Jouan C3i, CR3i User manual

CENTRIFUGE

C3i /CR3i

SERVICE MANUAL

CAREFULLY READ THIS MANUAL BEFORE OPERATING YOUR INSTRUMENT.

INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OF JOUAN ;

IT MAY NOT BE DUPLICATED OR DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT THE OWNER’S AUTHORIZATION.

CENTRIFUGE

C3i /CR3i

SERVICE MANUAL

89000832-a

C3i-M

REVISION STATUS

INDEX DATE AMENDED PAGES NOTES

a 03/98 Initial release

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WARRANTY

Subject to the due observance of any installation, operating or maintenance instructions, we warrant that we will
at our option replace, or repair free of charge, or credit the purchaser with the full invoice price of any goods or
parts of goods of our own manufacture proved to be defective owing to faulty workmanship or materials,
provided that we are notified in writing of the alleged defect within 12 months of the date of despatch of the
goods and the goods are returned to us promptly on discovery of the alleged defect with details of the manner
and circumstances in which they are alleged to have become defective.

Replaced goods become our property.
Goods not manufactured by us are only guaranteed to the guarantee given to us by the actual manufacturers.
Our obligations in respect of defective goods set out above are exclusive and expressly in lieu of all other terms,

warranties and conditions, expressed or implied (including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing)
warranties and conditions or merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose all of which terms warranties
and conditions are hereby expressly excluded.

It is a condition of sale that the purchaser agrees to keep us indemnified at all times in respect of all actions
proceedings, claims and demands whatsoever which may be made by any third party against us for any loss or
damage howsoever arising (including with prejudice to the generality of the foregoing loss or damage arising
out of the negligence of our employees or agents) which may be caused by goods sold to the purchaser, and all
costs and expenses incurred by us in connection therewith.

All liability for loss of profit, consequential loss, or any other loss whatsoever suffered by the purchaser
howsoever arising (including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing loss arising out of our
negligence of our servants or agents) is hereby expressly excluded.

In the event that purchaser makes any claims for such or any loss or damage against any of our employees or
agents, it shall pay to us the amount (if any) recovered from such employee or agent and an amount equal to the
legal costs (on a full indemnity basis) incurred by such employee or agent in defending or compromising the
purchaser's claim).

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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.1. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2. Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.3. Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.3.1. Dimensions and weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.3.2. Electrical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.3.3. Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1.4. Installation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

CHAPTER 2 - THEORY OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.1. Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.2. Component lay-out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.3. Motor control principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

2.3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

2.3.2. The motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

2.3.3. Power control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

2.4. Electronics - structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

2.4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

2.4.2. Microprocessor + power pcb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

2.4.3. Imbalance sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

2.4.4. Tacho sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

2.4.5. Temperature sensor (CR3i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

2.4.6. Refrigeration control board (CR3i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10

2.4.7. Input - output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

CHAPTER 3 - DIAGNOSTICS AND REPAIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.2. Functional test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.2.1. EPROM version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.2.2. Test mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.3. Fault codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3.4. Troubleshooting chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

CHAPTER 4 - REPLACEMENT PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1. Motor replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1.1. Unrefrigerated model (C3i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1.2. Refrigerated model (CR3i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

4.2. Imbalance detector replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4.3. Replacement of the lid lock assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4.4. Lid lock assembly element replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

4.4.1. Lid lock microswitch replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

4.4.2. Lid lock replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

4.4.3. Lock solenoid microswitch replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

4.4.4. Solenoid replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

4.5. Power supply rack replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

4.5.1. Rack replacement for the C3i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

4.5.2. Rack replacement for the CR3i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

4.5.3. Refrigeration board replacement (CR3i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

CONTENTS

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4.6. Electronic board replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

4.6.1. Microprocessor + power pcb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

4.6.2. Display board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

4.7. Keyboard replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

4.8. Gas spring replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

4.8.1. Gas spring replacement on the C3i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

4.8.2. Gas spring replacement on the CR3i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

4.9. Tacho replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

4.10. EPROM replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

4.11. Lid replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

4.12. Refrigeration group repairs (CR3i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

4.12.1. Refrigeration group replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

4.12.2. Condenser components replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12

4.13 Motor checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12

4.14 Checking and maintenance of the centering group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

CHAPTER 5 - CHECKS, ADJUSTMENTS, CALIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.1. Imbalance adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.2. Temperature sensor calibration (CR3i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

CHAPTER 6 - SPARE PARTS - DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1

6.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.2. Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

6.3. AUTO-LOCK system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3

6.4. Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4

6.5. Feeder group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5

6.6. Refrigeration group (CR3i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6

6.7. Condenser group (CR3i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7

APPENDIX A - RECOMMENDED LIST OF TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

APPENDIX B - ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

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1.1. PURPOSE

This manual contains maintenance instructions intended for use by a qualified maintenance or service
technician. It is organized to provide maintenance personnel with basic data on the theory of operation to
assist in troubleshooting. Moreover, it outlines parts replacement and calibration procedures for putting
the centrifuges back into service.

Should a specific maintenance problem arise which is not covered in this manual, please ask the
authorized service organization in your area for assistance, or contact our after sales department :

JOUAN SA

AFTER SALES SERVICE
C.P. 3203, 44805 SAINT-HERBLAIN CEDEX - FRANCE
Tel. [phone] - Fax : [phone]

Telex : 711062 JOUAN NT

JOUAN LTD JOUAN GmbH

Merlin Way, Quarry Hill Road Kapellenstrasse 22

ILKESTON, DERBYS, DE7 4RA - U.K. 82008 UNTERHACHING - GERMANY

Tel. [phone] Tel. : [phone]

Fax : [phone] Fax : [phone]

JOUAN INC.

Delivery address : 110-B Industrial Drive, WINCHESTER, VA 22602 - U.S.A

Postal address : P.O. Box 2716, WINCHESTER, VA 22604-9879 - U.S.A

Tel. [phone] - Fax : [phone] - Toll free : [phone]

1.2. PRESENTATION

The C3i and CR3i (refrigerated) centrifuges are instruments designed for laboratory use. Using relative
centrifuge force (RCF) allows elements of different density to be separated.

The rotor is the main load; a swing-out design allows a higher load than does an angle design. The larger
the rotor diameter is, the higher the load can be and thus the slower the speed will be.

The RCF is directly proportional to the radius of sedimentation and to the square of the speed.
The gas used in the refrigeration system (CR3

i) is R134a, without CFC, recommended by the directive for

protection of the ozone layer.

1 INTRODUCTION

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1.3. SPECIFICATIONS

1.3.1. DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT

Dimensions (H x W x D) C3i : 372 x 400 x 495 mm CR3i : 375 x 575 x 605 mm
Packed (H x W x D) C3i : 600 x 610 x 540 mm CR3i : 590 x 720 x 710 mm
Weight - uncrated / crated C3i : 40 kg / 52 kg CR3i : 72 kg / 85 kg

1.3.2. ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Mains supply 220/240 VAC 50 Hz C3i : 11175700 CR3i : 11175703
Mains supply 120 VAC 60 Hz C3i : 11175701 CR3i : 11175704

Max power C3i : 500 W CR3i : 800 W
Average power C3i : 350 W CR3i : 550 W
Refrigeration CR3i : 235 W

1.3.3. PERFORMANCE

Max speed Swing-out : 4 000 rpm (C3i) Angle : 14 000 rpm

Swing-out : 4 100 rpm (CR3i)

Max RCF Swing-out : 3 934 x g (C3i) Angle : 18 407 x g

Swing-out : 3 082 rpm (CR3i)
Max capacity Swing-out : 4 x 280 ml Angle : 6 x 100 ml
Microprocessor controlled
Display High visibility digital display
Memory size 5 programs, direct access
Program protection Recall key lock
Speed Range 500 to 14 000 rpm

Step 10 -100 rpm

Accuracy ± 20 rpm
Timer Range 30 sec to 99 min + hold position

Step 30 sec to 1 min
Acceleration rates 5
Braking rates 5
Temperature (CR3

i) Range -9°C to +40°C

Step 1°C

Accuracy ± 1.5°C
Typical performance 4°C at 4 000 rpm, (4 x 280 ml swing-out)

1°C at 14 000 rpm, (20 x 1.5 ml angle)
Maximum density 1.2 g/cm

3

Maximum energy 14 400 J

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1.4. INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

The environment must not be in a dusty room or corrosive environment.
The bench top must be of a rigid construction capable of supporting the weight of the centrifuge.
IMPORTANT : at least two people are required to lift the centrifuge from the palette and place it on the

bench.
WARNING : The rear panel of the instrument must be at least 30 cm from the walls to allows hot air coming

from the condenser to escape.

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2.1. DESCRIPTION

The microprocessor system which controls the C3i or CR3i centrifuges ensures the operation of the
following major elements :

- Management of the operating modes

- Generation of alternating current amplitude and frequency

- Adjustable components for the motor speed servo

- Management of the acceleration and braking profile/rates

- Management of the temperature regulation (CR3

i)

- Management of the safety devices :
.

Lid lock

.

Zero speed detection

.

Imbalance detection

.

Motor overtemperature detection.

- Management of fault diagnosis.

2.2. COMPONENT LAY-OUT

The inpout and control devices are located on the front panel and comprise a membrane keyboard and
three digital displays.

Everything is controlled by a 16 bit microprocessor. The control program of the centrifuge is stored in an
EPROM.

Data are conveyed into a dynamic RAM and are kept even when the power is down, thanks to an internal
battery, which supplies power.

2 THEORY OF OPERATION

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FIG. 2.1 - CR3i FUNCTIONAL PRESENTATION

FLEXIBLE KEYBOARD

AND DISPLAY

USER

INTERFACE

TEMPERATURE (CR3i)

COMPRESSOR (CR3i)

BOWL (CR3i)

POWER RACK AND

FILTERS

MOTOR SUPPLY

SPEED

IMBALANCE

MOTOR

TEMPERATURE

SWITCH

SWITCH

SOLENOID

LOCK ASSEMBLY

CONTROL

SYSTEM

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ROTOR

MOTOR CHAMBER SEAL

LID/BOWL SEAL

MOTOR

STABILIZER

SUSPENSION

IMBALANCE SENSOR

LID

GAS SPRING

LID HINGE

POWER INPUT RACK

CENTRIGUGE BODY

CENTRIFUGE BOWL

LOCKING SYSTEM

COMPRESSOR (CR3i)

FRAME

MOTOR FIXING BOLTS

MICROPROCESSOR + POWER
PCB

DISPLAY ASSEMBLY

FRONT PANEL

KEYBOARD

FIG. 2.2 - CR3i EXPLODED VIEW

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FIG. 2.3 - COMPONENTS OF THE C3i

1. Power supply rack

2. Imbalance sensor

3. Induction motor

4. Centrifugation chamber bowl

5. Lid lock solenoid

6. Display assembly and keyboard

7. Microprocessor/power pcb

8. Gas spring

1. Main socket and fuse carrier

2. Fast-on connection strip

3. Braking resistance

4. DC tranformer

5. Ground/Earth

6. Motor earthing reactor

7. Mains filter

8. Rack

FIG. 2.4 - POWER SUPPLY RACK C3i

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FIG. 2.5 - COMPONENTS OF THE CR3i

1. Cooling fan /condenser

2. Imbalance sensor

3. Induction motor

4. Compressor

5. Lid lock solenoid

6. Display assembly keyboard

7. Microprocessor/power pcb

FIG. 2.6 - POWER SUPPLY RACK CR3i

1. Mains socket

2. Compressor pcb

3. Braking resistances

4. Transformer

5. Ground/ earth

6. Motor earthing reactor

7. Mains filter

8. Rack

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2.3. MOTOR CONTROL PRINCIPLE

2.3.1. INTRODUCTION

The C3i /CR3i family of centrifuges is fitted with an asynchronous 3 phase motor. During the
centrifugation, the microprocessor generates a system of sinusoidal 3 phase voltages, variable in
amplitude and frequencies. During the braking phase the energy from the rotating parts is commuted
across a resistance.

2.3.2. THE MOTOR

The motor comprises a 3 phase stator and a short-circuited rotor.
When correctly powered, the stator creates a magnetic field rotating at the synchronised speed Ns :
Ns = F/p
F : supply frequency

P : number of pairs of poles of the motor
The rotating field generated in the motor induces e.m.f.'s. These e.m.f.'s produce currents in the short

circuited rotor.
These induced currents found in the magnetic field create forces opposed to those which induced them.
It is the relative speed between the rotor and stator which is the cause of these induced currents, thus the

forces will reduce this relative speed by driving the rotor at a speed close to that of the field created at the
stator.

The difference (s) between the synchronised speed Ns and the actual speed N of the rotor is called the
slippage.

s = N

s -N
Ns

At a given frequency, the slippage value depends on the resisting torque (i.e. that of the rotor).

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The voltage is rectified then filtered by C to supply the constant voltage +E. The value of the capacitor C is
high.

The 6 transistors act as switches (open or closed).
These transistors commute at a fixed frequency (8 kHz).
To affect the voltage at R we act upon the commands of the transistors a and b, b always being the

opposite to a (a = closed, b = open). By changing the cyclic ratio (closed/open) we obtain a mean
sinusoidal value so we are able to vary the amplitude and frequency.

It is necessary that the pilot frequency must be elevated compared to the frequency of the generated
sinusoidal voltage. The latter is around 400 Hz at 24000 r.p.m. (f pilot / f sin = 10 at N max. speed).

In the same way, the voltages at points S and T will be sinusoidal between OV and +E and dephased by
2π/3 between them.

These 3 voltages are simple voltages varying between OV and +E. They are partly sinusoidal and partly
on a baseline situated at +E/2. Thus the O of the sinusoidal voltage corresponds to 50 % of the cyclic ratio.

The voltages applied to the motor phases are the compound voltages VR-VS, VS-VT,VT-VR and will vary
between + E and - E ([O-(+E) = -E]

Thus at the motor terminals are recreated the voltages whose amplitude is close to that of the mains.

2.3.3. POWER CONTROL

Three voltages, variable in amplitude and frequency, dephased by 2π/3, must be supplied from a 50 or
60 Hz single phase mains supply.

V MAINS

STATOR

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2.4. ELECTRONICS - STRUCTURE

2.4.1. INTRODUCTION

The electronic part of the apparatus is formed of two boards : the microprocessor + power pcb, where
every function is located and the user interface pcb with display and LEDs. The former is located inside the
body of the machine (fig. 2.3 or 2.5, item 7), whereas the second one is in the back of the front panel (fig.

2.3 or 2.5, item 6).
The electronic imbalance sensor is located on the motor stabilizer (fig. 2.3 or 2.5, item 2) and allows the

detection of and excessive imbalance due to the rotor loading.

FIG. 2.7 - VARIATION OF THE CURVE OF THE MOTOR TORQUE AS A FUNCTION OF THE SPEED

C Max

Motor torque

Resistant torque

Torque

Operating point

Speed

Speed synchronisation is directly proportional to the frequency of the voltage supplied to the motor. Ns =
f x 60 (for a 2 pole motor).

The motor rotates at a speed N below the speed Ns.
Ns -N

Ns

= SLIPPAGE (the slippage varies between 1 and 3%).

To vary the speed, it is necessary to vary Ns and thus the frequency of the voltage supplied to the motor.
The torque characteristics will be translated on the speed axis. The supply voltage will vary within 0 to

12000 r.p.m. in order to keep the U/f ratio constant and not saturate the magnetic circuit.

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ZONE 1 :

This zone includes the microprocessor, the EPROM containing the software and the non-volatile RAM
containing the program parameters. The set of components in this zone is at the potential of the
microprocessor : 5 VDC.

ZONE 2 :

This zone ensures the conformity of the signal type coming from the different detectors before their arrival
at the microcontroller via opto couplers.

It also monitors the lid lock control and refrigeration group commands.
The power supply for this zone is 12 VDC.
The different signals coming to this zone are :

- Bowl temperature.

- Signal coming from the imbalance sensor

- Tacho signal

- Lid position signal

- The motor overtemperature and the lid lock solenoid control.

2.4.2. MICROPROCESSOR + POWER PCB

On the microprocessor + power pcb, 3 distinct zones can be identified, whose functions are described
below. Each zone has its own independent power supply.