HP (Hewlett-Packard) EPM E4419A, EPM-442A User Manual

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User’s Guide

HP EPM E4419A

EPM-442A Power Meter

HP Part no. E4419-90000

April 23, 1997

written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.

Printed in the UK.

ii HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Legal Information

Notice

Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and ﬁtness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishings, performance, or use of this material. No part of this document may be photocopied, reproduced, or translated to another language without the prior written consent of HP.

Certiﬁcation

Hewlett-Packard Company certiﬁes that this product met its published speciﬁcations at the time of shipment from the factory. Hewlett-Packard further certiﬁes that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute’s calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.

Warranty

This Hewlett-Packard instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period, Hewlett-Packard Company will at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective. F or warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by HP. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to HP and HP shall pay shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to HP from another country. HP warrants that its software and ﬁrmware designated by HP for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument. HP does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or ﬁrmware will be uninterrupted or error free.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide iii

Legal Information

Limitation of Warranty

The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modiﬁcation or misuse, operation outside of the environmental speciﬁcations for the product, or improper site preparation or maintenance. NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED . HP SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Exclusive Remedies

THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. HP SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.

iv HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Equipment Operation

Warnings and Cautions

This guide uses warnings and cautions to denote hazards.

WARNING A warning calls attention to a procedure, practice or the

like, which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or the loss of life. Do not proceed beyond a warning until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

Caution A caution calls attention to a procedure, practice or the like which,

if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or the destruction of part or all of the equipment. Do not proceed beyond a caution until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met.

Personal Safety Considerations

WARNING This is a Safety Class I product (provided with a protective

earthing ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any interruption of the protective conductor, inside or outside the instrument, is likely to make the instrument dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited. If this instrument is not used as speciﬁed, the protection provided by the equipment could be impaired. This instrument must be used in a normal condition (in which all means of protection are intact) only. No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualiﬁed personnel. To prevent electrical shock, do not remove covers. For continued protection against ﬁre hazard, replace the line fuse(s) only with fuses of the same type and rating (for example, normal blow, time delay, etc.). The use of other fuses or material is prohibited.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide v

General Safety Considerations

WARNING Before this instrument is switched on, make sure it has

been properly grounded through the protective conductor of the ac power cable to a socket outlet provided with protective earth contact. Any interruption of the protective (grounding) conductor, inside or outside the instrument, or disconnection of the protective earth terminal can result in personal injury.

Caution Any adjustments or service procedures that require operation of

the instrument with protective covers removed should be performed only by trained service personnel.

Markings

The CE mark shows that the product complies with all the relevant European legal Directives (if accompanied by a year, it signiﬁes when the design was proven.

GROUP 1

ISM

vi HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

CLASS A

This is the symbol of an Industrial Scientiﬁc and Medical Group 1 Class A product.

The CSA mark is a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards Association.

External Protective Earth Terminal.

While this is a Class I product, provided with a protective earthing conductor in a power cord, an external protective earthing terminal has also been provided. This terminal is for use where the earthing cannot be assured. At least an 18AWG earthing conductor should be used in such an instance, to ground the instrument to an assured earth terminal.

General Safety Considerations

IEC 1010-1 Compliance

This instrument has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC Publication 1010-1 +A1:1992 Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use and has been supplied in a safe condition. The instruction documentation contains information and warnings which must be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the instrument in a safe condition.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide vii

Regulatory Information

Sound Emission

Herstellerbescheinigung

Diese Information steht im Zusammenhang mit den Anforderungen der Maschinenlarminformationsverordnung vom 18 Januar 1991.

• Sound Pressure LpA < 70 dB.

• Am Arbeitsplatz.

• Normaler Betrieb.

• Nach DIN 45635 T. 19 (Typprufung).

Manufacturers Declaration

This statement is provided to comply with the requirements of the German Sound DIN 45635 T. 19 (Typprufung).

• Sound Pressure LpA < 70 dB.

• At operator position.

• Normal operation.

• According to ISO 7779 (Type Test).

Australian EMC Regulations

The C-Tick mark is a registered trademark of the Spectrum Management Agency of Australia. This signiﬁes compliance with the Australian EMC Framework Regulations under the terms of the Radiocommunications Act of 1992.

viii HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Declaration of Conformity

DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY

according to ISO/IEC Guide 22 and EN45014

Manufacturer’s Name: Hewlett-Packard Limited.

Manufacturer’s Address: Queensferry Microwave Division

South Queensferry, West Lothian, EH30 9TG. Scotland, United Kingdom.

Declares that the product: Product Name: Power Meter Model Number(s): HP EPM-441A and HP EPM-442A Product Option(s): All

Conforms to the following Product Speciﬁcations: Safety : EN61010-1:1993/IEC 1010-1:1990+A1/CSA C22.2

No. 1010-1:1993 EN60825-1:1994/IEC 825-1:1993 Class 1

EMC : EN 55011:1991/CISPR11:1990, Group 1-Class A

EN 50082-1:1992

Supplementary Information:

The product herewith complies with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 72/23/EEC and the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC and carries the CE-marking accordingly.

South Queensferry, Scotland December 1 1996

Location Date R.M. Evans/Quality Manager

European Contact:

Your local Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Ofﬁce or Hewlett-Packard GmbH, Department ZQ / Standards Europe, Herrenberger Strasse 130, D-7030 Boeblingen, Germany (FAX +49-7031-143143)

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide ix

List of Related Publications

The HP EPM-442A User’s Guide is also available in the following languages:

• English Language User’s Guide - Standard

• German Language User’s Guide - Option ABD

• Spanish Language User’s Guide - Option ABE

• French Language User’s Guide - Option ABF

• Italian Language User’s Guide - Option ABZ

• Japanese Language User’s Guide - Option ABJ

HP EPM-441A/442A Programming Guide is shipped as standard. HP EPM-441A/442A Service Guide is available by ordering Option 915. HP EPM-441A/442A CLIPs (Component Location and Information Pack)

is available by ordering E4418-90007. Useful information on SCPI (Standard Commands for Programmable

Instruments) can be found in:

• A Beginner’s Guide to SCPI, which is available by ordering HP Part Number 5010-7166.

• The SCPI reference manuals which are available from: SCPI Consortium, 8380 Hercules Drive, Suite P3, La Mesa, CA 91942, USA. Telephone: 619-697-4301 Fax: 619-697-5955

x HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

HP EPM-442A Options

The HP EPM-442A power meters have the following options available:

• Option 002, supplies parallel rear panel sensor input(s). The power reference oscillator output is on the front panel.

• Option 003, supplies parallel rear panel sensor input(s). The power reference oscillator output is also on the rear panel.

• Option 004, deletes the HP 11730A sensor cable(s) provided.

• Option 0BO, deletes manual set.

• Option 908, provides rackmount kit for one instrument.

• Option 909, provides rackmount kit for two instruments.

• Option 915, provides the HP EPM-441A/442A Service Guide.

• Option 916, provides an additional HP EPM-442A User’s Guide and HP EPM-441A/442A Programming Guide.

• Option 1BN, provides MIL-STD 45662A, ANSI/NCSL Z540-1-1994 Certiﬁcate of Calibration.

• Option 1BP, provides MIL-STD-45662A, ANSI/NCSL Z540-1-1994 Certiﬁcate of Calibration and data.

Available Accessories

• HP 34161A Accessory Pouch

• The following HP power sensor cables are available:

■ HP 11730A 1.5 m (7.5 ft)

■ HP 11730B 3 m (10 ft)

■ HP 11730C 6.1 m (20 ft)

■ HP 11730D 15.2 m (50 ft)

■ HP 11730E 30.5 m (100 ft)

■ HP 11730F 61 m (200 ft)

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide xi

About this Guide

Chapter 1: Getting Started

This chapter prepares the power meter for use and helps you to get familiar with a few of the front panel features.

Chapter 2: Power Meter Operation

This chapter gives a detailed description of the capabilities and operation of the power meter. You will ﬁnd this chapter useful when you are operating the power meter from the front panel.

Chapter 3: Menu Map Reference

This chapter details diagrammatically the menu maps for the power meter. It also gives a description of all the power meter’s keys.

Chapter 4: Error Messages

This chapter lists the error messages that may appear as you are working with the power meter. Each description contains information to help you diagnose and solve the problem.

Chapter 5: Speciﬁcations

This chapter lists the power meter’s speciﬁcations and describes how to interpret these speciﬁcations.

xii HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Table of Contents

Page

Legal Information ........................................................................iii

Equipment Operation................................................................... v

Personal Safety Considerations............................................. v

General Safety Considerations.................................................... vi

Markings................................................................................ vi

IEC 1010-1 Compliance........................................................ vii

Regulatory Information.............................................................viii

Sound Emission...................................................................viii

Australian EMC Regulations..............................................viii

Declaration of Conformity........................................................... ix

List of Related Publications ......................................................... x

HP EPM-442A Options................................................................ xi

Available Accessories ............................................................xi

About this Guide.........................................................................xii

Getting Started.................................................................................... 1-1

Introduction................................................................................... 1-2

Turning On the Power Meter....................................................... 1-3

The Front Panel at a Glance ........................................................ 1-4

The Display Layout....................................................................... 1-7

Selecting Your Display Layout.............................................. 1-9

Display Tutorial...................................................................... 1-10

Window Symbols........................................................................... 1-12

Warning Symbol..................................................................... 1-12

Confirmation Window ............................................................ 1-12

Wait Symbol............................................................................ 1-12

1 of N Entry Window.............................................................. 1-13

Numeric or Alphanumeric Entry Window............................ 1-13

The Rear Panel at a Glance................................................... 1-14

Adjusting the Carrying Handle............................................. 1-16

Rack Mounting the Power Meter........................................... 1-17

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide Contents-1

Power Meter Operation..................................................................... 2-1

Introduction................................................................................... 2-2

Zeroing the Power Meter.............................................................. 2-3

Calibrating the Power Meter........................................................ 2-4

Calibration Procedure Using HP E-Series

Power Sensors......................................................................... 2-5

Calibration Procedure using HP 8480 Series

Power Sensors......................................................................... 2-5

Making Measurements with the HP E-Series

Power Sensors............................................................................... 2-8

Procedure................................................................................ 2-8

Making Measurements with the HP 8480 Series

Power Sensors............................................................................... 2-10

Procedure................................................................................ 2-10

Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables........... 2-13

Selecting a Sensor Calibration Table.................................... 2-13

Making the Measurement...................................................... 2-14

Editing Sensor Calibration Tables........................................ 2-15

Setting the Units of Measurement............................................... 2-22

Selecting Units of Measurement from the Softkeys ................... 2-23

Making Relative Measurements.................................................. 2-24

Procedure................................................................................ 2-24

Setting the Resolution.................................................................. 2-25

Setting Offsets............................................................................... 2-26

Setting Channel Offsets......................................................... 2-26

Setting Display Offsets .......................................................... 2-26

Setting Averaging......................................................................... 2-28

Measuring Pulsed Signals............................................................ 2-30

Setting Measurement Limits ....................................................... 2-32

Checking for Limit Failures................................................... 2-33

Channel Measurements................................................................ 2-35

Making Difference Measurements............................................... 2-36

Making Ratio Measurements....................................................... 2-37

Selecting a Digital or Analog Display.......................................... 2-38

Setting the Range ......................................................................... 2-41

Configuring the Remote Interface................................................ 2-42

HP-IB Address........................................................................ 2-42

Recorder Output............................................................................ 2-43

Leveling a Source Output ...................................................... 2-44

Saving and Recalling Power Meter Configurations.................... 2-45

How Measurements are Calculated............................................. 2-47

Presetting the Power Meter ......................................................... 2-48

Preset Conditions ................................................................... 2-48

Contents-2 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Self Test......................................................................................... 2-50

Power On Self Test................................................................. 2-50

Front Panel Selection of Self Tests........................................ 2-51

HP-IB Testing......................................................................... 2-53

Test Descriptions.................................................................... 2-54

Operator Maintenance.................................................................. 2-56

Replacing the Power Line Fuse............................................. 2-56

Contacting Hewlett-Packard........................................................ 2-57

Before calling Hewlett-Packard............................................. 2-57

Check the Basics..................................................................... 2-58

Instrument serial numbers.................................................... 2-58

Sales and Service Offices ....................................................... 2-60

Returning Your Power Meter for Service.............................. 2-63

Menu Reference................................................................................... 3-1

Introduction................................................................................... 3-2

The Front Panel Menu Maps ....................................................... 3-3

dBm/W Menu..........................................................................3-3

Frequency/Cal Fac Menu....................................................... 3-4

Meas Setup Menu................................................................... 3-5

Rel/Offset Menu...................................................................... 3-6

Save/Recall Menu................................................................... 3-6

System Inputs Menu.............................................................. 3-7

System Inputs Menu Continued............................................ 3-8

Zero/Cal Menu ........................................................................ 3-9

Front Panel Menu Reference........................................................ 3-10

Diagrammatical Hardkeys..................................................... 3-27

Error Messages .................................................................................... 4-1

Introduction................................................................................... 4-2

Error Messages ............................................................................. 4-4

Specifications....................................................................................... 5-1

Introduction................................................................................... 5-2

Power Meter Specifications.......................................................... 5-3

Meter.......................................................................................5-3

Accuracy.................................................................................. 5-4

Power Reference ..................................................................... 5-5

Power Meter Supplemental Characteristics................................ 5-6

Power Reference ..................................................................... 5-6

Measurement Speed............................................................... 5-6

Zero Drift of Sensors............................................................... 5-7

Measurement Noise................................................................ 5-7

Settling Time.......................................................................... 5-9

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide Contents-3

Power Sensor Specifications .................................................. 5-12

General Characteristics................................................................ 5-13

Rear Panel Connectors........................................................... 5-13

Environmental Characteristics.................................................... 5-14

General Conditions................................................................. 5-14

Operating Environment......................................................... 5-14

Storage Conditions................................................................. 5-14

General.......................................................................................... 5-15

Dimensions ............................................................................. 5-15

Weight..................................................................................... 5-15

Safety ...................................................................................... 5-15

Remote Programming ............................................................ 5-15

Non-Volatile Memory............................................................. 5-15

Contents-4 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

List of Figures

Page

2-1 “Sensor Tbls” Screen.................................................................. 2-14

2-2 “Edit Cal” Screen ....................................................................... 2-16

2-3 Effect of Offsets on a Channel Measurement........................... 2-27

2-4 Effect of Offsets on a Maths Measurement..............................2-27

2-5 Averaged Readings.................................................................... 2-29

2-6 Pulsed Signal ............................................................................. 2-30

2-7 Limits Checking Application..................................................... 2-32

2-8 Limits Checking Results ........................................................... 2-33

2-9 Pass/Fail Limit Indicators......................................................... 2-34

2-10 Digital Display........................................................................... 2-38

2-11 Analog Display........................................................................... 2-38

2-12 Digital and Analog Display....................................................... 2-38

2-13 Test Setup for Recording Swept Measurements...................... 2-43

2-14 “Save/Recall” Screen.................................................................. 2-46

2-15 How Measurements are Calculated.......................................... 2-47

2-16 Replacing the Fuse .................................................................... 2-56

4-1 Error Annunciator Position....................................................... 4-2

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide Contents-5

Contents-6 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

List of Tables

Page

2-1 Connecting the HP 8480 Series Power Sensors During

Calibration ................................................................................. 2-7

2-2 Measurement Units................................................................... 2-22

3-1 .................................................................................................... 3-11

5-1 Zero Set Specifications .............................................................. 5-4

5-2 Noise Multiplier......................................................................... 5-7

5-3 Power Sensor Specifications...................................................... 5-8

5-4 Settling Time ............................................................................. 5-9

5-5 Settling Time ............................................................................. 5-10

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide Contents-7

Contents-8 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Getting Started

Introduction

One of the ﬁrst things you will want to do with your power meter is to switch it on and become acquainted with its front panel. The sections in this chapter prepare the power meter for use and help you get familiar with some of the front panel operations.

The front panel consists of both hardkeys and softkeys which allow you to select various functions and operations. When some hardkeys are selected the corresponding softkey labels are displayed on the power meter display.

If you are using the power meter remotely refer to the HP EPM-441A/442A Programming Guide for remote operating details.

1-2 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Getting Started

Turning On the Power Meter

The following steps show you how to turn on the power meter and verify that it is operating correctly.

1. Connect the power cord and turn on the power meter.

The front panel display and the green power LED light up when

the power meter is switched on. The power meter performs it’s

power on self test. If the self test is not successful the error

annunciator turns on. If this occurs contact your Hewlett-Packard

Sales and Service ofﬁce for instructions on returning the power

meter to Hewlett-Packard for service.

Caution This instrument is designed for use in Installation Category II and

Pollution Degree 2 per IEC 1010 and 664 respectively.

Caution This instrument has an autoranging line voltage input, be sure

the supply voltage is within the range of 85 to 264 Vac.

Note If the power meter has been stored at extremely low temperatures

outwith the operating range of the power meter, the display may take a few minutes to operate.

2. Set the display contrast if required.

The display contrast is adjusted by pressing and . If

these softkeys are not displayed press repeatedly until they

appear.

3. Connect the power sensors.

Connect one end of each of the sensor cables to the power meter’s

channel inputs and the other ends to the power sensors.

4. Making a measurement.

A minimum warm up time of 30 minutes is recommended before

accurate measurements can be made.

Prior to making your ﬁrst measurement you must zero and

calibrate the sensor and meter combination. Refer to Chapter 2 for

further information if you are not familiar with zeroing,

calibrating or making measurements with a power meter.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 1-3

Getting Started

The Front Panel at a Glance

101112

Preset Local

This hardkey allows you to preset the power meter if you are currently working in local mode (that is, front panel operation). In local mode a conﬁrmation pop up window is displayed prior to a preset being carried out. However, if you are in remote mode (that is, HP-IB operation), then pressing this hardkey places the power meter in local mode provided local lock out (LLO) is not enabled.

2. Hardkeys relating to the display layout.

This hardkey allows you to select the upper or lower measurement window on the power meter’s display. The window which is selected is highlighted by a shadowed box. Any measurement setup you create is implemented in the selected window.

This hardkey allows you to choose either a one or a two window display.

1-4 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Getting Started

The Front Panel at a Glance

This hardkey switches the power meter between on and standby. When the power meter is switched to standby (that is, when this hardkey has not been selected but the line power is connected to the instrument) the red LED is lit. When the power meter is switched on the green LED is lit.

4. “System/Inputs” hardkey with softkey menu.

System

The hardkey allows access to softkey menus which affect

Inputs

the general power meter system setup, (for example the HP-IB address) and also to softkey menus which effect the setup of the channel inputs. Refer to Chapter 3 for further information about this hardkey and it’s softkey menu.

Save

Recall

This hardkey is the only one that is completely dedicated to the control of the power meter as a system. The only other hardkey which affects system parameters is the hardkey. Refer to

System Inputs

Chapter 3 for further information about this hardkey and it’s softkey menu.

6. Dedicated “Window” hardkeys with softkey menus.

Meas Setup

Rel

Offset

dBm/W

These hardkeys allow access to softkey menus which affect the setup of the measurement windows. Refer to Chapter 3 for further information about these hardkeys and their softkey menus.

7. Dedicated “Channel” hardkeys with softkey menus.

Frequency Cal Fac

Zero

Cal

These hardkeys allow access to softkey menus which affect the measurement channel. Refer to Chapter 3 for further information about these hardkeys and their softkey menus.

8. Channel Inputs.

The HP EPM-442A has two sensor inputs. Power meters conﬁgured with options 002 or 003 have the sensor inputs on the rear panel and the front panel.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 1-5

Getting Started

The Front Panel at a Glance

9. POWER REF Output.

The power reference output is a 50 Ω type N connector . The output signal of 1 mW at 50 MHz is used for calibrating the sensor and meter combination. Power meters conﬁgured with option 003 have the power reference on the rear panel.

10. Arrow hardkeys.

, , and hardkeys allow you to move the position of the cursor, select ﬁelds for editing, and edit alphanumeric characters. Refer to Chapter 3 for further information.

11. Menu related hardkeys.

This hardkey allows you to move through all pages of a menu. The bottom right of the power meter display indicates the number of pages in the menu. For example, if “1 of 2” is displayed, pressing moves you to “2 of 2”. Pressing again moves you back to “1 of 2”.

This hardkey allows you to move back one level in the softkey menu. Repeatedly pressing accesses a menu which allows you to increase and decrease the display contrast.

More More

12. Softkeys.

These four keys are used to make a selection from the menus.

1-6 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Getting Started

The Display Layout

The following ﬁgure details the display layout when two measurement windows are displayed, one analog and one digital. However it is possible using the key to display just one measurement window.

3 4

1. The status reporting line displays ﬁve ﬁelds, three associated with the HP-IB status and two associated with error and warning conditions. The ﬁrst ﬁeld displays either “RMT” (remote, HP-IB operation) or “LCL” (local, front panel operation). The second ﬁeld displays “TLK” if the power meter is addressed to talk or “LSN” if it is addressed to listen. The third ﬁeld indicates an “SRQ” (service request). The fourth ﬁeld indicates “ERR” for any error conditions. The last ﬁeld is used to report error and warning messages.

2. This ﬁeld displays the channel setup being measured, either A, B, A/B, B/A, A-B or B-A.

3. The measurement data is displayed in either one or two rectangular windows depending on the setting of . Pressing

allows you to toggle between a one or two window display. When two windows are displayed and this hardkey is pressed the single window then displayed is the one which was previously highlighted with the shadowed box. On the two window display the measurement setup menus work on the window which is shadowed.

4. This is the measurement result ﬁeld.

1011121314

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 1-7

Getting Started

The Display Layout

5. This ﬁeld displays the units of measurement, either dBm, dB, Watts or %.

6. This window is conﬁgured to show an analog meter which displays the measurement result and the meter scaling.

7. This ﬁeld displays the number of pages in the current softkey menu. For example , “1 of 2” indicates that there are two pages of softkeys and you are on the ﬁrst page. Pressing moves you

to page “2 of 2”.

8. Any softkeys available are displayed in these four ﬁelds.

9. This ﬁeld displays the title of the menu. For example, when the power meter is initially switched on the “Contrast” menu is displayed, and, if you press “Zero/Cal” is displayed.

Zero Cal

10. This ﬁeld indicates if the measurement result is outwith the upper or lower limits set. If the measurement is within the limits this ﬁeld is empty. If the measurement result is less than the minimum limit set, “Undr Lmt” is displayed. If the measurement result is more than the maximum limit set, “Over Lmt” is displayed. Refer to “Setting Measurement Limits”, on page 2-32 for further information.

11. This ﬁeld displays “Rel” if relative mode is on. Refer to “Making Relative Measurements”, on page 2-24 for further information.

12. This ﬁeld displays “Ofs” if an offset is set. Refer to “Setting Offsets”, on page 2-26 for further information.

13. This ﬁeld displays “Rng Hld” if a range is selected. Refer to “Setting the Range”, on page 2-41 for further information.

14. This ﬁeld displays “Dty Cyc” if a duty cycle is set. This allows you to measure the power of a pulsed signal. Refer to “Measuring Pulsed Signals”, on page 2-30 for further information.

15. This ﬁeld displays the currently selected frequency or calibration factor.

1-8 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Getting Started

The Display Layout

Selecting Your Display Layout

Your power meter display is extremely ﬂexible. It can be used to display a variety of different measurements and windows depending on your needs. The following diagram details the various options available to you.

Display

Select using

One Window

Measurement Type

A, B, A/B, B/A,

A-B, B-A

Digital

Display

Select using

Meas

, Input Select

Setup

Select using

Meas

, Display Format

Setup

Analog

Display

Upper

Window

Measurement Type

A, B, A/B, B/A,

A-B, B-A

Meas Setup

Digital

Display

Analog

Display

Two Windows

Select using

Meas

, Input Select

Setup

Select using

, Display Format

Lower

Window

Measurement Type

A, B, A/B, B/A,

A-B, B-A

Digital

Display

Analog

Display

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 1-9

Getting Started

The Display Layout

Display Tutorial

If you wish to experiment with the display layout before you move on to make measurements, the following procedure guides you through a few of the display setups you can choose.

1.Press , .

Preset Local

Notice that the upper window is the one which is highlighted by the dark box.

2.Press . The display remains the same apart from the fact that it is now the lower window that is highlighted by the shadowed box.

Confirm

3.Press , ,

Meas Setup

Meter Dgtl Anlg

Display Format

(Anlg should be highlighted). The display now shows one analog and one digital window.

4.Press . The display now only shows one window. This is the analog window which was selected in the previous step.

5.Press . The display now shows only the digital window.

1-10 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

6. Press . The display now shows both an analog and digital window.

Getting Started

The Display Layout

7. Press , , .

Meas Setup

Input Select B/A

Notice that the upper window is now set up to make a channel B over channel A ratio measurement.

8. Press to select the lower window.

A/B

Press . Notice that the lower window is now set up to make a channel A over channel B ratio measurement.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 1-11

Getting Started

Window Symbols

There are a number of different graphic symbols and pop up windows that can occur on the power meter display. These can occur for a variety of reasons such as when:

• an error or warning occurs.

• a conﬁrmation is required.

• you are required to wait while the power meter carries out a procedure.

• you are required to select an entry from a list.

• you are required to enter an alphanumeric value.

Warning Symbol

The warning symbol is displayed either directly in the measurement window or in a pop up window when such an event occurs. A pop up window is displayed for approximately two seconds. The text in the pop up window gives details of the warning type. This symbol may also appear on a measurement window, for example, to indicate that a power sensor is not connected.

Conﬁrmation Window

This pop up window is displayed when you are required to press to verify your previous selection. For example, prior to a preset being carried out.

Confirm

Wait Symbol

The wait symbol is displayed when the power meter is carrying out a procedure but no action is required from you. The symbol may appear directly in the measurement window or in a pop up window. It may appear, for example, during, zeroing or calibration.

1-12 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

1 of N Entry Window

This pop up window is displayed when you are required to select an entry using

and from the list.

Numeric or Alphanumeric Entry Window

This pop up window is displayed when you are required to modify numeric or alphanumeric data. The and keys move the position of the cursor. The and keys increment and decrement the alphanumeric digit on which the cursor is currently positioned.

Getting Started

Window Symbols

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 1-13

Getting Started

The Rear Panel at a Glance

1345

1. Channel A (Option 002 or 003 only)

2. Channel B (Option 002 or 003 only)

3. Power Ref (Option 003 only)

The power reference output is a 50 Ω type N connector . The output signal is used for calibrating the sensor meter combination.

4. Recorder Output

This output produces a dc voltage that corresponds to the power level of the selected channel input. Refer to “Recorder Output”, on page 2-43 for further information.

678

5. Power socket

This power meter has an auto conﬁguring power supply. This allows it to operate over a range of voltages without manually being set to a certain voltage.

6. Fuse

An F3.15AH fuse is installed for all voltage supplies.

7. HP-IB

The Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus allows the power meter to be controlled remotely.

1-14 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Getting Started

The Rear Panel at a Glance

8. Serial Label

Each power meter has it’s own individual identiﬁcation number. Refer to “Instrument serial numbers”, on page 2-58 for further information.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 1-15

Getting Started

Adjusting the Carrying Handle

To adjust the position, grasp the handle by the sides and pull outward. Rotate the handle to the desired position.

Bench top viewing positions Carrying position

1-16 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Getting Started

Rack Mounting the Power Meter

You can mount the power meter in a standard 19 inch rack cabinet using one of three optional kits. Instructions and mounting hardware are included with each rack mounting kit. Any HP System II instrument can be rack mounted beside the HP EPM-442A power meter.

To rack mount the power meter:

1. Remove the handle by rotating it to the vertical position and pulling the ends outward

2. Remove the rubber bumper by stretching a corner and sliding it off.

Front

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 1-17

Rear (bottom view)

Getting Started

Rack Mounting the Power Meter

To rack mount a single instrument, order option 908, or adapter kit 5063-9239.

To rack mount two instruments side by side , order option 909, or loc k-link kit 5061-9694 and ﬂange kit 5063-9212.

To install one or two instruments in a sliding support shelf, order shelf 5063-9255, and slide kit 1494-0015 (for a single instrument, also order ﬁller panel 5002-3999).

1-18 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Introduction

This chapter describes the parameters which conﬁgure the power meter to make measurements and help you determine settings to optimize performance. This chapter contains the following sections:

• “Zeroing the Power Meter”, on page 2-3.

• “Calibrating the Power Meter”, on page 2-4.

• “Making Measurements with the HP E-Series Power Sensors”, on page 2-8.

• “Making Measurements with the HP 8480 Series Power Sensors”, on page 2-10.

• “Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables”, on page 2-13.

• “Setting the Units of Measurement”, on page 2-22.

• “Selecting Units of Measurement from the Softkeys”, on page 2-23.

• “Making Relative Measurements”, on page 2-24.

• “Setting the Resolution”, on page 2-25.

• “Setting Offsets”, on page 2-26.

• “Setting Averaging”, on page 2-28.

• “Measuring Pulsed Signals”, on page 2-30.

• “Setting Measurement Limits”, on page 2-32.

• “Channel Measurements”, on page 2-35.

• “Making Difference Measurements”, on page 2-36.

• “Making Ratio Measurements”, on page 2-37.

• “Selecting a Digital or Analog Display”, on page 2-38.

• “Setting the Range”, on page 2-41.

• “Conﬁguring the Remote Interface”, on page 2-42.

• “Recorder Output”, on page 2-43.

• “Saving and Recalling Power Meter Conﬁgurations”, on page 2-45.

• “How Measurements are Calculated”, on page 2-47

• “Presetting the Power Meter”, on page 2-48.

• “Self Test”, on page 2-50.

• “Operator Maintenance”, on page 2-56.

• “Contacting Hewlett-Packard”, on page 2-57.

2-2 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Zeroing the Power Meter

This section describes how to zero the power meter. Zeroing adjusts the power meter for a zero power reading with no power

applied to the power sensor. During zeroing, which takes approximately 10 seconds, the wait symbol is displayed.

To zero the power meter:

1. Press .

2. To zero channel A or channel B use or respectively. Alternatively, to zero both channel A and channel B sequentially, use . During zeroing the wait symbol is displayed.

When to Zero?

Zeroing of the power meter is recommended:

• when a 50C change in temperature occurs.

• when you change the power sensor.

• every 24 hours.

• prior to measuring low level signals. F or example , 10 dB above the lowest speciﬁed power for your power sensor.

Zero Cal

Zero A Zero B

Zero Both

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-3

Power Meter Operation

Calibrating the Power Meter

This section describes how to calibrate the power meter. You should always zero the power meter prior to calibrating it.

Calibration sets the gain of the power meter using a 50 MHz 1 mW calibrator as a traceable power reference. The power meter’s POWER REF output or a suitable external reference is used as the signal source for calibration. An essential part of calibrating is setting the correct reference calibration factor for the power sensor you are using. The HP 8480 series power sensors require you to set the reference calibration factor. The HP E-series power sensors set the reference calibration factor automatically. During calibration the wait symbol is displayed. Offset, relative and duty cycle settings are ignored during calibration.

Note During calibration the power meter automatically switches the

power reference calibrator on (if it is not already on), then after calibration it switches it to the state it was in prior to the calibration.

2-4 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Calibrating the Power Meter

Calibration Procedure Using HP E-Series Power Sensors

The following procedure describes how you calibrate the power meter with an HP E-series power sensor. Since the power meter automatically downloads the HP E-series power sensor’s calibration table there is no requirement to enter the reference calibration factor. The power meter identiﬁes that an HP E-series power sensor is connected and will not allow you to select certain softkeys. The text on these softkeys appears grayed out.

Note The following procedure details the calibration for channel A. To

calibrate channel B use the same procedure using the equivalent channel B softkeys.

1. Press .

Zero Cal

2. Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output.

3. Press , to calibrate the power meter. During

Cal Cal A

calibration the wait symbol is displayed. (The power meter automatically turns on the POWER REF output.)

Example

To calibrate both channels of the power meter with HP E-series power sensors connected to both channels.

Zero

• Press , .

Cal

• Connect the channel A power sensor to the POWER REF output.

• Press then wait till the calibration is completed.

Cal A

• Remove the channel A power sensor from the POWER REF output.

• Connect the channel B power sensor to the POWER REF output.

• Press then wait till the calibration is completed.

Cal B

Calibration Procedure using HP 8480 Series Power Sensors

The following procedure describes how you calibrate the power meter with the HP 8480 series power sensors.

There are a variety of different methods to connect the power sensors to the power meter depending on the model of power sensor you are using. Refer to Table 2-1 on page 2-7 for details on connecting different power sensor models.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-5

Power Meter Operation

Calibrating the Power Meter

Note The following procedure details the calibration for channel A. To

calibrate channel B use the same procedure using the equivalent channel B softkeys. To calibrate both c hannels sequentially follow this procedure for channel A then repeat step “2” through to step “5” using the equivalent channel B softkeys.

Zero

1. Press , .

Cal

2. Verify the reference calibration factor of your power sensor with that displayed under . The value shown is obtained

A Ref CF

from the sensor calibration table if one is selected, otherwise it is the last value set or the default of 100%. If the value is not correct

A Ref CF

press . The power meter displays the reference calibration factor in a pop up window. Modify this reference calibration factor (see below) as desired.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other digits.

3. To conﬁrm your choice press .

4. Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output.

5. Press to calibrate the power meter. During calibration the

Cal A

wait symbol is displayed. (The power meter automatically turns on the POWER REF output.)

Example

To calibrate both channels of the power meter. The reference calibration factors for the power sensors being 98.8% and 99.4% for channel A and channel B respectively:

Zero

• Press , .

• Press . Use the , , and hardkeys to enter 98.8. Press .

• Press . Use the , , and hardkeys to enter 99.4. Press .

Cal

A Ref CF

B Ref CF

• Connect the channel A power sensor to the POWER REF output.

• Press .

Cal A

• Remove the channel A power sensor from the POWER REF output.

• Connect the channel B power sensor to the POWER REF output.

• Press .

Cal B

2-6 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Calibrating the Power Meter

Table 2-1: Connecting the HP 8480 Series Power Sensors During Calibration

Sensor

Model

HP 8481A HP 8481H HP 8482A HP 8482H

HP 8481D HP 8484A

HP 8483A This power sensor requires a 75Ω (f) to 50 Ω (m) N-Type adapter

HP R8486A HP Q8486A HP R8486D HP Q8486D HP W8486D

HP 8481B HP 8482B

HP 8485A This power sensor requires an APC 3.5 (f) to 50Ω (m) N-Type

HP 8485D Prior to the power meter being zeroed and calibrated an

HP 8487A This power sensor requires an APC 2.4 (f) to 50Ω (m) N-Type

HP 8487D Prior to the power meter being zeroed and calibrated an

These power sensors connect directly to the reference calibrator.

Prior to the power meter being calibrated an HP 11708A 30 dB reference attenuator should be connected between the power sensor and the reference calibrator. This attenuator must be removed from the power sensor input prior to making measurements.

(1250-0597) to connect to the reference calibrator. This adapter must be removed from the power sensor input prior to making measurements.

The waveguide power sensors have two connectors. The N-Type connector is the one which is used to calibrate the power meter.

These power senors are conﬁgured with an attenuator. Prior to the power meter being calibrated, this attenuator must be removed. The attenuator must be reconnected prior to making measurements.

adapter (08485-60005) to connect to the reference calibrator.

HP 11708A 30 dB reference attenuator and an APC 3.5 (f) to 50 Ω (m) N-Type adapter (08485-60005) should be connected between the power sensor and the reference calibrator. This attenuator must be removed from the power sensor input prior to making measurements.

adapter (08487-60001) to connect to the power meter.

HP 11708A 30 dB reference attenuator and an APC 2.4 (f) to 50 Ω (m) N-Type adapter (08487-60001) should be connected between the power sensor and the reference calibrator. This attenuator must be removed from the power sensor input prior to making measurements.

Connection Requirements

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-7

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements with the HP E-Series Power Sensors

This section describes how to make continuous wave measurements using the HP E-series power sensors. The HP E-series power sensors have their sensor calibration tables stored in EEPROM. This allows the frequency and calibration data to be downloaded to the power meter automatically.

To make measurements, perform the following steps:

1. Zero and calibrate the power meter.

2. Set the frequency for the signal you want to measure.

3. Take a reading.

Procedure

The following procedure details how to make a measurement on channel A of the power meter. To make a measurement on channel B use the same procedure using the equivalent channel B softkeys.

1. Ensure that no power is applied to the power sensor.

2. Press .

3. Press . During zeroing, which takes approximately 10

Zero Cal

Zero A

seconds, the wait symbol is displayed.

4. Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output.

5. Press , to calibrate the power meter. During

Cal Cal A

calibration the wait symbol is displayed. (The power meter automatically turns on the POWER REF output.)

6. Press . The current setting of the frequency is displa yed under the softkey.

7. To change this setting press . The power meter displays

Frequency Cal Fac

A Freq

the frequency in a pop up window. Modify this frequency (see below) as desired.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other digits.

8. To conﬁrm your choice press the appropriate frequency units.

9. Connect the power sensor to the signal to be measured.

10. You must set the display to the type of measurement you require. This can either be a direct channel measurement, a ratio

2-8 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements with the HP E-Series Power Sensors

measurement of both channels, or a difference measurement between both channels. Use the following key presses: Press , . Select the appropriate softkey for the measurement you require, either , , , , or , then , or .

Meas Setup

Input Select

A-B B-A

A B A/B B/A

11. The measurement result is now displayed.

Example

To make a measurement on channel A using an HP E-series power sensor. The frequency of the signal to be measured is 100 MHz.

• Disconnect the power sensor from any source.

• Press .

Zero Cal

Zero A

• Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output.

• Press , .

• Press , . Use the , , and

Cal Cal A

Frequency Cal Fac

hardkeys to enter 100. Press .

A Freq

MHz

• Connect the power sensor to the signal to be measured.

• The measurement result is now displayed.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-9

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements with the HP 8480 Series Power Sensors

This section applies to all HP 8480 series power sensors. It does not apply to the HP E-series power sensors.

For the HP 8480 series power sensors there are two methods of providing correction data to the power meter:

A inputting the individual calibration factor for a frequency prior to

making the measurement, or

B using sensor calibration tables.

This section describes how to make measurements without using sensor calibration tables, that is, inputting the individual calibration factor for a frequency prior to making the measurement. This method is advantageous if you are only measuring at one frequency, as entering all the calibration data in this instance is not required.

To make measurements without sensor calibration tables perform the following steps:

1. Zero and calibrate the power meter. Before carrying out the calibration you must set the reference calibration factor of the power sensor.

2. Set the calibration factor value for the frequency of the signal you want to measure.

3. Take a reading.

Procedure

The following procedure details how to make a measurement on channel A. To make a measurement on channel B use the same procedure using the equivalent channel B softkeys.

1. Ensure that no power is applied to the power sensor.

2. Press .

3. Press . During zeroing, which takes approximately 10 seconds, the wait symbol is displayed.

4. Press .

5. Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output.

2-10 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Zero Cal

Zero A

Cal

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements with the HP 8480 Series Power Sensors

6. The current setting of the reference calibration factor is displayed under the softkey. To change this setting press

A Ref CF

. The power meter displays the reference calibration factor in a pop up window. Modify this reference calibration factor (see below) as desired.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other digits.

7. To conﬁrm your choice press .

8. Press , to calibrate the power meter. During

Cal Cal A

calibration the wait symbol is displayed. (The power meter automatically turns on the POWER REF output.)

9. Press . The current setting of the calibration factor is displayed under the softkey. To change this setting press . The power meter displays the calibration

Frequency Cal Fac

A Cal Fac

factor in a pop up window. Modify this calibration factor (see below) as desired.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other digits.

10. To conﬁrm your choice press .

11. Connect the power sensor to the signal to be measured.

12. You must set the display to the type of measurement you require. This can either be a direct channel measurement, a ratio measurement of both channels, or a difference measurement between both channels. Use the following key presses: Press , . Select the appropriate softkey for the measurement you require, either , , , , or , then , or .

Meas Setup

Input Select

A-B B-A

A B A/B B/A

13. The measurement result is now displayed.

Example

To make a measurement on channel A with a power sensor which has a reference calibration factor of 99.8% and a calibration factor of 97.8% at the measurement frequency.

• Disconnect the power sensor from any source.

• Press .

Zero Cal

Zero A Cal

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-11

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements with the HP 8480 Series Power Sensors

• Press . Use the , , and hardkeys to

A Ref CF

enter 99.8. Press .

• Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output.

• Press .

• Press , . Use the,, and

Cal A

Frequency Cal Fac

hardkeys to enter 97.8. Press .

A Cal Fac

• Connect the power sensor to the signal to be measured.

• The measurement result is now displayed.

2-12 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables

This section applies to all HP 8480 series power sensors. It does not apply to the HP E-series power sensors.

For the HP 8480 series power sensors there are two methods of providing correction data to the power meter:

A inputting the individual calibration factor for a frequency prior to

making the measurement, or

B using sensor calibration tables.

This section describes how to use sensor calibration tables. Sensor calibration tables are used to store the measurement calibration factors, supplied with each power sensor, in the power meter. These calibration factors are used to correct measurement results.

Using sensor calibration tables provides you with a quick and convenient method for making power measurements over a range of frequencies using one or more power sensors. The power meter is capable of storing 20 sensor calibration tables of 80 frequency points each.

To use sensor calibration tables you:

1. Select the table to work on a channel. Refer to “Selecting a Sensor Calibration Table”, on page 2-13 for further information. If you require to edit the table refer to “Editing Sensor Calibration Tables”, on page 2-15 for further information.

2. Zero and calibrate the power meter. The reference calibration factor used during the calibration is automatically set by the power meter from the sensor calibration table.

3. Specify the frequency of the signal you want to measure. The calibration factor is automatically set by the power meter from the sensor calibration table. Refer to “Making the Measurement”, on page 2-14 for further information.

4. Make the measurement.

Selecting a Sensor Calibration Table

You can select a sensor calibration table for use by pressing ,

Sensor Cal Tables A Table Off On B Table Off On

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-13

, or . The

System Inputs

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables

“State” ﬁeld indicates if any sensor calibration tables are currently selected. The “Sensor Tbls” screen is displayed as shown in Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1: “Sensor Tbls” Screen

Making the Measurement

To make the power measurement, you zero and calibrate the power meter, then set it for the frequency of the signal you want to measure. The power meter automatically selects the calibration factor from the sensor calibration table.

Note The following procedure details the calibration for channel A. To

calibrate channel B use the same procedure using the equivalent channel B softkeys. To calibrate both channels, zero the power meter using in step “2”, then follow this procedure for

Zero Both

channel A then repeat step “3” through to step “9” using the equivalent channel B softkeys.

1. Press .

2. Press . During zeroing, which takes approximately 10

Zero Cal

Zero A

seconds, the wait symbol is displayed.

3. Press . The setting of the reference calibration factor is

Cal

obtained from the sensor calibration table and displayed under the

A Ref CF

softkey.

4. Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output.

5. Press to calibrate the power meter. During calibration the

Cal A

wait symbol is displayed. (The power meter automatically turns on the POWER REF output.)

2-14 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables

6. Press . The current setting of the frequency is displa yed under the softkey.

7. To change this setting press . The power meter displays

Frequency Cal Fac

A Freq

the frequency in a pop up window. Modify this frequency (see below) as desired.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other digits.

8. To conﬁrm your choice press the appropriate frequency unit.

9. Connect the power sensor to the signal to be measured.

10. You must set the display to the type of measurement you require. This can either be a direct channel measurement, a ratio measurement of both channels, or a difference measurement between both channels. Use the following key presses: Press , . Select the appropriate softkey for the measurement you require, either , , , , or , then , or .

Meas Setup

Input Select

A-B B-A

A B A/B B/A

11. The measurement result is now displayed.

Note If the measurement frequency does not correspond directly to a

frequency in the sensor calibration table, the power meter calculates the calibration factor using linear interpolation.

If you enter a frequency outside the frequency range deﬁned in the sensor calibration table, the power meter uses the highest or lowest frequency point in the sensor calibration table to set the calibration factor.

The value of the calibration factors being used by the power meter to make a measurement is displayed under the or

B Cal Fac

softkeys.

A Cal Fac

Editing Sensor Calibration Tables

You can edit sensor calibration tables using the “Edit Cal” menu as shown in Figure 2-2.

To view the sensor calibration tables currently stored in the power meter, press , . The “Sensr Tabs” screen is displayed as shown in Figure 2-1.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-15

System Inputs

Sensor Cal Tables

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables

Figure 2-2: “Edit Cal” Screen

2-16 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables

The power meter is shipped with a set of predeﬁned sensor calibration tables. The data in these tables is based on statistical averages for a range of Hewlett-Packard power sensors.

These power sensors are:

• DEFAULT

• HP 8481A

• HP 8482A

• HP 8483A

• HP 8481D

• HP 8485A

• R8486A

• Q8486A

• R8486D

• HP 8487A

There are also ten sensor calibration tables named CUSTOM_0 through CUSTOM_9 which do not contain any data when the power meter is shipped from the factory.

You cannot delete any of the 20 sensor calibration tables. Each sensor calibration table can contain a maximum of 80 frequency points each. If you want a new sensor calibration table you must edit an existing one.

To edit a table:

1. Select one using the and hardkeys to scroll through the displayed tables. When the table you want to edit is highlighted

Edit Cal Table

press . The “Edit Cal” screen is displayed as shown in Figure 2-2 on page 2-16. In this screen you can modify, add and remove frequency and calibration factors and also edit the table name. Use the , , and hardkeys to move between the table name and its frequency and calibration factors.

A frequency in the range of 0.1 MHz to 999.999 GHz can be entered.

1. DEFAULT is a sensor calibration table in which the reference calibration factor and calibration factors are 100%. This sensor calibration table can be used during the performance testing of the power meter.

2. The HP 8482B and HP 8482H power sensors use the same data as the HP 8482A.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-17

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables

A calibration factor in the range of 1% to 150% can be entered. The following rules apply to naming sensor calibration tables:

■ The name must consist of no more than 12 characters.

■ All characters must be upper or lower case alphabetic

characters, or numeric (0-9), or an underscore (_).

■ No other characters are allowed.

■ No spaces are allowed in the name.

2. To edit the parameter you currently have selected press . The power meter displays the data in a pop up window. Modify this data (see below) as desired.

■ Use or to modify the character on which the cursor

is currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other characters.

3. To conﬁrm your choice press the appropriate softkey.

4. To add a new sensor calibration table entry press . Y ou are

Insert

prompted for the frequency and calibration factor. The entry is sorted by frequency.

5. To remove a sensor calibration table entry use the , ,

and hardkeys to select the entry, press . If you

Delete

delete the frequency the equivalent calibration factor is also removed and vice versa.

Change

Note You can only edit the table name you cannot delete it.

6. When you have completed editing the sensor calibration table

Done

press to return to the “Sensor Tables” screen.

Note Ensure that the frequency points you use cover the frequency

range of the signals you want to measure. If you measure a signal with a frequency outside the frequency range deﬁned in the sensor calibration table, the power meter uses the highest or lowest frequency point in the sensor calibration table to calculate the calibration factor.

2-18 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables

The following lists detail the contents of the predeﬁned sensor calibration tables.

DEFAULT HP 8482A

RCF 100 RCF 98

0.1 MHz 100 0.1 MHz 98

110 GHz 100 0.3 MHz 99.5

HP 8481A 1 MHz 99.3

RCF 100 3 MHz 98.5

50 MHz 100 10 MHz 98.5

100 MHz 99.8 30 MHz 98.1

2 GHz 99 100 MHz 97.6 3 GHz 98.6 300 MHz 97.5 4 GHz 98 1 GHz 97 5 GHz 97.7 2 GHz 95 6 GHz 97.4 3 GHz 93 7 GHz 97.1 4.2 GHz 91 8 GHz 96.6 HP 8483A

9 GHz 96.2 RCF 94.6 10 GHz 95.4 0.1 MHz 94 11 GHz 94.9 0.3 MHz 97.9

12.4 GHz 94.3 1MHz 98.4 13 GHz 94.3 3MHz 98.4 14 GHz 93.2 10 MHz 99.3 15 GHz 93 30 MHz 98.7 16 GHz 93 100 MHz 97.8 17 GHz 92.7 300 MHz 97.5 18 GHz 91.8 1 GHz 97.2

2 GHz 96.4

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-19

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables

HP 8481D HP 8485A

RCF 99 RCF 100

50 MHz 99 50 MHz 100

500 MHz 99.5 2 GHz 99.5

1 GHz 99.4 4 GHz 98.9 2 GHz 99.5 6 GHz 98.5 3 GHz 98.6 8 GHz 98.3 4 GHz 98.6 10 GHz 98.1 5 GHz 98.5 11 GHz 97.8 6 GHz 98.5 12 GHz 97.6 7 GHz 98.6 12.4 GHz 97.6 8 GHz 98.7 14 GHz 97.4

9 GHz 99.5 16 GHz 97 10 GHz 98.6 17 GHz 96.7 11 GHz 98.7 18 GHz 96.6 12 GHz 99 19 GHz 96

12.4 GHz 99.1 20 GHz 96.1 13 GHz 98.9 21 GHz 96.2 14 GHz 99.4 22 GHz 95.3 15 GHz 98.9 23 GHz 94.9 16 GHz 99.1 24 GHz 94.3 17 GHz 98.4 25 GHz 92.4 18 GHz 100.1 26 GHz 92.2

R8486A 26.5 GHz 92.1

RCF 100 R8486D

50 MHz 100 RCF 97.6

26.5 GHz 94.9 50 MHz 97.6 27 GHz 94.9 26.5 GHz 97.1 28 GHz 95.4 27 GHz 95.3 29 GHz 94.3 28 GHz 94.2 30 GHz 94.1 29 GHz 94.5 31 GHz 93.5 30 GHz 96.6 32 GHz 93.7 31 GHz 97.6 33 GHz 93.7 32 GHz 98 34 GHz 94.9 33 GHz 98.9

34.5 GHz 94.5 34 GHz 99.5 35 GHz 94.4 34.5 GHz 99 36 GHz 93.7 35 GHz 97.6 37 GHz 94.9 36 GHz 99 38 GHz 93.5 37 GHz 98.2 39 GHz 93.9 38 GHz 97.4 40 GHz 92.3 39 GHz 97.6

40 GHz 100

2-20 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Making Measurements using Sensor Calibration Tables

HP 8487A HP 8487A continued

RCF 100 37 GHz 92.4

50 MHz 100 38 GHz 90.9 100 MHz 99.9 39 GHz 91.3 500 MHz 98.6 40 GHz 91.4

1 GHz 99.8 41 GHz 90.6 2 GHz 99.5 42 GHz 89.9 3 GHz 98.9 43 GHz 89.1 4 GHz 98.8 44 GHz 88.1 5 GHz 98.6 45 GHz 86.9 6 GHz 98.5 46 GHz 85.8 7 GHz 98.4 47 GHz 85.4 8 GHz 98.3 48 GHz 83.2

9 GHz 98.3 49 GHz 81.6 10 GHz 98.3 50 GHz 80.2 11 GHz 98.1 Q8486A 12 GHz 97.9 RCF 100 13 GHz 98 50 MHz 100 14 GHz 98.2 33.5 GHz 91.3 15 GHz 97.7 34.5 GHz 92 16 GHz 96.8 35 GHz 91.7 17 GHz 97 36 GHz 91.5 18 GHz 96.3 37 GHz 92.1 19 GHz 95.9 38 GHz 91.7 20 GHz 21 GHz 95.6 40 GHz 90.7 22 GHz 95.5 41 GHz 90.3 23 GHz 95.4 42 GHz 89.5 24 GHz 95 43 GHz 88.5 25 GHz 95.4 44 GHz 88.7 26 GHz 95.2 45 GHz 88.2 27 GHz 95.1 46 GHz 87 28 GHz 95 47 GHz 86.4 29 GHz 94.4 48 GHz 85.3 30 GHz 94 49 GHz 84.7 31 GHz 93.7 50 GHz 82.9 32 GHz 93.8 33 GHz 93 34 GHz 93.2

34.5 GHz 93.5 35 GHz 93.1 36 GHz 92

95.2

39 GHz 91

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-21

Power Meter Operation

Setting the Units of Measurement

The “dBm/W” menu is used to select the measurement units on the currently selected window. These can either be logarithmic (dBm or dB) or linear (Watt or %) units. sets the measurement units to dBm (logarithmic units). Table 2-2 shows which units are applicable to the individual measurement modes.

Press , then select the unit of measurement from , , or

dBm/W

. Softkeys which cannot be selected in your particular mode of operation

appear with their text grayed out.

Note When the unit of measurement is set to Watt, it is possible that

negative power measurements may be displayed when measuring low power levels.

Table 2-2: Measurement Units

Preset Local

dBm W dB

Measurement

Mode

Relative Mode Off Relative Mode On

Linear Log Linear Log

Single Channel Watt dBm % dB Ratio % dB % dB Difference Watt dBm % dB

1. When relative mode is on (that is, , is “On”), the measurement is compared to a reference value.

Rel Offset

Rel Off On

2-22 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Selecting Units of Measurement from the Softkeys

In various softkey menu structures you are required to enter the units of measurement for power. In some cases, due to the wide power range available, the following menu is displayed:

µW

Cancel

Increment

Multiplier Decrement

Multiplier Cancel

Note Some softkeys may be grayed out so that an invalid value cannot

be entered.

Pressing or increases or decreases the multiplier shown in front of . Pressing

Increment Multiplier Decrement Multiplier

W W

after the correct multiplier has been selected conﬁrms the entry.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-23

Power Meter Operation

Making Relative Measurements

Relative mode allows you to compare any measurement result to a reference value. The relative reading can be displayed in either dB or % by pressing and selecting either or . When the measurement result is displayed in % a preﬁx multiplier may be shown.

Relative mode is window dependent and when enabled displays “Rel” in the window to which it’s applied.

Relative measurements cannot be output via the rear panel Recorder Output.

Procedure

To set a reference value on the currently selected window:

dBm/W

1. Press .

2. Press to use the current reading as the reference value. This

Rel Offset

Rel

dB %

allows you to compare any measurement result in dB or percentage (%).

Rel Off On Rel

3. is automatically set to “On” when is pressed.

Successive measurements are now displayed relative to the reference value. The relative mode can be disabled and re-enabled simply by pressing .

Rel Off On

2-24 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Setting the Resolution

The resolution of each of the power meter’s windows can be set to four different levels (1, 2, 3 or 4).

These four levels represent:

• 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 dB respectively if the measurement sufﬁx is dBm or dB.

• 1, 2, 3 or 4 signiﬁcant digits respectively if the measurement sufﬁx is W or %.

The default value is 0.01 dB (3 digits). To set the resolution on the currently selected window:

1. Press . The current setting of the resolution is highlighted on the softkey.

2. To change this setting press until the required resolution setting is highlighted.

Meas Setup

Resolution 1 2 3 4

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-25

Power Meter Operation

Setting Offsets

Setting Channel Offsets

The power meter can be conﬁgured to compensate for a signal loss or gain in your test setup (for example, to compensate for the loss of a 10 dB attenuator). This gain or loss, referred to as a channel offset, is added to the measured power before the result is displayed.

Offsets are entered in dB. The allowable range of values is -100 dB to +100 dB. A positive value compensates for a loss, and a negative value compensates for a gain.

If either a channel or a display offset is set then “Ofs” is displayed. To enter a channel offset which compensates for a loss or gain:

1. Press .

2. Press or depending on the channel which you want to apply offsets to.

3. Press , . The power meter displays the offset value in a pop up window. Modify this offset (see below) as desired.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

■ Use or to move to other digits.

4. To conﬁrm your choice press .

Offset Off On

5. is automatically set to “On” when a value is entered using .

System Inputs

A Input Settings B Input Settings

Offset

currently positioned.

Offset

Channel offsets can be disabled and re-enabled simply by pressing

Offset Off On

Setting Display Offsets

The display offset function provides a method for entering display offset values.

If either a channel or a display offset is set then “Ofs” is displayed. To enter a display offset on the currently selected window:

1. Press , .

Rel Offset

2-26 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Offset

Power Meter Operation

Setting Offsets

2. The power meter displays the offset value in a pop up window. Modify this offset (see below) as desired.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other digits.

3. To conﬁrm your choice press .

Offset Off On

4. is automatically set to “On” when a value is entered using .

Offset

Display offsets can be disabled and re-enabled simply by pressing

Offset Off On

The display offset is a function of the window. That is, if you have selected a two window display each can have its own offset.

Figure 2-3 and Figure 2-4 display the effects of the channel and display offsets on the power meter’s displayed reading.

Figure 2-3: Effect of Offsets on a Channel Measurement

ChA Input

ChB Input

ChA Offset

ChB Offset

ChA Input with Ch Offset

†

ChB Input with Ch Offset

† Channel Offset entered using , or

B Input Settings

†† Display Offset entered using ,.

Ch Input

Ch Offset

†

Ch Input with

Ch Offset

Display Offset

Ch Input with Ch Offset and

Display Offset

††

Figure 2-4: Effect of Offsets on a Maths Measurement

Result with

Math, A, B, A-B, B-A, A/B, B/A,

,, .

Result

Display Offset

System Inputs

Offset

Rel Offset

Display Offset Applied

††

A Input Settings

Offset

READING ON POWER METER DISPLAY

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-27

Power Meter Operation

Setting Averaging

The power meter uses a digital ﬁlter to average power readings. The number of readings averaged can range from 1 to 1024 in binary progression. This ﬁlter is used to reduce noise, obtain the desired resolution and to reduce the jitter in the measurement results. Increasing the value of the ﬁlter length reduces measurement noise. However, the time to take the measurement is increased. You can select the ﬁlter length or you can set the power meter to auto ﬁlter mode. The default is “AUTO”.

When the auto ﬁlter mode is enabled, the power meter automatically sets the number of readings averaged together to satisfy the ﬁltering requirements for most power measurements. The number of readings averaged together depends on the resolution and the power level currently being measured. Figure 2-5 lists the number of readings averaged for each range and resolution when the power meter is in auto ﬁlter mode and is set to normal speed mode (refer to the HP EPM-441A/442A Programming Guide for details of the readings averaged in the other speed modes).

Resolution is a window function and not a channel function. In the case where a channel is set up in both the upper and lower window and the resolution settings are different, the highest resolution setting is taken to calculate the averaging number. For example, if the upper window has a resolution setting of 2 and is measuring channel A - channel B and the lower window has a resolution of 4 and is measuring channel A. In this instance channel A averaging is calculated with a resolution of 4 and channel B with a resolution of 2.

2-28 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Figure 2-5: Averaged Readings

Power Meter Operation

Setting Averaging

Minimum Sensor Power

10 dB

Power Sensor

10 dB

Dynamic Range

1234 1 8 128 128

1 1 16 256

11232

11116

1118

Maximum Sensor Power

These four resolution levels represent:

• 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 dB respectively if the measurement sufﬁx is dBm or dB.

• 1, 2, 3 or 4 signiﬁcant digits respectively if the measurement sufﬁx is W or %.

Note The following procedure details how to set the averaging for

channel A. To set the averaging on channel B use the same

Resolution Setting

procedure using the softkey.

B Input Settings

Number of Averages

To set averaging:

1. Press , . The current setting of

System Inputs

averaging is displayed under the softkey.

2. To change this setting press . A pop up window appears.

A Input Settings

Filter

Use or to select your ﬁlter choice.

3. To conﬁrm your choice press .

Filter Off On

4. is automatically set to “On” when a value is entered using .

Filter

Enter

The ﬁlter can be disabled and re-enabled simply by pressing

Filter Off On

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-29

Power Meter Operation

Measuring Pulsed Signals

The power meter can be used to measure the power of a pulsed signal. The measurement result is a mathematical representation of the pulse power rather than an actual measurement. The power meter measures the average power of the pulsed input signal and then divides the measurement result by the duty cycle value to obtain the pulse power reading. The allowable range of values is 0.001 % to 100 %. The default value is 1.000%.

If duty cycle is enabled then “Dty Cyc” is displayed.

Note Pulse measurements are not recommended using HP ECP-series

power sensors.

An example of a pulsed signal is shown in Figure 2-6.

Figure 2-6: Pulsed Signal

Power

Duty Cycle = A

Time

2-30 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Measuring Pulsed Signals

To set the duty cycle:

1. Press , . The current setting of the

System Inputs

duty cycle is displayed under the softkey.

2. To change this setting press . The power meter

A Input Settings

Duty Cycle

displays the duty cycle in a pop up window. Modify this value (see below) until the desired duty cycle is displayed.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other digits.

3. To conﬁrm your choice press .

Duty Cycle Off On

4. is automatically set to “On” when a value is entered using .

Duty Cycle

Duty cycle can be disabled and re-enabled simply by pressing

Duty Cycle Off On

Note Pulse power averages out any aberrations in the pulse such as

overshooting or ringing. For this reason it is called pulse power and not peak power or peak pulse power.

In order to ensure accurate pulse power readings, the input signal must be pulsed with a rectangular pulse. Other pulse shapes (such as triangle, chirp or Gaussian) will cause erroneous results.

The pulse power on/off ratio must be much greater than the duty cycle ratio.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-31

Power Meter Operation

Setting Measurement Limits

The power meter can be conﬁgured to verify the power being measured against an upper and/or lower limit value. The range of values that can be set for upper and lower limits is -150 dBm to 230 dBm. The default upper limit is 90.00 dBm and the default lower limit is -90.00 dBm.

To set the limits:

1. Press , , , . The current

System Inputs

A Input Settings

setting of the maximum and minimum limits are displayed under

Max Min

the and softkeys respectively.

2. To change either of these settings press the appropriate softkey. The power meter displays the current value in a pop up window. Modify this value (see below) until the desired value is displayed.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other digits.

3. To conﬁrm your choice press the appropriate measurement units.

Limits

Limits can be disabled and re-enabled simply by pressing

Limits Off On

A typical application for this feature is shown in Figure 2-7.

Figure 2-7: Limits Checking Application

Power Meter

Swept Source

Device Under Test

OUT

CHANNEL A INPUT

2-32 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Amplitude

Power Meter Operation

Setting Measurement Limits

Figure 2-8: Limits Checking Results

10 dBm

4 dBm

In this application a swept frequency signal is applied to the input of the Device Under Test. The power meter measures the output power. The limits have been set at +4 dBm and +10 dBm. A fail occurs each time the output power is outside these limits as shown in Figure 2-8.

Fail o

o Fail

Frequency

Checking for Limit Failures

Limit failures are displayed in the appropriate ﬁeld in the measurement window on the power meter’s display as shown in Figure 2-9.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-33

Power Meter Operation

This

Setting Measurement Limits

Figure 2-9: P ass/Fail Limit Indicators

This

measurement has

passed which is indicated by the limit field being

empty.

This

measurement has

failed as the result

is less than the

minimum limit

level set of

-50 dBm. This is

indicated with the

text “Undr Lmt”.

measurement has

failed as the

result is more

than the

maximum limit

level set of

-60 dBm. This is

indicated with the

text “Over Lmt”.

2-34 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Channel Measurements

Power Meter Operation

Channel Measurements

Single channel measurements can be made on the currently selected window by pressing , and selecting or .

Meas Setup

Input Select A B

Absolute power is displayed for the selected channel in either dBm or Watts. The ﬁlter, range (where applicable), offset, duty cycle, calibration factor and limits can be set for the selected channel.

Single channel measurements can be displayed relative to a stored reference. In relative mode readings are displayed in either dB or %. Refer to “Making Relative Measurements”, on page 2-24 for further information.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-35

Power Meter Operation

Making Difference Measurements

Dual channel difference measurements can be made on the currently selected window by pressing , , and selecting

A-B B-A

or . The power meter always carries out “Maths” calculations in

Meas Setup

Input Select

Watts. The power meter displays the numerical difference of the power values of both channels in dBm or Watts. The power value for each channel includes offsets, calibration factors and duty cycle in addition to measured power. The ﬁlter, range (where applicable), offset, duty cycle and calibration factor are set individually for each channel.

Logarithmic units (dBm) can be used in A-B difference measurements where the channel A power level is less than the channel B power level. Likewise, logarithmic units can be used in B-A difference measurements where the channel B power level is less than the channel A power level. However, the negative sign is ignored and a log error is displayed on the status line and in the error queue.

Difference measurements can be displayed relative to a stored reference. In relative mode readings are displayed in either dB or %. Refer to “Making Relative Measurements”, on page 2-24 for further information.

2-36 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Making Ratio Measurements

Power Meter Operation

Making Ratio Measurements

Dual channel ratio measurements can be made on the currently selected window by pressing , and selecting or .

Meas Setup

Input Select A/B B/A

The power meter always carries out “Maths” calculations in Watts. The power meter displays the ratio of the channels power values in either dB or %. When the measurement result is displayed in % a preﬁx multiplier may be shown. The power value of each channel includes offsets, calibration factors and duty cycle in addition to measured power. The ﬁlter, range, offset and calibration factor are set individually for each channel.

Ratio measurements can be displayed relative to a stored reference. In relative mode readings are displayed in either dB or %. Refer to “Making Relative Measurements”, on page 2-24 for further information.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-37

Power Meter Operation

Selecting a Digital or Analog Display

The measurement windows can display the result in either a digital or analog format or both as shown in the following ﬁgures.

Figure 2-10: Digital Display

Figure 2-11: Analog Display

Figure 2-12: Digital and Analog Display

2-38 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Selecting a Digital or Analog Display

To select the format of the display in the currently selected window:

1. Press , .

2. Press to highlight the type of format you

Meas Setup

Meter Dgtl Anlg

Display Format

require. Pressing this key toggles between a digital and analog display.

To select the range of the analog display in the currently selected window:

1. Press , , .

Meas Setup

Display Format Anlg Mtr Scaling

2. The current setting of the maximum and minimum values displayed on the analog meter are displayed under the and

Min

softkeys respectively.

Max

3. To change either of these settings press the appropriate softkey. The power meter displays the current value in a pop up window. Modify this value (see below) until the desired value is displayed.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other digits.

4. To conﬁrm your choice select the appropriate softkey. If the power meter is in logarithmic mode press . If the power meter is in

linear mode select the appropriate softkeys from the following menu:

Cancel

Increment

Pressing or

Increment Multiplier

Decrement Multiplier

shown in front of . Pressing after the correct multiplier has

Multiplier Decrement

Multiplier

Cancel

increases or decreases the multiplier

% %

been selected conﬁrms the entry.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-39

Power Meter Operation

Selecting a Digital or Analog Display

To select both an analog and digital displa y press until two windows are displayed. Select the format of one window to analog and the other to digital as previously described.

To indicate if the measurement reading is outwith the minimum or maximum values set for the analog meter, a warning message is displayed. The analog meter also displays a digital reading. This digital reading allows you to easily set the appropriate minimum and maximum values for the analog display.

Note The analog display does not indicate as much measurement data

as the digital display. That is, it does not indicate when duty cycle, range hold, offset or relative mode are enabled. In addition, it does not indicate if the measurement is within the test limits if any are set.

2-40 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Setting the Range

The power meter has no internal ranges which can be set. The only ranges that can be set are those of the HP E-series power sensors. With an HP E-series power sensor the range can be set either automatically or manually. Use autoranging when you are not sure of the power level you will be measuring. There are two manual settings either “LOWER” or “UPPER”. The lower range is more sensitive than the higher range. “LOWER” covers the range of -70 dBm to -13.5 dBm. “UPPER” covers the range of -14.5 dBm to +20 dBm. The default is “AUTO”.

Note The following procedure details how to set the range for channel

A. To set the range on channel B use the same procedure using the

B Input Settings

To set the range:

1. Press , , . The current setting

System Inputs

of the range is displayed under the softkey.

2. To change this setting press . A pop up window appears. Use or to highlight your choice.

3. To conﬁrm your choice press .

softkey.

A Input Settings

Range

Enter

Range

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-41

Power Meter Operation

Configuring the Remote Interface

Conﬁguring the Remote Interface

This section gives a brief description on conﬁguring the remote interface. For further information on using the power meter remotely, refer to the HP EPM-441A/442A Programming Guide.

HP-IB Address

Each device on the HP-IB (IEEE-488) interface must have a unique address. You can set the power meter’s address to any value between 0 and 30. The address is set to 13 when the power meter is shipped from the factory.

The address is stored in non-volatile memory, and does not change when the power is switched off, or after a remote interface reset.

Your HP-IB bus controller has its own address. Avoid using the bus controller’s address for any instrument on the interface bus. Hewlett-Packard controllers generally use address 21.

To set the HP-IB address from the front panel:

1. Press , . The current setting of the HP-IB address

System Inputs

is displayed under the softkey.

2. To change this setting press . The power meter

HP-IB

HP-IB Addr

displays the address in a pop up window. Modify this address (see below) as desired.

■ Use or to modify the digit on which the cursor is

currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other digits.

3. To conﬁrm your choice press .

Enter

To set the HP-IB address from the remote interface use the:

• SYSTem:COMMunicate:GPIB:ADDRess command.

2-42 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Recorder Output

The rear panel Recorder Output connector produces a dc voltage that corresponds to the power level in W atts of the selected channel, depending on the measurement mode. The Recorder Output is disabled (0 V) during ratio, difference and relative measurements. This dc voltage ranges from 0 to +1 Vdc. The output impedance is typically 1 kΩ . Channel and display offsets, and duty cycle have no effect on the Recorder Output.

For example, the Recorder Output can be used to;

• record swept measurements on an X-Y recorder

• level an output from a source using external leveling, or

• monitor the output power on a strip chart recorder. A setup for recording swept measurements is shown in Figure 2-13.

Figure 2-13: Test Setup for Recording Swept Measurements

RECORDER

Swept Source

Device Under Test

OUTPUT

SWEEP OUT

RF OUT

X-AXIS (FREQUENCY) Y-AXIS (POWER)

To access the “Recorder” menu press , , .

X-Y Recorder

System Inputs

OUT

Power Meter

Recorder Output

CHANNEL A INPUT

This menu allows you to switch the Recorder Output signal either on or off. The and softkeys allow you to enter the

Max Power Min Power

input power level that you want to represent the 1 Vdc maximum and 0Vdc minimum output voltage of the Recorder Output. The

Output A B

softkey allows you to select which channel is represented on the Recorder Output.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-43

Power Meter Operation

Recorder Output

Leveling a Source Output

The Recorder output can be used to level an output from a source using external leveling. The following procedure explains how to do this:

1. Select the channel to be represented on the Recorder Output by pressing , , , .

System Inputs

Recorder Output Output A B

2. The highest power you are going to measure is used to determine the value which you should set for the Recorder Output maximum setting. F or example, if you are measuring a power less than 1 mW and greater than 100 µW, then set the recorder maximum value to 1mW.

50 dBm (100 W)

40 dBm (10 W)

30 dBm (1 W)

20 dBm (100 mW)

10 dBm (10 mW)

0 dBm (1 mW)

-10 dBm (100 µW)

-20 dBm (10 µW)

-30 dBm (1 µW)

-40 dBm (100 nW)

-50 dBm (10 nW)

-60 dBm (1 nW)

To set the maximum value press , ,

Recorder Output Max Power

, and enter the appropriate

System Inputs

value.

3. Press and enter 0 W.

4. Press to “On”.

Min Power Output Off On

2-44 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Saving and Recalling Power Meter Configurations

Saving and Recalling Power Meter Conﬁgurations

To reduce repeated setup sequences , up to ten power meter conﬁgurations can be stored in the power meter’s non-volatile memory. The HP-IB address, the data stored in the sensor calibration tables and the zeroing and calibration data are not stored by a preset. The calibration table selected is not affected.

Power meter conﬁgurations are saved and recalled with the hardkey.

To save the current measurement setup:

1. Press .

Save Recall

2. Use the and hardkeys to scroll through the displayed ﬁles. When the required ﬁle is highlighted press .

3. Press .

Confirm

If you require to modify the name of a ﬁle:

1. Press .

Save Recall

2. Use the and hardkeys to scroll through the displayed ﬁles. When the required ﬁle is highlighted press . The power meter displays the ﬁle name in a pop up window. Modify this name (see below) until the desired name is displayed.

■ Use or to modify the character on which the cursor

is currently positioned.

■ Use or to move to other characters.

■ Use and as required.

3. To conﬁrm your choice press .

Insert Char Delete Char

Enter

Save Recall

Save

Edit Name

To recall a measurement setup:

1. Press .

Save Recall

2. Use the and hardkeys to scroll through the displayed ﬁles. When the required ﬁle is highlighted press .

3. Press .

Confirm

Recall

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-45

Power Meter Operation

Saving and Recalling Power Meter Configurations

Figure 2-14: “Save/Recall” Screen

2-46 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Averaging

Power Meter Operation

How Measurements are Calculated

Figure 2-15 details how measurements are calculated. It shows the position in which the various power meter functions are implemented in the measurement calculation.

Figure 2-15: How Measurements are Calculated

Channel Functions Window Functions

Channel A

Cal Factor

Recorder Output

Channel Duty Offset Cycle

Limits

Math,A,B,A/B B/A,A-B,B-A

Upper Window

Display Offset

Relative

Averaging

Channel B

Cal Factor

Recorder Output

Channel Duty Offset Cycle

Limits

Math,A,B,A/B B/A,A-B,B-A

Lower Window

Display Offset

Relative

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-47

Power Meter Operation

Presetting the Power Meter

This section details the power meter’s preset conditions. The HP-IB address, the data stored in the sensor calibration tables and

the zeroing and calibration data are not affected by a preset. The calibration table selected is not affected.

Preset Conditions

The number of windows displayed is two.

dBm/W

Measurement units used is set to dBm.

Frequency Cal Fac

A Freq

• is set to 50 MHz.

A Cal Fac

• is set to 100%.

B Freq

• is set to 50 MHz.

B Cal Fac

• is set to 100%.

Meas Setup

Input Select

• is set to Channel A in the upper window and Channel B in the lower window.

Display Format

• is set to digital for both windows.

Anlg Mtr Scaling Max

• is set to 20.000 dBm ( ) and -70.000 dBm

Min

().

Resolution 1 2 3 4

• is set to “3”.

Rel Offset

Rel Off/On

• is set to “Off”.

Rel

• is set to 0 dBm.

Offset Off/On

• is set to “Off”.

Offset

• is set to 0 dBm.

2-48 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

Power Meter Operation

Presetting the Power Meter

System Inputs

A Table Off/On

• is not affected.

B Table Off/On

• is not affected.

Filter Off/On

• is set to “On”.

Filter

• is set to “AUTO”.

Duty Cycle Off/On

• is set to “Off”.

Duty Cycle

• is set to 1.000%.

Offset Off/On

• is set to “Off”.

Offset

• is set to 0 dB.

Range

• is set to “AUTO”.

Limits Max Min

• is set to 20.000 dBm ( ) and -70.000 dBm ( ).

Limits Off/On

• is set to “Off”.

Power Ref Off/On

• is set to “Off”.

Recorder Output Max Power

• is set to 20.000 dBm ( ) and

-70.000 dBm ( ).

Output Off/On

• is set to “Off”.

Output A B

• is set to “A”.

Min Power

Zero Cal

A Ref CF

• is set to 100%.

B Ref CF

• is set to 100%.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-49

Power Meter Operation

Self Test

The power meter has three distinct self test modes:

• power on self test, which occurs automatically when you turn on the power meter.

• conﬁdence check, which is accessed via the front panel and requires your assistance in order to verify the POWER REF and measurement path accuracy.

• troubleshooting mode, which is accessed via the front panel or remotely over the HP-IB. The front panel softkey menu allows you to run individual tests, whereas the HP-IB command runs a complete series of tests as listed in “HP-IB Testing”, on page 2-53.

Power On Self Test

The power on self test is performed automatically when the power meter is turned on and takes approximately 10 seconds to complete. The power on self test consists of the following tests:

• Battery

• Calibrator

• Measurement Assemblies

Refer to “Test Descriptions”, on page 2-54 if you require a description of each individual test.

As the power on self test takes place, the message “Testing...” appears next to the name of the test which is being performed. When each test is complete, the message “Testing...” is replaced by either the message “Passed” or “Failed”. If a failure occurs the message “Power-up H/W Err” appears. Any errors are also written to the HP-IB error queue and can be examined in the “Errors” screen by pressing , ,

Error List

System Inputs

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Power Meter Operation

Self Test

Front Panel Selection of Self Tests

Press , , , to access a test menu which

System Inputs

consists of the following tests:

• Instrument Self Test

• Conﬁdence Check

• Individual, which accesses a menu which consists of the following tests:

■ ROM checksum

■ RAM

■ Battery

■ Measurement Assemblies

■ Calibrator

■ Keyboard

■ Display, which accesses a menu which consists of the following

Service Self Test

tests:

◆ Display Assembly

◆ Display RAM

◆ Bitmap Displays

Each of these tests can be run individually. Information on the instrument self test and conﬁdence check are described on page 2-52. Refer to “Test Descriptions”, on page 2-54 if you require a description of the other tests.

When an individual test is selected, the message “Testing...” appears next to the name of the test. When the test is complete, the message “Testing...” is replaced by either the message “Passed” or “Failed”. This pass/fail indication excludes the keyboard test and the bitmap display test, both of which rely on your interaction to detect a failure.

When the individual test is complete, the result is displayed until is

Done

selected. If the self test failed, information about the failure is displayed on the screen.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-51

Power Meter Operation

Self Test

Instrument Self Test

If is selected, the following tests are run, these are the same tests which are run using the *TST? command.

• ROM checksum

• RAM

• Battery

• Display Assembly

• Calibrator

• Measurement Assemblies

As each test takes place, the name of the test is listed on the screen. While a test is running, the message “Testing...” appears next to the name of the test. As each stage of the test is completed, the message “Testing...” is replaced by either the message “Passed” or “Failed”.

Conﬁdence Check

The conﬁdence check requires you to carry out the following procedure. Instructions are also displayed on the screen. The conﬁdence check can be carried out on both channels using the appropriate softkeys.

1. Connect the power sensor to the POWER REF output (Refer to Table 2-1 on page 2-7 for connection requirements for the HP 8480 series power sensors). The power reference signal is turned on automatically after any key is pressed.

2. The power meter automatically makes a power measurement. If the measured error is within the instrument accuracy speciﬁcation the conﬁdence check has been successful. While the test is running, the message “Testing...” appears. If the correct power meter reading is made the message “Passed” is displayed, otherwise “Failed” is displayed.

If the conﬁdence check fails, the failure appears in the HP-IB error queue. To examine the HP-IB error queue go to the “Errors” screen (refer to Chapter 4).

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Power Meter Operation

Self Test

HP-IB Testing

To invoke the HP-IB self test, the IEEE 488.1 compliant standard command, *TST? is used. This command runs a full self test and returns one of the following codes:

• 0 - no tests failed

• 1 - one or more tests failed

The HP-IB self test consists of the following tests:

• ROM checksum

• RAM

• Battery

• Display Assembly

• Calibrator

• Measurement Assemblies

• Communications Assembly (Implicit)

The communications assembly is tested implicitly, in that the command will not be accepted or return a result unless the HP-IB interface is functioning correctly.

Refer to “Test Descriptions”, on page 2-54 if you require a description of each individual test.

When the *TST? command is executed, the screen is cleared. As each test takes place, the name of the test is listed on the screen. While a test is running, the message “Testing...” appears next to the name of the test. As each stage of the test is completed, the message “Testing...” is replaced by either the message “Passed” or “Failed”.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-53

Power Meter Operation

Self Test

Test Descriptions

This section speciﬁes what is actually checked by each of the tests. Some of the tests may only be applicable to one method of invocation (for example, from the front panel). If this is the case, it is speciﬁed in the test description. Most of the tests have an associated error message which is added to the HP-IB error queue if the test fails. The exception to this is the bitmap display test. Refer to Chapter 4, “Error Messages” for details on these error messages.

ROM Checksum

This test calculates the checksum of the ﬁrmware and checks it against the pre-deﬁned checksum stored on the ROM. A pass or a fail result is returned.

RAM

This test carries out a read and write test on the instrument RAM.

Battery

When the ﬁrmware is ﬁrst downloaded, a known value is written into a battery-backed memory location. This test veriﬁes that the value is still resident. It returns a pass if the value is still present, otherwise it returns a fail.

Measurement Assemblies

A measurement assembly is requested to automatically run a self test. This self test returns either a pass or a fail. A fail can either be produced by the measurement assembly self test failing or by the measurement assembly not responding.

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Power Meter Operation

Self Test

Calibrator

The reference calibrator is turned on (indicated by the POWER REF LED) and measured internally. A pass or fail result is returned.

Keyboard (Front Panel only)

The power meter enters a mode where you are invited to press any key. When a key is pressed, its name appears on the screen. Y ou can c heck that the power meter is displaying the expected name when the relevant key is pressed. This is a check that the power meter is receiving the correct keyboard signal. Pressing the same key twice sequentially exits this mode and returns you to a display that lists all the keys that were not entered. If the test is exited without all the keys being pressed a list is displayed showing all the keys which were not selected.

Display

Three tests are available for the display: the display assembly, display RAM and bitmap display.

A read/write is performed on the display RAM. If the value which is written is read back correctly, a pass is recorded, otherwise a fail is recorded.

The liquid crystal display/ light emitting diode (LCD/LED) control circuits are tested by making separate voltage measurements via the multiplexer and digital signal processor. If the expected voltages are measured, a pass is recorded, otherwise a fail is recorded. The three circuits which are tested are the LCD contrast control, the LED brightness control and the display temperature sensing diode.

Bitmap Display (Front Panel only)

A series of bitmaps are displayed on the power meter showing: two checkboards, vertical lines, horizontal lines , oblique lines , all pixels on and all pixels off. Pressing cycles you through these bitmaps. The

More Prev

key stops the display and returns you to the previous menu.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-55

Power Meter Operation

Operator Maintenance

This section describes how to replace the power line fuse and clean the power meter. If you need additional information about replacing parts or repairing the power meter, refer to the HP EPM-441A/442A Service Guide.

To clean the power meter, disconnect it’s supply power and wipe with a damp cloth only.

The power line fuse is located within the power meter’s fuse holder assembly on the rear panel. For all voltages the power meter uses a 250 V , F3.15AH, 20mm fast blow fuse with high breaking capacity (HP part number 2110-0957).

Note The power meter also has an internal fuse. If you suspect that this

fuse needs replaced it must be done by trained service personnel. Please refer to “Returning Your Power Meter for Service”, on page 2-63.

Replacing the Power Line Fuse

1. Remove the power cord from the power meter.

2. Slide the fuse holder assembly from the rear panel as shown in Figure 2-16.

3. Install the correct fuse in the “In line” position as shown in Figure 2-16. (A spare fuse can be stored in the fuse holder assembly.)

4. Replace the fuse holder assembly in the rear panel.

Figure 2-16: Replacing the Fuse

In line fuse

Spare fuse

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Power Meter Operation

Contacting Hewlett-Packard

This section details what to do if you have a problem with your power meter.

If you have a problem with your power meter, ﬁrst refer to the section “Before calling Hewlett-Packard”, on page 2-57. This chapter contains a checklist that will help identify some of the most common problems.

If you wish to contact Hewlett-Packard about any aspect of the power meter, from service problems to ordering information, refer to “Sales and Service Ofﬁces”, on page 2-60.

If you wish to return the power meter to Hewlett-Packard refer to “Returning Your Power Meter for Service”, on page 2-63.

Before calling Hewlett-Packard

Before calling Hewlett-Packard or returning the power meter for service, please make the checks listed in “Check the Basics”, on page 2-58. If you still have a problem, please read the warranty printed at the front of this guide. If your power meter is covered by a separate maintenance agreement, please be familiar with the terms.

Hewlett-Packard offers several maintenance plans to service your power meter after warranty expiration. Call your HP Sales and Service Center for full details.

If the power meter becomes faulty and you wish to return the faulty instrument, follow the description on how to return the faulty instrument in the section “Sales and Service Ofﬁces”, on page 2-60.

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-57

Power Meter Operation

Contacting Hewlett-Packard

Check the Basics

Problems can be solved by repeating what was being performed when the problem occurred. A few minutes spent in performing these simple checks may eliminate time spent waiting for instrument repair. Before calling Hewlett-Packard or returning the power meter for service, please make the following checks:

• Check that the line socket has power.

• Check that the power meter is plugged into the proper ac power source.

• Check that the power meter is switched on.

• Check that the line fuse is in working condition.

• Check that the other equipment, cables, and connectors are connected properly and operating correctly.

• Check the equipment settings in the procedure that was being used when the problem occurred.

• Check that the test being performed and the expected results are within the speciﬁcations and capabilities of the power meter.

• Check the power meter display for error messages. Refer to Chapter 4 for further information.

• Check operation by performing the self tests.

• Check with a different power sensor.

Instrument serial numbers

Hewlett-Packard makes frequent improvements to its products to enhance their performance, usability and reliability. Hewlett-Packard service personnel have access to complete records of design changes for each instrument, based on the instruments’ serial number and option designation.

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Power Meter Operation

Contacting Hewlett-Packard

Whenever you contact Hewlett-Packard about your power meter have a complete serial number available. This will ensure that you obtain the most complete and accurate service information. The serial number can be obtained by:

• interrogating the power meter over the HP-IB using the *IDN? command.

• from the front panel by selecting , , ,

Version

• from the serial number label.

The serial number label is attached to the rear of each Hewlett-Packard instrument. This label has two instrument identiﬁcation entries. The ﬁrst provides the instruments serial number and the second provides the identiﬁcation number for each option built into the instrument.

The serial number is divided into two parts: the preﬁx (two letters and the ﬁrst four numbers), and the sufﬁx (the last four numbers).

• The preﬁx letters indicate the country of manufacture. This code is based on the ISO international country code standard, and is used to designate the speciﬁc country of manufacture for the individual product. The same product number could be manufactured in two different countries. In this case the individual product serial numbers would reﬂect different country of manufacture codes. The preﬁx also consists of four numbers. This is a code identifying the date of the last major design change.

• The sufﬁx indicates an alpha numeric code which is used to ensure unique identiﬁcation of each product throughout Hewlett-Packard.

System Inputs

Service

SERIAL NUMBER

SER

UK12345678

OPT

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-59

Power Meter Operation

Contacting Hewlett-Packard

Sales and Service Ofﬁces

If you need technical assistance with a Hewlett-Packard test and measurement product or application please contact the Hewlett-Packard ofﬁce or distributor in your country.

Asia Paciﬁc:

Hong Kong: (852) 2599 7889 India: (91-11) 647 2311 Japan:

Hewlett-Packard Japan Ltd. Measurement Assistance Center 9-1, Takakura-Cho, Hachioji-Shi, Tokyo 192, Japan Tel: (81-426) 56-7832 Fax: (81-426) 56-7840

Korea: (82-2) 769 0800 Malaysia: (60-3) 291 0213 Philippines: (63-2) 894 1451 PRC: (86-10) 6505 0149 Singapore: (1800) 292 8100 Taiwan: (886-3) 492 9666 Thailand: (66-2) 661 3900

For countries in Asia Paciﬁc not listed contact: Hewlett-Packard Asia Paciﬁc Ltd

17-21/F Shell Tower, Times Square, 1 Matheson Street, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong tel: (852) 2599 7070 fax: (852) 2506 9285

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Power Meter Operation

Contacting Hewlett-Packard

Australia/New Zealand:

Hewlett-Packard Australia Ltd. 31-41 Joseph Street Blackburn, Victoria 3130 Australia 1 800 629 485

Canada:

Hewlett-Packard Canada Ltd. 5150 Spectrum Way Mississauga, Ontario L4W 5G1 (905) 206 4725

In Europe, Africa and Middle East please call your local HP sales ofﬁce or representative:

Austria: (1) 25000-0 Belgium and Luxembourg: (02) 778 3417 Baltic Countries: (358) 08872 2100 Czech Republic: (0042) 2-4743111 Denmark: 45 99 10 00 Finland: (90) 88 721 France: (0) 1 69.29.41.14 Germany: (0180) 532 62-33 Greece: (1) 7264045 Hungary: (1) 252 4705 Ireland: (01) 284 4633 Israel: (03) 5380 333 Italy: 02 - 92 122 241 Netherlands: (020) 547 6669 Norway: (22) 73 56 50 Poland: (22) 608 7700

HP EPM-442A User’s Guide 2-61

Power Meter Operation

Contacting Hewlett-Packard

Portugal: (11) 482 85 00 Russia: tel (7/095) 928 6885, fax (7/095) 916 9844 South Africa: (011) 806 1000 Spain: (34) 1 631 1323 Sweden: (08) 444 22 77 Switzerland: (01) 735 7111 Turkey: (212) 224 59 25 United Kingdom: (01344) 366 666

For countries in Europe/Middle East and Africa not listed, contact: Hewlett-Packard

International Sales Europe Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41-22-780-4111 Fax: +41-22-780-4770

Latin America:

Hewlett-Packard Latin American Region Headquarters 5200 Blue Lagoon Drive 9th Floor Miami, Florida 33126 USA (305) 267 4245/4220

United States:

Hewlett-Packard Company Test and Measurement Organization 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd. Bldg. 51L-SC Santa Clara, CA 95052-8059 1 800 452 4844

In any correspondence or telephone conversations, refer to the power meter by its model number (which is on the front panel) and full serial number (which is on the rear panel). With this information, the HP representative can quickly determine whether your unit is still within its warranty period.

2-62 HP EPM-442A User’s Guide

HP (Hewlett-Packard) EPM E4419A, EPM-442A User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual