FSK, sweep, FM

• Trigger start phase control and breakpoints

• Built-in sequence generator

• Multiple instrument synchronization with tight phase control

1-2 Portrayal

User Manual PXA125

125MS/s

WAVEFORM

GENERATOR

PXA125

OUTPUT

SYNC OUT

TRIG IN

SINE OUT

1Vp-p

10M REF IN

TTL

ArbConnection Feature Highlights

LeCroy

Figure 1-1, PXA125

• Three powerful tools in one software package: Instrument control

panel, Waveform composer and FM signal composer

• Detailed virtual front panels control all PXA125 functions and

modes

• Wave composer generates, edits and downloads complex

waveforms

• FM wave composer generates and downloads complex

modulating signals

• Automatic detection of active instruments

• Equation editor generates waveforms from equations

• SCPI command and response editor simulates ATE operation

Portrayal 1-3

User Manual PXA125

• Translates waveform coordinates from ASCII and other formats

• Simplifies generation of complex sequences

1-4 Portrayal

Figure 1-2, ArbConnection - Control Panels

User Manual PXA125

Figure 1-3, ArbConnection - Wave Composer

Figure 1-4, ArbConnection - FM Wave Composer

Portrayal 1-5

User Manual PXA125

Functional Description

Output Functions

Frequency

Amplitude

Detailed functional description is given following the general description of the features and functions available with the PXA125.

Model PXA125 is completely digital. There are no analog functions resident in its hardware circuits. Data has to be downloaded to the instrument for it to start generating waveforms. The instrument can generate a few standard functions such as sine wave, triangula wave and square wave. Each time that a standard function is required, the instrument calculates its coordinates and places them in the waveform memory. Therefore, every time a standard function is selected, minimal time is required for the controller to compute the function and load its data to the waveform memory.

Waveform frequency and sample clock are programmed with 10

digits, limited only by 1 µS/s. Frequency accuracy of the output

waveform is determined by the clock reference, CLK10, which provides 100ppm accuracy and stability over time and temperature.

The output level may be programmed from 160 mV to 16 Vp-p into

open circuit, or 80 mV to 8 V into 50Ω. Offset may be applied to the

output to shift the signal either positive or negative. Offset and amplitude are inter-related, so make sure you understand the offsetamplitude ranges before you apply offset to your signal.

Trigger Modes

Arbitrary Waveforms

Memory Segmentation

Besides its normal continuous mode, the PXA125 responds to a variety of trigger sources. The output waveform may be gated, triggered, or generate a counted burst of waveforms. A built-in trigge generator, having a programmable period can be used as a replacement of an external trigger source. The internal trigge generator can be programmed with resolution of 7 digits. The PXA125 can be programmed to output triggers on one or more of 8 trigger lines that are connected to P2, as well as, be programmed to respond to these same trigger lines.

The Model PXA125 generates arbitrary waveforms with 14 bits o vertical resolution. Any waveform it generates must first be loaded to its waveform memory. The arbitrary waveform memory is a bank o 14-bit words. Each word represents a point on the horizontal waveform scale. Each word has a horizontal address that can range from 0 to 2,097,152 and a vertical address that can range from -8192 to +8191 (14 bits). Using a high speed clocking circuit, the digital contents of the arbitrary waveform memory is extracted and routed to the Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). The DAC converts the digital data to an analog signal, and the output amplifier completes the task by amplifying or attenuating the signal at the output connector.

There is no need to use the entire memory every time an arbitrary waveform is generated. The waveform memory can be divided into

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User Manual PXA125

smaller segments and different waveforms can be loaded into individual segment. The various segments may then be loaded into a sequence table to generate long and complex waveforms. The sequence table can link up to 4096 segments, while each segment can loop up to 128 K times.

Remote Control

Frequency Agility

The instrument must be used in conjunction with a host computer. All of its functions, modes and parameters are fully programmable using SCPI commands and syntax. There are three ways to program the Model PXA125, the first being low-level programming of each individual parameter, using SCPI commands. The second alternative is to use ArbConnection for high-level programming. ArbConnection is a software package supplied with the PXA125 that simulates a mechanical front panel. It has all the necessary push buttons, displays and dials to operate the instrument as if you were using it on the bench. The third alternative is using application specific drivers, such LabVIEW.

The PXA125 must be programmed to generate waveforms. Therefore, it is recommended that the user becomes familiar with its basic features, functions and programming concepts as described in this and subsequent chapters.

The instrument generates its sample clock from a DDS circuit (direct digital synthesis). The DDS circuit enables frequency agility through the complete frequency range of the PXA125. Having such an enormous range opens the door for a wide range of applications such as wide band sweep, FSK and frequency modulation. The PXA125 can generate FSK, Ramped FSK and Linear or Logarithmic sweep. The instrument can also frequency modulate its carrier using one o its built-in waveforms, or with can also generate any user-defined modulating signal, which can be downloaded using the FM wave composer.

Multi-Instrument Synchronization

Supplied

There are applications requiring 2 or more synchronized channels. Synchronization between completely independent, free-running instruments is not an easy task. Besides distribution of the sample clock to all instruments, each instrument has to be told when to start generating waveforms so that all waveforms start from the same point and with the same phase. Also, triggering multiple instruments to achieve synchronization is not enough because it will generate a jitte

of ±1 count.

The PXA125 is using Backplane, daisy-chained connections to synchronize between modules and the only limitation of the numbe of synchronized instruments is determined by the size of the cage.

The instrument is supplied with a CD that includes an Instruction

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User Manual PXA125

Accessories

Specifications

Functional Description

Front Panel Connectors

Manual, ArbConnection for Windows 95/98/ME/2000/XP/NT and plug & play drivers.

Instrument specifications are listed in Appendix A. These specifications are the performance standards or limits against which the instrument is tested. Specifications apply under the following

conditions: output terminated into 50Ω after 30 minutes of warm up time, and within a temperature range of 20°C to 30°C. Specifications outside this range are degraded by 0.1% per °C.

A detailed functional description is given in the following paragraphs. The description is divided into logical groups: front panel connectors, operating modes, output type, output state, filters and synchronization.

The PXA125 has 3 BNC connectors on its front panel: main and SYNC outputs and trigger input. There are also 2 SMB connectors: sine output and 10 MHz reference input. These connectors are described below.

Output

SYNC Output

TRIG/FSK IN

The output connector outputs fixed (pre-defined) waveforms to 50 MHz, user (arbitrary) and sequenced waveforms with sampling clock

to 125 MS/s. Output impedance is 50Ω, that is, the cable connected to this output should be terminated with 50Ω load. Amplitude accuracy is calibrated when connected to a 50Ω load. The amplitude is doubled when the output impedance is above 1 MΩ.

The SYNC output generates a single TTL pulse for synchronizing other instruments (i.e., an oscilloscope) to the output waveform. The SYNC signal always appears at a fixed point relative to the waveform. The location of the SYNC signal along the waveform is programmable. The SYNC output is also used as marker output when the sweep, or FM functions are turned on.

In general, this input accepts signals that stimulate generation of output waveforms. The trigger input is inactive when the generator operates in continuous mode. When placed in trigger, gated or burst modes, the trigger input is made active and waits for the right condition to trigger the instrument. In trigger and burst modes, the trigge input is edge sensitive, i.e., it senses transitions from high to low o from low to high to trigger the PXA125. The direction of the transition is programmable. In gated mode, the trigger input is level sensitive,

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User Manual PXA125

pk-p

i.e., the generator is gated when the logic level is high and idle when the level is logic low. Trigger level for this input is TTL.

The same input is used in FSK mode, where the output hops between two frequencies – carrier and shifted frequencies. The output generates carrier frequency when the FSK input is false and shifted frequency when the FSK input is true.

The trigger input is also used as stop and start input when the PXA125 is placed in Arm mode.

SINE OUT

REF IN

Operating Modes

Continuous Mode

This SMB connector outputs dc coupled, fixed level (1 V

50Ω) sine waveforms. This output is derived directly from the sample

clock generator and is active at all times, regardless of present operating mode of the PXA125. The frequency of the sine output is programmed using the sample clock parameter. Frequency agility and modulation affect this output directly. The sine waveform output is programmed to 125 MHz, so it may serve as an additional output to those available on the front panel.

This SMB connector accepts 10 MHz, TTL level reference signal. The external reference input is available for those applications requiring better accuracy and stability reference than the one provided inside the PXA125. The reference input is active only after selecting the external reference source mode.

The PXA125 can be programmed to operate in one of four operating modes: continuous, triggered, gated and (counted) burst. These modes are described below.

In normal continuous mode, the selected waveform is generated continuously at the selected frequency, amplitude and offset.

into

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User Manual PXA125

Triggered Mode

Gated Mode

In triggered mode, the PXA125 circuits are armed to generate one output waveform. The trigger circuit is sensitive to transitions at the trigger input. Select between positive or negative transitions to trigge the instrument. When triggered, the generator outputs one waveform cycle and remains idle at the first point of the waveform. The instrument can be armed to receive a trigger signal from either the front panel connector, soft command, an internal trigger generator, from one of 8 backplane trigger lines or from a backplane STAR line. As an alternative to an external source, the PXA125 has a built-in trigger generator that can be programmed through a wide range o frequencies and with 7 digits of resolution.

The trigger signal, whether it comes from the front panel, backplane or from a soft command, has to pass through some electrical circuits. These circuits cause small delay known as system delay. System delay cannot be eliminated completely and must be considered when applying a trigger signal. It defines how long it will take from a valid trigger edge to the moment that the output reacts.

In gated mode, the PXA125 circuits are armed to generate output waveforms as long as a gating signal is present. Unlike the triggered mode, the gated mode is level sensitive. When the gating signal goes low, the waveform at the output connector is first completed and the output reverts to an idle state. The idle amplitude level, after the gating signal goes low, is the last point on the waveform.

Burst Mode

Frequency Agility

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The burst mode is an extension of the triggered mode where the generator can be programmed to output a pre-determined number o waveforms. The sources to trigger a burst are the same as for the trigger mode.

Using the latest DDS (direct digital synthesis) technology, the PXA125 is extremely agile. Operations like sweep, FSK and FM are directly derived from the DDS circuit by controlling its input bits. Frequency agility is described below.

User Manual PXA125

Sweep

FSK

Ramped FSK

The PXA125 can sweep from minimum to maximum sample clock frequency settings. You may select to sweep up or down using linea or logarithmic increments. Sweep time is programmable from 1 ms to 1000 seconds with 7 digits. The sweep start and stop frequencies program the front-panel sine output connector. You may also use the sweep from the main output but must first calculate start stop frequencies, depending on the present sample clock frequency and waveform length. You may use the sweep in continuous, triggered, o gated modes.

FSK (frequency shift keying) function controls the sine output connector. The trigger input is used to flag the PXA125 when to output carrier frequency (trigger false) or when it should switch to the shift frequency (trigger true). You may also use the FSK function from the front panel as long as you do your own calculation of carrier and shifted frequencies, depending on the present sample clock frequency and waveform length.

Ramped FSK is the same as the FSK function except the output frequency is ramped instead of switched to the shift frequency. Ramp

time is programmable with 3 digits from 100 µs to 1 second.

Output Type

The FM function modulates the PXA125 sample clock frequency. You can frequency modulate the output either with built-in waveforms, o download complex waveforms to the modulation memory. Using the latest DDS technology, the modulation is wide band and extremely linear. FM can be used in continuous, triggered and gated modes. The PXA125 can generate two types of frequency modulation: 1) Standard and 2) Arbitrary. In standard mode, the modulating waveform is selected from a built-in library of 4 standard waveforms: sine, triangle, square and ramped. In arbitrary mode, the modulating signal is downloaded to the modulation waveform memory. There are 20,000 points allocated specifically for the arbitrary memory that is used for arbitrary frequency modulation.

The PXA125 can output three types of waveforms: standard (Fixed), arbitrary (User) and sequenced waveforms. Description of the various waveform types that the instrument can generate is given below.

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User Manual PXA125

Standard (FIXED) Waveforms

Arbitrary (User) Waveforms

The PXA125 must pre-load its memory before it can generate waveforms. On power up, the waveform memory has no specific data. The sine waveform, being the default waveform on power on, is computed and loaded to the waveform memory as part of the reset procedure. From this moment on, every time that another standard waveform is selected, it is being computed and loaded to the waveform memory.

Waveforms are written from the same start address. Therefore, every time that a new waveform is selected, there is some minimal time fo the processor to compute and download the data to the memory.

The PXA125 can be programmed to output one of nine standard waveform shapes: sine, triangle, square, pulse/ramp, sine(x)/x pulse, gaussian pulse, rising/decaying exponential pulse, noise and dc. There are some parameters associated with each waveform, which modify the shape of the waveform to better suit your needs. Fo example, different start phase for the sine waveform can be programmed for each channel to create phase offsets between the two instruments.

The arbitrary waveform memory is capable of storing one or more user-defined waveforms. As was discussed before, the PXA125 is supplied with 2 Meg memory bank. There are up to 2 Meg points that can be allocated to one single waveform. On the other hand, there is no need to use the entire memory for only one waveform; The memory can be divided into smaller segments and loaded with different waveforms and the instrument can be programmed to output one segment at a time.

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Loading data to arbitrary waveform memory can be a time-consuming task, especially if all 2 Meg points are loaded in one shot. The PXA125 utilizes a DMA (direct memory access) concept that speeds data transfer from host computer to the instrument.

User Manual PXA125

Sequenced Waveforms

The sequence generator is a powerful tool that lets you link and loop segments in any way you desire. As a simple example of a sequenced waveform, look at Figures 1-5a through 1-5c. The waveforms shown in these figures were placed in memory segments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The sequence generator takes these three waveforms links and loops them in a predefined order to generate the waveform shown in Figure 1-5d.

The sequence circuit is useful for generating long waveforms with repeated sections. The repeated waveform has to be programmed once and the repeater loops on this segment as many times as selected. When in sequenced mode, there is no loss of time between linked or looped segments.

Figure 1-5a, Segment 1 – Sin (x)/x Waveform

Figure 1-5b. Segment 2 – Sine Waveform

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User Manual PXA125

Figure 1-5c Segment 3 – Pulse Waveform

The following sequence was made of segment 2 repeated twice, segment 1 repeated four times, and segment 3 repeated two times.

Output State

Filters

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Figure 1- 5d. Sequenced Waveforms

The main outputs can be turned on or off. The internal circuit is disconnected from the output connector by a mechanical switch (relay). This feature is useful for connecting the main outputs to an analog bus. For safety reasons, when power is first applied to the chassis, the main output is always off.

Two filters are built into the PXA125. These filters are available fo use in various applications such as the creation of high frequency sine waves and removing the staircase effect from waveforms that are generated with high frequency clock rates. The filters are also used for reconstructing the standard sine waveform.

User Manual PXA125

Programming The PXA125

The PXA125 does not have front panel control capability. Also, waveform data and sequence tables must be loaded to the PXA125 from a host computer before it can be output arbitrary or sequenced waveforms. There are a number of ways to “talk” to the instrument. They all require that an appropriate software driver be installed in the host computer. The rest is a matter of practice and knowledge of the language in use. These topics are discussed in later chapters.

Low level programming of the PXA125 is accomplished using SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments) language. Programming aspects are covered in Chapter 4.

Supplied with the PXA125 is a PC software package called ArbConnection. This software provides a user interface that allows interacting with and controlling the PXA125 directly. Details on how to use ArbConnection are given in Chapter 3.

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Chapter 2

INSTALLATION

Installation Overview

Unpacking and Initial Inspection

Safety Precautions

This chapter contains information and instructions necessary to prepare the Model PXA125 for operation. Details are provided fo initial inspection, grounding requirements, repackaging instructions fo storage or shipment and installation information.

Unpacking and handling of the generator requires normal precautions and procedures applicable to handling of sensitive electronic equipment. The contents of all shipping containers should be checked for included accessories and certified against the packing slip to determine that the shipment is complete.

The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and associated computer. Although some instruments and accessories would normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous conditions may be present.

This product is intended for use by qualified persons who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required to avoid possible injury. The following sections contain information and cautions that must be observed to keep the PXA125 operating in a correct and safe condition.

CAUTION

For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instrument parts while power is applied to the circuit under test. ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system before connecting cables or jumpers, installing or removing cards from the chassis. Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line (earth) ground. Always keep your hands dry while handling the instrument.

User Manual PXA125

Operating Environment

The PXA125 is intended for operation within a PXI chassis as a plug-in module. Ensure the PXI chassis being used to host the PXA 125 fully conforms to the latest PXI specifications.

The PXA125 is intended for indoor use and should be operated in a clean, dry environment with an ambient temperature within the range of 0 °C to 40 °C.

WARNING

The PXA125 must not be operated in explosive, dusty, or wet atmospheres. Avoid installation of the module close to strong magnetic fields.

The design of the PXA125 has been verified to conform to EN 61010-1 safety standard per the following limits: Installation (Overvoltage) Category I (Measuring terminals) Pollution Degree 2

Installation (Overvoltage) Category I refers to signal level, which is applicable for equipment measuring terminals that are connected to source circuits in which measures are taken to limit transient voltages to an appropriately low level. Pollution Degree 2 refers to an operating environment where normally only dry non-conductive pollution occurs. Occasionally a temporary conductivity caused by condensation must be expected

Power Requirements

Grounding Requirements

The PXA125 operates from within a PXI chassis. DC Voltages are supplied to the instrument from the PXI backplane. The instrument requires a variety of DC voltages as outlined in the Specifications section (Appendix A). Ensure the PXI chassis is capable of delivering required voltages and has sufficient current to drive the generator.

CAUTION

Disconnect power to the PXI Chassis before installing or removing the PXA125.

To conform to the applicable safety and EMC requirements, ensure that the PXA125 instrument panel and the PXI chassis are “earth” grounded.

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User Manual PXA125

CAUTION

The outer shells of the front panel terminals (OUTPUT, SYNC OUT, TRIG IN, SINEOUT, 10M REF IN) are connected to the instrument’s chassis and therefore to the safety ground.

CAUTION Do not attempt to float the OUTPUT from ground as it may damage the PXA125 and other equipment connected to the PXA125 I/O connectors.

Calibration

Abnormal Conditions

Long Term Storage or Repackaging For Shipment

The recommended calibration interval is one year. Calibration should be performed by qualified personnel only.

Operate the PXA125 only as intended by the manufacturer. If you suspect the PXA125 has been impaired, remove it from the PXI Chassis and secure against any unintended operation. The PXA125 protection is likely to be impaired if, for example, the instrument fails to perform the intended measurements or shows visible damage.

WARNING Any use of the PXA125 in a manner not specified by the manufacturer may impair the protection provided by the instrument

If the instrument is to be stored for a long period of time or shipped immediately, proceed as directed below. If you have any questions, contact your local LeCroy representative or the LeCroy Custome Service Department.

1. Repack the instrument using the wrappings, packing material and accessories originally shipped with the unit. If the original container is not available, purchase replacement materials.

2. Be sure the carton is well sealed with strong tape or metal

3. Mark the carton with the model and serial number. If it is to be

2-18 Installation

straps.

shipped, show sending and return address on two sides of the box.

NOTE

If the instrument is to be shipped to LeCroy for calibration or repair, attach a tag to the instrument identifying the owner. Note the problem, symptoms, and service or repair desired. Record

User Manual PXA125

Preparation For Use

the model and serial number of the instrument. Show the returned authorization order number (RMA) as well as the date and method of shipment. ALWAYS OBTAIN A RETURN AUTHORIZATION NUMBER FROM THE FACTORY BEFORE SHIPPING THE INSTRUMENT TO LeCroy.

Preparation for use include removing the instrument from the bag, installing the PXA125 inside the PXI chassis, copying instrument drivers to the computer and installing the graphical interface (ArbConnection).

Removing the Instrument from the Bag

Installation

The PXA125 is supplied in an antistatic bag. Check the seal on the bag to make sure the bag was not opened in a static-unsafe environment. Place the enveloped card on static free surface and hook yourself up with a grounding strap. Only then break the seal and remove the card from the envelope. Hold the card at the metal panel end. Refrain from touching the instrument with your finger at all times.

Plug the PXA125 into your PXI chassis and lift the extractor to the upright position. Push the card firmly until the metal panel makes contact with the metal edge of the PXI chassis. Using a suitable screwdriver, tighten the two retaining screws, top and bottom.

CAUTION

Disconnect power to the PXI Chassis before installing or removing the PXA125. An attempt to insert or remove the instrument while the power is connected to the chassis will result in severe damage to the instrument and will automatically revoke your warranty.

Installing

Instrument Drivers

CAUTION

Once the PXA125 is installed in the chassis cover all remaining open slots to ensure proper airflow. Using the PXA125 without proper airflow will result in damage to the instrument.

The PXA125 is a Plug & Play instrument, meaning that after you install it in your PXI chassis, Windows will automatically detect its presence and will ask you to supply the appropriate drivers to operate

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User Manual PXA125

this instrument. After you copy the drivers, Windows will add the drivers to the device manager and will assigns resources for the instrument.

The PXA125 is supplied with a CD that contains the *inf file fo installing the necessary drivers for operating the instrument on you computer. Follow the instructions below to install the driver to you computer.

Minimum System

Requirements

Windows Software

Installation

Minimum host system requirements for the instrument are as follows:

1. Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP

2. 32MB of RAM, 128MB or more recommended

3. 20MB hard drive space

Note

The install program will automatically detect older software version and you will be provided with a choice of either removing it and installing newer versions, or keeping your old installation intact. The install program will not remove instrument drivers. In case you want to remove the instrument driver from your computer, go to the Windows Device Manager (as shown in Figure 2-8) and remove the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Model PXA125 under the LeCroy heading.

In general, installation is very similar for different Windows variants however, you should follow the exact procedure as applicable fo you’re your computer. The following paragraphs will guide you through device driver installation for Windows 95/98, ME, Windows 2000/XP and Windows NT.

Windows 95/98/ME

Device Driver Installation

A device driver is necessary for the PXA125 software to communicate with the PXI boards. Windows applications cannot communicate with PXI devices without a device driver installed. The PXA125’s installation CD includes instrument drivers for supporting the required Windows platform. In Windows 95/98/ME, the installation package cannot automatically assign device drivers for PXI devices and therefore leaving for the Plug & Play Manager the responsibility fo detecting devices and prompting the user for the correct driver. To assign a driver to a device, Windows refers to an *.INF file. The *.INF file provides instructions for Windows as to which driver files to install and which registry entries to insert. To install a driver for you PXA125, complete the following steps:

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User Manual PXA125

1. Power down your computer and PXI chassis.

2. Insert the PXI PXA125 board into a free PXI slot.

3. Power on your PXI chassis

4. Power on the computer. Windows should first detect the new hardware device with a “New Hardware Found” message box.

5. Windows displays the “Add New Hardware Wizard” as shown in Figure 2-1, which will search for new drivers

6. Follow the procedure as shown below.

7. After installing the PXI PXA125 successfully (see the previous

section

), you’ll be prompted to reboot your computer.

Figure 2-1 – Add New Hardware Wizard

Press Next and select one of the options in the dialog box below. We recommend that you check the “Search for the best driver for you device” option as shown in Figure 2-2.

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User Manual PXA125

Figure 2-2 – Search for PXA125 Driver

Press Next and you’ll now be prompted to select the location of the required *.INF file on your computer as shown in Figure 2-3.

The PXA125 is supplied with installation CD. Insert this CD into you CD-ROM drive and check the “Specify a location” option as shown below. If you already have the *.INF installed somewhere on you computer, you can specify your custom location. Either type in the complete path or click on the Browse button to find the path to you previous driver location.

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User Manual PXA125

Figure 2-3– Specify PXA125 Driver Location

Assuming that this is your first-time installation, press Browse find the Win9xdrv subfolder that is located in the Drivers folder on the supplied CD, as shown in Figure 2-4.

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User Manual PXA125

Figure 2-4 – Specify Subfolder for Your instrument

Press OK, then next; Windows will automatically detect the device driver and will show the next dialog box, as shown in Figure 2-5. Check the device description to make sure it agrees with you instrument description.

2-24 Installation

Figure 2-5 – Device Driver Detected

User Manual PXA125

Press Next and observe that Window copies the files from the CDROM drive to your hard drive, as shown in Figure 2-6.

Figure 2-6. Copying Device Driver

After Windows has completed copying the device drivers, you can click on the Finish button to complete the installation process.

Figure 2-7 – Finish Copying Device Driver

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User Manual PXA125

The next step is necessary to verify that the device driver was installed properly and is displayed correctly in the System Device Manger. Do the following:

1. Click on the Start button, then Settings and then Control Panel.

2. In the Control Panel dialog box, find the icon labeled System.

3. Double-click on the System icon and then on the Device Manager tab.

4. Click on LeCroy. If you installed the driver properly, your device

manager should show the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Model PXA125 as shown in the figure 2-8 below.

2-26 Installation

Figure 2-8. Checking Driver Installation

Click on “Cancel” to remove the System Properties dialog box from the screen.

User Manual PXA125

Windows 2000/XP Device

Driver Installation

A device driver is necessary for the PXA125 software to communicate to the PXI boards. Windows applications cannot communicate to PXI devices without a device driver installed. The PXI PXA125’s installation CD includes instrument drivers for supporting the required Windows platform. In Windows 2000/XP, the installation package cannot automatically assign device drivers for PXI devices and therefore leaving for the Plug & Play Manager the responsibility fo detecting devices and prompting the user for the correct driver. To assign a driver to a device, Windows refers to an *.INF file. The *.INF file provides instructions for Windows as to which driver files to install and which registry entries to insert. To install a driver for you PXA125, complete the following steps:

1. Power down your computer and PXI chassis.

2. Insert the PXI PXA125 board into a free PXI slot.

3. Power on your PXI chassis

4. Power on the computer. Windows should first detect the new

hardware device with a “Found New Hardware Wizard” message box.

5. Windows then displays the “Found New Hardware Wizard” as

shown in Figure 2-9, which will search for new drivers

6. Follow the procedure as shown below.

Figure 2-9 – The Welcome to the Found New Hardware

Wizard

Press Next and select one of the options in the dialog box below. We recommend that you check the “Search for a suitable driver for my device” option as shown in Figure 2-10.

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User Manual PXA125

Figure 2-10 – Install Hardware Device Drivers

Press Next and you’ll now be prompted to select the location of you driver files on your computer as shown in Figure 2-11. Check the “Specify a Location” option only.

Figure 2-11 – Locate Driver Files

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User Manual PXA125

The PXA125 is supplied with an installation At this time, CD. Insert this CD into your CD-ROM drive. If you already have the instrument drivers installed somewhere on your computer, you can specify you custom location. Either type in the complete path or click on the Browse button to identify your driver location.

NOTE

After you insert the installation CD Windows 2000/XP will automatically load the autorun program and the CD interface will show on your monitor, similar to what you see in Figure 2-16. The CD menu is not required for the driver installation so you can either leave the menu on screen and ignore it for now or click on Exit to remove the application from your desktop. The installation CD must be left in the CD-Rom drive for the continuation of the installation process.

Press Browse… and specify the subfolder W2kdrv located in the Drivers folder on your installation CD, as shown in Figure 2-12. Press OK to acknowledge the selected path.

Figure 2-12 – Copying Device Drivers

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User Manual PXA125

Windows displays the Driver Files Search Results as shown in Figure 2-13. Click Next and then Finish to complete the installation process.

Figure 2-13 – Driver Files Search Results

Figure 2-14 – Completing the Found New Hardware Wizard

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User Manual PXA125

The next step is necessary to verify that the device driver was installed properly and is displayed correctly in the System Device Manger. Do the following:

1. Click on the Start button, then Settings and then Control Panel.

2. In the Control Panel dialog box, find the icon labeled System.

3. Double click on the System icon and then on the Hardware

4. On the Hardware tab click on the Device Manager button.

5. Click on LeCroy. If you installed the driver properly, your device

manager should show the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Model PXA125 as shown in figure 2-15.

Figure 2-15 – Device Manager

Click on “X” to remove the System Properties dialog box from the screen.

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User Manual PXA125

Windows NT Device

Driver Installation

Since Windows NT does not have Plug & Play capability, the installation process is completely different than how it’s done on othe Windows platforms. Actually, the Windows NT installation is transparent and automatic while you install some software utilities that are necessary to operate and detect the instrument on your PC. These utilities are called ArbConnection and ArbDetector. Detailed description of these utilities is given in other sections of the manual however, if you are an NT user, you must install these utilities before your NT system will be able to detect and control the PXA125.

To install your Windows NT driver and other software utilities, complete the following steps:

1. Power down your computer and PXI chassis.

2. Insert the PXA125 board into a free PXI slot.

3. Power on your PXI chassis

4. Power on your computer

5. Insert the CD into your CD-ROM drive.

6. Start installing the software using the procedure for “Installing

ArbConnection and ArbDetector” utilities as described below.

Installing ArbConnection and ArbDetector

2-32 Installation

ArbConnection and ArbDetector are two software utilities that must be installed on your computer for you to be able to operate and control the PXA125. ArbConnection has three basic function: 1) Control instrument setups, 2) Create, edit and download complex arbitrary waveforms to your instrument and 3) Create, edit and download complex (frequency) modulating waveforms.

Advanced users may want to write their own applications to control the PXA125 functions and features. For this purpose, C++ libraries and DLL’s are available on the CD and can be copied to you application folder. However, if you are first time user and can’t wait to get your hands on some controls and waveforms, it is recommended that you install ArbConnection now. ArbConnection and waveform generation aspects are covered in other sections of this manual.

The ArbDetector program contains device initialization and interfacing links between your computer’s board and the PXA125’s PXI interface chip and therefore, ArbDetector must be installed and invoked whenever you want to use the PXA125, even if you are running you own application and regardless of which Windows platform is installed on your computer.

User Manual PXA125

Windows NT users must install the ArbConnection and ArbDetecto utilities as part of the basic installation process as described in the Windows NT Device Driver Installation section of this manual. The installation process of these two programs will automatically install device drivers on Windows NT systems.

To proceed with the installation process, insert the supplied CD into your CD-ROM drive and wait for a GUI (Graphical User Interface, as shown in Figure 2-16) to pop up on your screen. If you wait for a long time and the GUI fails to load it is possible that your computer is not set up to load CD programs automatically. In this case, Invoke Run and type:

N:\Autorun.exe (where N is your CD drive letter)

Figure 2-16 – CD’s GUI

To install the software click on “Install Software Utilities” and follow the install program as shown in Figure 2-17. The preparing phase will check few things such as if your computer has any previous installations installed on.

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User Manual PXA125

If you are an advanced user and in preparation to write your own code and application, you’ll have to copy support libraries and some DLL’s from the installation CD. In this case, select the “Copy Develope Libraries” option and specify the folder location for your application. The function of the libraries and other programming aspects are cove in the programming section of this manual.

2-34 Installation

Figure 2-17 – Install preparation

After finishing the “Preparing to Install” phase, the install wizard shown in Figure 2-18 will take you to the first installation step assuming that no problems were detected.

User Manual PXA125

Figure 2-18 – First Installation Step

Press Next and type the customer details at the “Custome Information” Window, as shown in Figure 2-19.

Figure 2-19 – Customer Information Step

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User Manual PXA125

After typing the customer details press Next and select the Setup Type. You can select from three options: 1) Select PXA125 if you purchased and are installing the PXA125, or 2) Select Custom if you are an advanced user and want to refine your installation process.

We recommend that you install using options 1 or 2 above and complete the installation process by clicking on the Next button and then Finish. If you select the Custom option, then you’ll have to type in some other parameters such as new path for your destination folder and choosing which feature to install, as shown in Figures 2-21 and 2-22.

If you select the Custom option, proceed to change your Destination Folder, as shown in Figure 2-21, by pressing the Browse button, select the appropriate path, press OK and then press Next.

2-36 Installation

Figure 2-20 – Selecting Setup Type

User Manual PXA125

Figure 2-21 – Selecting Destination

To select the Installed Features, as shown in Figure 2-22, select the appropriate feature by clicking on.

Figure 2-22 – Selecting Features

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Just before you finish with the installation, you’ll have to decide if you want an icon added to the system tray. The system tray is located on the right lower side of the screen that has icons that are loaded there automatically every time your computer is powered up. If you select the “No” option, ArbConnection will still launch at startup but the icon will not show and then, to access ArbDetector you’ll have to invoke it

from the Start → Programs → StartUp Menu. The ArbDetector icon

selection dialog box is shown in Figure 2-23.

2-38 Installation

Figure 2-23 – Selecting ArbDetector Icon options

The final step to complete the installation process, you’ll be prompted to restart your computer. You can select to either restart you computer immediately or do it later, but remember that the software will not function properly if you do not restart your computer.

User Manual PXA125

The

ArbDetector

Figure 2-24 – Setup Complete

The ArbDetector detects all arbitrary waveform generators that are plugged into the PXI chassis and lets you review instrument identity, serial number, installed options etc. You may also use the device detector to fine-tune your controller type, chassis size and slot location.

Before you can start using the PXA125, you must make sure that the

rbDetector has been invoked. Look at your right lower end of you screen and identify the Startup bar. The ArbDetector icon looks as shown in Figure 2-25.

The ArbDetector is automatically invoked from the startup menu afte you power on your computer. If, for any reason you cannot find the ArbDetector icon, you’ll have to invoke it manually. From the Start button select Programs, then Startup and finally the ArbDetecto command. The detector will be invoked and the icon placed at the startup tray.

Figure 2-25. The ArbDetector Icon at the Startup Tray

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User Manual PXA125

When you click on the ArbDetector icon with your right mouse button, some options will show that will allow you to open the ArbDetecto program, Reset all instruments to factory defaults, Delete al assigned slot locations and Verify users in case you want to Exit the program. The ArbDetector icon options is shown in Figure 2-26.

Figure 2-26. ArbDetector Icon Options

Using the ArbDetector

To invoke the ArbDetector program, either double-click on the icon o open the options window as shown in Figure 2-26 and click on the Open ArbDetector command. Doing so, the dialog box as shown in Figure 2-27 will open. If you cannot see the icon in your system tray, invoke the program from the StartUp menu.

2-40 Installation

Figure 2-27. The ArbDetector Dialog Box

User Manual PXA125

The ArbDetector dialog box is divided into two sections. The left side looks just like the familiar explorer program. The purpose of this explorer is to show how many devices are currently located inside your PXI system. This program will detect waveform generators only so please do not try using this program to detect other instruments.

There are three tabs on the right side of the dialog box. Information, Communication… and Settings… These tabs can only be used if at least one instrument has been found in the system. To be able to access these tabs, click on one of the instruments on the left side to highlight it, as shown in Figure 2-27. The information tab is automatically updated from the instrument flash memory with the following information: model number, maximum sample clock rate, installed memory option, installed clock option, hardware revision, production date and serial number. It also will show the firmware version and its release date.

Notice the Actual Location fields. There are two parameters there that are user controllable. These are the chassis number and actual slot location. These parameters can be programmed in the Setting… tab. If you have only one instrument in your system and do not care about its actual and physical location in the system, then you do not have to touch these fields and the instrument will perform flawlessly, even with these fields empty. In Figure 2-27, the instrument is located in chassis number 1 and slot number 2.

Configuring Actual Slot Location

The ArbDetector is flexible enough to allow you to specify the actual slot where your instrument resides. This is important in systems that have multiple chassis and multiple arbs, regardless if you are using chassis connected in “star” or serial format. After you specify the location of the instrument, external applications like ArbConnection can access these parameters and program just the instrument you want to access. To program slot location, click on the Settings… tab. The Settings tab is shown in Figure 2-28.

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User Manual PXA125

Figure 2-28. The Settings Tab

The Slot Configuration as shown in Figure 2-28 is the end result afte you assign the Chassis number and Slot parameters. To add or edit these parameters, click on the Edit button. The Edit dialog box will display as shown in Figure 2-29.

In the Slot Number field select your actual location of your instrument and in the Chassis Number select the actual chassis where you

2-42 Installation

Figure 2-29. Editing Chassis Number and Slot location

User Manual PXA125

instrument resides. To complete the chassis and slot assignment, click on OK. The dialog box will be removed from the screen the and Slot configuration parameters will be updated with the information you programmed just now. Notice the 10-digit number above the slot number. This is the serial number of your instruments as was detected by the ArbDetector. To make sure this is the right instrument you want to allocate, remove the instrument from your chassis and compare to the serial number as printed on the card.

Testing Communications With your Instrument

Final operation with your ArbDetector allows you to test communication with your instrument. If you click on the Communication… tab, the tab, as shown in Figure 2-30 will show. The Command Editor field lets you write SCPI commands that control instrument functions and parameters. SCPI programming is covered in Chapter 4 of this manual. Connect your instrument to an oscilloscope and try these simple commands just to see you’re you instrument responds correctly:

output on will turn on your output and sinewave will be frequency 2e6 will change output frequency to 2 MHz volt 5 will change output amplitude to 5 Vp-p

If you are not sure about the commands and want the Command Editor to alert on errors, check the Add “Syst:Err?” Query option. I you make syntax errors, the errors will display in the Response field. The example in Figure 2-30 shows 0, “No error”. Different digits and error description will be the response if you make errors.

The Response field can also be used to query instrument settings. Try the following queries and check the response:

output? will query output state frequency? will query frequency setting volt? will query amplitude setting

The commands as you type them will be saved as an history list. You can use any command from this list by unfolding the list and selecting a command, then clicking on Send to program this command.

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Figure 2-30. Communicating with your Instrument

2-44 Installation

Chapter 3

ArbConnection

What’s In This Chapter

Introduction To ArbConnection

This Chapter contains information how to install, invoke and use ArbConnection. Introduction to ArbConnection and examples how to program instrument controls and parameters and how to generate waveforms and download them to the PXA125 are also given in the following sections.

In general, ArbConnection is a utility program that serves as an aid fo programming the Model PXA125. ArbConnection has many functions and features of which all of them share a common purpose – controlling PXA125 functions from remote. As minimum, to use ArbConnection, you’ll need the following tools:

1. Computer, Pentium II or better

2. Windows 95, or higher

3. High resolution screen, at least, 1024 x 768 pixels

4. Pointing device, mouse or ball

5. PXI chassis and installed PXA125

6. Last, but not least, some basic knowledge on how to operate computers and Windows-based programs.

ArbConnection operation is divided into three main functions: 1) Front panel control, 2) Waveform generation and editing and 3) FM waveform generation and editing. These operating options are described in this chapter. But, you must install ArbConnection before you can use it, so the next paragraphs describe installation and first steps before going into in-depth operation.

Installing ArbConnection

rbConnection installs as part of the general installation process o the instrument drivers and programs. You can also install ArbConnection alone, in case you are not interested in installing PXI drivers but only want to test or explore its operation. The complete installation process is outlined in Chapter 2. To install ArbConnection without other parts of the installation package, proceed with Custom installation and check the ArbConnection option only, as shown in Figures 2-20 and 2-22

User Manual PXA125

Quitting ArbConnection

For the New and Advanced Users

Before you start roaming through menus and editing commands, we strongly recommend that you make yourself familiar with ArbConnection basics and concept. For now quit the program and spend some more time with this section of the manual. Point the mouse cursor to the File menu and press the left mouse button. Move the mouse cursor to the Exit command and press the left mouse button.

For the New User

Learning to use ArbConnection is easy, intuitive and quick, even i you have never used such programs before. After you have installed ArbConnection on your computer read the following paragraphs to learn how to find your way around ArbConnection’s menus.

Once you are familiar with the basics, you’ll continue to learn about features, programming, and editing commands. If you can’t find the answer to a question in this guide, call your distributor or the LeCroy customer support service near you and we’ll gladly assist you with your problems.

For the Advanced User

If you are already familiar with computer conventions and have basic knowledge of Windows programming, you may want to skip some o the following paragraphs.

Conventions Used in This Manual

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This manual uses certain typographical conventions to make it easie for you to follow instructions. These conventions are described in the following:

[Enter, or ↵] Press the Enter or Return key.

[Esc] Press the Escape key.

[Alt-F] Press the Alt key and the key that follows, simultaneously. In

this example the key that follows is F.

[Ctrl-S] Press the Control key and the letter that follows, simultaneously. In this example, the letter is S. The control key also appears in the menus as a target sign.

[↑] [↓] [→] [←] Press the Arrow key with the symbol pointing in the

direction specified (i.e., up, down, left, or right).

<+> Press the key for the character or word enclosed in angle brackets. In this case, the Plus sign key.

User Manual PXA125

The Opening Screen

Invoke ArbConnection by double clicking on the icon. If you cannot find the icon on your desktop, click on Start, Programs and ArbConnection. The opening screen will show. If you installed the program correctly, your screen should look as shown in Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-31. The opening Screen

The Startup & Communication Options dialog box is displayed at the top. You can check the “Store and don’t show…” so next time you invoke ArbConnection, this dialog box will not be displayed. The purpose of this dialog box is to update the program in the way you intend to use it. Since ArbConnection is used for other platforms, it is extremely important to make sure that the selected communication link for the PXA125 is PXI so the first thing to do is click on the PXI

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button to activate this link. Other options are GPIB, RS232 and VXI but they should be disabled for now. If you press the All Platforms button, then the program will attempt to connect every possible link, which usually takes much longer.

The On Instrument Activation group lets you select the opening scenario for the instrument. The various options are described below:

Reset Instrument and Panels – will reset the generator and the control panels to factory default values. Parameter defaults are listed in Chapter 4 of this manual.

Update Panels – can be used in case you had to leave the program but left the generator still operating. The update Panels option will query instrument setting and will update the control panels accordingly. Note that waveforms cannot be read from the instrument so only control panels will be affected from this operation. The Update Panels option is useless if you powered down the host computer.

Update Instrument – can be used every time you invoke ArbConnection. Every time you exit ArbConnection, an image of the last control panel setting is automatically stored on your hard drive so the next time you invoke the program the control panels are updated from this image. When you use the Update Instrument option, the instrument will update its operational settings and parameter values only but will not download waveforms.

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Refresh Communications – will activate the Autodetect engine and

will attempt to reconnect all devices that respond to ArbConnection calls. The use of this option is normally not required except in isolated incidents that you suspect that ArbConnection has not detected all instruments that are present in the chassis.

Work Offline – will let you use ArbConnection without actually controlling or having an active instrument plugged in. This option also lets you prepare and save control panel settings for later use.

Communicate Only – will make the connection between ArbConnection and the instrument but will not synchronize between the two. You can use this option if you already modified instrument parameters but had to leave the program for a different application, otherwise, this option It is not recommended for normal use.

There are two more options to select from this dialog box. The Start Communications with:

First Found instrument – will start ArbConnection communication with the first instrument that was detected. If there are more than one instrument plugged into the chassis, you may want to select the next

User Manual PXA125

option.

Last Used Instrument – will direct ArbConnection communications to the instrument you used the last time before you had to exit the program.

If you chose to hide this dialog box, you can still access and change the options from the System command, at the top of the screen.

Make your selection and click OK. The Startup & Communication Updater dialog box will be removed from the screen. And two panels: the Main and the Standard Waveform panels will now be accessible. But before we go into panel operation, lets look at the toolbars at the left top of the screen as shown in Figure 3-2.

Figure 3-32. ArbConnection’s Toolbars

The standard Windows Menu Bar is the top bar. It provides access to main system controls like saving files, and viewing or removal o screen images. Some of the File commands such as New, Open, Save and Save As… are also available as icons.

The second bar is called Active Instrument bar. It provides direct access to different instruments that are plugged into the PXI chassis.

rbConnection can operate many PXA125’s units simultaneously. I an instrument was connected to the PXI bus while invoking ArbConnection, it will automatically be detected by the program and its link location and identification displayed in the Link field.

HINTS

1. Active instrument means that changes you make on panels and waveform composers will affect this instrument only.

2. ArbConnection can address any instrument, which is plugged into your PXI system.

3. ArbConnection can address any combination

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of instruments as long as they are detected and displayed in the Active Instrument field.

The Panels bar provides direct access to instrument control panels. The individual control panels are explained later in this chapter. The MAIN, STD, ARB, TRIG, MOD and UTIL buttons will bring up to the screen panels that are associated with these names. The WAVE and FM buttons will open the waveform and FM waveform composers. The opening screen has two panels – MAIN and STD so the two buttons on the Panels bar are depressed. Click on other buttons and interactively get the feel how ArbConnection opens and cascades panels.

ArbConnection Features

The Control Panels

In general, ArbConnection has one basic purpose – controlling PXA125 functions and parameters. On the other hand, the PXA125 has three main features: 1) Generating standard waveforms, 2) Generating arbitrary waveforms and 3) Generating modulated waveforms. So, ArbConnection had to be constructed in such a way to provide complete control capability from the computer screen.

ArbConnection has three main screens: 1) Control panels, 2) Waveform composer and 3) FM waveform composer. The various screens along with instructions how to access and use them are described below in detail.

The control panels look and feel just as if you would operate an instrument from its front panel. They even look like a front panel of an instrument, so operating function and changing parameters are very intuitive. Lets look at the first panel that shows at the opening screen. This panel, as shown in Figure 3-3, is called the Main Panel.

To begin with, lets explore the panel controls to see how they feel, react and what they do. All other panels share almost the same feel, so the description of how to operate the Main Panel can serve as general guide for controlling the rest of the panels.

Looking at the panel you can identify the following controls: Push buttons, LED’s, radio buttons, Dial and Digital display. The function o each control is described below.

Push Buttons – These are used for two functions: a) For selecting an active parameter and b) for toggling a function on and off. Fo example, the button in the Parameters group will select between the Amplitude and Offset LED’s. The selection buttons have momentary push action, so pressing (clicking a mouse on) this button will change the reading on the display to correspond with the selected parameter.

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–

The State button in the Output group has toggles the output on and off. The first mouse click will push the button inwards and will turn on a red bar at the center of the button, indicating that the function is on. The second mouse click will turn the function off.

Radio Buttons

Are used for changing operating modes, o selecting between mode options. One of the radio buttons is always on with a red dot in its center, indicating its state condition. Pressing some radio buttons will pop up a new panel. For example, if you press the Triggered button in the operating Mode group, triggered operation will be enabled and the Trigger Panel will automatically pop up and cascade in front of the Main Panel.

LED’s – The LED’s indicate which of the parameters are displayed on the Digital Display. Red LED indicates that the parameter name next to this LED is selected. Only one LED can be ON at a time.

HINT

LED’s may be turned on by pressing the button below. You can also select an LED by clicking on the LED itself!

Dial – Use the dial to modify displayed reading. To use the dial, press

and hold the mouse cursor on the dial and move the mouse in a clockwise circle to increase the number, or counterclockwise circle to decrease the displayed number. The dial modifies digits at the curso position and will allow modification within the legal range of the displayed parameter. If you reach the end of the range, the dial will have no further effect on the display. If you do not want to use the

dial, you can still change the display reading by using the [↑], or [↓]

keys, or simply type the required number using the your standard keyboard features.

NOTE

After you change the displayed readout, the PXA125 will be updated with the new parameter only after you press the Execute button.

Digital Display – The display is used for displaying and reading

various PXA125 parameters, just as you would use it on you instrument.

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The Main Panel

The Main Panel, as shown in Figure 3-3, is the first panel you see after invoking ArbConnection. If you press the Exit button on the main panel, you’ll be exiting the program completely. Notice how buttons and LED’s are grouped; this is done specifically so that common parameters are placed in functional groups. The Main Panel groups allow (from left to right) adjustment of amplitude and offset, selecting the waveform type, selecting the operating mode, controlling the SYNC output, controlling the backplane trigger line outputs and turning ON, or OFF the main output.

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Figure 3-33. The Main Panel

If you are connected properly to the PCI bus and ArbConnection has detected this link and placed the address in its Link field, then every time you press a button, you are getting an immediate action on the PXA125. It is different if you are changing parameters on the display; Doing this, you’ll have to press the Execute button for the command to update the instrument.

HINT

If your instrument has not been detected automatically, or if you connected the PXA125 only after you invoked the program, you can still detect your instrument by selecting the Refresh Communication from the System command. You can always work offline if you just want to explore

User Manual PXA125

the program.

The functional groups in the Main Panel are explained below.

Waveforms

Operating Modes

SYNC Output

The Waveform group is used for selecting between waveform types. The PXA125 provides three types of waveforms: Standard, Arbitrary and Sequenced. Pressing one of these buttons will cause two reactions: 1) The PXA125 will change the output waveform to the selected option and 2) Another panel, associated with the selected waveform type will be invoked and brought to the front. The default waveform type is Standard. Therefore, the opening screen has this panel behind the Main Panel. If you want to change standard waveform parameters, you can either click on the standard waveform panel, or select this panel from the Panels bar.

The Operating Modes group is used for selecting the active trigge mode for the instrument. You can select between continuous, triggered, gated and burst modes. There is no additional panel associated with the continuous mode, but if you press one of the other operating mode options, the PXA125 will be updated with the new trigger option and the Trigger Panel will pop up, allowing adjustments of trigger parameters.

The SYNC Output group controls SYNC parameters and enables o disables the SYNC output. The SYNC output is enabled when the State button is ON. The SYNC Width and Position parameters will affect the PXA125 when the BIT validator is selected. In LCOM mode, the width and the position will have no affect on the SYNC output.

TTLTrig Output

Output

The TTLTrig lines are available on a backplane (P2) connector, The function of the TTLTrig lines is very similar to the SYNC output. Every time the generator outputs a cycle, it generates a pulse from its front panel SYNC output connector. The same SYNC signal can be placed on one of the TTLTrig lines and can be used for triggering othe instruments that have TTLTrig line capabilities. Enable one or more o these lines by pressing the appropriate buttons

Note

The SYNC parameters have direct effect on the TTLTrig line thus, by changing SYNC position, or width you are automatically assigning the same parameters to the backplane trigger lines.

The Output group is used for controlling the output state of the PXA125. The button toggles the output ON and OFF.

Besides the grouped buttons and parameters, there are three othe

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buttons on the right top corner of the panel. These buttons will provide access to the (from top) Utility and Modulation Panels. Also, if you press the Exit button, the program will be terminated.

The Standard Waveforms Panel

Parameters

The Standard Waveforms panel, as shown in Figure 3-4, is always invoked at the back of the Main Panel since the default output shape of the PXA125 is standard sine waveform. There are a number o ways to access this panel: You may click on it to bring it in front of the main Panel, you can click on the STD. button on the Instruments bar, or you can click on the Standard button within the Waveforms group in the Main Panel. The functional groups in the Standard Waveforms Panel are described below.

The Parameters group contains two parameters: Amplitude and Offset. To access the required parameter, click on the button until the LED next to the required parameter turns on. The value that is associated with the lit LED is displayed on the digital display. You can

use the dial, keyboard, or the [↑] [↓] keys to adjust the readout to the

required setting. After you modify the reading, press Execute to update the PXA125 with the new reading.

Note

Normal color of the digital reading is dark blue. If you modify the reading, the color changes to a lighter shade of blue, indicating that the PXA125 has not been updated yet with the new parameter. Pressing Execute will update the instrument and will restore the color of the digital readout to dark blue, indicating that the displayed value is the same as the generator setting.

Frequency

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The button in the Frequency group lets you program the output frequency for the selected waveform shape. The frequency paramete may be modified when the LED illuminates. You can use the dial,

keyboard, or the [↑] [↓] keys to adjust the readout to the required

setting. After you modify the reading, press Execute to update the PXA125 with the new reading.

Also note that the digital readout has an autodetect mechanism for the high and low limits. You cannot exceed the limits if you are using the dial but only if you use the keypad. In case you do, the program will not let you download an illegal parameter and you’ll be requested to correct your setting.

Note

User Manual PXA125

Besides the grouped buttons and parameters, there are two othe buttons on the right top corner of this panel. These buttons will provide back access to the Main Panel and will also allow removal o the Waveforms Panel from the screen.

10 MHz Ref

The 10 MHz Ref group provides selection between internal or external references. The PXA125 has three reference options:

Internal – connects the CLK10 reference from P2 to the sample clock generator. The accuracy and stability of the CLK10 is around 100ppm.

Note

Compact PCI chassis do not have P2 connectors on their backplanes. If you have a CPCI chassis and intend to use the PXA125, you have two options: 1) Apply a 10 MHz reference to the 10 MHz Ref input, or 2) Use the TCXO setting with your card. If you fail to provide an appropriate reference signal, the instrument will not function properly.

External – connects the front panel 10MHz Reference Input to the

sample clock generator. The accuracy and stability of this input is determined by the source, which you apply to this input.

TCXO – connects a 1ppm reference to the sample clock input. Click on the Internal button to select the Internal CLK10 reference, the External button to activate the external reference input, or the TCXO to select the 1 ppm reference.

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CAUTION

By selecting an external reference you are disabling the internal reference circuit. If you do not have a 10 MHz reference connected to the instrument, the output will generate erroneous frequencies.

Waveforms

The Arbitrary & Sequence Panel

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Figure 3-34. The Standard Waveforms Panel

The Waveforms group lets you select standard functions and modify their associated parameters. You can select any of nine standard wave shapes and the PXA125 will generate them for you. Select you standard output waveform by pressing one of the buttons. After you have made this selection, you’ll be granted access to parameters that are unique for this function. For example, if you click on the Square button, the Duty Cycle parameter will be available for modification. Likewise, if you select the pulse shape, the fall, high, rise and delay parameters will be available for modification. Note that by clicking a button in this group, you are immediately updating the PXA125 output with this waveform shape.

The Arbitrary & Sequence panel, as shown in Figure 3-5, is invoked either by pressing the ARB button on the Panels bar, or clicking on the Arbitrary or Sequenced Waveforms on the Main Panel. Note that i you invoke the Arbitrary & Sequence Panel from the Panels menu, the PXA125 will not change its output type. On the other hand, if you

User Manual PXA125

select the arbitrary, or the sequenced options from the Main Panel, besides invoking the Arbitrary & Sequenced Panel, the PXA125 will immediately change its output type to the selected waveform type. The functional groups in the Arbitrary Waveforms Panel are described below.

Parameters

The Parameters group contains parameters for adjusting Amplitude and Offset. Actually, the values exhibited in this group are exactly the same as in the Main Panel, so every time you change amplitude and offset in the Parameters group, the other panels are updated automatically. You can also select an active segment from this group.

To access the required parameter, click on the button below until the LED next to the required parameter turns on. The value that is associated with the lit LED is displayed on the digital display. You can

use the dial, keyboard, or the [↑] [↓] keys to adjust the readout to the

required setting. After you modify the reading, press Execute to update the PXA125 with the new reading.

Note

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Figure 3-35. The Arbitrary & Sequence Panel

User Manual PXA125

Sample Clock

10 MHz Ref

The Sample Clock group is comprised of one parameter that controls the sample clock frequency. Note that the sample clock rate is programmed in units of S/s (samples per second) and will affect the Model PXA125 only when it is programmed to output arbitrary o sequenced waveforms.

To access the required parameter, click on the button until the LED next to the required parameter turns on. The value that is associated with the lit LED is displayed on the digital display. You can use the

dial, keyboard, or the [↑] [↓] keys to adjust the readout to the required

setting. After you modify the reading, press Execute to update the PXA125 with the new reading.

The 10 MHz Ref group is a duplicate of the same group in the Main Panel. The 10 MHz Ref group provides selection between internal (CLK10), external, or TCXO references. Click on the Internal button to select the Internal CLK10 reference, the External button to activate the external reference input, or the TCXO button to select the bette accuracy and stability option.

CAUTION

By selecting an external reference you are disabling the internal reference circuit. If you do not have a 10 MHz reference connected to the instrument, the output will generate erroneous frequencies.

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User Manual PXA125

Sequence Advance

The Sequence Advance group provides control over advance modes for the sequence generator. Advance options are: Auto, Stepped, Single and Mixed. Refer to the PXA125 operation instructions to find out more when and how to use these advance modes. You should be careful while selecting modes because it is possible to cause settings conflict, for example, if you select the Single option and you forgot to change your trigger mode to Triggered.

The Sequence advance group lets you also select the source fo advancing the sequence steps. Description of the various advance sources is given below.

External – selects the TRIG IN input as the advance source. Note that this option will affect the generator only when it is placed in operational mode that requires trigger stimuli.

Internal – disables the TRIG IN input and routes an internal trigge generator to the trigger advance circuit.

STAR – connects the trigger source to a backplane STAR line. This line serves as common trigger line to all modules.

TTLT0 to TTLT7 – connects the trigger source to one of eight backplane trigger lines.

Using the Segment Table

Besides the grouped controls, there are five other buttons available on the Arbitrary & Sequence Panel. These buttons provide access to (from top to bottom) Wave Composer, Sequence Table, Segment Table, Main Panel. The last button removes the Arbitrary & Sequence Panel from the screen. The Wave Composer will be discussed separately in this chapter. The Segment and Sequence Tables are described below.

If you want to learn more about segment control, you should refer to Chapter 4 of this manual. In general, the PXA125 can generate arbitrary waveforms but before it can generate anything, the waveforms have to be downloaded to the instrument from a host computer. The waveforms are downloaded as coordinates and are stored in the PXA125 is a place designated as “waveform memory”. The waveform memory has a finite size of 2Meg.

Having such a long memory to store waveforms does not necessarily mean that you have to use the entire memory every time you download a waveform. On the contrary, the PXA125 allows segmentation of the memory so that up to 4096 smaller waveforms could be stored in the waveform memory. There are two ways to divide the waveform memory to segments: Define a segment and

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load it with waveform data, define the next and load with data, then the third etc. The second alternative is to use what ArbConnection has to offer and that is to make up one long waveform that contains many smaller segments, download it to the instrument in one shot and then download a segment table that splits the entire waveform memory into the required segment sizes.

Want to use it? Here is how it is done.

Click with your mouse on the To Segment Table button. A dialog box as shown in Figure 3-6 will pop up.

The Channel field lets you select the active channel. If “1” is displayed, then the table you’ll be constructing will affect channel 1. Likewise, select “2” if you want to program the table for channel 2.

The two main fields in the segment table are Seg and Length. The Seg (segment) is an index field, which can have values only, from 1 to

4096. The Length is always associated with the segment number. You can program any segment length from 16 to 4 Meg provided that the sum of the length for all programmed segments does not exceed your purchased waveform memory size.

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Figure 3-36. The Segment Table

User Manual PXA125

Use the Append key to add a segment at the end of the segment list. Use the Insert key to insert a segment at the cursor location. The Delete key is used for deleting a segment at the cursor position.

The Clear All key will remove all segments from the table and will let you start designing your segment table from fresh.

Click on the Close to discard of the contents of the dialog box without saving your last actions and to remove the Segment Table from the screen but click on the Store key if you want just to save your work before you close the dialog box.

The Download key has double action, it will download the segment table to the instrument and will store the contents of your segment table.

Using the Sequence Table

If you want to learn more about sequences and sequence control, you should refer to Chapter 4 of this manual. In general, the PXA125 can generate sequenced waveforms but waveforms must be loaded to the instrument from a computer before it can generate sequences. The waveforms are downloaded as coordinates and are stored in the PXA125 is a place designated as “waveform memory”. The waveform memory has a finite size of 2Meg.

As was explained in Using the Segment Table above, the waveform memory can be divided into smaller segments and up to 4096 segments can be defined and used as individual arbitrary waveforms. Having a limited size of waveform memory can, for some applications, pose a limitation however, if sections of the waveform are repetitive, one may use the sequence generator to take these segments and replay them as part of the complete waveform without loosing valuable memory space and without scarifying waveform coherences, or integrity. The tool for using repetitive and multiple segments in one long waveform is called Sequence Generator. ArbConnection has a special dialog box where sequences are designed. This tool is called – Sequence Table.

The Sequence Table is demonstrated in Figure 3-7. To access this table click on the “To Sequence Table” button. Description of the various controls in this table is given below.

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Figure 3-37. The Sequence Table

There are four major elements that you should consider while programming a sequence table. They are: Link#, Loop(s), Segment# and Adv. These elements are explained below.

Link # – defines an index array for the sequence table. When generating sequences, the instrument steps though the link # in descending order therefore, make sure that you enter your waveform segments in exactly the order you would like them at the output.

Loop(s) – define how many times the segment will loop for the selected link. For example, if you program 2, the waveform will cycle twice through the same segment before transitioning to the next link.

Segment # – associates waveform segments with links. You can use different segments for different links or you can use the same segment for a number of links. There are no limitations how you associate links to segments, except you cannot program in the sequence table segments that were not defined earlier.

Adv – is a special code that is used in conjunction with the mixed advance mode. This bit flags the PXA125 if the selected link is continuous or stepped. Information on the Mixed sequence advance mode is given later. “0” flags continuous, “1” flags stepped.

Figure 3-7 shows an example of a 4-step sequence of which the first waveform is made of segment 1, which will loop 20 times; segment 2,

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looping 500 times; segment 3 looping 25 times and segment 4, which will loop 20 times. Also notice that mixed mode advance flag has been assigned to segment 4. This flag will cause the sequence to stop on segment 4 until the PXA125 will be triggered for the next sequence cycle.

There are control buttons on the right of the sequence table. Use the

Append key to add a step at the end of the sequence list. Use the Insert key to insert a step at the cursor location. The Delete key is

used for deleting a step at the cursor position.

The Clear All key will remove all steps from the table and will let you start designing your sequence table from scratch.

Click on the Close to discard of the contents of the dialog box without saving your last actions and to remove the sequence Table from the screen but click on the Store key if you want just to save your work before you close the dialog box.

The Download key has double action, it will download the sequence table to the instrument and will save the contents of your table so the next time you open this table, it will have the same contents as you saved in your previous session.

The Trigger Panel

Trigger Parameters

The Trigger panel, as shown in Figure 3-8, is invoked either by pressing the TRIG button on the Panels bar, or clicking on one of the Triggered, Gated, or Burst buttons on the Main Panel. Note that if you invoke the Trigger Panel from the Panels menu, the PXA125 will not change its operating mode. On the other hand, if you select the Trigger option from the Main Panel, besides invoking the Trigge Panel, the PXA125 will immediately change its operating mode to triggered. The functional groups in the Trigger Panel are described below.

The Trigger Parameters group contains two parameters for each channel: Phase and Count. To access the required parameter, click on the button below the Channel 1 or Channel 2 group until the LED next to the required parameter turns on. The value that is associated with the lit LED is displayed on the digital display. You can use the

dial, keyboard, or the [↑] [↓] keys to adjust the readout to the required

setting. After you modify the reading, press Execute to update the PXA125 with the new reading.

Note

Normal color of the digital reading is dark blue. If you modify the reading, the color changes to a lighter shade of blue, indicating that the PXA125

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has not been updated yet with the new parameter. Pressing Execute will update the instrument and will restore the color of the digital readout to dark blue, indicating that the displayed value is the same as the generator setting.

Slope

The Slope group lets you select edge sensitivity for the trigger input o the PXA125. If you click on Positive, the instrument will trigger on the rising edge of the trigger signal. Likewise, if you click on Negative, the instrument will trigger on the falling edge of the trigger signal.

Source

The Source group provides access to trigger source parameters. Click on External to enable the rear-panel TRIG IN connector. If you select the external option, you must connect your stimulating signal to the trigger input. You can also use the Manual button to trigger the instrument. If you select the Internal option, you will be replacing the external signal with an internal, free-running, synthesizer that is connected internally to the trigger input. The period of the internal

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Figure 3-38. The Trigger Panel

User Manual PXA125

synthesizer is programmable using the Timer button in this group.

The Arm group is really a semi-orphan function on the Trigger Panel.

Arm

This is the only function that actually will work in continuous mode however, since the arm commands cause interruption of the PXA125 output and arm control is done with the trigger input, it was placed in the trigger section of ArbConnection. While modifying Arm commands, bear in mind that the instrument must be in continuous mode only.

The arm function requires definition of breakpoints. To turn ARM on and off, click on the State button. Select the Position LED to program breakpoint position. The Positive on Negative slope options will determine edge sensitivity for the trigger input.

There are two additional buttons at the right top corner of the Trigge Panel. You can close the Trigger Panel by clicking on the Close key, or return to the main panel and leave the Trigger Panel in the background if you click on the “To Main Panel” key.

The Modulation Panel

Frequency Modulation

The Modulation panel, as shown in Figure 3-9, is invoked either by pressing the MOD button or “To Modulation Panel” button on the Main Panel. The modulation panel provides access and control for a number of functions: FM (frequency modulation), FSK (frequency shift keying) and Sweep. The PXA125 can perform only one of these functions at a time and ArbConnection will generate an error if you try to change the state to on for more than one modulation option.

The functional groups in the Modulation Panel are divided to three parts: Frequency Modulation, FSK and Sweep. These groups are described below.

The Frequency Modulation group contains parameters for controlling the sample clock. To turn the FM function on and off, click on the State button in this group. There are sub-groups in the FM block: Parameters, Shape, Mode and Slope.

Shape – Determines how the frequency will change. There are fou standard patterns that are built into the instrument: sine, triangle, square and ramp, which could be selected from a built-in lookup table. The arbitrary waveform shape must be loaded to the instrument from an external application, or from the FM Composer. Click on the button next to the required modulating waveform shape to select it.

Parameters – Allow adjustment of waveform parameters that are selected from the Shape sub-group. Notice that the parameters are changing as you select different shapes. To access the required parameter, click on the button below parameters sub-group until the

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LED next to the required parameter turns on. The value that is associated with the lit LED is displayed on the digital display. You can

use the dial, keyboard, or the [↑] [↓] keys to adjust the readout to the

required setting. After you modify the reading, press Execute to update the PXA125 with the new reading.

Note

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Mode- The Mode sub-group let you select one of the FM operating

modes. You have a choice of continuous, triggered and gated FM. Unlike the main trigger function, the trigger modes for the FM function operate in continuous mode. For example, if you place the instrument in triggered FM, the instrument will idle at the carrier frequency and execute one FM cycle when triggered. Refer to the appropriate section in this manual to learn more about triggered FM.

Slope – The Slope sub-group let you select edge sensitivity for the trigger input of the PXA125. If you click on Positive, the instrument will trigger on the rising edge of the trigger signal. Likewise, if you click on Negative, the instrument will trigger on the falling edge of the trigge signal.

User Manual PXA125

Figure 3-39. The Modulation Panel

FSK

Sweep

The FSK group contains parameters for controlling the FSK function. To turn the FSK function on and off, click on the State button in this group. There are two other sub-groups in the FSK block: Parameters, and Mode.

Mode – The Mode group lets you select between two shift options: hop and ramped. In hop mode, the sample clock hops to the shift frequency without delays. In ramped mode, the sample clock ramps to the shift frequency at a rate determined by the Ramp Time parameter. Click on the option you prefer to select between hop and ramped modes.

Parameters – Allow adjustment of Ramp Time and Shifted Sample Clock frequency parameters. To access the required parameter, click on the button below parameters sub-group until the LED next to the required parameter turns on. The value that is associated with the lit LED is displayed on the digital display. You can use the dial,

keyboard, or the [↑] [↓] keys to adjust the readout to the required

setting. After you modify the reading, press Execute to update the PXA125 with the new reading.

The Sweep group contains parameters for controlling sweep options. To turn the Sweep function on and off, click on the State button in this group. There are sub-groups in the Sweep block: Parameters, Direction, Type, Mode and Slope.

Parameters – Allow adjustment of Sweep Stop and Sweep Time. You can also place a marker at a position programmed by the Mark

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parameter. To access the required parameter, click on the button below parameters sub-group until the LED next to the required parameter turns on. The value that is associated with the lit LED is displayed on the digital display. You can use the dial, keyboard, or the

[↑] [↓] keys to adjust the readout to the required setting. After you

modify the reading, press Execute to update the PXA125 with the new reading.

Note

Direction – Use the keys in this sub-group to program sweep

direction. Up select sweep from start to stop sample clock setting and Down selects sweep from the stop to start sample clock setting. Refe to Chapter 3 of this manual to learn more about sweep operation.

Type – Use these keys to select sweep step from two options: linea and logarithmic.

Mode- The Mode sub-group let you select one of the Sweep operating modes. You have a choice of continuous, triggered and gated sweep. Unlike the main trigger function, the trigger modes fo the sweep function operate in continuous mode. For example, if you place the instrument in triggered sweep, the instrument will idle at the carrier frequency and execute one sweep cycle when triggered. Refe to the appropriate section in this manual to learn more about triggered sweep.

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There are three additional buttons at the right top corner of the Modulation Panel. You can close the Modulation Panel by clicking on the Close key, or return to the main panel and leave the Modulation Panel in the background if you click on the “To Main Panel” key. The “To FM Composer” button will invoke the FM composer program that will enable you to create and edit user-defined waveforms that will be used as modulating waveforms. The FM Composer program is described in greater details later in this chapter.

The Utility Panel

Multi-Instruments

Synchronization Control

The Utility panel, as shown in Figure 3-10, is invoked either by pressing the UTIL button or “To Utility Panel” button on the Main Panel. The Utility panel provides access to general instrument controls that are not directly related to waveform generation. Through this panel you can control multiple instruments and/or multiple channels. If you made programming errors, you can use this panel to clear the error queue, or reset the PXA125 all together. The functional groups in the Utility are described below.

The Multi-Instrument Sync Control group lets you synchronize between multiple instruments and program phase offsets between instruments. Phase offset is applied between the leading edges of the two instruments and is given in units of waveform points.

To adjust the Ph. Offset parameter, click on the button below parameter. The LED next to the Ph. Offset turns on. The offset value is displayed on the digital display. You can use the dial, keyboard, o

the [↑] [↓] keys to adjust the readout to the required setting. After you

modify the reading, press Execute to update the PXA125 with the new reading. Note that after changing phase between instruments, you must re-activate the synchronization between the instruments, as explained below.

Set Configuration – The Set Configuration button provides access to a configuration table as shown in Figure 3-11. Use this table to configure which of the instruments will be master and which will be slaved to this master. The example in Figure 3-11 shows 5 instruments in the chassis of which the instrument in slot 4 was selected as master and slots 5 and 6 were programmed as slaves. There are some basic rules when selecting master and slave units as summarized in the following:

1. You must have minimum of two instruments in your chassis to be able to open and access the Multi-Instrument Synchronization Panel.

2. Actual slot location is critical for synchronizing instruments. Therefore, before you start synchronizing instrument, use the

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Arb Detector utility to assign chassis and slot location. Information how to access and use the Arb Detector program is given in Chapter 2 of this manual. If you attempt to configure the synchronization table before assigning actual slot location, you’ll get an error message as shown in Figure 3-12, which will advise you on the procedure to correct the situation.

Figure 3-40. The Utility Panel

3. The master unit must always be at the left side of cluster of the synchronized instruments. Instruments plugged to the left of the master will automatically be excluded from synchronization and their Couple State set to OFF

4. One more or all instruments to the right of the master unit can be slaved. If you do not want to slave an instrument, you must configure its Couple State to OFF.

5. Master and Slave units must be adjacent. If you set the Couple State for one of the instruments OFF, then starting this slot, all instruments to the right will be removed from the cluster.

6. The Activate and Deactivate buttons are duplicated on the Utility Panel. After you configure the state of the instruments, you do not have to show this dialog box anymore but use the Utility Panel buttons.

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Figure 3-41. The Multi-Instrument Synchronization Panel

Figure 3-42. Multi-Instrument Synchronization Error Message.

Activate – This button will activate synchronization between instruments as configured in the Multi-Instrument Synchronization Panel. If you pressed this button without first configuring master and slave units, the error message as shown in Figure 3-12 will be shown. The Activate button must be pressed after you change waveforms, phase offset, operation modes etc. You do not need to press this button if you change sample clock, amplitude and offset or othe parameters that do not force waveform modification

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Deactivate – This button will deactivate synchronization between instruments.

Filter

System Commands Commands in this sub-group will let you Reset the entire instrument

The System and Command Editor

The Filter group lets you place filters at the output path. There are two sets of filters – one for each channel. Click on 25 MHz, 50 MHz or All to select both. Click on Off to remove disable all filters.

to factory defaults, Clear Error Queue, if you made programming errors and want to remove the error list from the queue. You can also use the Manual Trigger key to trigger the PXA125 in case you do not have an external trigger stimuli connected to the TRIG IN connector. Other commands allow you to Reset Segment Table and Reset Sequence Table.

ArbConnection requires certain conditions to work well with the PXA125. For example, The computer you are using must be connected to the PXI chassis through a known and well-defined communication link, such as, MXI3. Not only that the instrument must be connected but also, software and registers must be set properly fo the generator to function properly. It is also possible that you computer is running smoothly but the PXA125 has problems communicating with your computer. The System and Command Editor dialog box has all the tools needed to make sure that the PXA125 is connected properly and that it responds correctly to machine commands.

Communication

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Invoke the System and Command Editor from the System command at the top of the screen. Dialog box, as shown in Figure 3-13 will pop up. There are three main functions that you can execute using this dialog box: Set your communication link, reset and test you communication with the PXA125 and, last but no least, send SCPI commands to the instrument and see an immediate response. Description of the various elements of this dialog box is given below.

The Communication group lets you select the proper communication link for connecting the PXA125 to the computer. In general, ArbConnection does that automatically for you when you invoke the program. This group is grayed out because it has no use for PXI

User Manual PXA125

Figure 3-43. System Control and the Command Editor

System Commands

The System Commands group lets you use common commands and test the PXA125 for proper operation. The Time Out field sets system timeout in units of seconds. The time out is required by the GPIB link in case your instrument does not communicate properly with on the bus. To avoid bus lockout, set the time out to small values. The default time out setting is 2. Note that PCI communication does not require time out setting therefore, it is blanked out for this instrument. The *RST, *CLS buttons are used for clearing error queue, o resetting the instrument to factory defaults.

The *TST? Invokes selftest routines. It is not relevant for the PXA125 and therefore blanked out in this dialog box. You should use this test when you suspect that something is wrong with your instrument. The PXA125 executes this test and generates a response that is placed in the field below the *TST? button. The response to the selftest command is numeral. Any response, besides “0”, means that you instrument failed the selftest. Additional information on the *TST? command is available in chapter 4 of this manual.

The *IDN? queries the generator’s identity. The response is placed in the field next to the *IDN? button. The response is organized into fou fields, separated by commas, as shown below:

LeCroy,PXA125,0,1.0

Command Editor

Low-level SCPI commands and queries can be directly sent to the

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PXA125 from the Command field and the PXA125 will response to queries in the Response field. The command editor is very useful while developing your own application. Build your confidence or test various commands using the command editor. This way you can assure that commands or syntax that you use in your application will respond exactly the same way as it responds to the editor commands. A complete list of SCPI commands is available in Chapter 4 of this manual.

The Waveform Composer

The Commands bar

Being an arbitrary waveform generator, the PXA125 has to be loaded with waveform data before it can start generating waveforms. The waveform generation and editing utility is part of ArbConnection and is called – The Waveform Composer. This program gives you tools to create definitions for arbitrary waveforms. It can also convert coordinates from other products, such as, oscilloscopes and use them directly as waveform data. The program is loaded with many features and options so use the following paragraphs to learn how to create, edit and download waveforms to the PXA125 using the Waveform Composer.

You can invoke the Waveform Composer program from two places: On the Panels bar click on WAVE, or from the Arbitrary & Sequence Panel click on “To Wave Composer”. Figure 3-14 shows the waveform composer, immediately after you first invoke this utility.

The Wave Composer has three sections: Commands bar, Toolba and Waveform screen. Refer to Figure 3-14 throughout the description of these parts.

The commands bar provides access to standard Windows commands such as File and View. In addition, there are ArbConnection-specific commands such as Edit, Wave and System.

In general, clicking on one of the commands, opens a dialog box with an additional list of commands. Then, clicking on an additional command, may open a dialog box, or generate an immediate action. For example, Clicking on File and then Exit will cause an immediate termination of the Wave Composer. On the other hand, clicking on Wave and then on Sine, will open a Sine Wave dialog box that lets you program and edit sine wave parameters. The various commands in the Commands bar are listed and described below.

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Figure 3-44. The Wave Composer Opening Screen

File Commands

The File command has 4 commands that control waveform files. Also use this command to print the active waveform, or exit the wave composer program. Description of the various commands under File is given below.

New Waveform

The New Waveform command clears current waveform from the screen. If you made changes to the waveform area and use the New Waveform command, you should save your work before clearing the screen. The New Waveform command is destructive to the displayed waveform.

Open Waveform…

The Open Waveform… command will let you browse your disk fo

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previously saved waveform files and load these waveforms to the waveform area. This command is also very useful for converting waveform files to format that is acceptable by the Wave Composer. The Open Waveform command can convert ASCII. *CSV (comma delimited text), *PRN (space delimited text) and *.0* (LeCroy binary format). For additional information on files format, contact you nearest LeCroy representative.

Save Waveform (Binary)

The Save Waveform command will store your active waveform in you PXA125 directory, as a binary file with an *.wav extension. If this is the first time you save your waveform, the Save Waveform As… command will be invoked automatically, letting you select name, location and format for your waveform file.

Save Waveform As…

Use the Save Waveform As… command the first time you save you waveform. It will let you select name, location and format for you waveform file. The Save Wave As… dialog box is shown in Figure 3-

15.

Edit Commands

The Edit commands are used for manipulating the waveform that is drawn on the screen. The editing commands are explained in the following paragraphs.

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Figure 3-45. The Save Wave AS… Dialog Box

User Manual PXA125

Autoline

The Autoline command lets you draw straight-line segments. To draw a line using this command click the left mouse button at the start point. Click again at the next point and then click on the right mouse button to terminate this operation.

Sketch

The Sketch command lets you draw free-hand segments. To draw a line using this command click and hold the left mouse button at the start point. Release the mouse button when you want to stop and then click on the right mouse button to terminate this operation.

Smooth

The Smooth command lets you smooth out rough transitions on you waveform. This is done mathematically by multiplying waveform coordinates by the non-linear portion of a cubic parabola.

The Smooth operation is done on segments of the waveform that are bound by anchors. Anchor operation is described later in this chapter. Place you anchors on the left and right of your waveform segment and select the Smoot command. The waveform will change its shape immediately to follow the mathematical pattern of a parabolic curve.

Note that small segments with fast transitions, when combined with parabolic expressions have tendencies to generate even large transitions. Therefore, make sure you omit such sections of the waveform when you use this operation.

Filter

The Filter used with this command is moving average. This is done by recalculating each point as an average of symmetrical number o adjacent points. When you select the Filter command, a dialog box pops up, letting you program the filter spacing in number of adjacent points. You can filter the entire waveform, or you may chose to filter a segment of the waveform by placing the anchors as boundaries on the left and right of the segment.

Invert

The Invert command lets you invert the entire waveforms, or marked segments of waveforms. The waveform is inverted about the 0-point axis.

Trim Left

The Trim Left command operates in conjunction with the left anchor. It is helpful if you want to “chop off “ the left section of your waveform. After you use this command, the portion to the left of the anchor will be removed from the screen and the waveform will start from the point where the anchor was placed before the trim left operation. When using this command, bear in mind that the number of points that you

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use for your waveform must divide by 4. If you placed your anchor in between 4-point increments then the waveform length will automatically adjust to the nearest legal size.

Trim Right

The Trim Right command operates exactly as the Trim Left command except this command affects the portion to the right of the right anchor.

Unmark

The unmark command removes the anchors from the waveform screen and resets anchor positions to point 0 and the last waveform point.

Undo

The Undo command undoes the last editing operation.

View Commands

The View commands have commands that let you view various options on the waveform area. The View commands include: View All, Channel 1 Waveform, Return to Panel and Hide/Show Toolbar. Description of the view commands is given in the following.

Zoom In

You may zoom in on portions of the waveform by dragging the left and right anchors to the area you want to zoom, then use the Zoom In command. The example in Figure 3-16 shows a magnified portion o the waveform while the smaller window shows the complete waveform map and the portion you magnified. You can click and drag the white section to pan the magnified portion. While zoomed in you can perform autoline and sketch editing, or zoom-in further by dragging the left and right anchors then using the Zoon In command again.

Zoom Out

The Zoom out command restores the waveform to its original size and removes the waveform map window from the screen.

View Toolbars

The View Toolbars command lets you hide or show the various toolbars that are available for the Wave Composer. The available toolbars are: Link bar, File bar, Wave Edit bar and System bar.

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Wave Commands

Figure 3-46. Zooming In on Waveforms

The Wave commands let you create waveforms on the screen. The Wave command has a library of 8 waveforms: Sine, Sawtooth, Square, Sinc, Gaussian, Exponent, Pulse, and Noise. It also lets you create waveforms using the Equation Editor. Information how to create waveforms using the Wave commands is given below.

Creating Waveforms From the Built-in Library

You can create any waveform from the built-in library using the Wave command. Clicking on one of the Wave options will open a dialog box. An example of the Sine waveform dialog box is shown in Figure 3-17. This dialog box is representative of the rest of the waveforms, so other waveforms will not be described.

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Figure 3-47. An Example of Generating Sine Waveforms From the Built-in Library.

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Creating Sine Waveforms

Use the following procedure to create sine waveforms from the built-in library. Click on Wave, then sine… the dialog box as shown in Figure 3-17 will appear. You can now start programming parameters that are available in this box.

Start Point – Defines the first point where the created wave will start. Note that if you change the start point the left anchor will automatically adjust itself to the selected start point. The example shows start point set at point 0.

End Point – Defines where the created waveform will end. Note that as you change the end point the right anchor will automatically adjust itself to the selected end point. The example shows end point set at

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point 499.

Cycles – The Cycles parameter defines how many sine cycles will be created within the specified start and end points. The example below shows five sine cycles.

Waveform Amplitude – 14-bit of vertical define 16,384 incremental steps. The Amplitude parameter defines how many of these steps are used for generating the sine. The waveform amplitude is given in units of points. The waveform amplitude fields let you design the maximum and minimum peak separately. The example is showing sine waveform with maximum peak-to-peak values. Smaller values will generate an attenuated sine.

Start Phase – The start phase parameter defines the angle of which

the sine will start. The example shows 90° start phase.

Power – The example shows sine cubed. Sine to the power of 1 will generate a perfect sine. Power range is from 1 through 9.

System Commands

The Toolbars

The System commands let you do two actions: Delete all segments and download the active waveform to the selected channel. Both o these commands are also available as icons on the toolbar.

The toolbar contains icons for editing the waveform screen, icons fo saving and loading waveforms, fields for selecting an active segment and for adjusting segment length and more. The Toolbar is shown in Figure 3-18 and the individual icons are described in the following.

Figure 3-48. The Toolbar Icons

This icon represents the Open New Waveform file command. When you click on this icon, the current waveform will be removed from the waveform area and a DC line at the 0 coordinate will be displayed.

This icon represents the Open Waveform file command. When you click on this icon, the Open Waveform dialog box will open and will let you select a waveform file to display on the waveform screen.

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This icon will save the file you currently have on your waveform screen. The file will be saves in *.wav format that is unique to the wave composer.

The Save As… icon lets you save your waveform as a file. The file will be saves in *.wav format that is unique to the wave composer. It also can be saved as *.asc in ASCII format.

Use this icon to print your waveform screen on your default printer. With this command you may print the active Waveform Window. The standard printer dialog box will appear and will let you select printer setup, or print the waveform page.

Click on this icon to start the autoline operation. You can exit the autoline mode by clicking on this icon again, or by clicking on the right mouse button. The Autoline command lets you draw straight-line segments. To draw a line using this command click the left mouse button at the start point. Click again at the next point and then click on the right mouse button to terminate this operation.

The sketch mode is invoked using this icon. Click on this icon again, or click your right mouse button to terminate the sketch mode. The Sketch command lets you draw free-hand segments. To draw a line using this command click and hold the left mouse button at the start point. Release the mouse button when you want to stop and then click on the right mouse button to terminate this operation.

Clicking on this icon will invoke the smooth function. The Smooth command lets you smooth out rough transitions on your waveform. This is done mathematically by multiplying waveform coordinates by the non-linear portion of a cubic parabola.

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This icon will filter operation. The Filter used with this command

User Manual PXA125

is moving average. This is done by recalculating each point as an average of symmetrical number of adjacent points. When you select the Filter command, a dialog box pops up, letting you program the filter spacing in number of adjacent points. You can filter the entire waveform, or you may chose to filter a segment of the waveform by placing the anchors as boundaries on the left and right of the segment.

An easy way of inverting your waveform is by using the invert function. The Invert command lets you invert the entire waveforms, o marked segments of waveforms. The waveform is inverted about the 0-point axis.

Click on this icon to removes the anchors from the waveform screen and resets anchor positions to point 0 and the last waveform point.

Use this icon to undo your last editing operation. Only one step will back up.

Use this icon to zoom in on an area enclosed between one o two anchors. To move the anchors click and hold on the triangle on top of the waveform screen, than drag the anchor to the desired location. If you want to specify anchor location, place your mouse on the triangle and click the right button on your mouse type in the anchor location and press Enter.

Use this icon after you have zoomed in to view the entire waveform area.

When you use this icon, the waveform to the left of the left anchor will be removed and the anchor position will become the first point of your waveform. Note that the length of your horizontal axis must divide by four therefore, if you place the left anchor at a position other than a multiple of four, you’ll be asked to adjust the size accordingly.

When you use this icon, the waveform to the right of the right anchor will be removed and the anchor position will become the last point of your waveform. Note that the length of your horizontal axis must divide by four therefore, if you place the right anchor at a position other than a multiple of four, you’ll be asked to adjust the size accordingly.

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Use extreme caution when using this icon because it will delete

all of your segments from your waveform memory.

When you click on this button, the waveform that is displayed on your waveform screen will be downloaded to the active segment on the selected channel.

The wavelength field lets you program the length of the active segment. You can program up to 4096 individual segments that each has a unique length. Minimum segment length is 16 points and maximum is 4,194,303 (“0” is counted as a point for a total of 4,194,304). To program a new length for the active segment click on the edit field, use your backspace or delete keys to clear the field and type in the new number. To complete the selection, click on the Wavelength button.

Use this edit field to define the active segment you intend to program. The PXA125 lets you program up to 4096 segments, of which each could be programmed with a unique waveform length. To select a new active segment click on the edit field, use your backspace or delete keys to clear the field and type in the new number. To complete the selection, click on the Active Segment button.

The Waveform Screen

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Waveforms are created and edited on the waveform screen. Figure 319 shows an example of a waveform created using the equation editor and the anchors to limit generation of the waveform between points 100 and 900. The various elements of the waveform screen are described below.

The waveform screen has two axes – vertical and horizontal. Both axes are divided into points.

The vertical axis is labeled from –8192 through 8191 for a total o 16,384 point. This number represents 14 bits of vertical resolution and cannot be changed because it is critical to the range of which the PXA125 operates.

The horizontal axis, by default has 1000 points (from point 0 to 999). This number can be changed using the Wave Length field in the Toolbar. The maximum length depends on the option installed in you instrument. The wave composer will let you define the horizontal axis to a maximum of 4,194,304 (4 Meg words).

User Manual PXA125

Figure 3-49. The Waveform Screen

Notice on the left top and on the right top there are two triangles pointing to the center of the screen. These are the anchors. The anchors are used as the start and end pointers where your waveform will be created. For example, if you want to create a sine waveform between point 100 and point 500, you place the left anchor at point 100 and the right at point 500 and then generate the sine from the built-in library.

There are two ways to control anchor placements.

1) Click and hold your mouse cursor on the left anchor triangle and then drag the curtain to the left position. Do the same for the right anchor. Notice the X and Y coordinates at the top of the waveform screen and how they change to correspond to your anchor placement.

2) You can also place your anchors in a more precise manner from the waveform library by programming the start and end points for the waveform. An example of anchor placement using the sine dialog box is shown in Figure 3-17.

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Finally, when you are done creating and editing your waveform, you can save your work to a directory of your choice. The name at the title will show you the name you selected for storing your waveform and its path.

The FM Composer

The FM Composer looks and feels almost like the waveform composer except there is a major difference in what it does. If you look at the opening screen as shown in Figure 3-20, you’ll see that the vertical axis is marked with sample clock frequencies. You’ll see later that as you draw waveforms on the FM composer screen, these waveforms will represent frequency changes and not amplitude changes as are generated by the waveform composer.

The FM composer is a great tool for controlling frequency agility by generating the agility curve as an arbitrary waveform. For example, i you create a sine waveform, the PXA125 will generate frequencymodulated signal that will follow the sine pattern. The resolution and accuracy of the modulated waveform is unsurpassed and can only be duplicated by mathematical simulation. The FM composer is loaded with many features and options so use the following paragraphs to learn how to create and download modulating waveforms to the PXA125 using the FM Composer.

You can invoke the FM Composer from two places: On the Panels ba click on FM, or from the Modulation Panel click on “To FM Composer”. Figure 3-20 shows the waveform composer, immediately after you first invoke this utility.

The Wave Composer has three sections: Commands bar, Toolba and Waveform screen. Refer to Figure 3-20 throughout the description of these parts.

The Commands bar

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The commands bar provides access to standard Windows commands such as File and View.

In general, clicking on one of the commands opens a dialog box with an additional list of commands. Then, clicking on an additional command, may open a dialog box, or generate an immediate action. For example, Clicking on File and then Exit will cause an immediate termination of the FM Composer. On the other hand, clicking on Wave and then on Square, will open a Square Wave dialog box that lets you program and edit square wave parameters. The various commands in the Commands bar are listed and described below.

LeCroy PXA125 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual