Ivoclar Vivadent Zenostar User Manual
0123
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
Zenostar T / MO
Instructions for Use Status September 2014
www.zenostar.com
Table of Contents
ZENOSTAR – THE SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................... p. 4
PRODUCT INFORMATION .................................................................................................................................... p. 5
Material ................................................................................................................................................................... p. 5
Safety first
General handling instructions
Area of application
Composition
Zenostar shade and disc concept
WORKING STEPS BEFORE THE MILLING PROCESS ......................................................................................... p. 10
Shade determination – tooth shade, shade of the prepared tooth ............................................................................... p. 10
Preparation guidelines
Model and die preparation
Design criteria for Zenostar restorations
Notes on CAD/CAM processing
................................................................................................................................................................ p. 6
.................................................................................................................................... p. 6
................................................................................................................................................... p. 7
............................................................................................................................................................. p. 7
............................................................................................................................... p. 8
.............................................................................................................................................. p. 12
........................................................................................................................................ p. 13
..................................................................................................................... p. 14
Framework design
Minimum layer thicknesses and dimensions of connectors
............................................................................................................................................... p. 14
..................................................................................... p. 14
.................................................................................................................................. p. 15
WORKING STEPS AFTER THE MILLING PROCESS ............................................................................................ p. 16
Finishing .................................................................................................................................................................. p. 16
Stain infiltration and drying
Sintering
Processing after sintering
.................................................................................................................................................................. p. 18
Ivoclar Vivadent Programat S1 sintering programs
Zenotec sintering programs
....................................................................................................................................... p. 17
................................................................................................. p. 19
.................................................................................................................................. p. 23
.......................................................................................................................................... p. 25
PROCESSING OPTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... p. 26
Zenostar T - Monolithic restorations fabricated in the Staining Technique .................................................................... p. 26
Finishing
Stain and Characterization firing
Glaze firing
Zenostar T – Monolithic restorations fabricated in the Brush Infiltration and Staining Technique
Brush-staining
Finishing
Stain and Characterization firing
Glaze firing
............................................................................................................................................................. p. 26
.......................................................................................................................... p. 27
......................................................................................................................................................... p. 28
................................... p. 29
..................................................................................................................................................... p. 29
............................................................................................................................................................. p. 32
.......................................................................................................................... p. 32
......................................................................................................................................................... p. 32
2
Zenostar T - Partial veneering ....................................................................................................................................... p. 33
Finishing
Veneering
Liner and Wash firing
Incisal firing
Preparing for Stain and Glaze firing
Stain and Characterization firing
Glaze firing
Zenostar T/MO – Layering Technique
Finishing
Firing process for zirconium oxide-supported restorations
Liner firing
Wash firing (Foundation)
Dentin and Incisal firing
Preparing for Stain and Glaze firing
Stain and Characterization firing
Glaze firing
Zenostar MO – Press-On Technique with IPS e.max ZirPress
Preparing the framework for overpressing
Design of the full-contour wax-up
Sprueing, investing, pressing
Pressing and divesting
Finishing and characterization
Seating and aftercare
Cleaning
Possibilities for cementation ................................................................................................................................. p. 43
Preparing for cementation
Care notes
............................................................................................................................................................. p. 33
........................................................................................................................................................... p. 33
.......................................................................................................................................... p. 34
........................................................................................................................................................ p. 34
...................................................................................................................... p. 35
.......................................................................................................................... p. 35
......................................................................................................................................................... p. 35
......................................................................................................................... p. 36
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................................................................................................................................ p. 41
......................................................................................................................................... p. 41
.............................................................................................................................. p. 41
................................................................................................................................................ p. 43
............................................................................................................................................................. p. 43
................................................................................................................................... p. 44
.......................................................................................................................................................... p. 45
GENERAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................... p. 46
Frequently asked questions ....................................................................................................................................... p. 46
Combination tables
Monolithic Zenostar T Restorations - Staining Technique
Monolithic Zenostar T Restorations - Brush Infiltration
Zenostar T/MO – Layering Technique
Zenostar T/MO – Press-On Technique
Firing parameters for Zenostar T and Zenostar MO
Firing parameters for Zenostar Art Module
Firing parameters for IPS e.max Ceram
.................................................................................................................................................. p. 48
....................................................................................... p. 48
.......................................................................................... p. 50
.................................................................................................................... p. 52
................................................................................................................... p. 53
................................................................................................ p. 54
........................................................................................................... p. 55
................................................................................................................. p. 56
3
The Zenostar system comprises materials that are suitable for the fabrication of a universal range of restorations made of zirconium
oxide. An accurately coordinated portfolio of materials and leading-edge CAD/CAM manufacturing processes enable effi cient
working procedures and esthetic reproducible results.
In addition to zirconia discs in several shades and degrees of translucency, the Zenostar range also includes a coordinated range of
additional components for the further individualization of restorations.
Zenostar offers a versatile range of processing options, providing maximum fl exibility and reliability.
4
Product information
Material
Zenostar materials are partly sintered zirconia discs stabilized with 3 mol% yttria and designed for use in conjunction with the
CAD/CAM technique. The discs are available in both pre-shaded and non-shaded versions. When sintered to full density, the
material forms a polycrystalline oxide ceramic that consists mainly of a tetragonal zirconium oxide phase as its main constituent (3Y - TZP).
After final sintering, Zenostar demonstrates strength of more than 900 MPa and its fracture toughness exceeds that of glass-
infiltrated ceramics by a factor of more than two. Zenostar can be processed very easily in a suitable CAD/CAM unit in its partly
sintered "chalk-like" state. Milling is carried out with an enlargement of the restoration of approximately 20-25%. Subsequently,
the milled restorations are shrunk to their final dimension in a sintering process. Given the controlled manufacturing process of the
discs, combined with an optimized sintering process in a high temperature furnace from Ivoclar Vivadent or the Wieland Dental
Zenotec range, the shrinkage of the slightly enlarged restorations can be exactly controlled so that excellent accuracy of fit can be
achieved. The zirconia materials attain their final material-specific properties only during the hard sintering process, during which a
structure that is densified to more than 99% forms. This structure features a high fracture resistance and toughness and thus fully
stands up to the clinical challenges presented by the masticatory forces of the posterior region in particular.
Zenostar ideally supplements the range of indications of the IPS e.max materials. For instance, IPS e.max ZirPress can be pressed
onto the high-strength Zenostar frameworks and/or the frameworks can be veneered using IPS e.max Ceram.
Micrograph of ZrO2 structure
CTE (100-500°C) [10-6/K] 10.5 ± 0.5
Flexural strength [MPa]
1.) 2.)
Fracture toughness [MPa*m
Chemical solubility [μg/cm²]
0,5
] ≥ 5.0
1.)
≥ 900
<10
Type / Class Type II / Class 6
1.) In accordance with ISO 6872:2008
2.) Typical flexural strength values are:
Zenostar MO 1150 ± 150 MPa, Zenostar T 1200 ± 200 MPa
5
Safety first
Please read the Instructions carefully before you remove the zirconium oxide milling disc from the packaging. The Instructions
contain important information on working with the Zenostar milling discs and serve the interest of your safety and the safety of
your patients.
Processing Zenostar milling discs produces dust which may lead to the irritation of the eyes and skin and damage the lungs. Always
ensure that the extraction system on your milling device and workstation is in good working order. Wear goggles, gloves and a face
mask (particle class FFP2).
General handling instructions
Zenostar milling discs are supplied in a partly sintered state. In this state, the material is easy to process but does not yet possess
the properties that it will feature as a finished dental restoration. It is therefore necessary to handle the discs with care.
Please check the goods immediately after receipt for:
damage to the packaging
damage to the product (the product must not show any nicks, cracks or irregular shading)
the CE mark and the name of the manufacturer Wieland Dental on the packaging
Ideally store Zenostar:
in the original packaging
in a dry place
When handling make sure that the Zenostar milling discs:
are not subjected to knocks or vibrations
are not touched with wet hands
do not come into contact with liquids that are not approved for this product (such as tap water, adhesives or inks)
are not contaminated with particles from other materials (e.g. glass-ceramic dust, metal milling dust)
If any of the conditions outlined in these Instructions are not met, the Zenostar milling discs must not be used for the manufacture
of dental restorations.
6
Area of application
Indications
*
Zenostar are milling discs designed for the manufacture of single-tooth and multiple-unit restorations
Depending on the indication, Zenostar is suitable for the construction of frameworks and monolithic (full-contour) restorations.
Indications
Translucency
level
Crown
frameworks
Interlocked
crown
frameworks
Multi-unit
bridge
frameworks
*
Primary
telescope
crowns
Full-contour
crowns
used for tooth replacements.
Full contour,
interlocked
crowns
Full- contour,
multi-unit
*
bridges
Zenostar T
Zenostar MO
*In Canada, bridge indications are limited to no more than 6 units with no more than 2 adjacent pontics.
Contraindications
More than two connected pontics
Very deep subgingival preparation
Patients with severely reduced residual dentition
Veneered Zenostar T/MO restorations are not suitable for patients suffering from bruxism.
Two or more unsupported cantilever units
Any other use not listed in the indications
Temporary insertion
Additional limitations of use
Failure to observe the following restrictions may compromise the results achieved with Zenostar:
failure to observe the necessary minimum connector and minimum framework thicknesses
milling of the discs in non-compatible CAD/CAM units (only suitable for dry machining)
sintering in a non-compatible high-temperature furnace
Composition
Zirconium oxide (ZrO2 + HfO2 +Y2O3) ≥ 99 % 10.5 ± 0.5
Yttrium oxide (Y
Hafnium oxide (HfO
) > 4.5 – ≤ 6.0% ≥ 900
2O3
) ≤ 5% ≥ 5.0
2
Aluminium oxide + other oxides ≤ 1.0 % <10
Type / Class Type II / Class 6
7
Zenostar shade and disc concept
The Zenostar milling discs are compatible with all the coordinated additional components from the Wieland Dental range and the
Ivoclar Vivadent range. The shades are matched to the IPS e.max range to expand the modular system concept.
Zenostar T
Zenostar T discs are particularly suited for the manufacture of monolithic restorations due to their high translucency and the
associated enhanced esthetic properties. The discs are supplied in pre-shaded basic shades, allowing easy reproduction of all the
16 tooth shades and additional 4 bleach shades.
Disc shade:
Zenostar T 0
Disc shade:
Zenostar T 1
Disc shade:
Zenostar T 2
Disc shade:
Zenostar T 3
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25
Disc shade:
Zenostar T 4
Disc shade:
Zenostar T
sun
Disc shade:
Zenostar T
sun chroma
8
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 12,14, 16, 18, 20, 25
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25
Zenostar MO
Given their high strength and elevated opacity, Zenostar MO discs are particularly suitable for esthetic frameworks. The combination
of high strength and raised opacity allows the fabrication of highly esthetic restorations on discoloured preparations and metal
components even if the material is used in only a thin layer.
Disc shade:
Zenostar M O 0
Disc shade:
Zenostar MO 1
Disc shade:
Zenostar MO 2
Disc shade:
Zenostar MO 3
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 14, 18, 20, 25
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 14, 18, 20, 25
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 14, 18, 20, 25
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 14, 18, 20, 25
Disc shade:
Zenostar MO 4
Available thicknesses [mm]:
10, 14, 18, 20, 25
Note
The complete Zenostar delivery program can be found at www.wieland-dental.de.
Further information on additional components, e.g. customization accessories or cementation materials, can be found at
www.ivoclarvivadent.com.
9
Working steps before the milling process
Shade determination – tooth shade, shade of the prepared tooth
Harmonious integration into the oral cavity of the patient is the prerequisite for a natural all-ceramic restoration. To achieve this,
the following guidelines and notes must be observed by both the dentist and the laboratory.
The overall esthetic result of an all-ceramic restoration is influenced by the following factors:
shade of the prepared tooth
(e.g. natural preparation, non-vital preparation, core build-up or abutment)
shade of the restoration material
(e.g. framework shade, translucency/opacity, brightness value, veneering and/or characterization)
shade of the cementation material
The optical effect of the preparation shade must not be underestimated in the fabrication of highly esthetic restorations. This is
especially important if severely discoloured preparations or non-tooth-shaded build-ups are present.
The desired esthetic properties can be more easily achieved if the clinician determines the shade of the prepared tooth structure.
Preparation Shade
Prepared natural tooth
Core build-up
Implant, abutment
Desired Tooth Shade
Cementation Material
Responsibility of the Dental Office Responsibility of the Laboratory
Shade selection and shade matching
Restoration Shade
Framework
Veneer
Characterization
10
Determining the shade of the natural tooth
After tooth cleaning, the shade of the non-prepared tooth and/or the adjacent teeth is determined with the help of a shade guide.
Individual characteristics should be considered when assessing the tooth shade. If a crown preparation is planned, for example, the
cervical shade should also be determined. In order to achieve the best possible true-to-nature results, shade selection should be
carried out at daylight. Furthermore, the patient should not wear clothes of intensive colours or lipstick.
Shade selection using an A-D shade guide
Selecting the shade of the prepared tooth
After the tooth has been prepared, the shade of the tooth preparation should be determined with the help of an IPS Natural Die
Material shade guide to ensure that the desired tooth shade can be reliably reproduced. This enables the technician to fabricate a
model die similar to the preparation of the patient, on the basis of which the correct shade and brightness values of the all-ceramic
restoration may be selected.
Selecting the shade of the prepared tooth
11
Preparation guidelines
Before commencing the design process, make sure that the preparation is suitable for the placement of a ceramic restoration.
Successful results can only be achieved with Zenostar if the relevant guidelines and layer thicknesses are strictly observed.
Basically, the following preparation guidelines apply:
no angles or sharp edges,
a shoulder preparation with rounded inner edges or a chamfer is ideal,
the indicated dimensions reflect the minimum thicknesses for Zenostar restorations,
the edges of the prepared tooth should have a diameter of at least 1 mm (milling tool geometry) to permit optimum milling in
the CAD/CAM unit.
1.0
Preparation guidelines for single crowns – 3-unit bridges
Evenly reduce the anatomical shape and observe the stipulated minimum wall thicknesses. Ideally, a shoulder with rounded inner
edges or a chamfer is prepared; the width of the shoulder or chamfer should be 1 mm.
The incisal or occusal aspect of the crown should be reduced by at least 1.5 mm.
The labial and/or lingual aspect of anterior and posterior crowns should be reduced by at least 1.2 mm.
If a conventional or self-adhesive cementation method is used, retentive surfaces must be created.
Preparation angle: 6-8° for conventional cementation; >6° for adhesive cementation
1.0
1.0
1.21.2
1.0
1.5
1.5 1.5
1.2
1.2 1.2
1.0
6°
1.0
Preparation guidelines for multi-unit bridges
Evenly reduce the anatomical shape and observe the stipulated minimum wall thicknesses. Ideally, a shoulder with rounded inner
edges or a chamfer is prepared; the width of the shoulder or chamfer should be 1 mm.
The incisal or occusal aspect of the crown should be reduced by at least 2 mm.
The labial and/or lingual aspect of anterior and posterior crowns should be reduced by at least 1.5 mm.
If a conventional or self-adhesive cementation method is used, retentive surfaces must be created.
Preparation angle: 6-8° for conventional cementation; >6° for adhesive cementation
1.0
1.0
1.51.5
1.0
2.0
2.0 2.0
1.5
1.5 1.5
1.0
6°
1.0
12
Model and die preparation
If using a model with detachable segments as the basis, use
scannable stone to create it. Observe the instructions of the
CAD/CAM unit manufacturer.
A model with detachable segments is used as the basis
Important for die preparation:
The incisal/occlusal edges of the prepared dies should be at least as wide as the diameter of the grinding tool.
If the incisal/occlusal edges of the prepared die are thinner or sharper than the diameter of the grinding tool, the edges have to
be blocked out accordingly.
Observe the instructions of the CAD/CAM unit manufacturer.
13
Design criteria for Zenostar restorations
In addition to high-quality materials, professional preparation and processing are equally important to attain high-quality restorations
that are capable of giving long-term satisfaction to patients. The design is key to the success of durable, esthetic and clinically
successful all-ceramic restorations. The following basic principles should be observed:
Framework design
When designing a framework, the aim should be to achieve an anatomical design that supports the veneering ceramic in the area
of the cusps so that these can be veneered with a uniform layer of 1 – 2 mm. Observe the instructions for use of the specific
veneering ceramic that you are using.
Minimum layer thicknesses and dimensions of connectors
Restorations designed using Zenostar T or Zenostar MO require less space than other ceramic restorations. Yet, the specified minimum
wall thicknesses and dimensions of the connectors for monolithic restorations and frameworks must be observed at all times:
Wall thickness/connector cross section for Zenostar T/MO (sintered)
Anterior region
Minimum wall thickness
in mm
Connector cross section
2
in mm
Design type
Crowns 0.4 -
Interlocked crowns 0.6 7
Supporting the tooth
3-unit bridges 0.6 7
shape and/or gingiva
(incisal, occlusal, and/or
4-unit and more-unit bridges with two
*
pontics
0.6 9
basal)
Cantilever bridges with a single pontic 0.7 12
Posterior region
Minimum wall thickness
in mm
Connector cross section
2
in mm
Design type
Crowns 0.6 -
Interlocked crowns 0.6 9
Supporting the tooth
3-unit bridges 0.6 9
shape and/or gingiva
(incisal, occlusal, and/or
4-unit and more-unit bridges
with two pontics
*
0.7 12
basal)
Cantilever bridges with a single pontic 0.7 12
Design parameters for frameworks veneered using the IPS e.max CAD-on veneering technique
Minimum wall thickness
in mm
Connector cross section
2
in mm
Crowns 0.5 -
Interlocked crowns 0.5 7
3-unit bridges 0.5 9
4-unit and more-unit bridges
with two pontics
*In Canada, bridge indications are limited to no more than 6 units with no more than 2 adjacent pontics.
*
0.5 12
The IPS e.max CAD-on veneering technique is approved only for use in conjunction with Zenostar MO.
14
Connector design
When designing the connectors, attempt to create the largest possible cross section.
In terms of stability, the height of the connector is more important than the width. Doubling the width will lead to a twofold
increase in stability while doubling the height will result in an increase in stability of up to four times.
The mechanical stress on the construction increases the further apart the abutment teeth are positioned from each other and the
higher the masticatory forces acting on the constructions are. As a consequence, frameworks comprising more than two pontics
between two abutment teeth are not permissible.
Notes on CAD/CAM processing
Zenostar T/MO materials are designed exclusively for processing in CAM milling units from the Wieland Zenotec range and by
Authorized Milling Partners in conjunction with the respective milling templates. If other CAD/CAM systems are used, the quality
of the resulting restoration cannot be guaranteed, particularly not in terms of accuracy of fit, milling precision, marginal quality and
surface quality.
If bridges comprising more than 5 units are designed, a sinter support structure should be attached to the milling object already
during the CAM process. The type of construction depends on the sintering furnace and the sintering program used. If multi-unit
bridges are not supported by an appropriate sinter support structure, they may involve the risk of becoming deformed during final
hard sintering.
Sinter support structures are categorized into sinter drops, sinter frames and sinter "tongues".
Please refer to the Zenostar Design Guidelines for detailed information.
15
Working steps after the milling process
Finishing
Selecting the correct grinding instruments for adjusting and finishing Zenostar restorations is of essential importance. This is true
for both sintered and non-sintered objects. If unsuitable grinding instruments are used, for instance chipping of the edges and/or
localized overheating may occur.
When separating the milling discs,
generally observe the following points:
Non-sintered zirconia restorations are susceptible to damage and fractures. Keep this
fact in mind during all further processing steps.
Any adjustments involving the use of milling equipment should be performed while
the material is still in its non-sintered state.
IAny contact with liquids (e.g. water and/or oil coolant and/or contact media (such as
occlusion sprays) must be avoided. Only use suitable grinding instruments, low speed
and light pressure to prevent chipping and broken-off pieces, particularly at the
margins.
Do not use fine rubber polishers for finishing restorations that will be customized with
an infiltration solution. Fine rubber polishers densify the surface structure and may
result in an uneven shading of the restoration.
Carefully separate the milled objects from the disc using a separating disc or a suitable
grinding instrument. Smooth out the attachment point of the holding pins using
suitable grinding instruments.
Rough tungsten carbide burs and/or rough grinding instruments are suitable to only a
limited extent because they may cause vibrations during finishing and this may result in
chipping. Therefore, it is advisable to use only fine tungsten carbide burs and/or fine
grinding instruments.
Do not "post-separate" bridge constructions with separating discs. This may result in
predetermined breaking points on the connectors and undermine the stability of the
all-ceramic restoration.
Make sure that the minimum wall thicknesses are maintained after adjusting and
finishing the restoration.
In the non-sintered state, the marginal areas must be given special attention. Too thinly
ground margins are unsuitable for sintering, since the marginal area is rounded out
during the sintering process and will become too short.
Thoroughly clean the restoration after finishing. To remove any milling dust, carefully
clean the restoration with oil-free compressed air and/or a soft brush.
Make sure to completely remove all traces of milling residue (e.g. milling dust) from
the restoration prior to sintering. Milling dust sticking to the restoration may become
fused to the restoration and compromise the accuracy of fit.
Do not use steam or an ultrasonic bath to clean non-sintered restorations.
Do not blast the restoration with corundum or glass polishing beads.
Separating the restoration with
cross-cut tungsten carbide burs or
other suitable grinding instrument
Smoothing out the attachment point of
the holding pin
16
Re-contouring the fissures (optional)
Stain infiltration and drying
If Zenostar restorations are infiltrated with colouring liquids such as
Zenostar Color Zr prior to being sintered, they need to dry before they can
undergo further processing. It is essential to observe the following notes
when using colouring liquids
The restoration must be free of all traces of dust and milling residue.
The colouring liquids must not be contaminated.
If cloudy, the colouring liquids must no longer be used. Contaminated
liquids change colour or spoil more quickly.
Do not decant or store colouring liquids in metal containers.
Use a metal-free clean brush to apply Zenostar Color Zr Liquids/colouring
solutions to the restoration.
Before they are sintered, the restorations must be sufficiently dry. If not,
damage to the furnace and/or restoration may ensue.
Restorations may be dried either using an infrared light or a drying cabinet.
The drying time depends on the temperature and the size of the restoration. With lower temperatures, drying takes longer. Large
restorations also take longer to dry.
Drying temperatures higher than 140°C (284°F) may lead to defects. Refer to the table below for recommended drying times.
Drying times for Zenostar in relation to restoration size and drying temperature
Temperature ˜70°C (˜158°F) Temperature ˜140°C (˜284°F)
Single tooth restorationsn ≥15 min. 5-10 min.
Restorations with 2-4 units ≥40 min. ≥25 min.
Restorations with 5 units and more ≥50 min. ≥25 min.
Please refer to pages 29 for detailed instructions regarding the use of the Zenostar Color Zr colouring liquids.
17
Sintering
Sintering is one of the most important processes in the manufacture of zirconia restorations for dental use. The sintering process
uses high temperatures to turn the porous "white body" into a densely sintered restoration. The material acquires its final properties
such as high strength and light transmitting capabilities only at this stage. To achieve ideal mechanical and optical properties, the
sintering process must be carried out using the specified sintering temperatures and times. The properties of the sintered restoration
will be adversely affected if the sintering temperatures are too high or too low or if the sintering times are too long or too short.
The Programat S1 sintering furnace from Ivoclar Vivadent and all the furnaces of the Zenotec range are specifically designed for
sintering Zenostar restorations. The furnaces feature various programs optimally geared towards the optical and mechanical
properties of zirconia materials and thereby ensure that the best possible results are achieved.
It is essential to observe the following notes when sintering zirconia restorations:
Restorations infiltrated with colouring liquid must be completely dry before they are sintered to prevent damage to the furnace
and/or object.
Generally, sintering beads are not recommended neither for the Ivoclar Vivadent Programat S1 sintering furnace nor the
furnaces of the Zenotec range.
Restorations must not touch each other during sintering.
Selecting the correct program is essential.
Always keep sintering auxiliaries clean and free of dust to avoid impurities in the sintered restorations.
Remove the entire RFID label before sintering to avoid stains in the restorations and contamination of the sintering auxiliaries
and furnace.
The sintering programs of the recommended sintering furnaces are shown below. Refer to the operating instructions of the
specific furnace you are using for detailed information.
Please note:
It is essential to use the appropriate sinter support structure for the appropriate furnace. Detailed information on the use of sinter
support structures can be obtained from the Zenostar Design Guidelines.
18
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