HP 48gII User Manual

hp 48gII

graphing calculator

user’s manual

Preface

You have in your hands a compact symbolic and numerical computer that will facilitate calculation and mathematical analysis of problems in a variety of disciplines, from elementary mathematics to advanced engineering and science subjects.

The present Guide contains examples that illustrate the use of the basic calculator functions and operations. The chapters in this user's manual are organized by subject in order of difficulty: from the setting of calculator modes, to real and complex number calculations, operations with lists, vectors, and matrices, graphics, calculus applications, vector analysis, differential equations, probability and statistics.

For symbolic operations the calculator includes a powerful Computer Algebraic System (CAS), which lets you select different modes of operation, e.g., complex numbers vs. real numbers, or exact (symbolic) vs. approximate (numerical) mode. The display can be adjusted to provide textbook-type expressions, which can be useful when working with matrices, vectors, fractions, summations, derivatives, and integrals. The high-speed graphics of the calculator are very convenient for producing complex figures in very little time.

Thanks to the infrared port and the RS232 cable available with your calculator, you can connect your calculator with other calculators or computers. The high-speed connection through infrared or RS232 allows the fast and efficient exchange of programs and data with other calculators or computers.

We hope your calculator will become a faithful companion for your school and professional applications. This calculator is, without any doubt, the top of the line for hand-held calculating devices.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 – Getting Started

Basic Operations, 1-1 Batteries, 1-1 Turning the calculator on and off, 1-2 Adjusting the display contrast, 1-2 Contents of the calculator’s display, 1-2 Menus, 1-3 The TOOL menu, 1-3 Setting time and date, 1-3 Introducing the calculator’s keyboard, 1-4 Selecting calculator modes, 1-6 Operating mode, 1-7 Number Format and decimal dot or comma, 1-10 Standard format, 1-11 Fixed format with decimals, 1-11 Scientific format, 1-12 Engineering format, 1-13 Decimal comma vs. decimal point, 1-14 Angle Measure, 1-14 Coordinate System, 1-15

Selecting CAS settings

Explanation of CAS settings, 1-16 Selecting Display modes,1-17 Selecting the display font, 1-18 Selecting properties of the line editor, 1-19 Selecting properties of the Stack, 1-20 Selecting properties of the equation writer (EQW), 1-21 References, 1-21

Chapter 2 – Introducing the calculator

Calculator objects, 2-1

Editing expressions in the stack

Creating arithmetic expressions, 2-1

, 1-1

, 1-16

, 2-1

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Creating algebraic expressions, 2-4 Using the Equation Writer (EQW) to create expressions, 2-5 Creating arithmetic expressions, 2-5 Creating algebraic expressions, 2-8 Organizing data in the calculator, 2-9 The HOME directory, 2-9 Subdirectories, 2-9 Variables, 2-10 Typing variable names, 2-10 Creating variables, 2-11 Algebraic mode, 2-11 RPN mode, 2-13 Checking variables contents, 2-14 Algebraic mode, 2-14 RPN mode, 2-14 Using the right-shift key ‚followed by soft menu key labels, 2-15 Listing the contents of all variables in the screen, 2-15 Deleting variables, 2-16 Using function PURGE in the stack in Algebraic mode, 2-16 Using function PURGE in the stack in RPN mode, 2-16 UNDO and CMD functions, 2-17 CHOOSE boxes vs. Soft MENU, 2-17 References, 2-20

Chapter 3 – Calculations with real numbers

, 3-1

Examples of real number calculations, 3-1 Using power of 10 in entering data, 3-4 Real number functions in the MTH menu, 3-6 Using calculator menus, 3-6 Hyperbolic functions and their inverses, 3-6 Operations with units, 3-8 The UNITS menu, 3-8 Available units, 3-10 Attaching units to numbers, 3-11 Unit prefixes, 3-11

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Operations with units, 3-12 Unit conversions, 3-14 Physical constants in the calculator, 3-14 Defining and using functions, 3-16 Reference, 3-18

Chapter 4 – Calculations with complex numbers

Definitions, 4-1 Setting the calculator to COMPLEX mode, 4-1 Entering complex numbers, 4-2 Polar representation of a complex number, 4-2

Simple operations with complex numbers

The CMPLX menus, 4-4 CMPLX menu through the MTH menu, 4-4 CMPLX menu in the keyboard, 4-5 Functions applied to complex numbers, 4-6 Function DROITE: equation of a straight line, 4-6 Reference, 4-7

, 4-3

Chapter 5 – Algebraic and arithmetic operations

Entering algebraic objects, 5-1 Simple operations with algebraic objects, 5-2 Functions in the ALG menu, 5-4 Operations with transcendental functions, 5-6 Expansion and factoring using log-exp functions, 5-6 Expansion and factoring using trigonometric functions, 5-6 Functions in the ARITHMETIC menu, 5-7

Polynomials

The HORNER function, 5-8 The variable VX, 5-9 The PCOEF function, 5-9 The PROOT function, 5-9 The QUOTIENT and REMAINDER functions, 5-9 The PEVAL function, 5-10 Fractions, 5-10 The SIMP2 function, 5-10

, 5-8

, 4-1

, 5-1

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The PROPFRAC function, 5-11 The PARTFRAC function, 5-11 The FCOEF function, 5-11 The FROOTS function, 5-12 Step-by-step operations with polynomials and fractions, 5-12 Reference, 5-13

Chapter 6 – Solution to equations

Symbolic solution of algebraic equations, 6-1 Function ISOL, 6-1 Function SOLVE, 6-2 Function SOLVEVX, 6-4 Function ZEROS, 6-4 Numerical solver menu, 6-5 Polynomial Equations, 6-6 Finding the solution to a polynomial equation, 6-6 Generating polynomial coefficients given the polynomial’s roots, 6-7 Generating an algebraic expression for the polynomial, 6-8 Financial calculations, 6-9 Solving equations with one unknown through NUM.SLV, 6-9 Function STEQ, 6-9 Solution to simultaneous equations with MSLV, 6-11 Reference, 6-12

, 6-1

Chapter 7 – Operations with lists

Creating and storing lists, 7-1 Operations with lists of numbers, 7-1 Changing sign, 7-1 Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, 7-2 Functions applied to lists, 7-3 Lists of complex numbers, 7-4 Lists of algebraic objects, 7-4 The MTH/LIST menu, 7-4

, 7-1

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The SEQ function, 7-6 The MAP function, 7-6 Reference, 7-6

Chapter 8 – Vectors

Entering vectors, 8-1 Typing vectors in the stack, 8-1 Storing vectors into variables in the stack, 8-2 Using the matrix writer (MTRW) to enter vectors, 8-2 Simple operations with vectors, 8-5 Changing sign, 8-5 Addition, subtraction, 8-5 Multiplication by a scalar, and division by a scalar, 8-6 Absolute value function, 8-6 The MTH/VECTOR menu, 8-7 Magnitude, 8-7 Dot product, 8-7 Cross product, 8-8 Reference, 8-8

Chapter 9 – Matrices and linear algebra

Entering matrices in the stack, 9-1 Using the matrix editor, 9-1 Typing the matrix directly into the stack, 9-2 Operations with matrices, 9-3 Addition and subtraction, 9-3 Multiplication, 9-4 Multiplication by a scalar, 9-4 Matrix-vector multiplication, 9-4 Matrix multiplication, 9-5 Term-by-term multiplication, 9-5 The identity matrix, 9-6 The inverse matrix, 9-6 Characterizing a matrix (The matrix NORM menu), 9-7 Function DET, 9-7

, 8-1

, 9-1

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Function TRACE, 9-7 Solution of linear systems, 9-7 Using the numerical solver for linear systems, 9-8 Solution with the inverse matrix, 9-10 Solution by “division” of matrices, 9-10 References, 9-10

Chapter 10 – Graphics

Graphs options in the calculator, 10-1 Plotting an expression of the form y = f(x), 10-2 Generating a table of values for a function, 10-3 Fast 3D plots, 10-5 Reference, 10-8

, 10-1

Chapter 11 – Calculus Applications

The CALC (Calculus) menu, 11-1 Limits and derivatives, 11-1 Function lim, 11-1 Functions DERIV and DERVX, 11-2 Anti-derivatives and integrals, 11-3 Functions INT, INTVX, RISCH, SIGMA and SIGMAVX, 11-3 Definite integrals, 11-4 Infinite series, 11-5 Functions TAYLR, TAYLR0, and SERIES, 11-5 Reference, 11-7

Chapter 12 – Multi-variate Calculus Applications

Partial derivatives, 12-1 Multiple integrals, 12-2 Reference, 12-2

Chapter 13 – Vector Analysis Applications

The del operator, 13-1 Gradient, 13-1 Divergence, 13-2

, 11-1

, 12-1

, 13-1

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Curl, 13-2 Reference, 13-2

Chapter 14 – Differential Equations

The CALC/DIFF menu, 14-1 Solution to linear and non-linear equations, 14-1 Function LDEC, 14-2 Function DESOLVE, 14-3 The variable ODETYPE, 14-4 Laplace Transforms, 14-5 Laplace transforms and inverses in the calculator, 14-5

Fourier series

Function FOURIER, 14-6 Fourier series for a quadratic function, 14-6 Reference, 14-8

, 14-6

Chapter 15 – Probability Distributions

The MTH/PROBABILITY.. sub-menu – part 1, 15-1 Factorials, combinations, and permutations, 15-1 Random numbers, 15-2 The MTH/PROB menu – part 2, 15-3 The Normal distribution, 15-3 The Student-t distribution, 15-4 The Chi-square distribution, 15-4 The F distribution, 15-4 Reference, 15-4

, 14-1

, 15-1

Chapter 16 – Statistical Applications, 16-1

Entering data, 16-1 Calculating single-variable statistics, 16-1 Obtaining frequency distributions, 16-3 Fitting data to a function y = f(x), 16-4 Obtaining additional summary statistics, 16-6 Confidence intervals, 16-7 Hypothesis testing, 16-9 Reference, 16-11

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Chapter 17 – Numbers in Different Bases, 17-1

The BASE menu, 17-1 Writing non-decimal numbers, 17-1 Reference, 17-2

Warranty – W-1

Service, W-2 Regulatory information, W-4

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Chapter 1 Getting started

This chapter is aimed at providing basic information in the operation of your calculator. The exercises are aimed at familiarizing yourself with the basic operations and settings before actually performing a calculation.

Basic Operations

The following exercises are aimed at getting you acquainted with the hardware of your calculator.

Batteries

The calculator uses 3 AAA batteries as main power and a CR2032 lithium battery for memory backup. Before using the calculator, please install the batteries according to the following procedure.

To install the main batteries

a. Slide up the battery compartment cover as illustrated.

b. Insert 3 new AAA batteries into the main compartment. Make sure each battery is inserted in the indicated direction.

To install the backup battery

a. Press down the holder. Push the plate to the shown direction and lift it.

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b. Insert a new CR2032 lithium battery. Make sure its positive (+) side is

facing up. c. Replace the plate and push it to the original place. After installing the batteries, press [ON] to turn the power on. Warning: When the low battery icon is displayed, you need to replace the batteries as soon as possible. However, avoid removing the backup battery and main batteries at the same time to avoid data lost.

Turning the calculator on and off

The $ key is located at the lower left corner of the keyboard. Press it once to turn your calculator on. To turn the calculator off, press the red right-shift key @ (first key in the second row from the bottom of the keyboard), followed by the $ key. Notice that the $ key has a red OFF label printed in the upper right corner as a reminder of the OFF command.

Adjusting the display contrast

You can adjust the display contrast by holding the $ key while pressing the

The $(hold) + key combination produces a darker display

The $(hold) - key combination produces a lighter display

keys.

Contents of the calculator’s display

Turn your calculator on once more. At the top of the display you will have two lines of information that describe the settings of the calculator. The first line shows the characters:

Page 1-2

RAD XYZ HEX R= 'X'

For details on the meaning of these specifications see Chapter 2 in the calculator’s user's guide.

The second line shows the characters

{ HOME }

indicating that the HOME directory is the current file directory in the calculator’s memory.

At the bottom of the display you will find a number of labels, namely,

associated with the six soft menu keys, F1 through F6:

The six labels displayed in the lower part of the screen will change depending on which menu is displayed. But A will always be associated with the first displayed label, B with the second displayed label, and so on.

@EDIT @VIEW @@ RCL @@ @@STO@ ! PURGE !CLEAR

AABBCCDDEEFF

Menus

The six labels associated with the keys of functions. Since the calculator has only six soft menu keys, it only display 6 labels at any point in time. However, a menu can have more than six entries. Each group of 6 entries is called a Menu page. To move to the next menu page (if available), press the L (NeXT menu) key. This key is the third key from the left in the third row of keys in the keyboard.

through

form part of a menu

The TOOL menu

The soft menu keys for the menu currently displayed, known as the TOOL menu, are associated with operations related to manipulation of variables (see section on variables in this Chapter):

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@EDIT A

@VIEW @@ RCL @@ @@STO@ ! PURGE CLEAR F CLEAR the display or stack

These six functions form the first page of the TOOL menu. This menu has actually eight entries arranged in two pages. The second page is available by pressing the in the third row of keys in the keyboard.

In this case, only the first two soft menu keys have commands associated with them. These commands are:

@CASCM A CASCMD: CAS CoMmanD, used to launch a command from the CAS (Computer Algebraic System) by selecting from a list @HELP B HELP facility describing the commands available in the

Pressing the recover the TOOL menu is to press the I key (third key from the left in the second row of keys from the top of the keyboard).

EDIT the contents of a variable (see Chapter 2 in this Guide

and Chapter 2 and Appendix L in the user's guide for more information on editing)

B C D

calculator

VIEW the contents of a variable ReCaLl the contents of a variable STOre the contents of a variable PURGE a variable

(NeXT menu) key. This key is the third key from the left

key will show the original TOOL menu. Another way to

Setting time and date

See Chapter 1 in the calculator’s user's guide to learn how to set time and date.

Introducing the calculator’s keyboard

The figure below shows a diagram of the calculator’s keyboard with the numbering of its rows and columns. Each key has three, four, or five functions. The main key function correspond to the most prominent label in the key. Also, the green left-shift key, key (8,1), the red right-shift key, key (9,1), and

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the blue ALPHA key, key (7,1), can be combined with some of the other keys to activate the alternative functions shown in the keyboard.

For example, the P key, key(4,4), has the following six functions associated with it:

P Main function, to activate the SYMBolic menu „´ Left-shift function, to activate the MTH (Math) menu … N Right-shift function, to activate the CATalog function ~p

ALPHA function, to enter the upper-case letter P

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~„p ~…p

Of the six functions associated with a key only the first four are shown in the keyboard itself. The figure in next page shows these four labels for the P key. Notice that the color and the position of the labels in the key, namely, SYMB, MTH, CAT and P, indicate which is the main function (SYMB), and which of the other three functions is associated with the left-shift „(MTH), right-shift … (CAT ), and ~ (P) keys.

For detailed information on the calculator keyboard operation referee to Appendix B in the calculator’s user's guide.

ALPHA-Left-Shift function, to enter the lower-case letter p ALPHA-Right-Shift function, to enter the symbol π

Selecting calculator modes

This section assumes that you are now at least partially familiar with the use of choose and dialog boxes (if you are not, please refer to appendix A in the user's guide).

Press the H button (second key from the left on the second row of keys from the top) to show the following CALCULATOR MODES input form:

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Press the selecting different calculator modes are shown next.

!!@@OK#@ F

soft menu key to return to normal display. Examples of

Operating Mode

The calculator offers two operating modes: the Algebraic mode, and the Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) mode. The default mode is the Algebraic

mode (as indicated in the figure above), however, users of earlier HP calculators may be more familiar with the RPN mode.

To select an operating mode, first open the CALCULATOR MODES input form by pressing the H button. The Operating Mode field will be highlighted. Select the Algebraic or RPN operating mode by either using the (second from left in the fifth row from the keyboard bottom), or pressing the @CHOOSE soft menu key ( B). If using the latter approach, use up and down arrow keys, — ˜, to select the mode, and press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key to complete the operation.

To illustrate the difference between these two operating modes we will calculate the following expression in both modes:



0.50.3

−⋅

 

0.23

To enter this expression in the calculator we will first use the equation writer,

‚O

numeric keypad keys:

The equation writer is a display mode in which you can build mathematical expressions using explicit mathematical notation including fractions, derivatives, integrals, roots, etc. To use the equation writer for writing the expression shown above, use the following keystrokes:

. Please identify the following keys in the keyboard, besides the

!@.#*+-/R

Q¸Ü‚Oš™˜—`

‚OR3.*!Ü5.-

 

0.30.3

⋅



5.2

key

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1./3.*3. —————

/23.Q3™™™+!¸2.5`

After pressing `the calculator displays the expression:

√ (3.*(5.-1/(3.*3.))/23.^3+EXP(2.5))

Pressing `again will provide the following value (accept Approx mode on, if asked, by pressing

!!@@OK#@

You could also type the expression directly into the display without using the equation writer, as follows:

R!Ü3.*!Ü5.-

1/3.*3.™

/23.Q3+!¸2.5`

to obtain the same result.

Change the operating mode to RPN by first pressing the H button. Select the RPN operating mode by either using the soft menu key. Press the !!@@OK#@

soft menu key to complete the operation.

key, or pressing the @CHOOSE

The display, for the RPN mode looks as follows:

Notice that the display shows several levels of output labeled, from bottom to top, as 1, 2, 3, etc. This is referred to as the stack of the calculator. The

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different levels are referred to as the stack levels, i.e., stack level 1, stack level 2, etc.

Basically, what RPN means is that, instead of writing an operation such as 3 + 2, in the calculator by using

3+2`

we write first the operands, in the proper order, and then the operator, i.e.,

3`2`+

As you enter the operands, they occupy different stack levels. Entering

puts the number 3 in stack level 1. Next, entering

pushes the 3 upwards to occupy stack level 2. Finally, by pressing +, we are telling the calculator to apply the operator, or program, + to the objects occupying levels 1 and 2. The result, 5, is then placed in level 1.

Let's try some other simple operations before trying the more complicated expression used earlier for the algebraic operating mode:

123/32 123`32/

4`2Q

√27 27`R3@»

Notice the position of the y and the x in the last two operations. The base in the exponential operation is y (stack level 2) while the exponent is x (stack level 1) before the key

is pressed. Similarly, in the cubic root operation, y (stack level 2) is the quantity under the root sign, and x (stack level 1) is the root.

Try the following exercise involving 3 factors: (5 + 3) × 2

5`3`+ Calculates (5 +3) first. 2X

Completes the calculation.

Let's try now the expression proposed earlier:

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

−⋅



⋅



5.2



 

3` 5` 3` 3* Y

Enter 3 in level 1 Enter 5 in level 1, 3 moves to level 2 Enter 3 in level 1, 5 moves to level 2, 3 to level 3 Place 3 and multiply, 9 appears in level 1

1/(3×3), last value in lev. 1; 5 in level 2; 3 in level 3

- 5 - 1/(3×3) , occupies level 1 now; 3 in level 2 * 3× (5 - 1/(3×3)), occupies level 1 now. 23` Enter 23 in level 1, 14.66666 moves to level 2. 3Q /

2.5 !¸ + R

Enter 3, calculate 23

(3× (5-1/(3×3)))/23

Enter 2.5 level 1

2.5

, goes into level 1, level 2 shows previous value.

(3× (5 - 1/(3×3)))/23 √((3× (5 - 1/(3×3)))/23

into level 1. 14.666 in lev. 2.

into level 1

2.5

= 12.18369, into lev. 1.

2.5

) = 3.4905156, into 1.

To select between the ALG vs. RPN operating mode, you can also set/clear system flag 95 through the following keystroke sequence:

H @)FLAGS —„—„—„ — @@CHK@

Number Format and decimal dot or comma

Changing the number format allows you to customize the way real numbers are displayed by the calculator. You will find this feature extremely useful in operations with powers of tens or to limit the number of decimals in a result.

To select a number format, first open the CALCULATOR MODES input form by pressing the H button. Then, use the down arrow key, ˜, to select the option Number format. The default value is Std, or Standard format. In the standard format, the calculator will show floating-point numbers with the maximum precision allowed by the calculator (12 significant digits). To learn

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more about reals, see Chapter 2 in this Guide. To illustrate this and other number formats try the following exercises:

• Standard format:

This mode is the most used mode as it shows numbers in the most familiar notation. Press the !!@@OK#@

soft menu key, with the Number format set to Std,

to return to the calculator display. Enter the number

123.4567890123456 (with16 significant figures). Press the ` key. The number is rounded to the maximum 12 significant figures, and is displayed as follows:

• Fixed format with decimals:

Press the H button. Next, use the down arrow key, ˜, to select the option Number format. Press the

@CHOOSE

soft menu key ( B), and select

the option Fixed with the arrow down key ˜.

Press the right arrow key, ™, to highlight the zero in front of the option Fix. Press the @CHOOSE soft menu key and, using the up and down arrow keys, —˜, select, say, 3 decimals.

Press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key to complete the selection:

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Press the

!!@@OK#@

number now is shown as:

soft menu key return to the calculator display. The

Notice how the number is rounded, not truncated. Thus, the number

123.4567890123456, for this setting, is displayed as 123.457, and not as 123.456 because the digit after 6 is > 5):

• Scientific format

To set this format, start by pressing the H button. Next, use the down arrow key, ˜, to select the option Number format. Press the @CHOOSE soft menu key ( B), and select the option Scientific with the arrow down key

. Keep the number 3 in front of the Sci. (This number can be changed in the same fashion that we changed the Fixed number of decimals in the example above).

Press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key return to the calculator display. The number now is shown as:

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This result, 1.23E2, is the calculator’s version of powers-of-ten notation, i.e., 1.235

102. In this, so-called, scientific notation, the number 3 in

front of the Sci number format (shown earlier) represents the number of significant figures after the decimal point. Scientific notation always includes one integer figure as shown above. For this case, therefore, the number of significant figures is four.

• Engineering format

The engineering format is very similar to the scientific format, except that the powers of ten are multiples of three. To set this format, start by pressing the H button. Next, use the down arrow key, ˜, to select the option Number format. Press the

@CHOOSE

soft menu key (

select the option Engineering with the arrow down key ˜. Keep the number 3 in front of the Eng. (This number can be changed in the same fashion that we changed the Fixed number of decimals in an earlier example).

Press the !!@@OK#@ soft menu key return to the calculator display. The number now is shown as:

), and

Because this number has three figures in the integer part, it is shown with four significative figures and a zero power of ten, while using the Engineering format. For example, the number 0.00256, will be shown as:

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• Decimal comma vs. decimal point

Decimal points in floating-point numbers can be replaced by commas, if the user is more familiar with such notation. To replace decimal points for commas, change the FM option in the CALCULATOR MODES input form to commas, as follows (Notice that we have changed the Number Format to Std):

• Press the H button. Next, use the down arrow key, ˜, once, and the

right arrow key, ™, twice, to highlight the option __FM,. To select commas, press the @CHECK soft menu key (i.e., the B key). The input form will look as follows:

• Press the

!!@@OK#@

soft menu key return to the calculator display. The

number 123.456789012, entered earlier, now is shown as:

Angle Measure

Trigonometric functions, for example, require arguments representing plane angles. The calculator provides three different Angle Measure modes for working with angles, namely:

• Degrees: There are 360 degrees (360

• Radians: There are 2

radians (2π r) in a complete circumference.

) in a complete circumference.

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•

Grades: There are 400 grades (400

) in a complete circumference.

The angle measure affects the trig functions like SIN, COS, TAN and associated functions.

To change the angle measure mode, use the following procedure:

• Press the H button. Next, use the down arrow key, ˜, twice. Select the Angle Measure mode by either using the \key (second from left in the fifth row from the keyboard bottom), or pressing the @CHOOSE soft menu key ( B). If using the latter approach, use up and down arrow keys,

— ˜

, to select the preferred mode, and press the

!!@@OK#@ F

soft menu key to complete the operation. For example, in the following screen, the Radians mode is selected:

Coordinate System

The coordinate system selection affects the way vectors and complex numbers are displayed and entered. To learn more about complex numbers and vectors, see Chapters 4 and 8, respectively, in this Guide. There are three coordinate systems available in the calculator: Rectangular (RECT), Cylindrical (CYLIN), and Spherical (SPHERE). To change coordinate system:

• Press the H button. Next, use the down arrow key, ˜, three times.

Select the Coord System mode by either using the left in the fifth row from the keyboard bottom), or pressing the @CHOOSE soft menu key ( B). If using the latter approach, use up and down arrow

— ˜

keys,

, to select the preferred mode, and press the !!@@OK#@

menu key to complete the operation. For example, in the following screen, the Polar coordinate mode is selected:

key (second from

soft

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Selecting CAS settings

CAS stands for Computer Algebraic System. This is the mathematical core of the calculator where the symbolic mathematical operations and functions are programmed. The CAS offers a number of settings can be adjusted according to the type of operation of interest. To see the optional CAS settings use the following:

• Press the H button to activate the CALCULATOR MODES input form.

• To change CAS settings press the @@ CAS@@ soft menu key. The default values

of the CAS setting are shown below:

•

To navigate through the many options in the CAS MODES input form, use the arrow keys:

• To select or deselect any of the settings shown above, select the underline

before the option of interest, and toggle the @@CHK@@ soft menu key until the right setting is achieved. When an option is selected, a check mark will be shown in the underline (e.g., the Rigorous and Simp Non-Rational

š™˜—

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options above). Unselected options will show no check mark in the underline preceding the option of interest (e.g., the _Numeric, _Approx, _Complex, _Verbose, _Step/Step, _Incr Pow options above).

• After having selected and unselected all the options that you want in the

CAS MODES input form, press the @@@OK@@@ soft menu key. This will take you back to the CALCULATOR MODES input form. To return to normal calculator display at this point, press the @@@OK@@@ soft menu key once more.

Explanation of CAS settings

• Indep var: The independent variable for CAS applications. Typically, VX

= ‘X’.

• Modulo

modulus or modulo of the arithmetic ring (see Chapter 5 in the calculator’s user's guide).

• Numeric

in calculations.

• Approx

unchecked, the CAS is in Exact mode, which produces symbolic results in algebraic calculations.

• Complex

CAS is in Real mode, i.e., real number calculations are the default. See Chapter 4 for operations with complex numbers.

• Verbose

• Step/Step

Useful to see intermediate steps in summations, derivatives, integrals, polynomial operations (e.g., synthetic division), and matrix operations.

• Incr Pow

shown in increasing order of the powers of the independent variable.

• Rigorous

|X| to X.

• Simp Non-Rational

expressions as much as possible.

: For operations in modular arithmetic this variable holds the

: If set, the calculator produces a numeric, or floating-point result,

: If set, Approximate mode uses numerical results in calculations. If

: If set, complex number operations are active. If unchecked the

: If set, provides detailed information in certain CAS operations.

: If set, provides step-by-step results for certain CAS operations.

: Increasing Power, means that, if set, polynomial terms are

: If set, calculator does not simplify the absolute value function

: If set, the calculator will try to simplify non-rational

Selecting Display modes

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The calculator display can be customized to your preference by selecting different display modes. To see the optional display settings use the following:

• First, press the H button to activate the CALCULATOR MODES input

form. Within the CALCULATOR MODES input form, press the @@DISP@ soft menu key (D) to display the DISPLAY MODES input form.

• To navigate through the many options in the DISPLAY MODES input form,

use the arrow keys: š™˜—.

•

To select or deselect any of the settings shown above, that require a check mark, select the underline before the option of interest, and toggle the

@@CHK@@

soft menu key until the right setting is achieved. When an option is selected, a check mark will be shown in the underline (e.g., the Textbook option in the Stack: line above). Unselected options will show no check mark in the underline preceding the option of interest (e.g., the _Small, _Full page, and _Indent options in the Edit: line above).

• To select the Font for the display, highlight the field in front of the Font:

option in the DISPLAY MODES input form, and use the @CHOOSE soft menu key (B).

• After having selected and unselected all the options that you want in the

DISPLAY MODES input form, press the you back to the CALCULATOR MODES input form. To return to normal calculator display at this point, press the @@@OK@@@ soft menu key once more.

@@@OK@@@

soft menu key. This will take

Selecting the display font

First, press the H button to activate the CALCULATOR MODES input form. Within the CALCULATOR MODES input form, press the @@DISP@ soft menu key

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(D) to display the DISPLAY MODES input form. The Font: field is highlighted, and the option Ft8_0:system 8 is selected. This is the default value of the display font. Pressing the provide a list of available system fonts, as shown below:

The options available are three standard System Fonts (sizes 8, 7, and 6) and a Browse.. option. The latter will let you browse the calculator memory for additional fonts that you may have created or downloaded into the calculator.

Practice changing the display fonts to sizes 7 and 6. Press the OK soft menu key to effect the selection. When done with a font selection, press the soft menu key to go back to the CALCULATOR MODES input form. To return to normal calculator display at this point, press the more and see how the stack display change to accommodate the different font.

@CHOOSE

soft menu key (B), will

@@@OK@@@

soft menu key once

@@@OK@@@

Selecting properties of the line editor

First, press the H button to activate the CALCULATOR MODES input form. Within the CALCULATOR MODES input form, press the (D) to display the DISPLAY MODES input form. Press the down arrow key,

, once, to get to the Edit line. This line shows three properties that can be

modified. When these properties are selected (checked) the following effects are activated:

_Small Changes font size to small _Full page Allows to place the cursor after the end of the line _Indent Auto indent cursor when entering a carriage return

Instructions on the use of the line editor are presented in Chapter 2 in this guide.

@@DISP@

soft menu key

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