Juniper Networks EX2500 User Manual

Juniper Networks
EX2500 Ethernet Switch

Configuration Guide

Release 3.1

Juniper Networks, Inc.

1194 North Mathilda Avenue

Sunnyvale, CA 94089

USA

408-745-2000

www.juniper.net

Revision 3

Juniper Networks, the Juniper Networks logo, JUNOS, NetScreen, ScreenOS, and Steel-Belted Radius are registered trademarks of Juniper Networks, Inc. in
the United States and other countries. JUNOSe is a trademark of Juniper Networks, Inc. All other trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, or
registered service marks are the property of their respective owners.

Juniper Networks assumes no responsibility for any inaccuracies in this document. Juniper Networks reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or
otherwise revise this publication without notice.

Products made or sold by Juniper Networks or components thereof might be covered by one or more of the following patents that are owned by or licensed
to Juniper Networks: U.S. Patent Nos. 5,473,599, 5,905,725, 5,909,440, 6,192,051, 6,333,650, 6,359,479, 6,406,312, 6,429,706, 6,459,579, 6,493,347,
6,538,518, 6,538,899, 6,552,918, 6,567,902, 6,578,186, and 6,590,785.

Juniper Networks EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide, Release 3.1R2
Copyright © 2010 Juniper Networks, Inc.
All rights reserved.

Writing: William Rogers
Editing: Taffy Everts
Illustration: William Rogers

Revision History
29 January 2010—Revision 3
26 October 2009—Revision 2
28 August 2009—Revision 1

The information in this document is current as of the date listed in the revision history.

SOFTWARE LICENSE

The terms and conditions for using this software are described in the software license contained in the acknowledgment to your purchase order or, to the
extent applicable, to any reseller agreement or end-user purchase agreement executed between you and Juniper Networks. By using this software, you
indicate that you understand and agree to be bound by those terms and conditions.

Generally speaking, the software license restricts the manner in which you are permitted to use the software and may contain prohibitions against certain
uses. The software license may state conditions under which the license is automatically terminated. You should consult the license for further details.

For complete product documentation, see the Juniper Networks Web site at http://www.juniper.net/techpubs.

ii 

Table of Contents

About This Guide xi

Objectives ....................................................................................................... xi

Audience......................................................................................................... xi

Supported Platforms ....................................................................................... xi

Documentation Conventions.......................................................................... xii

List of Technical Publications ........................................................................ xiii

Documentation Feedback ............................................................................. xiii

Requesting Technical Support ....................................................................... xiii

Self-Help Online Tools and Resources..................................................... xiv

Opening a Case with JTAC ...................................................................... xiv

Part 1 EX2500 Ethernet Switch Applications

Chapter 1 Accessing the Switch 3

Configuring the Management Interface ............................................................ 3

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ..............................................................4

Using Telnet.....................................................................................................5

Using the EX2500 Web Device Manager..........................................................5

Configuring EX2500 Web Device Manager Access via HTTP .....................6

Configuring EX2500 Web Device Manager Access via HTTPS.................... 6

Using SNMP ..................................................................................................... 7

SNMPv1, SNMPv2...................................................................................... 7

SNMPv3.....................................................................................................8

Default Configuration .......................................................................... 8

User Configuration .............................................................................. 8

Configuring SNMP Trap Hosts.................................................................... 9

SNMPv1 Trap Host Configuration........................................................9

SNMPv2 Trap Host Configuration........................................................9

SNMPv3 Trap Host Configuration......................................................10

Securing Access to the Switch ........................................................................10

RADIUS Authentication and Authorization............................................... 11

How RADIUS Authentication Works .................................................. 11

Configuring RADIUS on the Switch....................................................11

RADIUS Authentication Features in the EX2500 Switch ....................12

Switch User Accounts........................................................................13

RADIUS Attributes for EX2500 User Privileges .................................. 13

Accounting........................................................................................ 14

Table of Contents  iii

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

TACACS+ Authentication........................................................................14

How TACACS+ Authentication Works ..............................................15

TACACS+ Authentication Features in the EX2500 Switch ................15

Command Authorization and Logging ............................................... 16

Configuring TACACS+ Authentication on the Switch........................17

Secure Shell .............................................................................................17

Configuring SSH Features on the Switch ........................................... 18

SSH Encryption of Management Messages........................................18

Generating RSA Host and Server Keys for SSH Access ......................18

SSH Integration with RADIUS and TACACS+ Authentication............ 19

End User Access Control.......................................................................... 19

Considerations for Configuring End User Accounts ...........................19

User Access Control ..........................................................................20

Listing Current Users.........................................................................20

Logging In to an End User Account ................................................... 21

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

VLANs 23

VLAN Overview..............................................................................................23

VLANs and Port VLAN ID Numbers ................................................................ 24

VLAN Numbers........................................................................................24

PVID Numbers.........................................................................................24

VLAN Tagging ................................................................................................25

VLAN Topologies and Design Considerations ................................................. 28

VLAN Configuration Rules .......................................................................28

Multiple VLANs Configuration Example ................................................... 29

Private VLANs ................................................................................................ 31

Private VLAN Ports ..................................................................................31

Private VLAN Configuration Guidelines ....................................................32

Private VLAN Configuration Example ...................................................... 32

Spanning Tree Protocol 33

Spanning Tree Overview................................................................................33

Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)......................................................... 34

Determining the Path for Forwarding BPDUs....................................34

Bridge Priority................................................................................... 34

Port Priority ...................................................................................... 35

Port Path Cost ...................................................................................35

Spanning Tree Group Configuration Guidelines .......................................35

Changing the Spanning Tree Mode....................................................35

Assigning a VLAN to a Spanning Tree Group .....................................35

Creating a VLAN................................................................................36

Rules for VLAN Tagged Ports.............................................................36

Adding and Removing Ports from STGs ............................................36

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol ........................................................................ 37

Port State Changes ..................................................................................37

Port Type and Link Type .........................................................................38

Edge Port .......................................................................................... 38

Link Type .......................................................................................... 38

RSTP Configuration Guidelines ................................................................38

RSTP Configuration Example...................................................................38

Per VLAN Rapid Spanning Tree ......................................................................39

Default Spanning Tree Configuration .......................................................39

Why Do We Need Multiple Spanning Trees?............................................39

iv  Table of Contents

Table of Contents

PVRST Configuration Guidelines ..............................................................40

Configuring PVRST .................................................................................. 40

Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol ....................................................................41

MSTP Region ...........................................................................................41

Common Internal Spanning Tree............................................................. 41

MSTP Configuration Guidelines................................................................ 41

Multiple Spanning Tree Groups Configuration Example ...........................42

Fast Uplink Convergence ...............................................................................43

Configuration Guidelines .........................................................................44

Configuring Fast Uplink Convergence ......................................................44

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Ports and Trunking 45

Trunking Overview ........................................................................................45

Statistical Load Distribution .....................................................................45

Built-In Fault Tolerance............................................................................46

Before Configuring Static Trunks .............................................................46

Trunk Group Configuration Rules.............................................................46

Port Trunking Configuration Example ............................................................ 47

Configurable Trunk Hash Algorithm ............................................................... 48

Link Aggregation Control Protocol.................................................................. 49

LACP Overview........................................................................................ 49

Static LACP..............................................................................................51

LACP Configuration Guidelines ................................................................ 51

Configuring LACP .................................................................................... 51

Optionally Reducing LACP Timeout ......................................................... 52

Removing LACP Configuration from a Port..............................................52

Quality of Service 53

QoS Overview ................................................................................................53

Using ACL Filters............................................................................................ 54

MAC Extended ACLs................................................................................ 55

IP Standard ACLs.....................................................................................55

IP Extended ACLs ....................................................................................56

Understanding ACL Priority .....................................................................57

Assigning ACLs to a Port..........................................................................57

Viewing ACL Statistics ............................................................................. 58

Configuring ACL Port Mirroring ............................................................... 58

ACL Configuration Examples ................................................................... 58

ACL Example 1—Blocking Traffic to a Host....................................... 58

ACL Example 2—Blocking Traffic from a Source to a Destination .....59

ACL Example 3—Blocking HTTP Traffic ............................................ 59

ACL Example 4—Blocking All Except Certain Packets.......................60

Using Storm Control Filters ............................................................................ 61

Broadcast Storms ....................................................................................61

Configuring Storm Control.......................................................................61

Using DSCP Values to Provide QoS ................................................................ 62

Differentiated Services Concepts ............................................................. 62

Per Hop Behavior ....................................................................................63

QoS Levels...............................................................................................64

DSCP Mapping.........................................................................................64

Using 802.1p Priority to Provide QoS.............................................................65

Queuing and Scheduling ................................................................................66

Table of Contents

 v

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

Chapter 6 Remote Monitoring 67

RMON Overview ............................................................................................67

RMON Group 1—Statistics ............................................................................. 68

RMON Group 2—History................................................................................69

History MIB Object ID.............................................................................. 69

Configuring RMON History ...................................................................... 69

RMON Group 3—Alarms ................................................................................ 70

Alarm MIB Objects...................................................................................70

Configuring RMON Alarms ......................................................................70

RMON Group 9—Events.................................................................................71

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

IGMP 73

IGMP Snooping ..............................................................................................73

FastLeave.......................................................................................................74

IGMPv3 Snooping........................................................................................... 75

IGMP Snooping Configuration Example .........................................................76

Static Multicast Router ...................................................................................76

IGMP Querier ................................................................................................. 77

High Availability Through Uplink Failure Detection 79

High Availability Overview ............................................................................. 79

Failure Detection Pair..................................................................................... 80

Spanning Tree Protocol with UFD .................................................................. 80

UFD Configuration Guidelines ........................................................................80

UFD Configuration Example........................................................................... 81

Monitoring UFD .............................................................................................81

Part 2 Appendixes

Appendix A Monitoring Ports with Port Mirroring 85

Port Mirroring Overview ................................................................................ 85

Configuring Port Mirroring .............................................................................86

Part 3 Indexes

vi  Table of Contents

Index.......................................................................................................................... 89

List of Figures

Figure 1: Default VLAN Settings ....................................................................26

Figure 2: Port-Based VLAN Assignment ........................................................ 27

Figure 3: 802.1Q Tagging (after Port-Based VLAN Assignment) ...................27

Figure 4: 802.1Q Tag Assignment ................................................................27

Figure 5: 802.1Q Tagging (after 802.1Q Tag Assignment) ............................28

Figure 6: Sample Network with Multiple VLANs............................................29

Figure 7: Two VLANs on One Spanning Tree Group......................................39

Figure 8: Two VLANs, Each on a Different Spanning Tree Group..................40

Figure 9: Implementing Multiple Spanning Tree Groups ...............................42

Figure 10: Port Trunk Group Configuration Example .....................................47

Figure 11: QoS Model .....................................................................................54

Figure 12: Layer 3 IPv4 Packet ......................................................................62

Figure 13:Layer 2 802.1q/802.1p VLAN-Tagged Packet .................................65

Figure 14: Uplink Failure Detection Example..................................................80

Figure 15: Monitoring Ports ............................................................................ 86

List of Figures  vii

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

viii  List of Figures

List of Tables

Table 1: Notice Icons................................................................................... xii

Table 2: EX2500 Text and Syntax Conventions........................................... xii

Table 3: EX2500 Ethernet Switch Documentation...................................... xiii

Table 4: User Access Levels......................................................................... 13

Table 5: EX2500-Proprietary Attributes for RADIUS ....................................13

Table 6: Default TACACS+ Authorization Levels ......................................... 15

Table 7: Alternate TACACS+ Authorization Levels...................................... 15

Table 8: Components of Sample Network with Multiple VLANs...................29

Table 9: Ports, Trunk Groups, and VLANs....................................................34

Table 10: RSTP vs. STP Port States ................................................................37

Table 11: Actor vs. Partner LACP Configuration ............................................50

Table 12: Well-Known Protocol Types ........................................................... 56

Table 13: Well-Known Application Ports ....................................................... 57

Table 14: Assured Forwarding.......................................................................63

Table 15: Class Selector.................................................................................63

Table 16: Default QoS Service Levels............................................................. 64

List of Tables  ix

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

x  List of Tables

About This Guide

This preface provides the following guidelines for using the Juniper Networks
EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide:

 Objectives on page xi

 Audience on page xi

 Supported Platforms on page xi

 Documentation Conventions on page xii

 List of Technical Publications on page xiii

 Documentation Feedback on page xiii

 Requesting Technical Support on page xiii

Objectives

This guide describes how to configure and use the software on the EX2500
Ethernet Switch.

NOTE: This guide documents Release 3.1 of the EX2500 Ethernet Switch. For

additional information—either corrections to or information that might have been
omitted from this manual—see the EX2500 Ethernet Switch 3.1B3 Release Notes at

http://www.juniper.net/.

Audience

This guide is intended for network installers and system administrators engaged in
configuring and maintaining a network. Administrators must be familiar with
Ethernet concepts, IP addressing, the IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP),
and SNMP configuration.

Supported Platforms

The features described in this guide are supported by only the EX2500 software
running on EX2500 Ethernet Switches only.

Objectives  xi

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

Documentation Conventions

Table 1 describes the notice icons used in this manual.

Table 2 describes the EX2500 text and syntax conventions.

Table 1: Notice Icons

Icon Meaning Description

Informational note Indicates important features or instructions.

Caution Indicates a situation that might result in loss of data or

hardware damage.

Warning Alerts you to the risk of personal injury or death.

Laser warning Alerts you to the risk of personal injury from a laser.

Table 2: EX2500 Text and Syntax Conventions

Convention Usage Examples

Bold text like this Names of windows, dialog boxes, buttons, tabs,

Click the Submit button on the bottom of the form.
and other objects in a user interface that you
click or select.

Bold text like this

In syntax descriptions and set-off command

Main# sys

examples, text you must type exactly as shown

Braces { } Required elements in syntax that has more

than one option. You must choose one of the
options. Do not type the braces.

Brackets [ ] Optional elements in syntax descriptions. Do

not type the brackets.

Fixed-width text
like this

Onscreen computer output

Italic text like this Book titles, special terms, and words to be

show portchannel {<1-12> | hash | information}

(For example, you can enter either show portchannel 3,

show portchannel hash, or show portchannel

information

copy running config tftp [data-port | mgt-port]

(You enter either copy running config tftp data-port, copy

running config tftp mgt-port

ex2500(config)# reload

Reset will use software “image2”...

See the EX2500 Ethernet Switch Command Reference.
emphasized

<Italic text like this in
angle brackets>

Plain text like this

Variables in command syntax. Replace the
italic text with the appropriate real name or
value when entering the command. Do not
type the brackets.

Names of commands, files, and directories

To establish a Telnet session, enter

host# telnet <IP address>

(For example, you can enter telnet 192.32.10.12.)

View the
used within the text

Vertical line | Separates choices for command keywords and

arguments. Enter only one choice. Do not type
the vertical line.

copy running config tftp [data-port | mgt-port]

(You enter either copy running config tftp data-port, copy

running config tftp mgt-port

.)

, or copy running config tftp.)

readme.txt file.

, or copy running config tftp.)

xii  Documentation Conventions

About This Guide

List of Technical Publications

Table 3 lists the documentation supporting the EX2500 Ethernet Switch. All
documentation for EX Series Ethernet Switches is available at

http://www.juniper.net/techpubs/.

Table 3: EX2500 Ethernet Switch Documentation

Document Description

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Quick Start Provides brief installation and initial configuration instructions.

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Hardware Guide Provides information and instructions for installing an EX2500 Ethernet Switch.

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Web Device
Manager Guide

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide Describes how to configure and use the software on the EX2500 Ethernet Switch.

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Command Reference Describes how to configure and use the software with your EX2500 Ethernet

EX2500 Ethernet Switch 3.1 Release Notes Summarize EX2500 switch features and known problems, provide information

Provides an overview of how to access and use the EX2500 Web Device
Manager.

Switch. The reference lists each EX2500 command-line interface (CLI) command
and includes the complete syntax and a functional description.

that might have been omitted from the manuals, and provide upgrade
instructions.

Documentation Feedback

We encourage you to provide feedback, comments, and suggestions so that we can
improve the documentation. Send e-mail to
the following information:

 Document URL or title

 Page number

 Software version

 Your name and company

Requesting Technical Support

Technical product support is available through the Juniper Networks Technical
Assistance Center (JTAC). If you are a customer with an active J-Care or JNASC
support contract, or are covered under warranty, and need postsales technical
support, you can access our tools and resources online or open a case with JTAC.

 JTAC policies—For a complete understanding of our JTAC procedures and

policies, review the JTAC User Guide located at

http://www.juniper.net/customers/support/downloads/710059.pdf.

[e-mail] with

 Product warranties—For product warranty information, visit

http://www.juniper.net/support/warranty/.

 JTAC hours of operation—The JTAC centers have resources available 24 hours a

day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year.

List of Technical Publications  xiii

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

Self-Help Online Tools and Resources

For quick and easy problem resolution, the Juniper Networks online self-service
portal—the Customer Support Center (CSC)—provides the following features:

 Find CSC offerings: http://www.juniper.net/customers/support/

 Search for known bugs: http://www2.juniper.net/kb/

 Find product documentation: http://www.juniper.net/techpubs/

 Find solutions and answer questions using our Knowledge Base:

http://kb.juniper.net/

 Download the latest versions of software and review release notes:

http://www.juniper.net/customers/csc/software/

 Search technical bulletins for relevant hardware and software notifications:

http://www.juniper.net/alerts/

 Join and participate in the Juniper Networks Community Forum:

http://www.juniper.net/company/communities/

 Open a case online in the CSC Case Management tool:

http://www.juniper.net/cm/

To verify service entitlement by product and serial number, use our Serial Number
Entitlement (SNE) Tool at

Opening a Case with JTAC

You can open a case with JTAC on the Web or by telephone.

 Use the Case Management tool in the CSC at http://www.juniper.net/cm/.

 Call 1-888-314-JTAC (1-888-314-5822 toll-free in the USA, Canada, and

Mexico).

For international or direct-dial options in countries without toll-free numbers, visit
us at

http://tools.juniper.net/SerialNumber/EntitlementSearch/.

http://www.juniper.net/support/requesting-support.html.

xiv  Requesting Technical Support

Part 1

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Applications

This configuration guide will help you plan, implement, and administer EX2500
software. Where possible, each chapter provides feature overviews, usage
examples, and configuration instructions.

 “Accessing the Switch” on page 3 describes how to access the switch to

perform administration tasks. This chapter also discusses different methods to
manage the switch for remote administrators using specific IP addresses,
authentication, and Secure Shell (SSH).

 “VLANs” on page 23 describes how to configure Virtual Local Area Networks

(VLANs) for creating separate network segments, including how to use VLAN
tagging for devices that use multiple VLANs. This chapter also describes private
VLANs.

 “Spanning Tree Protocol” on page 33 discusses how Spanning Trees configure

the network so that the switch uses the most efficient path when multiple paths
exist.

 “Ports and Trunking” on page 45 describes how to group multiple physical

ports together to aggregate the bandwidth between large-scale network
devices.

 “Quality of Service” on page 53 discusses Quality of Service features, including

IP filtering using Access Control Lists, Differentiated Services, and IEEE 802.1p
priority values.

 “Remote Monitoring” on page 67 discusses how to configure and use the

Remote Monitoring (RMON) agent on the switch.

 “IGMP” on page 73,” describes how the EX2500 software implements IGMP

Snooping to handle multicast traffic efficiently.

 “High Availability Through Uplink Failure Detection” on page 79 describes how

to use Uplink Failure Detection (UFD) to ensure that network resources remain
available if one switch is removed for service.

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Applications  1

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

2  EX2500 Ethernet Switch Applications

Chapter 1

Accessing the Switch

The EX2500 software provides a means for accessing, configuring, and viewing
information and statistics about the EX2500 Ethernet Switch. This chapter
discusses different methods of accessing the switch and ways to secure the switch
for remote administrators:

 Configuring the Management Interface on page 3

 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol on page 4

 Using Telnet on page 5

 Using the EX2500 Web Device Manager on page 5

 Using SNMP on page 7

 Securing Access to the Switch on page 10

Configuring the Management Interface

To manage the switch through the management port, you must configure an IP
interface. Configure the following IP parameters:

 IP address

 Subnet mask

 Default gateway address

To configure the IP parameters, use the following procedure:

1. Log on to the switch.

2. Enter Global Configuration mode.

ex2500> enable
ex2500# configure terminal

Configuring the Management Interface  3

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

3. Configure the management IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.

Once you configure the IP address for your switch, you can connect to the
management port and use the Telnet program from an external management
station to access and control the switch. The management port provides
out-of-band management.

You also can configure in-band management through any of the switch data ports.
To allow in-band management, use the following procedure:

1. Log on to the switch.

ex2500(config)# interface ip-mgmt address 10.10.10.2
ex2500(config)# interface ip-mgmt netmask 255.255.255.0
ex2500(config)# interface ip-mgmt enable
ex2500(config)# interface ip-mgmt gateway 10.10.10.1
ex2500(config)# interface ip-mgmt gateway enable
ex2500(config)# exit

2. Enter IP interface mode.

ex2500> enable
ex2500# configure terminal
ex2500(config)# interface ip 1

3. Configure the management IP interface, subnet mask, and VLAN assignment.
Enable the interface.

ex2500(config-ip-if)# ip address 10.10.10.2
ex2500(config-ip-if)# ip netmask 255.255.255.0
ex2500(config-ip-if)# ipvlan 1
ex2500(config-ip-if)# enable

4. Configure the default gateway. Enable the gateway.

ex2500(config-ip-if)# ip gateway address 10.10.10.1
ex2500(config-ip-if)# ip gateway enable
ex2500(config-ip-if)# exit

Once you configure the IP address and you have an existing network connection,
you can use the Telnet program from an external management station to access
and control the switch. Once the default gateway is enabled, the management
station and your switch do not need to be on the same IP subnet.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a transport protocol that provides a
framework for automatically assigning IP addresses and configuration information
to other IP hosts or clients in a large TCP/IP network. Without DHCP, the IP address
must be entered manually for each network device. DHCP allows a network
administrator to distribute IP addresses from a central point and automatically send
a new IP address when a device is connected to a different place in the network.

4  Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Using Telnet

Chapter 1: Accessing the Switch

DHCP is an extension of another network IP management protocol, Bootstrap
Protocol (BOOTP), with an additional capability of being able to allocate reusable
network addresses and configuration parameters for client operation.

Built on the client/server model, DHCP allows hosts or clients on an IP network to
obtain their configurations from a DHCP server, thereby reducing network
administration. The most significant configuration the client receives from the
server is its required IP address; (other optional parameters include the “generic”
filename to be booted, the address of the default gateway, and so forth).

To enable DHCP on an IP interface, use the following commands:

ex2500(config)# interface ip 1
ex2500(config-ip-if)# dhcp enable
ex2500(config-ip-if)# exit

A Telnet connection offers the convenience of accessing the switch from any
workstation connected to the network. Telnet access provides the same options for
user access and administrator access as those available through the console port.

To configure the switch for Telnet access, you need to have a device with Telnet
software located on the same network as the switch. The switch must have an IP
address. The switch can get its IP address in one of two ways:

 Dynamically, from a DHCP server on your network

 Manually, when you configure the switch IP address

Once you have configured the switch with an IP address and gateway, you can
access the switch from any workstation connected to the management network.
Telnet access provides the same options for user and administrator access as those
available through the console port.

By default, Telnet access is enabled. Use the following command to disable or
enable Telnet access:

ex2500(config)# [no] access telnet

To establish a Telnet connection with the switch, you can run the Telnet program
on your workstation and issue the

telnet <switch IP address>

telnet command with the switch IP address:

Using the EX2500 Web Device Manager

The EX2500 Web Device Manager is a Web-based management interface for
interactive switch access through your Web browser.

The Web Device Manager provides access to the common configuration,
management and operation features of the switch through your Web browser. For
more information, see the EX2500 Ethernet Switch Web Device Manager Guide.

Using Telnet  5

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

By default, EX2500 Web Device Manager access is enabled on the switch.

Configuring EX2500 Web Device Manager Access via HTTP

By default, EX2500 Web Device Manager access via HTTP is enabled. Use the
following command to disable or enable EX2500 Web Device Manager access on
the switch via HTTP:

ex2500(config)# [no] access http enable

The default HTTP Web server port to access the EX2500 Web Device Manager is
port 80. However, you can change the default Web server port with the following
command:

ex2500(config)# access http port <TCP port number>

For workstation access to your switch via the EX2500 Web Device Manager, open a
Web browser window and type in the URL using the IP interface address of the
switch, such as:

http://10.10.10.1

Configuring EX2500 Web Device Manager Access via HTTPS

The EX2500 Web Device Manager can be accessed via a secure HTTPS connection
over management and data ports. By default, EX2500 Web Device Manager access
via HTTPS is disabled.

To enable EX2500 Web Device Manager access on the switch via HTTPS, use the
following command:

ex2500(config)# access https enable

To change the HTTPS Web server port number from the default port 443, use the
following command:

ex2500(config)# access https port <TCP port number>

Accessing the EX2500 Web Device Manager via HTTPS requires a SSL certificate to
be used during the key exchange. A default certificate is created the first time
HTTPS is enabled, but you can import a new certificate that defines the information
you want to be used. Use the following command to import the SSL certificate:

ex2500(config)# access https import-certificate

The certificate is saved to Flash memory for use once the switch is rebooted.

When a client (e.g. Web browser) connects to the switch, the client is asked to
accept the certificate and verify that the fields match what is expected. Once
EX2500 Web Device Manager access is granted to the client, the Web Device
Manager can be used as described in the EX2500 Ethernet Switch Web Device
Manager Guide.

6  Using the EX2500 Web Device Manager

Chapter 1: Accessing the Switch

The EX2500 Web Device Manager is organized at a high level as follows:

Context tabs—These tabs allow you to select the type of action you wish to
perform. The Configure tab provides access to the configuration elements for the
entire switch. The Monitor tab provides access to the switch statistics and state
information. The Dashboard tab allows you to display settings and operating status
of a variety of switch features.

Navigation Window—This window provides a menu list of switch features and
functions, as follows:

 System—This folder provides access to the configuration elements for the

entire switch.

 Switch Ports—Configure each of the physical ports on the switch.

 Port-Based Port Mirroring—Configure port mirroring and mirror ports.

 Layer 2 Management—Configure Layer 2 features, such as VLANs and

Spanning Tree.

Using SNMP

SNMPv1, SNMPv2

 RMON Menu—Configure Remote Monitoring (RMON).

 Layer 3 Management—Configure the switch interface, default gateway, and

Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP).

 QoS—Configure Quality of Service (QoS) features for the switch.

 Access Control—Configure Access Control Lists (ACLs) to filter IP packets.

 Uplink Failure Detection—Configure Uplink Failure Detection to provide high

availability.

The EX2500 switch provides SNMPv1, SNMPv2, and SNMPv3 support for access
through any network management software, such as IBM Director or
HP-OpenView.

To access the SNMP agent on the EX2500 switch, the read and write community
strings on the SNMP manager should be configured to match those on the switch.
The default read community string on the switch is public, and the default write
community string is private.

The read and write community strings on the switch can be changed with the
following commands on the CLI:

ex2500(config)# snmp-server read-community <1-32 characters>

and

ex2500(config)# snmp-server write-community <1-32 characters>

The SNMP manager should be able to reach the management interface or any one
of the IP interfaces on the switch.

Using SNMP  7

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

SNMPv3

SNMPv3 is an enhanced version of the Simple Network Management Protocol,
approved by the Internet Engineering Steering Group in March, 2002. SNMPv3
contains additional security and authentication features that provide data origin
authentication, data integrity checks, timeliness indicators, and encryption to
protect against threats such as masquerade, modification of information, message
stream modification, and disclosure.

SNMPv3 ensures that the client can use SNMPv3 to query the MIBs, mainly for
security.

For more information on SNMP MIBs and the commands used to configure SNMP
on the switch, see the EX2500 Ethernet Switch Command Reference.

Default Configuration

The EX2500 switch has two SNMPv3 users by default. Both of the following users
have access to all the MIBs supported by the switch:

1. username 1: adminmd5 (password adminmd5). Authentication used is MD5.

2. username 2: adminsha (password adminsha). Authentication used is SHA.

To configure an SNMP username, enter the following command from the CLI:

ex2500(config)# snmp-server user <1-16> name <1-32>

User Configuration

Users can be configured to use the authentication and privacy options. The EX2500
switch supports two authentication algorithms: MD5 and SHA, as specified in the
following command:

ex2500(config)# snmp-server user <1-16> authentication-protocol md5 | sha

1. To configure a user with name admin, authentication type MD5, authentication
password
the following CLI commands:

ex2500(config)# snmp-server user 5 name admin
ex2500(config)# snmp-server user 5 authentication-protocol md5

authentication-password

Changing authentication password; validation required:
Enter current admin password: <admin. password>
Enter new authentication password: <auth. password>
Re-enter new authentication password: <auth. password>
New authentication password accepted.

admin, and privacy option DES with a privacy password of admin, use

8  Using SNMP

ex2500(config)# snmp-server user 5 privacy-protocol des privacy-password
Changing privacy password; validation required:
Enter current admin password: <admin. password>
Enter new privacy password: <privacy password>
Re-enter new privacy password: <privacy password>
New privacy password accepted.

2. Configure a user access group, along with the views the group may access. Use
the access table to configure the group’s access level. Because the read view,
write view, and notify view are all set to
private and public MIBs.

ex2500(config)# snmp-server access 5 name admingrp
ex2500(config)# snmp-server access 5 level authpriv
ex2500(config)# snmp-server access 5 read-view iso
ex2500(config)# snmp-server access 5 write-view iso
ex2500(config)# snmp-server access 5 notify-view iso

3. Assign the user to the user group. Use the group table to link the user to a
particular access group.

ex2500(config)# snmp-server group 5 user-name admin
ex2500(config)# snmp-server group 5 group-name admingrp

Configuring SNMP Trap Hosts

Chapter 1: Accessing the Switch

iso, the user type has access to all

SNMPv1 Trap Host Configuration

1. Configure an entry in the notify table.

ex2500(config)# snmp-server notify 10 name public
ex2500(config)# snmp-server notify 10 tag v1trap

2. Specify the IP address and other trap parameters in the targetAddr and

targetParam tables. Use the following command to specify the username used

with this

snmp-server target-parameters <1-16> user-name

targetParam table:

For example:

ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-address 10 name v1trap address

10.70.70.190

ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-address 10 parameters-name v1param
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-address 10 taglist v1param
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-parameters 10 name v1param
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-parameters 10 user-name v1only
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-parameters 10 message snmpv1

SNMPv2 Trap Host Configuration

The SNMPv2 trap host configuration is similar to the SNMPv1 trap host
configuration. Wherever you specify the model, use snmpv2 instead of snmpv1.

ex2500(config)# snmp-server read-community public
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-address 1 name v2trap2 address 10.70.70.190
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-address 1 parameters-name v2param2
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-address 1 taglist v2param2
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-parameters 1 name v2param2
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-parameters 1 user-name v2only
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-parameters 1 message snmpv2
ex2500(config)# snmp-server notify 1 name public
ex2500(config)# snmp-server notify 1 tag v2param2

Using SNMP  9

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

SNMPv3 Trap Host Configuration

To configure a user for SNMPv3 traps, you can choose to send the traps with both
privacy and authentication, with authentication only, or without privacy or
authentication.

This is configured in the access table with the following commands:

ex2500(config)# snmp-server access <1-32> level
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-parameters <1-16>

Configure the user in the user table accordingly.

It is not necessary to configure the community table for SNMPv3 traps because the
community string is not used by SNMPv3.

The following example shows how to configure a SNMPv3 user v3trap with
authentication only:

ex2500(config)# snmp-server user 11 name v3trap
ex2500(config)# snmp-server user 11 authentication-protocol md5

authentication-password

Changing authentication password; validation required:
Enter current admin password: <admin. password>
Enter new authentication password: <auth. password>
Re-enter new authentication password: <auth. password>
New authentication password accepted.
ex2500(config)# snmp-server access 11 notify-view iso
ex2500(config)# snmp-server access 11 level authnopriv
ex2500(config)# snmp-server group 11 user-name v3trap
ex2500(config)# snmp-server group 11 tag v3trap
ex2500(config)# snmp-server notify 11 name v3trap
ex2500(config)# snmp-server notify 11 tag v3trap
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-address 11 name v3trap address 47.81.25.66
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-address 11 taglist v3trap
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-address 11 parameters-name v3param
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-parameters 11 name v3param
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-parameters 11 user-name v3trap
ex2500(config)# snmp-server target-parameters 11 level authNoPriv

Securing Access to the Switch

Secure switch management is needed for environments that perform significant
management functions across the Internet. Common functions for secured
management are described in the following sections:

10  Securing Access to the Switch

 RADIUS Authentication and Authorization on page 11

 TACACS+ Authentication on page 14

 End User Access Control on page 19

RADIUS Authentication and Authorization

The EX2500 switch supports the RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-in User
Service) method to authenticate and authorize remote administrators for managing
the switch. This method is based on a client/server model. The Remote Access
Server (RAS)—the switch—is a client to the back-end database server. A remote
user (the remote administrator) interacts only with the RAS, not the back-end
server and database.

RADIUS authentication consists of the following components:

 A protocol with a frame format that utilizes UDP over IP (based on RFC 2138

and RFC 2866)

 A centralized server that stores all the user authorization information

 A client, in this case, the switch

The EX2500 switch—acting as the RADIUS client—communicates to the RADIUS
server to authenticate and authorize a remote administrator using the protocol
definitions specified in RFCs 2138 and 2866. Transactions between the client and
the RADIUS server are authenticated by a shared key that is not sent over the
network. In addition, the remote administrator passwords are sent encrypted
between the RADIUS client (the switch) and the back-end RADIUS server.

Chapter 1: Accessing the Switch

How RADIUS Authentication Works

1. The remote administrator connects to the switch and provides username and
password.

2. Using Authentication/Authorization protocol, the switch sends request to
authentication server.

3. The authentication server checks the request against the user ID database.

4. Using RADIUS protocol, the authentication server instructs the switch to grant
or deny administrative access.

Configuring RADIUS on the Switch

Use the following procedure to configure RADIUS authentication on your switch:

1. Configure the Primary and Secondary RADIUS servers, and enable RADIUS
authentication.

ex2500(config)# radius-server primary-host 10.10.1.1
ex2500(config)# radius-server secondary-host 10.10.1.2
ex2500(config)# radius-server enable

2. Configure the RADIUS secret.

ex2500(config)# radius-server primary-host 10.10.1.1 key <1-32 character
secret>
ex2500(config)# radius-server secondary-host 10.10.1.2 key <1-32 character
secret>

Securing Access to the Switch  11

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

3. If desired, you may change the default UDP port number used to listen to

4. Configure the number of retry attempts for contacting the RADIUS server, and

RADIUS Authentication Features in the EX2500 Switch

The EX2500 switch supports the following RADIUS authentication features:

 Supports a RADIUS client on the switch, based on the protocol definitions in

RADIUS. The well-known port for RADIUS is 1812.

ex2500(config)# radius-server port <UDP port number>

the timeout period.

ex2500(config)# radius-server retransmit 3
ex2500(config)# radius-server timeout 5

RFC 2138 and RFC 2866.

 Allows a RADIUS secret password of up to 32 bytes and less than 16 octets.

 Supports a secondary authentication server so that when the primary

authentication server is unreachable, the switch can send client authentication
requests to the secondary authentication server. Use the following command to
show the currently active RADIUS authentication server:

ex2500# show radius-server

 Supports user-configurable RADIUS server retry and time-out values:

 Time-out value = 1 to 10 seconds

 Retries = 1 through 3

The switch will time out if it does not receive a response from the RADIUS
server in 1 through 3 retries. The switch will also automatically retry
connecting to the RADIUS server before it declares the server down.

 Supports a user-configurable RADIUS application port. The default is

1812/UDP, based on RFC 2138. Port 1645 is also supported.

 Allows the network administrator to define privileges for one or more specific

users to access the switch at the RADIUS user database.

12  Securing Access to the Switch

Chapter 1: Accessing the Switch

Switch User Accounts

The user accounts listed in Table 4 can be defined in the RADIUS server dictionary
file.

Table 4: User Access Levels

User Account Description and Tasks Performed Password

User The User has no direct responsibility for switch management.

He or she can view all switch status information and statistics
but cannot make any configuration changes to the switch.

Operator The Operator manages all functions of the switch. The

Operator can reset ports, except the management port.

Administrator The super-user Administrator has complete access to all

commands, information, and configuration commands on the
switch, including the ability to change both the user and
administrator passwords.

user

oper

admin

RADIUS Attributes for EX2500 User Privileges

When the user logs in, the switch authenticates his or her level of access by sending
the RADIUS access request, that is, the client authentication request, to the RADIUS
authentication server.

If the remote user is successfully authenticated by the authentication server, the
switch will verify the privileges of the remote user and authorize the appropriate
access. The administrator has an option to allow secure backdoor access via Telnet,
SSH, or the Web Device Manager. Secure backdoor provides switch access when
the RADIUS servers cannot be reached. You always can access the switch via the
console port, by using noradius and the administrator password, whether secure
backdoor is enabled or not.

NOTE: To obtain the RADIUS backdoor password for your EX2500 switch, contact

technical support.

All user privileges, other than those assigned to the Administrator, have to be
defined in the RADIUS dictionary. RADIUS attribute 6, which is built into all
RADIUS servers, defines the administrator. The filename of the dictionary is
RADIUS vendor-dependent. Table 5 shows the RADIUS attributes defined for
EX2500 user privilege levels.

Table 5: EX2500-Proprietary Attributes for RADIUS

Username/Access User-Service-Type Value

User Vendor-supplied 255

Operator Vendor-supplied 252

Admin Vendor-supplied 6

Securing Access to the Switch  13

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

Accounting

Accounting is the action of recording a user's activities on the device for the
purposes of billing and security. It follows the authentication and authorization
actions. If the authentication and authorization are not performed through a
RADIUS server, no RADIUS accounting messages are sent out. The EX2500 switch
supports the following RADIUS accounting attributes:

 Accounting Start—The RADIUS Accounting Start record typically contains the

following information:

 IP address

 User name

 Session ID

 Server ID

 Accounting Stop—The RADIUS Accounting Stop record typically contains the

TACACS+ Authentication

The EX2500 switch supports authentication and authorization with networks using
the TACACS+ protocol. The EX2500 switch functions as the Network Access Server
(NAS) by interacting with the remote client and initiating authentication and
authorization sessions with the TACACS+ access server. The remote user is
defined as someone requiring management access to the EX2500 switch either
through a data port or a management port.

TACACS+ offers the following advantages over RADIUS:

 TACACS+ uses TCP-based connection-oriented transport, whereas RADIUS is

 Accounting status type (start)

following information:

 Elapsed time

 Reason for termination

 Accounting status type (stop)

UDP-based. TCP offers a connection-oriented transport, while UDP offers
best-effort delivery. RADIUS requires additional programmable variables such
as re-transmit attempts and time-outs to compensate for best-effort transport,
but it lacks the level of built-in support that a TCP transport offers.

14  Securing Access to the Switch

 TACACS+ offers full packet encryption, whereas RADIUS offers password-only

encryption in authentication requests.

 TACACS+ separates authentication, authorization, and accounting.

Chapter 1: Accessing the Switch

How TACACS+ Authentication Works

TACACS+ works in much the same way as RADIUS authentication, as described on
page 11. The remote administrator connects to the switch and provides a
username and password.

1. Using Authentication/Authorization protocol, the switch sends a request to
authentication server.

2. The authentication server checks the request against the user ID database.

3. Using TACACS+ protocol, the authentication server instructs the switch to
grant or deny administrative access.

During a session, if additional authorization checking is needed, the switch checks
with a TACACS+ server to determine if the user is granted permission to use a
particular command.

TACACS+ Authentication Features in the EX2500 Switch

Authentication is the action of determining the identity of a user, and is generally
done when the user first attempts to log in to a device or gain access to its services.
The EX2500 switch supports ASCII inbound login to the device. PAP, CHAP, and
ARAP login methods; TACACS+ change password requests; and one-time
password authentication are not supported.

Authorization

Authorization is the action of determining a user’s privileges on the device, and
usually takes place after authentication.

The default mapping between TACACS+ authorization levels and EX2500
management access levels is shown in Table 6. The authorization levels must be
defined on the TACACS+ server.

Table 6: Default TACACS+ Authorization Levels

EX2500 User Access Level TACACS+ level

user 0

oper 3

admin 6

Alternate mapping between TACACS+ authorization levels and EX2500
management access levels is shown in Table 7. Use the following command to set
the alternate TACACS+ authorization levels:

ex2500(config)# tacacs-server privilege-mapping

Table 7: Alternate TACACS+ Authorization Levels

EX2500 User Access Level TACACS+ level

user 0 - 1

oper 6 - 8

admin 14 - 15

Securing Access to the Switch  15

EX2500 Ethernet Switch Configuration Guide

If the remote user is successfully authenticated by the authentication server, the
switch verifies the privileges of the remote user and authorizes the appropriate
access. The administrator has an option to allow secure backdoor access via Telnet
or SSH. Secure backdoor provides switch access when the TACACS+ servers
cannot be reached. You always can access the switch via the console port by using
notacacs and the administrator password, whether secure backdoor is enabled or
not.

NOTE: To obtain the TACACS+ backdoor password for your EX2500 switch,

contact technical support.

Accounting

Accounting is the action of recording a user's activities on the device for the
purposes of billing and/or security. It follows the authentication and authorization
actions. If the authentication and authorization are not performed via TACACS+,
no TACACS+ accounting messages are sent out. The EX2500 switch supports the
following TACACS+ accounting attributes:

 protocol (console, telnet, ssh, or http)

 start_time

 stop_time

 elapsed_time

 disc_cause

NOTE: When you are using the EX2500 Web Device Manager, the TACACS+

Accounting Stop records are sent only if the Logout button on the browser is
clicked.

Command Authorization and Logging

When TACACS+ Command Authorization is enabled, EX2500 configuration
commands are sent to the TACACS+ server for authorization. Use the following
command to enable TACACS+ Command Authorization:

ex2500(config)# tacacs-server command-authorization

When TACACS+ Command Logging is enabled, EX2500 configuration commands
are logged on the TACACS+ server. Use the following command to enable
TACACS+ Command Logging:

16  Securing Access to the Switch

ex2500(config)# tacacs-server command-logging

The following examples illustrate the format of EX2500 commands sent to the
TACACS+ server:

authorization request, cmd=shell, cmd-arg=interface ip