KEITHLEY 2700 User Guide

Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System

User’s Manual

A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE

WARRANTY

Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants this product to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a
period of 3 years from date of shipment.

Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants the following items for 90 days from the date of shipment: probes, cables,
rechargeable batteries, diskettes, and documentation.

During the warranty period, we will, at our option, either repair or replace any product that proves to be defective.

To exercise this warranty, write or call your local Keithley representative, or contact Keithley headquarters in
Cleveland, Ohio. You will be given prompt assistance and return instructions. Send the product, transportation
prepaid, to the indicated service facility. Repairs will be made and the product returned, transportation prepaid.
Repaired or replaced products are warranted for the balance of the original warranty period, or at least 90 days.

LIMITATION OF WARRANTY

This warranty does not apply to defects resulting from product modification without Keithley’s express written
consent, or misuse of any product or part. This warranty also does not apply to fuses, software, non-rechargeable
batteries, damage from battery leakage, or problems arising from normal wear or failure to follow instructions.

THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE. THE
REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.

NEITHER KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC. NOR ANY OF ITS EMPLOYEES SHALL BE LIABLE FOR
ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT
OF THE USE OF ITS INSTRUMENTS AND SOFTWARE EVEN IF KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC., HAS
BEEN ADVISED IN ADVANCE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. SUCH EXCLUDED DAM­AGES SHALL INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO: COSTS OF REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION,
LOSSES SUSTAINED AS THE RESULT OF INJURY TO ANY PERSON, OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.

Keithley Instruments, Inc. 28775 Aurora Road • Cleveland, Ohio 44139 • 440-248-0400 • Fax: [phone]

Sales Offices: BELGIUM: Bergensesteenweg 709 • B-1600 Sint-Pieters-Leeuw • 02-363 00 40 • Fax: [phone]

CHINA: Yuan Chen Xin Building, Room 705 • 12 Yumin Road, Dewai, Madian • Beijing 100029 • 8610-8225-1886 • Fax: [phone]
FINLAND: Tietäjäntie 2 • 02130 Espoo • Phone: [phone] • Fax: [phone]
FRANCE: 3, allée des Garays • 91127 Palaiseau Cédex • 01-64 53 20 20 • Fax: [phone]
GERMANY: Landsberger Strasse 65 • 82110 Germering • 089/84 93 07-40 • Fax: [phone]
GREAT BRITAIN: Unit 2 Commerce Park, Brunel Road • Theale • Berkshire RG7 4AB • 0118 929 7500 • Fax: [phone]
INDIA: 1/5 Eagles Street • Langford Town • Bangalore 560 025, INDIA • 080 212 8027 • Fax : [phone]
ITALY: Viale San Gimignano, 38 • 20146 Milano • 02-48 39 16 01 • Fax: [phone]
JAPAN: New Pier Takeshiba North Tower 13F • 11-1, Kaigan 1-chome • Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0022 • 81-3-5733-7555 • Fax: [phone]
KOREA: 2FL., URI Building • 2-14 Yangjae-Dong • Seocho-Gu, Seoul 137-888 • 82-2-574-7778 • Fax: [phone]
NETHERLANDS: Postbus 559 • 4200 AN Gorinchem • 0183-635333 • Fax: [phone]
SWEDEN: c/o Regus Business Centre • Frosundaviks Allé 15, 4tr • 169 70 Solna • 08-509 04 600 • Fax: [phone]
TAIWAN: 1FL., 85 Po Ai Street • Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. • 886-3-572-9077• Fax: [phone]

1-888-KEITHLEY (534-8453) • www.keithley.com

11/02

Model 2700 Multimeter/Switch System

User’s Manual

©2001, Keithley Instruments, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Sixth Printing, November 2002

Document Number: 2700-900-01 Rev. F

Manual Print History

The print history shown below lists the printing dates of all Revisions and Addenda created
for this manual. The Revision Level letter increases alphabetically as the manual undergoes sub­sequent updates. Addenda, which are released between Revisions, contain important change in­formation that the user should incorporate immediately into the manual. Addenda are numbered
sequentially. When a new Revision is created, all Addenda associated with the previous Revision
of the manual are incorporated into the new Revision of the manual. Each new Revision includes
a revised copy of this print history page.

Revision A (Document Number 2700-900-01)........................................................November 1999

Revision B (Document Number 2700-900-01) .......................................................... February 2000

Revision C (Document Number 2700-900-01) ........................................................November 2000

Revision D (Document Number 2700-900-01)..................................................................July 2001

Revision E (Document Number 2700-900-01) ........................................................November 2001

Revision F (Document Number 2700-900-01).........................................................November 2002

All Keithley product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Keithley Instruments, Inc.
Other brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

S

afety Precautions

The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation. Although
some instruments and accessories would normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous
conditions may be present.

This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions
required to avoid possible injury. Read and follow all installation, operation, and maintenance information carefully before us­ing the product. Refer to the manual for complete product specifications.

If the product is used in a manner not specified, the protection provided by the product may be impaired.

The types of product users are:

Responsible body is the individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment, for ensuring that the equip­ment is operated within its specifications and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained.

Operators use the product for its intended function. They must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper use of the
instrument. They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits.

Maintenance personnel perform routine procedures on the product to keep it operating properly, for example, setting the line
voltage or replacing consumable materials. Maintenance procedures are described in the manual. The procedures explicitly state
if the operator may perform them. Otherwise, they should be performed only by service personnel.

Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits, and perform safe installations and repairs of products. Only properly
trained service personnel may perform installation and service procedures.

Keithley products are designed for use with electrical signals that are rated Installation Category I and Installation Category II,
as described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 60664. Most measurement, control, and data
I/O signals are Installation Category I and must not be directly connected to mains voltage or to voltage sources with high tran­sient over-voltages. Installation Category II connections require protection for high transient over-voltages often associated with
local AC mains connections. Assume all measurement, control, and data I/O connections are for connection to Category I sourc­es unless otherwise marked or described in the Manual.

Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present. Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test fixtures.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) states that a shock hazard exists when voltage levels greater than 30V RMS,

42.4V peak, or 60VDC are present. A good safety practice is to expect that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown

circuit before measuring.

Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that operators
are prevented access and/or insulated from every connection point. In some cases, connections must be exposed to potential
human contact. Product operators in these circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric shock.
If the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000 volts, no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed.

Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits. They are intended to be used with impedance limited sourc­es. NEVER connect switching cards directly to AC mains. When connecting sources to switching cards, install protective de­vices to limit fault current and voltage to the card.

Before operating an instrument, make sure the line cord is connected to a properly grounded power receptacle. Inspect the con­necting cables, test leads, and jumpers for possible wear, cracks, or breaks before each use.

When installing equipment where access to the main power cord is restricted, such as rack mounting, a separate main input pow­er disconnect device must be provided, in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of the operator.

For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under
test. ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before: connecting or disconnecting ca-

5/02

bles or jumpers, installing or removing switching cards, or making internal changes, such as installing or removing jumpers.

Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line (earth) ground. Al­ways make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry, insulated surface capable of withstanding the voltage being measured.

The instrument and accessories must be used in accordance with its specifications and operating instructions or the safety of the
equipment may be impaired.

Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instruments and accessories, as defined in the specifications and operating in­formation, and as shown on the instrument or test fixture panels, or switching card.

When fuses are used in a product, replace with same type and rating for continued protection against fire hazard.

Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits, NOT as safety earth ground connections.

If you are using a test fixture, keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test. Safe operation requires the use
of a lid interlock.

If or is present, connect it to safety earth ground using the wire recommended in the user documentation.

!

The symbol on an instrument indicates that the user should refer to the operating instructions located in the manual.

The symbol on an instrument shows that it can source or measure 1000 volts or more, including the combined effect of
normal and common mode voltages. Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages.

The WARNING heading in a manual explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death. Always read the associated
information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.

The CAUTION heading in a manual explains hazards that could damage the instrument. Such damage may invalidate the war­ranty.

Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans.

Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line cord and all test cables.

To maintain protection from electric shock and fire, replacement components in mains circuits, including the power transformer,
test leads, and input jacks, must be purchased from Keithley Instruments. Standard fuses, with applicable national safety ap­provals, may be used if the rating and type are the same. Other components that are not safety related may be purchased from
other suppliers as long as they are equivalent to the original component. (Note that selected parts should be purchased only
through Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and functionality of the product.) If you are unsure about the applicability
of a replacement component, call a Keithley Instruments office for information.

To clean an instrument, use a damp cloth or mild, water based cleaner. Clean the exterior of the instrument only. Do not apply
cleaner directly to the instrument or allow liquids to enter or spill on the instrument. Products that consist of a circuit board with
no case or chassis (e.g., data acquisition board for installation into a computer) should never require cleaning if handled accord­ing to instructions. If the board becomes contaminated and operation is affected, the board should be returned to the factory for
proper cleaning/servicing.

Table of Contents

1 Getting Started

General information ................................................................... 1-2

Warranty information .......................................................... 1-2

Contact information ............................................................ 1-2

Safety symbols and terms ................................................... 1-2

Inspection ............................................................................ 1-3

Options and accessories ...................................................... 1-3

Model 2700 features ................................................................... 1-5

Plug-in switching modules ......................................................... 1-6

Pseudocards ......................................................................... 1-8

Identifying installed switching modules ............................. 1-8

Front and rear panel familiarization ........................................... 1-8

Front panel summary .......................................................... 1-8

Rear panel summary ......................................................... 1-12

Power-up .................................................................................. 1-13

Line power connection ...................................................... 1-13

Line frequency .................................................................. 1-14

Setting line voltage and replacing fuse ............................. 1-15

Power-up sequence ........................................................... 1-16

Keyclick ............................................................................ 1-16

Display ..................................................................................... 1-17

Status and error messages ................................................. 1-17

Remote programming — display ...................................... 1-17

Defaults and user setups ........................................................... 1-19

Saving and restoring setups .............................................. 1-20

Remote programming — default and user setups ............. 1-24

Plug-in switching modules .......................................... 1-3

Connector and adapter kits for switching modules ...... 1-4

Cables and adapters (GPIB and trigger link) ............... 1-4

Rack mount kits ........................................................... 1-5

Carrying case ............................................................... 1-5

Remote programming ................................................ 1-17

Display commands ..................................................... 1-17

DISPlay:TEXT:DATA <a> ........................................ 1-18

DISPlay:TEXT:STATe ON | OFF ............................ 1-18

DISPlay:ENABle ON | OFF .................................... 1-18

Programming example ............................................... 1-18

Saving a user setup .................................................... 1-20

Saving a power-on setup ............................................ 1-20

Restoring a setup ........................................................ 1-20

Programming example ............................................... 1-24

Remote programming information ........................................... 1-25

Quick start exercises ................................................................. 1-25

Basic DMM measurements — front panel inputs ............. 1-26

Exercise 1 — Basic DMM measurements ................. 1-27

Closing and opening channels — system

channel operation ........................................................... 1-28

Close/open operation .................................................. 1-29

Exercise 2 — Closing and opening

channels (system channel operation) ....................... 1-31

Simple scanning ................................................................ 1-31

Exercise 3 — Simple scanning .................................. 1-33

Trigger and return readings — remote programming ....... 1-34

Exercise 4 — Trigger and return a single reading ...... 1-34

Exercise 5 — Trigger and return multiple readings ... 1-34
Exercise 6 — Return a single reading

(continuous triggering) ............................................ 1-34

2 Closing and Opening Switching Module Channels

Close/open overview .................................................................. 2-2

Switching module installation and connections ......................... 2-3

Module installation .............................................................. 2-3

Connections ......................................................................... 2-4

Pseudocards ......................................................................... 2-5

Channel assignments .................................................................. 2-5

System channel operation ........................................................... 2-6

2-wire functions ................................................................... 2-7

4-wire functions (paired channels) ...................................... 2-8

Controlling the system channel ........................................... 2-9

and  keys ............................................................... 2-9



CLOSE key (SINGLE menu option) ......................... 2-10

OPEN key (ALL menu option) .................................. 2-11

Remote programming — system channel

control commands ................................................... 2-11

Multiple channel operation ....................................................... 2-13

Controlling multiple channels ........................................... 2-14

CLOSE key (MULTI menu option) ........................... 2-15

OPEN key ................................................................... 2-15

Remote programming — Multiple channel

control commands ................................................... 2-16

Multiple channel operation anomalies .............................. 2-18

Anomaly #1 example — wrong channel displayed ... 2-18
Anomaly #2 example — opening the

paired channel ......................................................... 2-19

Dual independent multiplexers .......................................... 2-20

Dual multiplexer application ...................................... 2-21

Identifying installed modules and viewing closed channels .... 2-25

CARD menu ...................................................................... 2-25

Switching module queries (remote operation) .................. 2-27

*OPT? ........................................................................ 2-27

ROUTe:CLOSe? ........................................................ 2-28

ROUTe:MULTiple:CLOSe? ...................................... 2-28

ROUTe:MULTiple:CLOSe:STATe? <clist> .............. 2-28

SYSTem:CARD commands ...................................... 2-28

Relay closure count .................................................................. 2-29

Reading relay closure count .............................................. 2-30

Setting count update interval ............................................. 2-30

Model 7700 switching module ................................................. 2-31

Switching module capabilities .......................................... 2-31

Schematic diagram ............................................................ 2-32

3 Basic DMM Operation

DMM measurement capabilities ................................................ 3-2

High energy circuit safety precautions ....................................... 3-3

Performance considerations ....................................................... 3-4

Warm-up ............................................................................. 3-4

Autozero .............................................................................. 3-4

LSYNC (line cycle synchronization) .................................. 3-5

Remote programming — autozero and LSYNC ................. 3-6

Autozero and LSYNC commands ............................... 3-6

Channel list parameter (<clist>) ................................................. 3-7

Voltage measurements (DCV and ACV) .................................... 3-8

DCV input divider ............................................................... 3-8

Connections ......................................................................... 3-8

Front panel input .......................................................... 3-9

Model 7700 switching module .................................. 3-10

Volts measurement procedure ........................................... 3-11

Crest factor ........................................................................ 3-12

Low level considerations ................................................... 3-12

Shielding .................................................................... 3-12

Thermal EMFs ........................................................... 3-13

AC voltage offset ....................................................... 3-13

Current measurements (DCI and ACI) ..................................... 3-14

Connections ....................................................................... 3-14

Front panel inputs ...................................................... 3-14

Model 7700 switching module .................................. 3-15

Amps measurement procedure .......................................... 3-15

AMPS fuse replacement (front panel AMPS input) ......... 3-16

Resistance measurements (Ω2 and Ω4) .................................... 3-16

Connections ....................................................................... 3-17

Front panel inputs ....................................................... 3-17

Model 7700 switching module ................................... 3-18

Shielding .................................................................... 3-19

Cable leakage ............................................................. 3-19

Standard resistance measurements .................................... 3-19

Offset-compensated ohms ................................................. 3-20

Enabling/disabling offset-compensated ohms ............ 3-21

Performing offset-compensated ohms

measurements .......................................................... 3-21

Temperature measurements ...................................................... 3-22

Thermocouples .................................................................. 3-22

Reference junctions .................................................... 3-23

Open thermocouple detection .................................... 3-24

Thermistors ........................................................................ 3-24

4-wire RTDs ...................................................................... 3-25

Connections ....................................................................... 3-25

Thermocouple connections ........................................ 3-25

Thermistor connections .............................................. 3-28

4-wire RTD connections ............................................ 3-28

Temperature measurement configuration .......................... 3-29

Thermocouple temperature measurement

configuration ........................................................... 3-29

Thermistor temperature measurement

configuration ........................................................... 3-30

4-wire RTD temperature measurement

configuration ........................................................... 3-31

Temperature measurement procedure ............................... 3-32

Frequency and period measurements ....................................... 3-33

Trigger level ...................................................................... 3-33

Gate time ........................................................................... 3-33

Connections ....................................................................... 3-34

Front panel input ........................................................ 3-34

Model 7700 switching module ................................... 3-34

Frequency and period measurement procedure ................. 3-35

Continuity testing ..................................................................... 3-36

Connections ....................................................................... 3-36

Front panel input ........................................................ 3-36

Model 7700 switching module ................................... 3-36

Continuity testing procedure ............................................. 3-37

Remote programming for basic measurements ........................ 3-38

Basic measurement commands ......................................... 3-38

Basic measurement programming examples .................... 3-44

Example #1 — continuous triggering ........................ 3-44

Example #2 — one-shot triggering ............................ 3-44

Example #3 — temperature measurement

using Model 7700 ................................................... 3-44

Example #4 — Scan configuration (Model 7700) ..... 3-45

Measurement queries ............................................................... 3-45

:FETCh? ............................................................................ 3-45

What it does ............................................................... 3-45

Limitations ................................................................. 3-45

Where appropriate ..................................................... 3-45

:READ? ............................................................................. 3-46

What it does ............................................................... 3-46

Limitations ................................................................. 3-46

When appropriate ....................................................... 3-46

:MEASure[:<function>]? .................................................. 3-46

What it does ............................................................... 3-46

Limitations ................................................................. 3-46

When appropriate ....................................................... 3-46

[:SENSe[1]]:DATA:FRESh? ............................................. 3-47

What it does ............................................................... 3-47

Limitations ................................................................. 3-47

When appropriate ....................................................... 3-47

[:SENSe[1]]:DATA[:LATest]? .......................................... 3-47

What it does ............................................................... 3-47

Limitations ................................................................. 3-47

When appropriate ....................................................... 3-47

Examples ........................................................................... 3-48

One-shot reading, DC volts, no trigger,

fastest rate ............................................................... 3-48

One-shot reading, DC volts, bus trigger,

auto ranging ............................................................ 3-48

One-shot reading, external trigger, auto

delay enabled .......................................................... 3-48

4 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter

Range ......................................................................................... 4-2

Measurement ranges and maximum readings ..................... 4-2

Manual ranging ................................................................... 4-3

Auto ranging ....................................................................... 4-3

Scanning .............................................................................. 4-3

Remote programming — range ........................................... 4-3

Range commands ......................................................... 4-3

Range programming examples ..................................... 4-5

Digits .......................................................................................... 4-5

Scanning .............................................................................. 4-5

Remote programming — digits ........................................... 4-6

Digits commands .......................................................... 4-6

Digits programming examples ..................................... 4-7

Rate and bandwidth .................................................................... 4-7

Rate ...................................................................................... 4-7

Bandwidth ........................................................................... 4-9

Scanning .............................................................................. 4-9

Remote programming — rate and bandwidth ................... 4-10

Rate and bandwidth commands ................................. 4-10

Rate and bandwidth programming examples ............. 4-12

Filter ......................................................................................... 4-13

Filter characteristics .......................................................... 4-13

Filter example ............................................................. 4-15

Filter control and configuration .................................. 4-16

Scanning ..................................................................... 4-17

Remote programming — filter .......................................... 4-18

Filter commands ......................................................... 4-18

Filter programming examples .................................... 4-20

5 Relative, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, and dB

Relative ....................................................................................... 5-2

Basic operation .................................................................... 5-2

Scanning ....................................................................... 5-3

Remote programming — rel ............................................... 5-4

Rel commands .............................................................. 5-4

Rel programming examples ......................................... 5-6

Math ............................................................................................ 5-7

mX+b ................................................................................... 5-8

mX+b configuration ..................................................... 5-8

mX+b rel ...................................................................... 5-9

Percent ................................................................................. 5-9

Percent configuration ................................................... 5-9

Reciprocal (1/X) ................................................................ 5-10

Reciprocal (1/X) configuration .................................. 5-10

Basic operation .................................................................. 5-11

Scanning ..................................................................... 5-11

Remote programming — math .......................................... 5-12

Math commands ......................................................... 5-12

Math programming examples .................................... 5-14

Ratio and channel average ........................................................ 5-15

Basic operation .................................................................. 5-16

Remote programming — ratio and channel average ........ 5-18

dB ............................................................................................. 5-19

Remote programming — dB ............................................. 5-20

6 Buffer

Buffer overview .......................................................................... 6-2

Front panel buffer ....................................................................... 6-2

Auto clear ............................................................................ 6-2

Timestamps ......................................................................... 6-3

Storing readings .................................................................. 6-5

Recalling readings ............................................................... 6-6

Buffer statistics ................................................................... 6-7

Remote programming — buffer ................................................. 6-8

Buffer commands ................................................................ 6-8

Programming example ...................................................... 6-14

Scanning .................................................................... 5-17

Ratio and channel average commands ....................... 5-18

Ratio and channel average programming examples .. 5-19

dB configuration ........................................................ 5-19

Scanning .................................................................... 5-20

dB commands ............................................................ 5-20

Programming examples — dB ................................... 5-21

Enabling/disabling buffer auto clear ............................ 6-3

Configuring timestamp ................................................ 6-4

Minimum and maximum ............................................. 6-7

Peak-to-peak ................................................................ 6-7

Average ........................................................................ 6-7

Standard deviation ....................................................... 6-8

7 Scanning

Scanning fundamentals .............................................................. 7-2

Channel assignments ........................................................... 7-2

Sequential and non-sequential scans ................................... 7-3

Scan process ........................................................................ 7-3

Trigger models .................................................................... 7-4

Idle ............................................................................... 7-7

Control sources ............................................................ 7-7

Delays .......................................................................... 7-8

Device action ............................................................... 7-9

Reading count .............................................................. 7-9

Output trigger ............................................................. 7-10

Scan configuration .................................................................... 7-11

Saving the configured scan ......................................... 7-12

Scan reset ........................................................................... 7-13

Simple scan ....................................................................... 7-14

Advanced scan ................................................................... 7-15

Advanced scan setup notes ......................................... 7-15

Advanced scan setup procedure ................................. 7-16

Setting delay ...................................................................... 7-18

Monitor channel ................................................................ 7-18

Auto channel configuration ............................................... 7-19

Saving setup ...................................................................... 7-21

Auto scan ........................................................................... 7-21

Scan operation .......................................................................... 7-22

Basic scan .......................................................................... 7-22

Manual/external trigger scan ............................................. 7-23

Monitor scan (analog trigger) ............................................ 7-24

Remote programming — scanning ........................................... 7-26

Trigger model .................................................................... 7-26

Channel setup .................................................................... 7-27

Buffer ................................................................................. 7-27

Scanning commands .......................................................... 7-27

Scanning programming example ....................................... 7-32

Scanning examples ................................................................... 7-32

External trigger scan .......................................................... 7-32

Operation .................................................................... 7-33

Monitor scan ...................................................................... 7-35

Operation .................................................................... 7-35

8 Triggering

Trigger model ............................................................................. 8-2

Idle ....................................................................................... 8-2

Control source and event detection ..................................... 8-3

Delay (auto or manual) ........................................................ 8-3

Device action ....................................................................... 8-5

Output trigger ...................................................................... 8-5

Reading hold (autosettle) ............................................................ 8-6

Hold example ...................................................................... 8-6

Beeper control .............................................................. 8-6

External triggering ...................................................................... 8-7

Digital I/O ........................................................................... 8-7

External trigger .................................................................... 8-8

Voltmeter complete .............................................................. 8-8

External triggering example ................................................ 8-9

Model 2700 ................................................................ 8-10

Model 7002 ................................................................ 8-10

External triggering with BNC connections ....................... 8-12

Remote programming — triggering ......................................... 8-13

Trigger model (remote operation) ..................................... 8-13

Idle and initiate .......................................................... 8-13

Trigger model operation .................................................... 8-15

Triggering commands ....................................................... 8-16

Programming example ...................................................... 8-18

9 Limits and Digital I/O

Limits ......................................................................................... 9-2

Scanning .............................................................................. 9-4

Basic limits operation ......................................................... 9-4

Setting limits ................................................................ 9-4

Beeper settings ............................................................. 9-4

Enabling/disabling limits ............................................. 9-4

Digital I/O .................................................................................. 9-5

Digital input (trigger link input) ......................................... 9-5

Digital outputs ..................................................................... 9-6

Logic sense .................................................................. 9-7

Pulse option ................................................................. 9-7

Master limit latch ......................................................... 9-7

Sink mode — controlling external devices .................. 9-8

Source mode — logic control .................................... 9-10

Setting digital output ......................................................... 9-11

Scanning ............................................................................ 9-12

Remote programing — limits and digital output ..................... 9-13

Limits and digital output commands ................................. 9-13

Limits and digital outputs programming example ............ 9-15

Application — sorting resistors ............................................... 9-16

Limits ................................................................................ 9-16

Digital outputs ................................................................... 9-18

10 Remote Operations

Operation enhancements .......................................................... 10-2

Pseudocards ....................................................................... 10-2

Autozero ............................................................................ 10-2

dB calculation ................................................................... 10-2

Separate function setups ................................................... 10-3

DCV input divider ............................................................. 10-3

Multiple channel operation ............................................... 10-3

GPIB setup ............................................................................... 10-4

GPIB standards .................................................................. 10-4

Selecting GPIB and setting primary address ..................... 10-4

GPIB connections .............................................................. 10-5

General bus commands ............................................................. 10-8

REN (remote enable) ......................................................... 10-8

IFC (interface clear) .......................................................... 10-8

LLO (local lockout) ........................................................... 10-9

GTL (go to local) ............................................................... 10-9

DCL (device clear) ............................................................ 10-9

SDC (selective device clear) .............................................. 10-9

GET (group execute trigger) ............................................. 10-9

SPE, SPD (serial polling) .................................................. 10-9

Front panel GPIB operation .................................................... 10-10

Error and status messages ............................................... 10-10

GPIB status indicators ..................................................... 10-10

REM ......................................................................... 10-10

TALK ....................................................................... 10-10

LSTN ........................................................................ 10-10

SRQ .......................................................................... 10-11

LOCAL key ..................................................................... 10-11

Programming syntax ............................................................... 10-11

Command words ............................................................. 10-11

Commands and command parameters ..................... 10-11

Query commands ............................................................. 10-13

Case sensitivity ................................................................ 10-13

Long-form and short-form versions ................................ 10-14

Short-form rules .............................................................. 10-14

Program messages ........................................................... 10-15

Single command messages ....................................... 10-15

Multiple command messages ................................... 10-15

Command path rules ................................................ 10-16

Using common and SCPI commands in the

same message ........................................................ 10-16

Program message terminator (PMT) ........................ 10-16

Command execution rules ........................................ 10-16

Response messages ......................................................... 10-17

Sending a response message .................................... 10-17

Multiple response messages ..................................... 10-17

Response message terminator (RMT) ...................... 10-17

Message exchange protocol ............................................. 10-17

RS-232 interface operation .................................................... 10-18

Sending and receiving data ............................................. 10-18

Baud rate ......................................................................... 10-18

Signal handshaking (flow control) .................................. 10-19

Terminator ....................................................................... 10-19

Selecting and configuring RS-232 interface ................... 10-20

RS-232 connections ........................................................ 10-21

Error messages ................................................................ 10-22

11 Status Structure

Overview .................................................................................. 11-2

Status byte and SRQ ......................................................... 11-2

Status register sets ............................................................. 11-2

Queues ............................................................................... 11-2

Clearing registers and queues ................................................... 11-4

Programming and reading registers ......................................... 11-5

Programming enable registers ........................................... 11-5

Reading registers ............................................................... 11-6

Status byte and service request (SRQ) ..................................... 11-6

Status byte register ............................................................ 11-7

Service request enable register .......................................... 11-8

Serial polling and SRQ ..................................................... 11-8

SPE, SPD (serial polling) .......................................... 11-8

Status byte and service request commands ....................... 11-9

Programming example — set MSS (B6)

when error occurs .................................................... 11-9

Serial poll programming example ..................................... 11-9

SRQ when buffer fills with 500, 1000, 1500,

and 1750 readings ................................................... 11-9

Status register sets .................................................................. 11-11

Register bit descriptions .................................................. 11-11

Standard event register ............................................. 11-11

Operation event register ........................................... 11-13

Measurement event register ..................................... 11-14

Questionable event register ...................................... 11-16

Condition registers .......................................................... 11-17

Event registers ................................................................. 11-17

Event enable registers ..................................................... 11-18

Programming example — program and

read register set ..................................................... 11-18

Queues .................................................................................... 11-19

Output queue ................................................................... 11-19

Error queue ...................................................................... 11-19

Programming example — read error queue ............. 11-20

12 Common Commands

Description ................................................................. 12-3

Description ................................................................. 12-4

Description ................................................................. 12-6

13 SCPI Signal Oriented Measurement Commands

CONFigure:<function> [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] .............. 13-3

FETCh? ..................................................................................... 13-5

READ? ..................................................................................... 13-6

MEASure:<function>? [<rang>], [<res>], [<clist>] ............... 13-7

14 FORMat and Miscellaneous SYSTem Commands

FORMat commands .................................................................. 14-2

FORMat[:DATA] <type>[,<length>] ............................... 14-2

ASCII data format ...................................................... 14-2

IEEE-754 single precision format .............................. 14-3

FORMat:ELEMents <item list> ....................................... 14-5

FORMat:BORDer <name> .............................................. 14-6

Miscellaneous SYSTem commands ......................................... 14-7

SYSTem:PRESet ............................................................... 14-7

SYSTem:VERSion ............................................................ 14-7

SYSTem:KEY <NRf> ...................................................... 14-7

SYSTem:BEEPer[:STATe] <b> ....................................... 14-8

15 SCPI Reference Tables

Reference tables ........................................................................ 15-2

A Specifications

Accuracy calculations ................................................................ A-7

Calculating DC characteristics accuracy ............................ A-7

Calculating AC characteristics accuracy ............................ A-7

Calculating dBm characteristics accuracy .......................... A-8

Calculating dB characteristics accuracy ............................. A-8

Additional derating factors ................................................. A-9

Optimizing measurement accuracy ........................................... A-9

DC voltage, DC current, and resistance: ............................ A-9

AC voltage and AC current: ............................................... A-9

Temperature: ....................................................................... A-9

Optimizing measurement speed .............................................. A-10

DC voltage, DC current, and resistance: .......................... A-10

AC voltage and AC current: ............................................. A-10

Temperature: ..................................................................... A-10

B Model 7700 Connection Guide

Card configuration — schematic ............................................... B-2

Connections and wiring ............................................................ B-4

Screw terminals .................................................................. B-5

Wiring procedure ............................................................... B-6

Typical connections ........................................................... B-7

Connection log ................................................................. B-10

C Status and Error Messages

D Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow

Signal processing sequence ....................................................... D-2

Basic signal processing ...................................................... D-2

Signal processing using instrument features ...................... D-3

OComp (offset-compensated ohms) ........................... D-4

Filter ............................................................................ D-4

Output trigger pulse (VMC) ....................................... D-4

Rel ............................................................................... D-4

Math ............................................................................ D-5

Limits .......................................................................... D-5

Buffer .......................................................................... D-5

Signal processing using Ratio or Ch Avg .......................... D-6

Data flow (remote operation) .................................................... D-7

SENSe and sample buffer .................................................. D-8

[SENS[1]]:DATA[LATest]? ............................................... D-9

[SENS[1]]:DATA:FRESh? ................................................. D-9

[SENS[1]]:DATA[:LATest]? ....................................... D-9

[SENS[1]]:DATA:FRESh? .......................................... D-9

FETCh? ............................................................................ D-10

READ? ............................................................................. D-10

MEASure? ........................................................................ D-10

CALC[1]:DATA[LATest]? ............................................... D-10

CALC[1]:DATA:FRESh? ................................................ D-10

FETCh? ..................................................................... D-10

READ? ...................................................................... D-10

MEASure? ................................................................ D-11

CALC[1]:DATA[:LATest]? ....................................... D-11

CALC[1]:DATA:FRESh? ......................................... D-11

CALC3:LIM1:FAIL? ....................................................... D-11

CALC3:LIM2:FAIL? ....................................................... D-11

TRACe:DATA? ................................................................ D-11

CALC2:IMM? .................................................................. D-12

CALC2:IMM ................................................................... D-12

CALC2:DATA? ................................................................ D-12

Continuous measurement mode ....................................... D-12

Scanning ........................................................................... D-13

E Measurement Considerations

Measurement considerations ..................................................... E-2

Thermoelectric potentials ................................................... E-2

Thermoelectric coefficients ......................................... E-2

Thermoelectric generation .................................................. E-3

Minimizing thermal EMFs ................................................. E-4

Nulling residual thermal offsets .................................. E-4

Source resistance noise ....................................................... E-5

Johnson noise equation ............................................... E-5

Minimizing source resistance noise ............................ E-5

Magnetic fields ................................................................... E-6

Radio frequency interference ............................................. E-6

Ground loops ...................................................................... E-7

Shielding ............................................................................. E-9

Meter loading ................................................................... E-10

F Temperature Equations

Thermocouple equation ............................................................. F-2

Thermistor equation ................................................................... F-6

RTD equation ............................................................................. F-7

G IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Introduction ............................................................................... G-2

Bus description .......................................................................... G-2

Bus lines .................................................................................... G-4

Data lines ............................................................................ G-4

Bus management lines ........................................................ G-5

Handshake lines .................................................................. G-5

Bus commands ........................................................................... G-6

Uniline commands .............................................................. G-8

Universal multiline commands ........................................... G-8

Addressed multiline commands ......................................... G-9

Address commands ............................................................ G-9

Unaddress commands ......................................................... G-9

Common commands ......................................................... G-10

SCPI commands ............................................................... G-10

Command codes ............................................................... G-10

Typical command sequences ............................................ G-12

IEEE command groups ..................................................... G-13

Interface function codes .......................................................... G-14

List of Illustrations

1 Getting Started

Figure 1-1 Model 2700 front panel .......................................................... 1-9

Figure 1-2 Model 2700 rear panel ......................................................... 1-12

Figure 1-3 Power module ...................................................................... 1-14

Figure 1-4 Connection to DMM for 2-wire function (system

channel 101 closed) ......................................................... 1-28

Figure 1-5 Connection to DMM for 4-wire function (system

channel 106 closed) ......................................................... 1-29

Figure 1-6 Front panel keys to close and open system channels .......... 1-30

Figure 1-7 Simple scan operation .......................................................... 1-32

Figure 1-8 Exercise 4 — Trigger and return a single reading ............... 1-35

Figure 1-9 Exercise 5 — Trigger and return multiple readings ............. 1-36

Figure 1-10 Exercise 6 — Return a single reading

(continuous triggering) .................................................... 1-37

2 Closing and Opening Switching Module Channels

Figure 2-1 2-wire system channel connections to Model 2700 DMM .... 2-7

Figure 2-2 4-wire system channel connections to Model 2700 DMM .... 2-8

Figure 2-3 System channel operation — closing next or previous

measurement channel ........................................................ 2-9

Figure 2-4 System channel operation — specifying measurement

channel to close ............................................................... 2-10

Figure 2-5 System channel operation — opening all channels

in mainframe .................................................................... 2-11

Figure 2-6 Multiple channel operation — specifying a channel

to close ............................................................................. 2-15

Figure 2-7 Multiple channel operation — opening one or all

channels ........................................................................... 2-16

Figure 2-8 Dual multiplexer configuration (Model 7700) ..................... 2-20

Figure 2-9 Dual multiplexer application connections ........................... 2-22

Figure 2-10 Testing DUT 1 ..................................................................... 2-24

Figure 2-11 CARD menu tree ................................................................. 2-27

Figure 2-12 Model 7700 simplified schematic ........................................ 2-33

3 Basic DMM Operation

Figure 3-1 Line cycle synchronization .................................................... 3-5

Figure 3-2 DCV and ACV connections using front panel inputs ............ 3-9

Figure 3-3 DCV and ACV connections using Model 7700 switching

module ............................................................................. 3-10

Figure 3-4 DCI and ACI connections using front panel inputs ............. 3-14

Figure 3-5 DCI and ACI connections using Model 7700 switching

module .............................................................................3-15

Figure 3-6 Ω2 and Ω4 connections for front panel inputs ..................... 3-17

Figure 3-7 Ω2 and Ω4 connections for Model 7700 switching

module ............................................................................. 3-18

Figure 3-8 Thermocouple connections .................................................. 3-26

Figure 3-9 Thermistor connections ........................................................ 3-28

Figure 3-10 4-wire RTD connections ...................................................... 3-28

Figure 3-11 FREQ and PERIOD connections for front panel inputs ...... 3-34

Figure 3-12 FREQ and PERIOD connections using Model 7700

switching module .............................................................3-34

Figure 3-13 Continuity connections ......................................................... 3-36

4 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter

Figure 4-1 Speed vs. noise characteristics ............................................... 4-7

Figure 4-2 Moving and repeating filters ................................................ 4-15

Figure 4-3 Filter configuration flow chart .............................................. 4-17

5 Relative, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, and dB

Figure 5-1 MATH menu tree .................................................................... 5-7

6 Buffer

Figure 6-1 Recalling buffer data — relative timestamp ........................... 6-6

Figure 6-2 Recalling buffer data — real-time clock timestamp .............. 6-7

7 Scanning

Figure 7-1 Trigger model with STEP function ........................................ 7-5

Figure 7-2 Trigger model with SCAN function ....................................... 7-6

Figure 7-3 Scan configuration flowchart ................................................ 7-11

Figure 7-4 External trigger scan example .............................................. 7-33

Figure 7-5 Monitor scan example .......................................................... 7-36

8 Triggering

Figure 8-1 Front panel trigger model (without scanning) ........................ 8-2

Figure 8-2 Device action .......................................................................... 8-5

Figure 8-3 TRIG LINK pinout ................................................................. 8-7

Figure 8-4 Trigger link input pulse specifications (EXT TRIG) .............. 8-8

Figure 8-5 Trigger link output pulse specifications (VMC) .................... 8-8

Figure 8-6 DUT test system ..................................................................... 8-9

Figure 8-7 Trigger link connections ....................................................... 8-10

Figure 8-8 Operation model for triggering example .............................. 8-11

Figure 8-9 DIN to BNC trigger cable .................................................... 8-12

Figure 8-10 Trigger model (remote operation) ........................................ 8-14

9 Limits and Digital I/O

Figure 9-1 Default limits ......................................................................... 9-2

Figure 9-2 Digital I/O port ...................................................................... 9-5

Figure 9-3 Digital I/O port simplified schematic ..................................... 9-6

Figure 9-4 Controlling externally powered relays ................................... 9-9

Figure 9-5 NAND gate control .............................................................. 9-10

Figure 9-6 Setup to test 100Ω resistors ................................................. 9-16

Figure 9-7 Limits to sort 100W resistors (1%, 5%, and >5%) .............. 9-17

10 Remote Operations

Figure 10-1 IEEE-488 connector ............................................................. 10-5

Figure 10-2 IEEE-488 connections ......................................................... 10-6

Figure 10-3 IEEE-488 connector location ............................................... 10-7

Figure 10-4 RS-232 interface connector ............................................... 10-21

11 Status Structure

Figure 11-1 Model 2700 status register structure .................................... 11-3

Figure 11-2 16-bit status register ............................................................. 11-5

Figure 11-3 Status byte and service request (SRQ) ................................. 11-6

Figure 11-4 Standard event status .......................................................... 11-11

Figure 11-5 Operation event status ........................................................ 11-13

Figure 11-6 Measurement event status .................................................. 11-15

Figure 11-7 Questionable event status ................................................... 11-16

14 FORMat and Miscellaneous SYSTem Commands

Figure 14-1 ASCII data format ................................................................ 14-3

Figure 14-2 IEEE-754 data formats ......................................................... 14-4

Figure 14-3 Key-press codes ................................................................... 14-8

B Model 7700 Connection Guide

Figure B-1 Simplified schematic for Model 7700 ................................... B-3

Figure B-2 Screw terminal access ........................................................... B-5

Figure B-3 Model 7700 screw terminal channel designations ................ B-6

Figure B-4 Wire dressing ........................................................................ B-7

Figure B-5 Thermocouple connections ................................................... B-8

Figure B-6 Ω2-Wire and thermistor connections .................................... B-8

Figure B-7 Ω4-Wire and RTD connections ............................................. B-9

Figure B-8 Current connections (AC or DC) .......................................... B-9

Figure B-9 Voltage connections (DC or AC) ........................................ B-10

D Signal Processing Sequence and Data Flow

Figure D-1 Basic signal processing ......................................................... D-2

Figure D-2 Signal processing using instrument features ......................... D-3

Figure D-3 Signal processing using Ratio or Channel Average .............. D-6

Figure D-4 Data flow for remote operation ............................................. D-7

E Measurement Considerations

Figure E-1 Thermal EMF generation ...................................................... E-3

Figure E-2 Power line ground loops ........................................................ E-7

Figure E-3 Eliminating ground loops ...................................................... E-8

Figure E-4 Shielding example ................................................................. E-9

Figure E-5 Meter loading ...................................................................... E-10

G IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Figure G-1 IEEE-488 bus configuration .................................................. G-3

Figure G-2 IEEE-488 handshake sequence ............................................. G-6

Figure G-3 Command codes .................................................................. G-11

List of Tables

1 Getting Started

Table 1-1 Model 77XX series switching modules ................................. 1-7

Table 1-2 Fuse ratings .......................................................................... 1-15

Table 1-3 Display commands ............................................................... 1-17

Table 1-4 Default settings .................................................................... 1-21

Table 1-5 Default setup commands ...................................................... 1-24

Table 1-6 Exercise 1—Measure AC volts - store readings in buffer .... 1-27

Table 1-7 Exercise 2 — Close and open channels (system channel

Table 1-8 Exercise 3 — Simple scanning ............................................ 1-33

2 Closing and Opening Switching Module Channels

Table 2-1 System channel control commands ...................................... 2-12

Table 2-2 Multiple channel control commands .................................... 2-16

Table 2-3 Relay closure count commands ........................................... 2-29

3 Basic DMM Operation

Table 3-1 Autozero and LSYNC commands ......................................... 3-6

Table 3-2 Crest factor limitations ......................................................... 3-12

Table 3-3 Color codes — thermocouple wires ..................................... 3-27

Table 3-5 Thermistor temperature measurement configuration ........... 3-30

Table 3-4 Thermocouple temperature measurement configuration ..... 3-30

Table 3-6 RTD parameters ................................................................... 3-31

Table 3-7 4-wire RTD temperature measurement configuration ......... 3-31

Table 3-8 Basic measurement commands ............................................ 3-38

operation) ......................................................................... 1-31

4 Range, Digits, Rate, Bandwidth, and Filter

Table 4-1 Measurement ranges and maximum readings ........................ 4-2

Table 4-2 Range commands ................................................................... 4-4

Table 4-3 Digits commands ................................................................... 4-6

Table 4-4 Rate and bandwidth settings .................................................. 4-8

Table 4-5 Rate and bandwidth commands ........................................... 4-10

Table 4-6 Filter commands .................................................................. 4-18

5 Relative, Math, Ratio, Channel Average, and dB

Table 5-1 Rel commands ....................................................................... 5-4

Table 5-2 Math commands ................................................................... 5-12

Table 5-3 Ratio and channel average commands ................................. 5-18

Table 5-4 dB commands ...................................................................... 5-20

6 Buffer

Table 6-1 Buffer commands ................................................................... 6-9

7 Scanning

Table 7-1 Scanning commands ............................................................. 7-28

Table 7-2 External trigger scan example .............................................. 7-34

Table 7-3 Monitor scan example .......................................................... 7-37

8 Triggering

Table 8-1 Auto delay settings ................................................................. 8-4

Table 8-2 SCPI commands — triggering ............................................. 8-16

9 Limits and Digital I/O

Table 9-1 OUTPUT menu .................................................................... 9-11

Table 9-2 Limits and digital I/O commands ......................................... 9-13

10 Remote Operations

Table 10-1 General bus commands ........................................................ 10-8

Table 10-2 RS-232 connector pinout .................................................... 10-21

Table 10-3 PC serial port pinout ........................................................... 10-22

11 Status Structure

Table 11-1 Common and SCPI commands to reset registers and

clear queues ......................................................................11-4

Table 11-2 Status byte and service request enable register

commands ........................................................................11-9

Table 11-3 Condition register commands ............................................. 11-17

Table 11-4 Event register commands ................................................... 11-17

Table 11-5 Event enable registers commands ...................................... 11-18

Table 11-6 Error queue commands ...................................................... 11-20

12 Common Commands

Table 12-1 IEEE-488.2 common commands and queries ...................... 12-2

13 SCPI Signal Oriented Measurement Commands

Table 13-1 Signal oriented measurement command summary .............. 13-2

14 FORMat and Miscellaneous SYSTem Commands

Table 14-1 SCPI commands — data format ........................................... 14-2

15 SCPI Reference Tables

Table 15-1 CALCulate command summary .......................................... 15-3

Table 15-2 DISPlay command summary ............................................... 15-6

Table 15-3 FORMat command summary ............................................... 15-7

Table 15-4 ROUTe command summary ................................................. 15-8

Table 15-5 SENSe command summary ............................................... 15-10

Table 15-6 STATus command summary .............................................. 15-21

Table 15-7 SYSTem command summary ............................................ 15-22

Table 15-8 TRACe command summary .............................................. 15-25

Table 15-9 Trigger command summary ............................................... 15-26

Table 15-10 UNIT command summary ................................................. 15-27

B Model 7700 Connection Guide

Table B-1 Connection log Model 7700 ............................................... B-11

C Status and Error Messages

Table C-1 Status and error messages ..................................................... C-2

E Measurement Considerations

Table E-1 Material thermoelectric coefficients ...................................... E-2

F Temperature Equations

Table F-1 Type B inverse function polynomial ...................................... F-2

Table F-2 Type E inverse function polynomial ...................................... F-3

Table F-3 Type J inverse function polynomial ....................................... F-3

Table F-5 Type N inverse function polynomial ...................................... F-4

Table F-4 Type K inverse function polynomial ...................................... F-4

Table F-7 Type S inverse function polynomial ...................................... F-5

Table F-6 Type R inverse function polynomial ...................................... F-5

Table F-9 Model 2700 curve fitting constants for thermistors ............... F-6

Table F-8 Type T inverse function polynomial ...................................... F-6

Table F-10 RTD parameters ..................................................................... F-8

G IEEE-488 Bus Overview

Table G-1 IEEE-488 bus command summary ....................................... G-7

Table G-2 Hexadecimal and decimal command codes ........................ G-10

Table G-3 Typical addressed command sequence ............................... G-12

Table G-4 Typical addressed command sequence ............................... G-12

Table G-5 IEEE command groups ....................................................... G-13

Table G-6 Model 2700 interface function codes .................................. G-14

1

Getting Started

Quick Start — Of the following section topics, three can be used immediately to quickly
acquaint yourself with fundamental instrument operations. Use QS1 to familiarize your­self with front panel controls, use QS2 to power-up the instrument and finally, use QS3 to
perform exercises to operate the instrument.

• General information — Covers general information that includes warranty infor­mation, contact information, safety symbols and terms, inspection, and available
options and accessories.

• Model 2700 features — Summarizes the features of Model 2700.

• Plug-in switching modules — Summarizes the capabilities of the Keithley
Model 77XX series switching modules.

QS1 • Front and rear panel familiarization — Summarizes the controls and connectors

of the instrument.

• Rack mounting — Covers the options available for rack mounting the Model 2700
in a standard 19-inch rack.

QS2 • Power-up — Covers line power connection, line voltage setting, fuse replacement,

power line frequency, and the power-up sequence.

• Display — Provides information about the display of the Model 2700.

• Defaults and user setups — Lists the *RST and factory default settings, and cov­ers the three setup configurations available to the user.

• Remote programming information — Explains how SCPI commands are pre­sented in this manual.

QS3 • Quick start exercises — Provides abbreviated operating information and exercises

(front panel and remote programming) to acquaint a user with operation basics.