Kodak Module 9 User Manual

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Processing KODAK Color Print Films, Module 9

Process ECP-2E Specifications

©Eastman Kodak Company, 2006

Table of Contents

FILMS AND PROCESS SEQUENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

PROCESSING MACHINE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

OPERATING SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9

PROCESSING CHEMICALS AND FORMULAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16

OPTICAL SOUND PROCESSING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27

Designated Films. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

Film Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

Process ECP-2E Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

Alternative Ferricyanide or UL Bleach Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

Safelights for Darkroom Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

Film Storage and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

Other Film Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

Machine Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

Construction Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6

Filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8

Crossover Squeegees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8

Dryer Cabinet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8

Film Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8

Machine Exhaust and Room Ventilation Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9

Countercurrent Washes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9

Mechanical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9

UL Bleach Formulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13

Conversion to UL Bleach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13

Drying Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14

Turbulation Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14

Wash-Water Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15

Stop Wash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15

Bleach Wash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15

Final Wash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15

Rewashing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15

Packaged Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16

Bulk Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16

Solution Mixing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19

Formulas and Analytical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-20

Storage of Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27

Sound Track Operating Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27

Sound Track Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27

MORE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-28

The information contained herein is furnished by Eastman Kodak Company without any warranty or guarantee whatsoever. While Kodak is unaware of any valid domestic patents of others which would be infringed by the methods, formulas or apparatus described herein, the furnishing of this information is not to be considered as any license for inducement of, or recommendation for any action by any party any such action being a matter for independent investigation and decision by such party.

Process ECP-2E Specifications -0

9 PROCESS ECP-2E SPECIFICATIONS

This module contains specifications describing continuous machine processing of Kodak color print films. The following modules are also used in conjunction with Process ECP-2E. Process ECP-2E differs from Process ECP-2D in that there is no first fix or sound application.

Module 10 Effects of Mechanical and Chemical

Variations in Process ECP-2E Module 1 Process Control Module 2 Equipment and Procedures Module 3 Analytical Procedures (for Chemical

Analyses) Module 4 Reagent Preparation Procedures (for

Chemical Analyses) Module 5 Chemical Recovery Procedures Module 6 Environmental Aspects

FILMS AND PROCESS SEQUENCE

Designated Films

KODAK VISION Color Print Film / 2383

Performance Characteristics and Applications: This film is designed for making projection-contrast prints from camera-original color negatives, duplicate negatives, and internegatives made from color reversal originals. Film 2383 has an ESTAR Safety Base.

For information on color balance, image structure, sensitometric curves, printing conditions, and film storage, see KODAK Publication H-1-2383.

KODAK VISION Premier Color Print Film / 2393

Performance Characteristics and Applications: Like its counterpart KODAK VISION Color Print Film, VISION Premier Color Print Film is coated on a polyester base without rem-jet, for a cleaner process and cleaner screen images. The upper tone scale of VISION Premier Color Print Film is significantly higher in density than KODAK VISION Color Print Film, so shadows are deeper, colors are more vivid, and the image snaps and sizzles on the screen. The toe areas of the sensitometric curves are matched more closely, producing more neutral highlights on projection. Cinematographers can be more creative with lighting and exposure, and still see remarkable results.

For information on color balance, image structure, sensitometric curves, printing conditions, and film storage, see KODAK Publication H-1-2393.

KODAK VISION Color Teleprint Film / 2395 / 3395

Performance Characteristics and Applications: KODAK VISION Color Teleprint Film / 2395 / 3395 is specifically designed for making low-contrast contact or optical prints from camera-original negatives, duplicate negatives, and internegatives. This film has been optimized to produce low contrast positive images that closely match the dynamic range of telecine transfer mediums to produce excellent video images.

Film 2395 / 3395 is coated on a new ESTAR Base featuring proprietary Kodak technology that replaces rem-jet with process-surviving, anti-static layer, and scratchresistant backing layer. This film has an efficient antihalation layer under the emulsion layers, using patented solid particle dyes that are decolorized and removed during processing.

For information on color balance, image structure, sensitometric curves, printing conditions, and film storage, see KODAK Publication H-1-2395.

Film Structure

KODAK VISION Color Print Film / 2383, KODAK VISION Premier Color Print Film / 2393 and KODAK VISION Color Teleprint Film / 2395 / 3395 are multi-layer films with incorporated-color couplers. Figure 9-1, is a diagram of the film structure.

Figure 9-1 Cross Section of Unprocessed Color Print Films

EXPOSING LIGHT

Gel Protective Coat Green-Sensitive Emulsion Clear Gelatin Interlayer

Red-Sensitive Emulsion Clear Gelatin Interlayer

Blue-Sensitive Emulsion Anti-Halation Dye Layer

Stubbing Layer U-Coat

Safety Film Base

4.7 Mil ESTAR Base U-Coat Conductive Anti-Static Layer Scratch Resistant T-Coat W/Lube

This drawing illustrates only the relative layer arrangement of the film and is not drawn to scale.

F002_0252AC

The upper green-sensitive layer contains a colorless coupler that is converted to magenta dye during development, proportional to green-light exposure. The next emulsion layer is red-sensitive and contains a colorless coupler that forms a cyan dye, proportional to red exposure. The bottom emulsion layer is blue-sensitive, and contains a colorless coupler that forms a yellow dye, proportional to blue exposure.

The conductive anti-static layer and scratch resistant T-coat with lube are process surviving and retain their properties after processing.

KODAK VISION Color Print Films can be processed without a prebath and rem-jet removal and rinse, as indicated in Table 9-1. These films can be processed directly with the developer solution since they do not have a rem-jet backing to remove.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-1

Process ECP-2E Steps

Table 9-1 Persulfate Bleach Sequence

Step Function

1. Developer Reduces exposed silver halide grains in all three ligh t-se nsiti ve layers. Th e d eveloping agent

2. Stop Stops the development of silver-halide grains and washes Color Developing Agent CD-2

NOTE: The film can now be handled in white light.

3. Wash Removes excess acid stop.

4. Accelerator Prepares the metallic silver presen t for the action of the persulfate bleach.

5. Bleach (persulfate) Converts the metallic silver from both the sound track image and picture image that was

6. Wash Removes residual bleach from the film, preventing contamination of the following solution.

7. Fixer Converts the silver-halide compounds formed in the picture area during bleaching to soluble

8. Wash Removes unused fixer and the residual soluble si lv er thiosul f ate co mple x sa lts f ormed during

9. Final Rinse Prepares the film for drying.

10. Dryer Dries film for subsequent handling.

11. Lubrication Promotes longer print projection life. It may be an in- or off-line operatio n. See Module 2,

is oxidized b y t he exposed silver halide, and the oxidation product couples with the particular dye coupler incorporated within each layer to produce dye images. A silver image is formed simultaneously at the expos ed silver-halide sites.

from the film.

formed during color development, to silver-halide compounds that can be removed by the fixer. In the sound track, the silver image formed during color development is converted to silver halide by the bleach. It is then redevelope d to a silver image by a black-and-white developer solution.

silver thiosulfate complex salts that are removed from the film in this fixer and subsequent wash.

fixing.

Equipment and Procedures.

If a customer wishes to retain the first fix and the first fix wash from Process ECP-2D, the sound application may still be skipped

by threading the film directly from the bleach wash into the second fix.

Alternative Ferricyanide or UL Bleach Sequence

The steps and their functions are the same as in the recommended process, except the 20-second accelerator and 40-second persulfate bleach is replaced with a 60-second ferricyanide or UL bleach.

Film Storage and Handling

Ideally, processed film should be stored at 21°C (70°F) or lower, and 40 to 5 0 percent relative humidity for shortterm or active storage. For long-term storage conditions, store at 2°C (35°F) or lower at a relative humidity of 20 to 30 percent . In ge neral , dy e stability during long-term

Safelights for Darkroom Illumination

When film is handled in a darkroom, whether printer room or processing room, safelights are used to provide enough light for working without fogging the film.

KODAK VISION Color Print Film / 2383, KODAK VISION Premier Color Print Film / 2393 and KODAK VISION Color Teleprint Film / 2395 / 3395 can be handled under illumination provided by standard safelight fixtures fitted with the KODAK No. 8 Safelight Filter / dark yellow. A sodiumvapor lamp fitted with KODAK WRATTEN Gelatin Filters

storage improves significantly with reduced temperature. See KODAK Publication No. H-23, The Book of Film Care, for more information.

Care must be exercised in the handling of print film to avoid scratches and/or dirt that will be noticeable on the projected print. Film handlers should use lint-free nylon or polyester gloves and handle the film by the edges as much as possible. Suggestions on film handling during processing are presented in Module 2, Equipment and Procedures.

No. 23A and 53 or 57, plus a neutral density filter to reduce the illumination intensity, can also be used. Conduct a careful safelight test before production work is started. The processing steps after the stop bath can be carried out in normal room light.

Other Film Characteristics

For information on the physical characteristics of Kodak motion picture films (including edge identification, antihalation backing, perforations, and dimensional change characteristics), as well as cores, spools, winding, and packaging, refer to KODAK Publication No. H-1, KODAK Motion Picture Film.

9-2 Process ECP-2E Specifications

PROCESSING MACHINE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Machine Design

The films intended for Process ECP-2E are processed in roll form in a continuous processing machine. Film is transported through the various solution tanks, emulsion side out, on a series of spools. These spools are mounted in racks that fit into the tanks, and film is threaded over the spools so that it travels in a continuous spiral on each rack. The film should not be allowed to contact any part of the machine that can damage either the support or the emulsion side of the film. A soft rubber tire has been used successfully on flat spools to create a uniform film-support surface consisting of many soft, flexible fingers. can be helpful in minimizing physical damage to the film, can be used on all rollers that contact the film base.

Rollers contacting the emulsion should be undercut as shown in Figure 9-2. Soft-touch tires can leave marks on the emulsion. Some machines use undercut rollers with sprockets to drive the film.

Figure 9-2 Soft-Touch Tire (Left) and Undercut Roller (Right)

Such a soft-touch surface, which

The required treatment or solution time for each processing solution and wash is obtained by installing an appropriate number of racks in the various solutions and washes for a specific film transport speed. The size and number of racks are predetermined by the machine manufacturer. Some machine manufacturers build racks with the upper spools fixed and the lower spools mounted on a floater or slider. With such racks, solution times can be controlled by adjusting the positions of the floaters. To provide adequate agitation of the developer at the emulsion surface, the developer tank is equipped with a turbulator. A turbulator is a submerged series of tubes, having nozzles or drilled holes at various locations along the tubes, pointing toward the film strand. The turbulator can be an integral part of the machine rack. For more information on turbulator design, see Module 2, Equipment and Procedures.

The processor should be a conventional deep-tank machine. Submerged rollers and rack-drive assemblies are recommended for all solutions to minimize the splattering of solutions and aerial oxidation of the developer and fixer. Figure 9-3 is a schematic of a typical processing machine for Process ECP-2E using the recommended persulfate bleach. Figure 9-4 is a schematic of a typical processing machine for Process ECP-2E using the alternate ferricyanide or UL bleaches. Squeegees should be used at all the locations shown in the schematic to reduce contamination and minimize loss of solution by carry-over into subsequent solutions.

Eastman Kodak Company does not market processing machines or auxiliary equipment suitable for Process ECP-2E. However, a list of some manufacturers of processing equipment can be obtained through the Professional Motion Imaging offices.

F002_0254AC

* Described in A Soft-Touch Surface Designed for Scratch-Free MotionPicture Film Processing, Journal of the SMPTE, 79:712-715, August 1970.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-3

Figure 9-3 Machine Schematic for Process ECP-2E with Persulfate Bleach Sequence

DRYER

Normal Room Light

SQUEEGEE

EXHAUST

FINAL

RINSE

WASH

FIXER

WASH

BLEACH

PERSULFATE

BLEACH

ACCELERATOR

40180 40 20 40 40 40 60 10

STOPDEVELOPER WASH

Dark

FILM FEED ON

Solution times are in seconds.

F002_1280EC

9-4 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Figure 9-4 Machine Schematic for Process ECP-2E with Ferricyanide or “UL” Bleach Sequence

DRYER

Normal Room Light

Dark

SQUEEGEE

EXHAUST

RINSE

6040 1040

6040180 40

WASH FINAL

FIXER

WASH

FERRICYANIDE

STOP

DEVELOPER WASH

"UL"

BLEACH

Solution times are in seconds.

FILM FEED ON

F002_1281EC

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-5

Construction Materials

The construction materials recommended for the developer, stop, fixer, and bleach solutions are listed in Table 9-2. All the bleaches are quite corrosive. The UL bleach is slightly more corrosive than ferricyanide bleach, but less corrosive than persulfate bleach. Titanium, Hastelloy C, and engineering plastics such as PVC are, therefore, recommended materials for persulfate bleach. Use plastics compatible with low pH solutions (less than pH 5).

Red brass is commonly found in ferricyanide bleach systems, it will quickly be dissolved by persulfate bleach and UL bleach. In addition to machine tanks, it is often found in fittings, flowmeters, heat exchangers, and valves. Small redbrass parts have been found even when the bleach tank is constructed of titanium, Hastelloy C, or PVC.

The following materials are compatible with ferricyanide or “UL,” but not acceptable with persulfate bleach.

Monel is a commonly used staple material; it is dissolved by persulfate bleach in several hours. Stainless-steel staples are recommended for extended lifetime in persulfate bleach. Standard carbon-steel staples will show some corrosion, but maintain their integrity in persulfate bleach much longer than Monel-type staples. In all cases, it is a good practice to avoid extended exposure of staples to any bleach solution.

Some plastic and elastomeric materials will be degraded by persulfate bleach. This degradation is accelerated by the presence of chlorine in the bleach. Some materials known to be degraded by persulfate bleach are low-density polyethylene, acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene, nylon 6/6, and neoprene. All plastics and elastomeric materials (other than PVC, RTV-60, silicone, and Vitron) should be tested before being used in persulfate bleach. Most plastics, including PVC, will discolor in persulfate bleach, but retain their mechanical properties. Tygon tubing, which turns white, is an example of this effect.

For best process control, equip the holding tank for the color developer replenisher with a tight-fitting floating cover. The cover will minimize air oxidation of the solution, and absorption of carbon dioxide from the air, which would change the pH. Clearance between the cover and the tank

wall should not be greater than Polyethylene sheeting of adequate covers in sizes up to 3 feet (1 metre) in diameter. A

dust cover alone permits air to come in contact with the solution and will allow some air oxidation to take place. Dust covers should be used for non-developer solution to minimize dirt in the replenisher tanks.

Additional information on materials construction and information on their use are given in The SPSE Handbook of Photographic Science and Engineering, Materials of Construction for Photographic Processing Equipment section. You may also contact the Kodak Information Center at 1-800-242-2424.

⁄4 inch (6.4 mm).

⁄2 inch (12.7 mm) thickness makes

9-6 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Table 9-2 Construction Materials for Process ECP-2E

Solution

Plastics

(Polyvinyl

Chloride or

Polyolefins)

Titanium Hastelloy C

Austenitic Stainless Steel AISI Type 316

Bleach (Ferricyanide or “UL”):

Tanks and Racks • Mixing Tanks • Replenisher Holding Tanks • Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores • Overflow Holding Tank •

† † † † †

••

Bleach (Persulfate):

Tanks and Racks • Mixing Tanks • Replenisher Holding Tanks • Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores • Overflow Holding Tank •

† † † † †

••

•••

‡

••

Accelerator:

Tanks and Racks • Mixing Tanks • Replenisher Holding Tanks • Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores •

† † † †

•••

Stop:

Tanks and Racks • Mixing Tanks • Replenisher Holding Tanks • Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores •

† † † †

••

•••

•• Others: Tanks and Racks •••• Mixing Tanks •••• Replenisher Holding Tanks •••• Piping, Pumps, Valves, and Filter Cores ••••

* AISI Type 316 Stainless Steel has been extensivel y tested and is satisfactory for the uses listed in the table above. Refer to The SPSE Handbook of

Photographic Science and Engineering, Materials of Construction for Photographic Processing Equipment Section for information on other Austenitic Stainless Steels.

† Plastics compatible with low pH solutions should be used (e.g., polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and high-density polyethylene). The compatibility of other

plastics should be evaluated under actual use.

‡ Short-term storage of persu lfate bleach in stainless steel tanks is ac ceptable.

§ Provided the concentration of sulfuric acid specified for the stop is not exceeded and fresh replenisher is always used.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-7

Filters

Filters are used to remove any insoluble material in the form of solids and tars from processing solutions and wash waters. If this material is not removed, it can adhere to the film being processed, machine tank walls, rollers, lines, etc. Filters are required in replenisher lines, recirculation systems, and wash-water lines.

The ideal porosity rating for filters is 10 microns, but the back pressure of a 10-micron filter is sometimes too great to permit adequate flow unless oversize pumps or parallel filters are used. Increasing the filter area will decrease the back pressure, but also increase the cost of filters. Filters with porosity ratings larger than 30 microns will produce low-back pressure, but are of little value in removing insoluble material. Another option is using high-porosity filters in series. The high-porosity filters will slow the clogging of the low-porosity filters.

Establish and follow a definite replacement schedule for filters. Change filters every week or two, or whenever the pressure differential across the filter housing exceeds 10 psig (69 kPa).

Polypropylene, fiber glass, or bleached cotton are acceptable filter media for all Process ECP-2E solutions. Viscose rayon is not recommended for use with the developer since it can cause adverse photographic effects. Table 9-2 lists acceptable construction materials for filter cores. Test all filters for adverse photographic effects before use, as described in KODAK Publication No. K-12.

Dryer Cabinet

Carefully control drying of processed film. Insufficient drying may lead to a physical defect called ferrotyping. If the film is over-dried, the emulsion becomes brittle and the film tends to curl or flute. Satisfactory drying leaves the film dry without tackiness one half to two thirds of the way through the drying cabinet. Allow the film to cool to room temperature before windup. After cooling, the film should have a moisture content in equilibrium with air at 50 percent relative humidity.

Either an impingement or convection (nonimpingement) dryer can be used. The impingement dryer dries film in a shorter time and occupies less space than most nonimpingement dryers. Regardless of the type, the drying equipment must produce adequate and uniform drying to prevent deformation of the film support or emulsion. Filter the input air to the dryer to remove dust particles that can stick to the film. A high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, such as the Micretain Equi Flo filter (95 percent efficient at 0.3-micron particle size) is recommended.

†

Film Lubrication

Edgewax 35 mm and wider films with a paraffin-based lubricant (approximately 50 g/L). Full coat 16 and 8 mm films with a less dense lubricant such as a 0.5 g/L PE Tetrasterate solution (RP 48-1984). See Module 2, Equipment and Procedures, for formulas and details.

Crossover Squeegees

Processing solution loss and dilution are minimized by crossover squeegees. They wipe solution off both sides of the film strand using plastic blades, air streams, vacuum, buffer plush, or other mechanical means, and direct it back into the originating tank.

A crossover squeegee should be located on the exit strand between stages of all countercurrent washes, and on all Process ECP-2E solutions. Wiper-blade squeegees 40-durometer hardness) can be employed, but must be carefully maintained to make sure they do not scratch the film. A general discussion on the use of squeegees is in “A Review of the Effects of Squeegees in Continuous Processing Machines,” Journal of the SMPTE, 79:121-123, February 1970. Squeegee design details are given in Module 2, Equipment and Procedures.

(30- to

* A description of suitable wiper-blad e squeegees is presented in “Sp ringLoaded Wiper-Blade Squeegees,” Journal of the SMPTE 81:742-796, October 1972.

† A product of Cambridge Filter Corporation, 7645 Henry Clay Blvd., Liverpool, NY 13088.

9-8 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Machine Exhaust and Room Ventilation Systems

Install local exhausts at specific locations on the processing machine and at specific work areas to provide for the safety and comfort of the laboratory personnel. Supplement local exhausts with a room ventilation system having a capacity of 10 air changes per hour. Vent the discharge air from these systems outside the building so that discharged air does not contaminate incoming air.

Locate local exhausts over chemical mixing tanks to remove irritating chemical dust and vapor produced when processing solutions are mixed. Remember to comply with all regulations related to your operations.

Processing machines using persulfate bleach need local exhausts at the stop, accelerator, bleach, and stabilizer. A slot-type exhaust, for example, on the far side of both the accelerator and persulfate bleach will eliminate the accelerator’s distinctive odor, and the small amount of chlorine released from the persulfate bleach. This low chlorine lever presents no safety or operational problems but can cause some corrosion of stainless steel and other materials surrounding the bleach tank if not vented properly.

Processing machines with ferricyanide bleach need local exhausts at the stop tank. A slot-type exhaust, for example, on the far side of both the accelerator and persulfate bleach will carry away any sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide generated by developer carried over into the stop.

Exhausts need not fit tightly over tanks, and slots should be placed to draw air away from the operator. The exhaust system should provide an air flow of 175 ft for every square foot (0.09 m

) of solution surface, and

/min (5 m3/min)

provide 50 to 75 ft/min (15 to 23 m/min) control velocity over the surface of the tank.

Countercurrent Washes

Multitank, countercurrent wash methods provide a great savings in water. In this technique, fresh water enters the last tank, flows to the previous tank, and so on to the first tank, in a direction counter to that of film travel. As the film advances through the wash, it enters cleaner and cleaner water.

A four-stage countercurrent final wash is illustrated in Figure 9-5.

Figure 9-5 Four-Stage Countercurrent Wash

WATER LEVEL

USED WATER TO DRAIN

FRESH

FILM TRAVEL

F002_0455AC

WATER IN

OPERATING SPECIFICATIONS

Mechanical Specifications

The recommended mechanical specifications for Process ECP-2E are shown in Table 9-3 for persulfate bleach, Table 9-4 for ferricyanide bleach, and Table 9-5 for UL bleaches. Included are temperatures and tolerances, processing solution times, replenisher rates, and other pertinent information.

Use the processing times and drying conditions shown in the tables as a guide for preliminary machine design. The processing times actually used may differ slightly from the ones shown in the tables because of machine design variables, such as film velocity, degree of solution agitation, and amount of solution carry-over. You must determine those specifications necessary to produce satisfactory quality for your installation. Optimum drying conditions (air volume, temperature, and relative humidity) also vary with each dryer design.

Use the replenishment data listed with the mechanical specifications as a starting point for determining exact requirements to maintain the tank chemical analytical specifications.

Handle the exposed stock designated for Process ECP-2E under proper safelight conditions during machine loading and processing until after the stop. The processing steps after the stop can be performed in normal room light.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-9

Table 9-3 Mechanical Specifications for Process ECP-2E with PERSULFATE Bleach

KODAK Formula Temperature

Process Steps

Developer

Stop

‡

Tank Replenisher °C °F

SD-50 SD-50Ra 36.7 ± 0.1 98.0 ± 0.2 3:00 690 mL

SB-14 SB-14 27 ± 1 80 ± 2 :40 770 mL

Wash — — 27 ± 3 80 ± 5 :40 1.2 L Accelerator

Persulfate Bleach

‡‡,**

AB-1b AB-1bR 27 ± 1 80 ± 2 :20 200 mL

SR-30 SR-30R 27 ± 1 80 ± 2 :40 200 mL

Wash — — 27 ± 3 80 ± 5 :40 1.2 L Fixer F-35b F-35bR 27 ± 1 80 ± 2:40

Wash — — 27 ± 3 80 ± 5 1:00 1.2 L Final Rinse

***

FR-2 FR-2R 27 ± 3 80 ± 5 :10 400 mL R & F

Time

min:sec

Replenisher

(Wash Rate) per

100 ft. (30.5 m)

of 35 mm Film

Recirculation (R);

Filtration (F);

Turbulation (T)

†

R, F

, & T¶

@125 to 175 L/min

R & F

@ 40 to 60 L/min

††

None R & F

@40 to 60 L/min

R & F

@ 40 to 60 L/min

§§

¶¶

§§

None R & F

@ 40 to 60 L/min

None

@ 40 to 60 L/min

Type Temperature RH Air Flow Time

Dryer

Lubrication 35 mm

* Celsius temperatures are rounded consistent with process-control requirements. Fahrenheit temperatures are primary. † For 16 mm film, use one-half the 35 mm film replenishment and wash rates. Since processing operations can vary greatly in respect to such factors as

film-to-leader ratio , squeegee e fficiency, and amount of film proc essed per unit of time , adjustmen ts in replenisher r ates and/o r formulas ma y be req uired to maintain the recommended tank concentrations. With efficient squeegees, adjustment rates for 35 mm leader will be as low as 20 mL/100 ft.

‡ Maintain close control of developer time and temperature, since small deviations can lead to severe contrast mismatch. Use an accurate thermometer

for checking the temperature controller variability. The temperature should be uniform throughout the developer tank.

§ Use polypropylene, fibergl as s, or bleached cotton as a filt er me dium in the developer. Viscose rayon is not recommended for the developer or bleaches because of undesirable photographic effects.

¶ Design developer racks with submerged rollers and rack-drive assemblies to minimize solution aeration and splashing. ** Install an exhaust over the stop tank, since developer carried over into the stop generates sulfur dioxide. Install an exhaust over the accelerator tank to

eliminate odors. Install an exhaust over the persulfate bleach tanks to eliminate corrosion from chlorine vapors. The exhaust system should produce an air flow of 175 ft3/min (5 m3/min) for every square foot (0.09m2) of solution surface, and provide 50 to 75 ft/min (15 to 23 m/min) control velocity over the surface of the tank.

†† The stop wash rates given in this table assume the use of two-stage countercurrent washes with squeegees between stages. Single stage washes require

substantially higher wash rates.

‡‡Reconstitute and reuse persulfate bleach (SR-30) and accelerator (AB-1b), to obtain full econom ic advantage. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery

Procedures, for procedures for reconstituting and regenerating persulfate bleach and accelerator.

§§ The wash rate given in this table assumes that the final wash and bleach wash are compos ed of three countercurrent-wash stages with squeegees between stages.The spray pressure and flow rate depend on machi ne speed and equipment used.

¶¶Fixer replenisher requirements vary with silver recovery equipment, method, and operating conditions. If provision is made for continuous electrolytic

desilvering for the recirculated fixer, the silver concentration should be maintained between 0.5 and 1 g/L. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery Procedures, for details. The fixer and replenisher must be kept separate from othe r processes. Savings from reconstituting desilvered fixer overflow for use as replenisher are possible.

*** Processing the print film does not require a f ormaldehyde stabilizer, t herefore you may use Final Rinse , FR-2 . FR-2 cont ains a wetting agent to promote

more efficient squeegeeing of the film strand prior to drying. The Spectrus NX1106 or Proxel GXL reduces biological growth in the tank.

Impingement 57°C (135°F) 15% to 25% 5000ft

Nonimpingement

43° to 49°C

(110° to 120°C)

15% to 25% 5000ft

Edgewax

16 x 18 mm

Full-coat lubrication

/min 3 to 5 min.

/min 5 to 7 min.

9-10 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Table 9-4 Mechanical Specifications for Process ECP-2E with FERRICYANIDE Bleach

Time

min:sec

Replenisher

(Wash Rate) per

100 ft. (30.5 m)

of 35 mm Film

Recirculation (R);

Filtration (F);

Turbulation (T)

†

Process Steps

Developer

KODAK Formula Temperature

Tank Replenisher °C °F

‡

SD-50 SD-50Ra 36.7 ± 0.1 98.0 ± 0.2 3:00 690 mL R, F§, & T¶

@ 125 to 175 L/min

Stop

SB-14 SB-14 27 ± 180 ± 2 :40 770 mL R & F

@ 40 to 60 L/min

††

Wash Ferricyanide Bleach

——27 ± 380 ± 5 :40 1.2 L

‡‡

SR-27 SR-27R 27 ± 180 ± 2 1:00 200 mL R & F

††

None

@ 40 to 60 L/min

††

Wash

——27 ± 380 ± 5 :40 1.2 L

Fixer F-35d F-35dR 27 ± 180 ± 2:40

††

§§

None R & F

@ 40 to 60 L/min

††

Wash Final Rinse

——27 ± 380 ± 5 1:00 1.2 L

***

FR-2 FR-2R 27 ± 380 ± 5 :10 400 mL R & F

††, ¶¶

None

@ 40 to 60 L/min

Dryer Type Temperature RH Air Flow Time

Impingement 57°C (135°F) 15% to 25% 5000ft

Nonimpingement

Lubrication 35 mm

16 x 18 mm

film-to-leader ratio, squeegee efficiency, and amount of film processed per unit of time, adjustments in replenisher rates and/or formulas may be required to maintain the recommended tank concentrations. With efficient squeegees, adjustment rates for 35 mm leader will be as low as 20 mL/100 ft.

‡ Maintain close control of developer time and temperature, since small deviations can lead to severe contrast mismatch. Use an accurate thermometer for

checking the temperature controller variability. The temperature should be uniform throughout the developer tank.

§ Use polypropylene, fiberglass, or bleached cotton as a filter medium in the developer. Viscose rayon is not recommended for prebath, developer, or bleaches because of undesirable photographic effects.

eliminate corrosion from vapors. The exhaust system should produce an air flow of 175 ft3/min (5 m3/min) for every square foot (0.09 m2) of solution surf ace and provide 50 to 75 ft/min (15 to 23 m/min) control velocity over the surface of the tank.

††The wash preceding the ferricyanide bleach must not become acid enough to lower the bleach pH below 6.0. Low pH in a ferricyanide bleach can promote

the formation of Prussian blue. Keep the wash after the bleach effective enough to prevent film mottle from the reaction products of bleach carry-over into the fixer. Two-stage countercurrent washes with squeegees between stages is recommended for stop wash. The final wash and bleach wash rates assume the use of three-stage countercurrent washes with squeegees between stages. The wash rates given in the table assume the use of such staged washes. Single-stage washes require substantially greater wash rates.

‡‡Reconstitute and reuse the bleach to obtain the full economic advantage. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery Procedures, for a procedure for regenerating

Ferricyanide Bleach.

§§Fixer replenisher requirements vary with silver recovery equipment, method, and operations conditions. If provision is made for continuous electrolytic desilvering for the recirculated fixer, the silver concentration should be maintained between 0.5 and 1 g/L. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery Procedures, for details. The fixer and replenisher must be kept separate from other processes. Savings from reconstituting desilvered fixer overflow for use as replenisher are possible.

¶¶The wash rate given in this table assumes that the final wash is composed of three countercurre nt-wash stages with squeegees between stages. ***The final rinse contains a wetting agent to promote more efficient squeegeeing of the film strand prior to drying. The Proxel GXL or Spectrus NX1106

controls biological growth in the tank.

43° to 49°C

(110° to 120°F)

Edgewax

Full-coat lubrication

15% to 25% 5000ft

/min 3 to 5 min.

/min 5 to 7 min.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-11

Table 9-5 Mechanical Specifications for Process ECP-2E with UL Bleach

Time

min:sec

Replenisher

(Wash Rate) per

100 ft. (30.5 m) of 35 mm Film

Recirculation (R);

Filtration (F);

Turbulation (T)

†

Process Steps

Developer

KODAK Formula Temperature

Tank

‡

SD-50 SD-50Ra 36.7 ± 0.1 98.0 ± 0.2 3:00 690 mL R, F§, & T

Replen-

isher

°C °F

@ 125 to 175 L/min

Stop

SB-14 SB-14 27 ± 180 ± 2 :40 770 mL R & F

@ 40 to 60 L/min

††

Wash “UL” Bleach

27 ± 380 ± 5 :40 1.2 mL

‡‡

27 ± 180 ± 2 1:00 400 mL R & F§

††

None

@ 40 to 60 L/min

††

Wash

— — 27 ± 380 ± 5 :40 1.2 L

Fixer F-35d F-35dR 27 ± 180 ± 2:40

††

§§

None R & F

@ 40 to 60 L/min

††

Wash Final Rinse

— — 27 ± 380 ± 5 1:00 1.2 L

***

FR-2 FR-2R 27 ± 380 ± 5 :10 400 mL R & F

††

¶¶

None

@40 to 60 L/ min

Dryer Type Temperature RH Air Flow Time

Impingement 57°C (135°F) 15% to 25% 5000ft

Nonimpingement 43° to 49°C

15% to 25% 5000ft

/min 3 to 5 min.

/min 5 to 7 min.

(110° to 120°F)

Lubricati on 35 mm

16 x 18 mm

film-to-leader ratio, squeegee efficiency, and amount of film processed per unit of time, adjustments in replenisher rates and/or formulas may b e required to maintain the recommended tank concentrations. With efficient squeegees, adjustment rates for 35 mm leader will be as low as 20 mL/100 ft.

‡ Maintain close control of developer time and temperature, since small deviations can lead to severe contrast mismatch. Use an accurate thermometer

for checking the temperature controller variability. The temperature should be uniform throughout the developer tank.

vapors. The exhaust system should produce an a i r f low of 175 ft7.5/min (5 m3/min) for every square foot (0.09 m2) of solution surfa ce and provide 50 to 75 ft/min (15 to 23 m/min) control velocity over the surface of the tank. The exhaust system should produce an air flow of 175 ft3/min (5 m3/min) for every square foot (0./09 m2) of solution surface, and provide 50 to 75 ft/min (15 to 23 m/min) control velocity over the surface of the tank.

†† Keep the wash after the bleach effective enough to prevent film mottle from the reaction products of bleach carry-over into the fixer. Two-stage

countercurrent washes with squeegees between stages is recommended for the stop wash. Three-stage washes are recommended for the bleach and final wash. The wash rates given in the table assume the use of such staged washes. Single-stage washes require subst antially greater wash rates.

‡‡Reconstitute and reuse the bleach to obtai n the full economic advantage. See Module 5, Chemical Recovery Procedures, for a procedure for

reconstituting and regenerating “UL” Bleach.

§§Fixer replenisher requirements vary with silver recovery equipment, method, and operations conditions. If provision is made for continuous electrolytic

replenisher are possible. ¶¶ The wash rate given in this table assumes that the final wash is composed of three countercurrent-wash stages with squeegees between stages. *** The final rinse contains a wetting agent to promote more efficient squeegeeing of the film strand prior to drying. The Proxel GXL or Spectrus NX1106

controls biological growth in the tank.

Edgewax

Full-coat lubrication

9-12 Process ECP-2E Specifications

UL Bleach Formulations

Two UL Bleach formulations are available to fill various laboratory operating and environmental needs. They are:

• Ammonium UL or “UL House” Bleach. This formulation contains the highest percentage of ammonium ion which maximizes bleach activity. Because the least amount of active ingredients are necessary, this is the least expensive of the UL bleach varieties to operate. The use of ammonia in a laboratory may present some handling and odor considerations and is restricted in some sewer districts.

The “UL House” Bleach formulation was derived to allow for a common tank and replenisher to be used for both Processes ECN and ECP. Its advantage is less mixing and solution handling between the two processes.

• Potassium “UL House” Bleach combines the advantages of a non-ammonium formulation with a house system where one replenisher feeds tanks for both Processes ECN and ECP. Through replenisher rate manipulation, the tanks for Processes ECN and ECP are maintained at appropriate levels so bleaching is completed while excess carryout is avoided.

Selecting a Bleach Formulation

Experimentation has shown that an all-ammonium bleach is the most active and, therefore, needs the minimum amount of iron (and the associated amount of PDTA) for adequate bleaching. When potassium cations are substituted for ammonium, more iron is needed to complete bleaching for the same time and temperature. The best formulation for use in a given lab should be determined based on several operating factors. Some of the factors to consider are:

• Local chemical cost and availability

• Laboratory ventilation factors

• Restrictions on sewer discharge

Controlling Bleach Tank Concentration with Replenisher Rate

Since bleach systems are subject to evaporation in the machine, overflow and replenisher holding tanks, system evaporation often plays a significant part in striking a balance between replenisher concentration, replenisher rate, and tank concentration. The best way to adjust between these factors, especially in a house system, is to vary the replenisher rate to maintain the desired tank concentration. Allowing the tank concentration to run high creates waste due to carryout. A low tank concentration presents the danger of inadequate bleaching. A new system should be started up using the suggested replenisher rates given for each bleach version. As the process or system seasons, the rates may be adjusted to give the desired tank concentrations. Bromide, iron, and pH are the critical parameters and should stay within limits given. If bromide or iron is too high, no harm to the process or film will occur, but expensive chemicals will be wasted due to carryout.

Conversion to UL Bleach

The advantages of converting to the UL bleach, from ferricyanide bleach (SR-27) are:

• UL bleach maintains a cleaner tank

• UL bleach forms no prussian blue

• UL bleach is easier to regenerate

• UL bleach regenerates into a cleaner replenisher The advantages of converting to the UL bleach, from

persulfate bleach are:

• UL bleach has more bleaching power

• UL bleach has a longer solution life

• UL bleach is less sensitive to process variations Mechanical changes are minor; adjust controls to keep the

bleach at 27°C (80°F). Solution times and replenishment rates do not change.

If using the ferricyanide bleach currently, first remove any

red brass from the system, then clean up the bleach system. A high pH wash (10 to 12) will help eliminate any prussian blue in the system. Three cleaning cycles are recommended.

If persulfate bleach is now in your machine, a series of hot

water rinses is needed in the accelerator and bleach tanks. The bleach and accelerator tanks should be filled with hot water and the recirculation and replenishment system turned on. Three to five cleaning cycles are recommended.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-13

Chemical Supplies and Substitutions

Ferric nitrate is supplied in crystalline form as nonahydrate or dissolved in water as a 35 or 45% solution. Various bromides, carbonates, and hydroxides may be used interchangeably provided attention is given to effluent requirements and various molecular weights and activities are compensated. The following multipliers may be used to calculate between formulations:

• One gram of ferric nitrate nonahydrate = 1.31 mL of 35% = 0.93 mL of 45% solution

• O ne gram of ammonium bromide = 1.21 grams KBr =

1.05 grams NaBr

• O ne mL of 50% NaOH = 1.64 mL 45% KOH If the odor or handling of acetic acid is a problem or

undesirable, solid chemicals may be substituted. They are added as follows:

One mL of glacial acetic acid is equivalent to 1.05 grams

of glacial acetic acid. One milliliter of glacial acetic acid can then be replaced by 1.35 grams of ammonium acetate. In potassium formulations, one mL of glacial acetic acid can be replaced with 1.71 grams of potassium acetate. The ammonium formulation is compensated by removing 2.2 mL of 28% ammonium hydroxide per mL of acetic acid from the formulation. The potassium formulation gets compensated by 1.49 mL of 45% potassium hydroxide for each mL of glacial acetic acid removed. This calculation is illustrated in the following example:

Formula calls for 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and 30 mL of 28% ammoniu m hydroxide. Substituting for 10 mL of acetic: 10 mL x 1.35 grams ammonium acetate per gram acetic = 13.5 grams ammonium acetate. The amount of ammonium hydroxide to subtract is: 2.2 mL ammonium hydroxide per mL of acetic or 2.2 x 10 = 22 mL. The formula becomes zero acetic acid, 13.5 grams of ammonium acetate and 8 mL of ammonium hydroxide

Drying Specifications

Drying photographic film depends on time in the dryer, the geometry of the dryer, the pattern of air flow and/or impingement on the film, the volume of air flow, the humidity and temperature of the air in the drying cabinet, and the efficiency of the final squeegee before the dryer. The optimum conditions for drying film must be determined for each processor, making allowance for film moisture content and static buildup.

Adequate drying of color print film can be achieved in 3 to 5 minutes using an impingement dryer with the following specifications:

Hole diameter 6.4 mm (0.25 in) Spacing between holes 57 mm (2.25 in.) Film-to-plenum distance 21 mm (0.81 in.)

Specifications for the dryer input air are in Tables 9-3, 9-4, and 9-5. A nonimpingement dryer can be used if the drying time is increased to 5 to 7 minutes and the air going into the dryer is maintained at the specifications in Tables 9-3, 9-4, or 9-5.

Upon cooling to room temperature after leaving the dryer, the film should have a moisture content at equilibrium with air at 50 percent relative humidity.

Turbulation Specifications

Turbulators are essential in the recirculation system for Process ECP-2E developer to provide uniform film processing. The turbulators are submerged in the solution and are located in such a way that the recirculated solution impinges uniformly over the full width of the film strand.

The requirements for solution turbulation are dependent on film transport speed. Machines with lower speeds will require more turbulation than faster machines. Good process uniformity can be achieved at a film speed of 165 ft/min (50 m/ min ) using the design guidelines in Module 2,

Equipment and Procedures, Table 2-2, Developer Turbulation Design Guidelines, Process ECN-2, ECP-2E, D-96 and D-97. Precise turbulation design must be

determined specifically for a particular processing machine to provide for good uniformity of development. The guidelines in Module 2 give helpful starting points for such designs. Backup rollers opposite the turbulators may be necessary depending on strand tension, strand length, film format, and nozzle pressure.

9-14 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Wash-Water Flow Rates

Adequate washing in conjunction with conservation of wash water is a matter of concern for all processors. Ways of reducing wash-water usage while maintaining adequate washing include: (1) using multi-stage countercurrent-flow washes, (2) installing squeegees between wash stages as well as before the wash, and (3) shutting off wash water when the machine is not transporting film or leader. The last alternative can easily be accomplished by installing solenoid valves in the wash-water supply lines that are opened when the machine drive is running. The water saving from the use of squeegees and countercurrent stages can be substantial. A three-stage countercurrent final wash with squeegees before and after each stage requires approximately 1/25 of the water of a single-stage wash with entrance and exit squeegees. Overflow from one wash step should never be used in any other wash step.

Decreased water flow in the final wash may increase the propensity toward biological growth. See Module 2, Equipment and Procedures, for information on control of biological growth. Temperature control can also be a concern at lower flow rates. After establishing the final flow rate, check to be sure the process stays within the temperature tolerances specified in Tables 9-3, 9-4, or 9-5.

The wash-water flow rates in Tables 9-3, 9-4, and 9-5 have been found to be satisfactory in a 165 ft/min (50 m/min) processor, using three-stage countercurrent bleach and final washes with efficient squeegees between stages. The other washes employ the use of two-stage countercurrent washes. The optimum wash rates for a particular installation can be determined only after the film transport rate, the number of countercurrent stages, and the squeegee efficiencies have been established. Experimentation is necessary to determine minimum wash-water flow rates that will provide adequate washing. Inadequate washing will result in significant contamination of the solution after the wash with the solution before the wash.

Stop Wash

An inadequate wash will result in a high level of Color Developing Agent CD-2 in the bleach or bleach accelerator.

Bleach Wash

If using the alternate cycle with ferricyanide bleach, an inefficient bleach will cause excessive buildup of bleachfixer reaction products in the fixer. The combined levels of potassium ferricyanide and sodium ferrocyanide in the final stage of the bleach wash should be below 0.5 g/L, as measured by Analytical Methods ECP-00021/1 and ECP-

2E-1101 (or ECP-0023/01) in Module 3, Analytical Procedures.

Final Wash

The final wash must remove most of the thiosulfate (hypo) from the film. Retained hypo levels of 4 µg/cm2 or greater can cause serious dye fading. If the recommended threestage countercurrent wash and wash rate are used, residual hypo in the designated films processed in Process ECP-2E should be barely detectable (0.2 to 0.4 µg/cm2) by Analytical Method ULM-0004/1 in Module 3, Analytical

Procedures.

Rewashing

For many years, the term rewashing referred to the common practice of running processed film through a complete process for a second time. This operation removes dirt and/ or heals slight emulsion scratches and digs. Rewashing a film once in the original process produces minimal changes in the dye stability and sensitometry. However, several rewashings may cause a change in density over the exposure scale of the film. By omitting the developer and bleach when the film is rewashed, changes in density can be minimized.

Rewash RW-1 is designed to avoid these sensitometric and dye stability changes, and at the same time, to produce similar emulsion swells to that obtained by going through the original developer.

Table 9-6 Rewash RW-1 Sequence

Step Function

1. Prebath PB-6 Swells the emulsion, causing the scratches to be filled in and embedded dirt particles to be released.

2. Wash Removes unwanted chemicals, which, if left in, affect dye stability.

3. Final Rinse FR-1 Contains a wetting agent to help prevent water spots while the film is being dried.

4. Dry Dries film for subsequent handling.

The rewash machine consists of a loading elevator, tanks for the prebath, wash, and final rinse solutions, and a dryer. Submerged rollers and rack-drive assemblies will minimize spattering of solutions and aerial oxidation of sulfite in the prebath. Type 316 stainless steel is suitable for tanks, racks, and recirculation equipment. Use 10-micron filters of polypropylene, fiberglass, or bleached cotton in the recirculation system. Use no squeegees, except after the final rinse, where a high efficiency final squeegee is needed.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-15

Table 9-7 Mechanical Specifications for Rewash RW-1

KODAK

Process Steps

Prebath PB-6 21 ± 170 ± 2 2:00 600 mL R & F

Wash — 21 to 38 70 to100 3:00 300 mL Final Rinse FR-1 21 to 38 70 to100 :10 400 mL R & F

* Fahrenheit temperatures are primary. Celsius temperatures are rounded consistent with process-control requirements. † For 16 mm film, use one-half the 35 mm film replenishment and wash rates. ‡ Use a two-stage countercurrent wash.

Formula

Tank and

Replenisher

Temperature

°C °F min:sec

Time

Replenisher (Wash Rate)

per 100 ft.

(30.5 m) of

35 mm Film

‡

Recirculation (R);

Filtration (F)

†

@ 20 to 40 L/min

None

@ 20 to 40 L/min

PROCESSING CHEMICALS AND FORMULAS

Packaged Chemicals

Kodak packaged chemical kits are available for the solutions used in Process ECP-2E. Solutions may also be prepared according to the Formulas and Analytical Specifications, using chemicals purchased in bulk.

Bulk Chemicals

The list of suppliers below is not intended to be all-inclusive, nor are the suppliers listed in any order of preference. The mention of a supplier is not intended as a recommendation by Eastman Kodak Company. Most of the chemicals listed are available from local chemical supply houses. For additional suppliers, consult Chemical Week, Chemical Buyers, or Thomas’ Register in public libraries.

Information on the known hazards and safe handling of the following chemicals is available from the supplier of the chemical in the form of chemical container labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) as required by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard Act and many state laws.

9-16 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Table 9-8 SUPPLIERS OF PROCESSING CHEMICALS

Chemical or Trade Name

Formula

or Chemical Name

Acetic Acid, Glacial CH

Some Suppliers

COOH Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000

Supplier

Phone

Number

Brown Chemical Company 201-337-0900

Ammonium Bromide NH

Br Ameribrome, Inc. 212-286-4000

Pechiney World Trade USA 800-736-7893

Ammonium Hydroxide (28% Solution) NH

OH Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000

Mallinckodt, Inc. 800-554-5343 Van Waters and Rogers 425-889-3400

Ammonium Thiosulfate (NH

4)2S2O3

Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000 General Chemical Company 973-515-0900

E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. 800-441-7515 KODAK Anti-Calcium, No. 4 — Eastman Kodak Company 800-621-3456 Beta-Aminopropionic Acid (Beta-Alanine) — Allan Chemical Company 201-592-8122

Chemical Dynamics Corporation 908-753-5000 KODAK Chelating Agent, No. 1 — Eastman Kodak Company 800-621-3456 KODAK Color Developing Agent, CD-2 — Eastman Kodak Company 800-621-3456 Ethylene-diamine

NH2CH2CH2NH

Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000

Ashland Chemical Company 614-790-3333

Union Carbide Corporation 800-568-4000

Dow Chemical USA 800-447-4369 (Ethylene-dinitrilo) Tetraacetic Acid,

Tetrasodium Salt

— Dow Chemical USA 800-447-4369

BASF Corporation 973-426-2800

Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate

Fe(NO3)3•9H2O Mallinckodt, Inc. 800-554-5343

Shepherd Chemical Company 513-731-1110

General Chemical Company 973-515-0900 Gelatin — American Gelatin Company 781-933-2800 KODAK Persulfate Bleach Accelerator PBA-1 — Eastman Kodak Company 800-621-3456 Phosphoric Acid

H3PO

Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000

Ashland Chemical Company 614-790-3333

Brown Chemical Company, Inc. 201-337-0900 Potassium Ferricyanide, Anhydrous Potassium Iodide

K3Fe(CN)

Ashland Chemical Company 516-627-6000

KI Anachemia Chemicals, Inc. 800-323-1414

Mallinckrodt, Inc. 800-554-5343 Potassium Persulfate

K2S2O

Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000

FMC Corporation 800-323-7107

Brown Chemical Company, Inc. 201-337-0900 Proxel GXL — Avecia, Inc. 800-523-7391 Sodium Bisulfite, Anhydrous

NaHSO

Ashland Chemical Company 614-790-3333

Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000

Brown Chemical Company, Inc. 201-337-0900 Sodium Bromide, Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous

NaBr Brown Chemical Company 201-337-0900

NA2CO

Brown Chemical Company, Inc. 201-337-0900

Ashland Chemical Company 614-790-3333 Sodium Chloride

NaCI Ashland Chemical Company 614-790-3333

Mallinckodt, Inc. 800-554-5343

American International Chemical

508-655-5805

Company

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-17

Chemical or Trade Name

Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic, Anhydrous

Formula

or Chemical Name

NaH2PO

Pechiney World Trade USA 800-736-7893

Some Suppliers

Supplier

Phone

Number

Degussa-Huls Corporation 201-641-6100

Sodium Ferrocyanide, Decahydrate

Na4Fe(CN)6•10H2O Degussa-Huls Corporation 201-641-6100

Filo Chemical, Inc. 212-514-9330

Sodium Hydroxide

NaOH Ashland Chemical Company 614-790-3333

Brown Chemical Company 201-337-0900 Dow Chemical USA 800-447-4369 Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000

Sodium Hypochlorite NaOCI Ashland Chemical Company 614-790-3333

Brown Chemical Company 201-337-0900 Delta Chemical Company 410-354-0100

Sodium Metabisulfite Anhydrous

Na2S2O

Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000 BASF Corporation 800-426-8702 American International Chemical

508-655-5805

Company

Sodium Persulfate

Na2S2O

Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000 FMC Corporation 800-323-7107 Brown Chemical Company, Inc. 201-337-0900

Sodium Sulfate, Anhydrous

Na2SO

General Chemical Corporation 973-515-0900 Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000 American International Chemical

508-655-5805

Company

Sodium Sulfite, Anhydrous

Na2SO

Ashland Chemical Company 614-790-3333

Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000 Spectrus NX1106 — Betz Dearborn Inc. 215-355-3300 KODAK Stabilizer Additive — Eastman Kodak Company 800-621-3456 Sulfuric Acid, Concentrated

H2SO

Ashland Chemical Company 614-790-3333

Fisher Scientific 800-766-7000

E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. 800-441-7515

* These chemicals must meet the ANSI/ACS specifications. An index of all ANSI specifications is available from American National Standards Institute,

550 Mamaronek Ave., Harrison, New York 10528.

9-18 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Solution Mixing

1. Use the following mix ing practices when preparing processing solutions with common mixing equipment. Mix solutions in the order in which the solutions occur in the process sequence. This order will minimize mixing time and oxidation, while providing consistent results. See Module 10, Effects of Mechanical & Chemical Variations in Process ECP-2E, for sensitometric effects of contamination and solution concentration errors.

The mixing area should be well ventilated and have a local exhaust over the mixing tank to carry off fumes and chemical dust. See Module 2, Equipment and Procedures, for exhaust specifications.

Good mixing practices:

1. Observe all precautionary information on containers and packages of each chemical, and on the Material Safety Data Sheets available from the seller of the individual chemical. Footnotes with some formulas provide further precautionary information.

2. Rinse the mix tank with water, and run fresh water through the pump. Drain the tank and pump.

3. Fill the tank to the mixing level with water at the appropriate temperature, and start the mixer. Be sure the mixer is large enough to provide adequate agitation for the volume of solution desired. The starting mixing level should be 80 percent of the final volume (if a water hopper is used, take care not to over dilute the solution). Allow one minute for agitating the water between the time the mixer is started and the first chemical addition is made. This action helps remove air from the water and disperse the first chemical addition.

4. Premeasure all chemicals, chemicals together before adding them to the mixing tank. This practice can result in unwanted chemical reactions producing toxic and noxious fumes. The formula for each processing solution lists chemicals in the proper mixing order. Add and dissolve the chemicals in the order given, and dilute the solution to volume with water. When mixing sound track developer accelerator for persulfate bleach, ferricyanide bleach, and UL bleaches, observe the following special mixing instructions.

PERSULFATE BLEACH ACCELERATOR: Mixing with high agitation for extended periods of time can result in the loss of some PBA-1 due to aerial oxidation. Mix only until all solid chemicals have dissolved.

FERRICYANIDE BLEACH: When the ferricyanide bleach is made with ferrocyanide and persulfate, the solution should be allowed to sit approximately an hour before final adjustments are made. This allows for complete reaction of the two chemicals.

but do not combine the dry

Caution

CORROSIVE: Avoid contact with solution and vapor. Avoid breathing vapor. Wear safety goggles and impervious gloves. Store in a cool place to prevent pressure build-up in the container.

UL BLEACH: When adding Ammonium Hydroxide to the mix tank, be sure to add it below, or at the surface of the solution to minimize the escape of Ammonia vapor. Careless handling may require evacuation of the mix room.

5. Agitate the solution for a few minutes after it has been diluted to volume, to promote complete and uniform dissolution of all the constituents. The prebath, developer, stop, and final rinse should be agitated for at least 5 minutes after dilution to volume; the fixer for 10 minutes; and the bleach for 15 minutes.

6. Analyze the solution for its critical constituents after mixing. Then place the certified solution into the appropriate storage tank.

7. Carefully rinse the mixing tank and any pump used to transport the solution. Clean the mixing equipment immediately after the tank is emptied, before salts and tars have time to form. The tank is more efficiently rinsed with numerous small-volume rinses than with fewer large-volume rinses.

* When preparing processing solutions, use photographic grade chemicals (passing the ANSI or ANSI/ACS specifications). Kodak, as well as some other suppliers, provide such chemicals.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-19

Formulas and Analytical Specifications

Maintain the fresh tank formula specifications exactly as given on the following pages. Any large deviations from tank specifications, noted by chemical analysis, should be corrected immediately by appropriate additions or cuts to the tank solution. Any long-term tendency to deviate from the tank analytical specifications (e.g., slowly increasing pH) should be corrected by adjustment of the replenisher. The replenisher formula specifications are to be used as starting points for typical operations.

Important

Observe precautionary information on product labels and on the Material Safety Data Sheets.

Developer

Constituent Fresh Tank

Developer (SD-50)

Water 24-38°C (75-100°F) 900 mL 900 mL KODAK Anti-Calcium, No. 4 1.0 mL 1.4 mL Sodium Sulfite (Anhydrous)

KODAK Color Developing Agent CD-2 Sodium Carbonate (Anhydrous) 17.1 g 18.0 g Sodium Bromide (Anhydrous) 1.72 g 1.72 ± 0.10 g/L 1.60 g 1.60 ± 0.10 g/L Sodium Hydroxide None 0.90 g Sulfuric Acid (7.0 N) 0.62 mL None Water to make 1000 mL 1000 mL pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 10.59 ± 0.05 11.20 ± 0.05 Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F ) 1.025 ± 0.003 Total Alkalinity (10 mL sample) 35.0 ± 2 mL 39.0 ± 2 mL WARNING! May cause eye and skin irritation and allergic skin reaction. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.

* The difference between the mix levels and the analytical specifications for CD-2 and sodium sulfite are to compensate for aeration losses that occur

during mixing and transfer of solution to the machine tank. The mix levels necessary to achieve the required analytical specifications will vary with mixing equipment and solution transfer techniques.

† Developer specific gravity will rise from 1.020 ± 0.003 to 1.025 ± 0.003 as the developer is se as on ed.

4.35 g 4.00 ± 0.25 g/L 4.50 g 4.20 ± 0.25 g/L

2.95 g 2.70 ± 0.25 g/L 5.80 g 5.70 ± 0.25 g/L

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

†

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

1.023 ± 0.003

To process VISION Premier Color Print Film, the normal replenisher flow rate must be increased by 8%. If the footage processed is less than one tank turnover, no change of pH is required in the replenisher, but small adjustment could be necessary in the tank processor. For larger quantity of VISION Premier Color Print Film (more than one tank turnover), it is recommended to increase the replenisher pH to 11.45.

9-20 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Alternate Developer

Constituent Fresh Tank

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

Developer (SD-51)

Water 24-38°C (75-100°F) 900 mL 900 mL (Ethylenedinitrilo) Tetraacetic Acid

Tetrasodium Salt EASTMAN Developer Stabilizer No. 1 Sodium Sulfite (Anhydrous)

†

KODAK Color Developing Agent CD-2

†

4.0 g 4.8 g

0.20 g 0.25 g

4.35 g 4.00 ± 0.25 g/L 4.50 g 4.20 ± 0.25 g/L

2.95 g 2.70 ± 0.25 g/L 5.80 g 5.70 ± 0.25 g/L Sodium Carbonate (Anhydrous) 17.1 g 18.0 g Sodium Bromide (Anhydrous) 1.72 g 1.72 ± 0.10 g/L 1.60 g 1.60 ± 0.10 g/L Sodium Hydroxide None 0.90 g Sulfuric Acid (7.0 N) 0.62 mL None Water to make 1000 mL 1000 mL pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 10.59 ± 0.05 11.20 ± 0.05 Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F ) 1.020 ± 0.003

‡

1.023 ± 0.003 Total Alkalinity (10 mL sample) 35.0 ± 2 mL 39.0 ± 2 mL WARNING! May cause eye and skin irritation and allergic skin reaction. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.

* EASTMAN Developer Stabilizer, No. 1 (DS-1) is also known as Chemical No. 10040097 and is available from Kodak by calling (716) 722-5545 or

Faxing a P.O. to (716) 722-2175.

† The differences between the mix levels and the analytical specifications for CD-2 and sodium sulfite are to compensate for aeration losses that occur

during mixing and transfer of solution to the machine tank. The mix levels necessary to achieve the required analytical specification will vary with mixing equipment and solution transfer techniques.

‡ Developer specific gravity will rise from 1.020 ± 0.003 to 1.025 to ± 0.003 as the developer is seasoned.

Stop

Constituent Fresh Tank

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

Stop (SB-14)

Water 21-38°C (70-100°F) 900 mL Same as Tank Sulfuric Acid (7.0 N) 50 mL

Water to make 1 L pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 0.8 to 1.5 WARNING! May cause burns of skin and eyes. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. In case of contact, immediately flush

eyes and skin with plenty of water; for eyes, get medical attention.

* 10 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid may be substituted.

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-21

Accelerator

Constituent Fresh Tank

(AB-1b) (AB-1bR)

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

Water 24- 38°C (75-100°F) 900 mL 900 mL Sodium Metabisulfite (Anhydrous) 3.3 g 2.0 ± 0.5 g/L Acetic Acid (Glacial) 5.0 mL 5.0 ± 0.5 mL/L Persulfate Bleach Accelerator PBA-1

or KODAK liquid PBA-1

(Ethylenedinitrilo) Tetraacetic Acid Tetrasodium Salt

3.3 g or

4.0 mL

3.3 ± 0.3 g/L or

4.0 ± 0.4 mL/L

0.5 g 0.7 g

†

‡

5.6 g 3.3 ± 0.5 g/L

7.0 mL/L 7.0 ± 0.5 m/L

4.9 g

4.9 ± 0.3 g/L

5.9 mL

5.9 ± 0.4 mL/L

†

‡

Water to make 1 L 1 L pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 4.0 ± 0.2 3. ± 0.2 Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 1.007 ± 0.003

1.012 ± 0.003

1.031 ± 0.003 (seasoned)

* Mixing the accelerator with high agitation for extended periods of time results in loss of some PBA-1 due to aerial oxidation. Mix the accelerator only

until all chemicals are dissolved.

† The analytical method measures the total sulfite content of the solution and reports it as sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5). If a solution addition to the

sodium metabisulfite level must be made but sodium bisulfite is to be used, multiply the sodium metabisulfite addition weight by the factor 1.09 to obtain the equivalent amount of sodium bisulfite. The difference between mix level and the analytical specificat ion occurs because some sulfite is cons umed in a reaction with KODAK Persulfate Bleach Accelerator PBA-1 to form the active accelerator species “in situ.”

‡ The analytical method measures buffer capacity and results are reported in terms of glacial acetic acid. Adjustment in pH should be made with

glacial acetic acid or 50% sodium hyd roxide.

§ For convenience, add PBA-1 from a 250 g/L stock solut ion. Prepare by dissolving 5 kg PBA-1 in water and diluti ng to 20 L. Each 4 mL of stock solution contains 1 g PBA-1. For a 100 L replenisher of AB-1bR, add 1.96 L of stock solution.

To process VISION Premier Color Print Film, the accelerator replenisher flow rate may need to be increased. If only a

small amount of footage is processed no change in the flow rate should be required in the replenisher. For larger quantities of VISION Premier Color Print Film (more than one tank turnover), it is recommended to increase the flow rate by approximately 20% and closely monitor the PBA-1 level and retained silver in the D-max area of the film.

Bleach

Persulfate Bleach

Only to be used in combination with accelerator solution.

Constituent Fresh Tank

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

Persulfate Bleach (SR-30) (SR-30R)

Water 24-38°C (75-100°F) 850 mL 800 mL Chlorine Scavenger

0.35 g 0.50 g Sodium Persulfate 33 g 30 ± 2 g/L 52 g 48 ± 3 g/L Sodium Chloride 15 g 15 ± 3 g/L 20 g 20 ± 2 g/L Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate

(Anhydrous) Phosphoric Acid (85%) 2.5 mL 7.0 ± 1.0 mL/L

7.0 g 10.0 g

†

Water to make 1 L 1 L pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 2.3 ± 0.2 2.4 ± 0.2 Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 1.037 ± 0.003 (fresh)

1.085 (seasoned)

* Since there are many acceptable chlorine scavengers, convenience of use and cost may be factors in making a choice. Hydrolysate, a soluble versi on

of gelatin, is available from U.S. Gelatin Corporation. Both food and photographic-grade gelatin have been used successfully. The gelatin must first be dissolved in 40°C (104°F) water and stirred for 20 minutes. Up to 50 g/L can be added in this way in order to make a stock solution for subsequent use. Beta-aminopropionic acid is higher cost alternative offering easy solubility.

† The analytical method measures the buffer capacity of the bleach and reports the result as mL/L of phosphoric acid (85%). The analyti ca l

specification (7.0 mL) is larger than the amount of phosphoric acid added (2.5 mL) because dihydrogen phosphate (and sulfate in seasoned solutions) also contributes to the measurement. If a correction must be made, phosphoric acid (85%) can be added on a mL-for-mL basis. For example, if the tank analysis reports 5.0 mL/L, then the correction would be to add 2.0 mL/L of phosphoric acid (85%).

‡ If the bleach tank overflow is being reused, the specific gravity (a measure of sulfate ion buildup) should not exceed this value as incomplete

bleaching could occur.

‡

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

2.5 mL 8.8 ± 1.0 mL/L

1.059 ± 0.003

†

9-22 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Alternate Process Bleaches

Constituent Fresh Tank

UL Bleach

Water 21-38°C (70-100°F) 700 mL 700 mL Proxel GXL 0.07 mL 0.10 mL Ammonium Hydroxide Solution (28%) KODAK Chelating Agent No. 1 (PDTA) 44.8 g 51 g Ammonium Bromide (NH

Sodium Bromide (NaBr) Acetic Acid Solution (90%) 10 mL 14.5 mL Ferric Nitrate (Nonahydrate) Water to make 1 L 1 L pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 1.056 ± 0.003 1.066 ± 0.003 Total Iron 7.50 ± 0.50 g/L 8.20 ± 0.50 g/L Ferric Iron 7.50 ± 0.50 g/L 8.20 ± 0.50 g/L Ferrous Iron <0.5 g/L <0.5 g/L

* This formulation for bleach replenisher and tank can also be used as a “house” bleach for Process ECN and Process ECP . The rate of replenishment

would be adjusted for each process to arrive at the appropriate tank concentrations for each constituent. The starting point replenishment rate

recommendations for Process ECN and Process ECP are 20 0 mL/L and 400 mL/L respectively. † You can substitute ammonium acetate for ammonium hydroxide and acetic acid. See Chemical Supplies and Substitut ions . ‡ When using 35% solution by weight, use 70.5 g/L in Tank, and 80.2 g/L in Replenisher.

§ Adjust pH using glacial acetic acid, 7.0 N sulfuric acid, or 20% ammonium hydroxide.

or “UL House” Bleach

Br) or

‡

†

54 mL 64 mL

23.8 or 25 g 23.8 or 25 ± 3 g/L 30.7 or 32.3 g 30.7 or 32.3 ± 3 g/L

53.8 g 61.2 g

Fresh and Seasoned Tank

Analytical Specifications

5.30 ± 0.20 5.30 ± 0.20

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

Note:

• It is especially important to follow the Good mixing practices: when preparing this bleach.

• Follow exactly the mix order given above.

• Check the solution pH before starting the ferric nitrate addition. It should be between 8 and 8.5; adjust if necessary.

• Add the ferric nitrate solution slowly while mixing.

• The solution should be clear and yellow after completion of the ferric nitrate addition and subsequent mixing. A temporarily

cloudy solution caused by too low a pH will clear during pH adjustment.

• A solution which stays red for a long time after mixing indicates an excess of iron or deficiency of chelating agent.

• A pH correction can be made using sulfuric acid or ammonium hydroxide. Do not use phosphoric acid or strong bases such as

potassium or sodium hydroxide.

• When processing more than one tank turnover of VISION Premier Color Print Film, be sure to monitor the retained silver in the

image area D-max.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-23

Constituent Fresh Tank

Potassium “UL” Bleach

Water 21-38°C (70-100°F) 700 mL 700 mL Proxel GXL 0.07 mL 0.07 mL KOH (45%) KODAK Chelating Agent No. 1 (PDTA) 54 g 60 g KBr or NaBr 92 g or 78 g 92 g or 78 g 101 g or 86 g 101 g or 86 g Acetic Acid 13.5 mL 15 mL Ferric Nitrate (Nonahydrate) Water to make 1 L 1 L pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 5.30 ± 0.20 5.30 ± 0.20 Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F) Total Iron 9.0 ± 0.5 g/L 10 ± 0.5 g/L Ferric Iron 9.0 ± 0.5 g/L 10 ± 0.5 g/L Ferrous Iron <0.5 g/L <0.5 g/L

* DO NOT add more potassium hydroxide after ferric nitrate is added. †See Chemical Supplies and Substitutions for possible chemical alternatives. ‡ Adjust pH with glacial acetic acid, potassium carbonate, or 7.0 N sulfuric acid.

†

‡

63 g 70 g

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

1.131 ± 0.003 1.142 ± 0.003

Fresh

Replenisher

84 mL

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

Note: See Chemical Supplies and Substitutions for calculations regarding raw chemical concentrations and alternatives.

• I t is especially important to follow the Good mixing practices: when preparing this bleach.

• F ol low exactly the mix order given above.

• C heck the solution pH before starting the ferric nitrate addition. It should be between 8 and 8.5; adjust if necessary.

• Add the ferric nitrate solution slowly while mixing.

• The solution should be clear and yellow after completion of the ferric nitrate addition and subsequent mixing. A temporary cloudy solution caused by too low a pH will clear during pH adjustment.

• A solution which stays red for a long time after mixing indicates an excess of iron or a deficiency of chelating agent.

• A pH correction can be made using sulfuric acid or potassium carbonate. Do not use phosphoric acid or strong bases such as potassium or sodium hydroxide after ferric nitrate addition.

• When processing more than one tank turnover of VISION Premier Color Print Film, be sure to monitor the retained silver in the image area D-max.

Constituent Fresh Tank

Ferricyanide Bleach (SR-27) (SR-27R)

Water 32-43°C (90-110°F) 900 mL 900 mL Potassium Ferricyanide (Anhydrous) Sodium Bromide (Anhydrous) 17.0 g 17.0 ± 2.0 g/L 26.0 g 26.0 ± 2.0 g/L Water to make 1 L 1 L pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 1.027 ± 0.003

* One gram of this compound can also be obtained by mixing 0.41 gram of potassium persulfate and 1.47 grams of sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate.

The reaction between potassium persulfate and sodium ferrocyanide takes about 1 hour, after which the final adjustments to the mix should be made.

† Adjust to proper pH with 2.5 N sodium hydroxide of 2.5 N sulfuric acid.

†

30.0 g 30.0 ± 5.0 g /L 49.0 g 49.0 ± 2.0 g/L

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

6.5 ± 0.5 8.0 ± 0.3

(fresh)

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

1.043 ± 0.003

• When processing more than one tank turnover of VISION Premier Color Print Film, be sure to monitor the retained silver in the image area D-max.

9-24 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Fixer

To be used with persulfate bleach (may also be used with alternate process bleaches)

Constituent Fresh Tank

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

Fixer (F-35b) (F-35-bR)

Water 21-38°C (70-100°F) 800 mL 700 mL Ammonium Thiosulfate Solution (58%) 100 mL 100 ± 10 mL/L 170.0 mL 170 ± 10 mL/L Sodium Sulfite (Anhydrous) 2.5 gL 15.0 ± 3.0 g/L

16.0 g 23.0 ± 3.0 g/L

Sodium Bisulfite (Anhydrous) 10.3 g 5.8 g Potassium Iodide 0.50 g 0.50 ± 0.02 g/L 0.70 g 0.70 ± 0.02 g/L Water to make 1 L 1 L pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 5.8 ± 0.2

†

6.6 ± 0.2

†

Specific Gravity 25.0°C (77.0°F) 1.060 ± 0.003 (fresh) 1.083 ± 0.003 Hypo Index (3 mL sample) 24.0 ± 2.0 38.0 ± 2.0

* Test method (using 3 mL sample) measures sulfi te and bisu lfi te to gether as total sulfite (Na2SO3). † Fixer pH may decrease with certain operating conditions when electrolytically desilvering the fixer. If the fixer is not desilvered or desilvered b y the

batch method, the replenisher pH should be 5.00 ± 0.015. Care should be taken to avoid fixer pH lower than 4.5 since lower fixer pH could cause sulfurization of the fixer.

To process a large quantity (more than one tank turnover) of VISION Premier Color Print Film, the normal

replenishment flow rate of the fix may need to be increased by up to 30%.

Alternate Process Fixer

(can be used with alternate process bleaches, not persulfate)

Constituent Fresh Tank

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

Fixer (F-35d) (F-35dR)

Water 21-38°C (70 to 100°F) 800 mL 700 mL Ammonium Thiosulfate Solution (58%) 100 mL 100 mL ± 10 mL/L 170.0 mL 170 mL ± 10 mL/L Sodium Sulfite (Anhydrous) None 15.0 ± 3.0 g/L 2. 5 g 20.5 ± 3.0 g/L Sodium Bisulfite (Anhydrous) 13.0 g 17.5 g Sulfuric Acid (7.0 N) 2.7 mL None Water to make 1 L 1 L pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 5.00 ± 0.15

†

Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 1.060 ± 0.003 (fresh) 1.083 ± 0.003 Hypo Index (3 mL sample) 24.0 ± 2.0 38.0 ± 2.0

* Test method (using 3 mL sample) measures sulfi te and bisu lfi te to gether as total sulfite (Na2SO3). † Fix er pH ma y d ecrease with certain oper ating conditions when electr olytically des ilvering th e fix er . If the fix er is not des ilvered or is desilvered by the

batch method, the replenisher pH should be 5.00 ± 0.15. Care should be taken to avoid fixer pH lower than 4.5 since lower fixer pH could cause sulfurization of the fixer.

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

5.80 ± 0.15

†

To process a large quantity (more than one tank turnover) of VISION Premier Color Print Film, the normal

replenishment flow rate of the fix may need to be increased by up to 30%.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-25

Alternate Process Fixer

The Sodium Fixer is recommended as an alternate fixer for use only with a persulfate bleach. The sodium fixer is not recommended for use in the ECN-2 process or as a “House Fixer”.

Constituent Fresh Tank

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

Sodium Fixer

Water 21-38°C (70 to 100°F) 800 mL 800 mL Sodium Thiosulfate (Anhydrous) 82.7 g 82.7 g ± 8 g/L 141 g 141 g ± 8 g/L Sodium Sulfite 2.5 g 15 g 19 g 27 g

Sodium Bisulfite 10.3 g 6.5 g Potassium Iodide 0.5 g 0.7 g Water to make 1 L 1 L pH at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 5.8 ± 0.20

†

6.6 ± 0.20

†

Specific Gravity at 25.0°C (77.0°F) 1.091 1.088

* Test method (using 3 mL sample) measures sulfite and bisulfite together as total sulfite (Na2SO3). † Fixer pH ma y decrease with certain operating conditions when electrolytically desilvering the fixer. If the fixer is not desilvered or is desilvered by the

batch method, the replenisher pH should be 5.00 ± 0.15. Care should be taken to avoid fixer pH lower than 4.5 since lower fixer pH could ca use sulfurization of the fixer. At a higher pH than designated, stain can occur because all the developing agent may not be removed from the film before the bleaching step.

To process a large quantity (more than one tank turnover) of VISION Premier Color Print Film, the normal

replenishment flow rate of the fix may need to be increased by up to 30%.

Final Rinse

Fresh and Seasoned T ank

Analytical Specifications

Final Rinse

Constituent Fresh Tank

(FR-2) (FR-2R)

Water 21-38°C (70-100°F) 900 mL 900 mL KODAK Stabilizer Additive 0.14 mL 0.17 mL Water to make 1 L 1 L

* If biological growth becomes a problem, Proxel GXL may be added at 0.07 mL/L; or Spectrus NX1106 at 0.7 mL/L. Proxel GXL is recommended

over Spectrus NX1106 as the NX1106 sometime s causes fog in the developer solution.

Fresh

Replenisher

Replenisher Analytical

Specifications

9-26 Process ECP-2E Specifications

Storage of Solutions

Do not use replenishers that hav e been stored at normal room temperatures 21 to 24°C (70 to 75°F), longer than the times given in Table (75°F) will decrease the storage life of the solutions. Storage temperatures below 16°C (60°F) can cause some solution constituents to precipitate.

Do not attempt to bring aged replenisher solutions to the formula level. Decomposition products that are formed as the solution stands cannot be eliminated from the solution. These compounds build up to a concentration that can cause adverse photographic effects.

T able 9-9 STORA GE LIFE OF REPLENISHER SOLUTIONS AT 21 TO 24°C (70 TO 75°F)

Replenisher Floating Cover Open Tank

Color Developer SD-50Ra, SD-51R

Stop SB-14 Indefinite Others 8 weeks

* If solution is kept clean.

Discard the remaining few litres of replenisher before fresh replenisher is pumped into the holding tank. Replenisher remaining in the holding tank, even if kept under a close-fitting floating cover, usually has deteriorated to such an extent that it is unsatisfactory for further use.

wall should not be greater than Polyethylene sheeting of adequate covers in sizes up to 3 feet (1 meter) in diameter. A

dust cover, alone, permits air to contact more of the solution surface and allows air oxidation to take place. Dust covers should be used for non-developer solutions to minimize dirt in the replenisher tanks.

9-9. Storage temperatures higher than 24°C

2 weeks 1 week

Closed, Full Glass

Container

⁄4 inch (6.4 mm).

⁄2 inch (12.7 mm) thickness makes

8 weeks 8 weeks

Open or Partially

Full Container

OPTICAL SOUND PROCESSING

Overview

The sound track is printed onto KODAK VISION Color Print Film / 2383, KODAK VISION Premier Color Print Film / 2393 and KODAK VISION Color Teleprint Film / 2395 / 339 5 from a negative sound original. Only the cyan emulsion layer should be exposed. This can be accomplished by using a KODAK WRATTEN Gelatin Filter 29 in the light beam. (Some "ND" filtration may be necessary for optimization.)

In Process ECP-2E, the developer produces a positive silver and dye image of the sound track. As with the image areas, the bleach converts the silver image back to silver halide. The silver halide is removed from the film by the fix. The dye track will be a cyan only image after processing. No special sound track equiment is necessary. If a first fixer is still periodically in use on a processor, it may be skipped by threading the film directly from the stop wash into the bleach or bleach accelerator if no sound track development is required.

An overview of dye sound tracks can be found in Dye Sound Tracks: A Laboratory Guide, available from our Entertainment Imaging offices or the Eastman Kodak Company website at http://www.kodak.com/go/motion.

Sound Track Operating Specifications

SMPTE Standards 40-2002 and 41-1999 define the location and dimensions of the sound tracks for 35 mm and 16 mm films respectively.

Sound Track Control

The major control parameters in the production of optical sound tracks are the position of the track on the film, the width of the track, and the unmodulated density of the track. The sound track densities are dependent on processing conditions and on the amount of exposure of the sound track during printing. Unlike redeveloped silver or high magenta sound tracks, the optimum density of cyan dye tracks should be measured in Status A density.

The optimal variable-area sound track density on KODAK VISION Color Print Film / 2383 and KODAK VISION Premier Color Print Film / 2393 is between 2.0 and

2.2 (read as Status A density) The blue and green Status A densities should be between 0.2 and 0.4 The filter pack should be adjusted to give the proper green and blue responses. Once a filter pack is found that produces blue and green densities in this range, the red density should be used as the primary quality control parameter. Choose a print density that will provide a good compromise between signalto-noise ratio and frequency response.

The densities of the sound track negatives required to produce minimum cross-modulation distortion at optimal print densities are determined using recognized crossmodulation test procedures.

Process ECP-2E Specifications 9-27

Processing KODAK Color Print Films, Module 9

Process ECP-2E Specifications

MORE INFORMATION

For more information on motion picture products, call or write to the Entertainment Imaging office nearest you.

Or access Kodak’s home page on the Internet, web site

address—

http://www.kodak.com/go/motion You may want to bookmark our location so you can find

us more easily.

Processing KODAK Color Print Films, Module 9, Process ECP-2E Specifications

Kodak, Vision, and Eastman are trademarks.

Revision 7/06 Printed in U.S.A.

Kodak Module 9 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

FILMS AND PROCESS SEQUENCE

Designated Films

Film Structure

Process ECP-2E Steps

Alternative Ferricyanide or UL Bleach Sequence

Film Storage and Handling

Safelights for Darkroom Illumination

Other Film Characteristics

PROCESSING MACHINE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Machine Design

Construction Materials

Filters

Dryer Cabinet

Film Lubrication

Crossover Squeegees

Machine Exhaust and Room Ventilation Systems

Countercurrent Washes

OPERATING SPECIFICATIONS

Mechanical Specifications

UL Bleach Formulations

Selecting a Bleach Formulation

Controlling Bleach Tank Concentration with Replenisher Rate

Conversion to UL Bleach

Chemical Supplies and Substitutions

Drying Specifications

Turbulation Specifications

Wash-Water Flow Rates

Stop Wash

Bleach Wash

Final Wash

Rewashing

PROCESSING CHEMICALS AND FORMULAS

Packaged Chemicals

Bulk Chemicals

Solution Mixing

Formulas and Analytical Specifications

Developer

Stop

Accelerator

Bleach

Fixer

Final Rinse

Storage of Solutions

OPTICAL SOUND PROCESSING

Overview

Sound Track Operating Specifications

Sound Track Control

MORE INFORMATION