HP 415B Service and user manual

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STANDING

WAVE

(1-lr9°·

INUICATOR

OPERATING

AND.

SERVICING

r#jJ

MANUAL

•

OPERATING

AND

SERVICING

FOR

MANUAL

•

MODEL

STANDING WAVE INDICATOR

SERIAL

4183 AND ABOVE

415B

(

I

•

,

;..~

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Copyright 275

PAGE

HEwLETT-PACKARD

MILL

ROAD,

PALO

ALTO,

COMPANY

CALIFORNIA,

1955

U.S.A.

415B002-4

SPECIFICATIONS

•

NOISE

AMPLIFIER

CALIBRA

SCALE

.METER

GAIN

FREQUENCY:

SENSITIVITY:

LEVEL:

Q:

TION:

RANGE:

SELECTOR:

SCALES:

CONTROL:

INPUT:

1000

cps

±2%.

order.

0.1

Jivata

Less

than

room

te~perature.

25

± 5.

Square

70 db. Input

per10db

"Normal"~

SWR Adjuststoconvenient "Bolo"

fuse; "Crystal".

law.

1-4~

(200

or

4.3

Other

200

ohm

0.03

}J.

v

Meter

attenuator

step.

Maximum

"Expand"~

SWR

3-10,

ohms).

rna

low

200

ohms

frequencies

level

for

ref.

to

indicates

provides

cumulative

and

"-5

Expanded

reference

Bias

prOVided

current

for

crystal

full

input

operated

SWR,

60 db in10db

db".

SWR 1-1. 3,

level.

bolometer.

315to2020

scale

db.

error

for

8.4

rectifier

cps

deflection.

from

steps.

±O.

2 db.

db

Rangeatleast10db.

rna

.

available

a 200

ohm

Accuracy

0-10,

Expandeddb0.2

bolometer

on

special

resistor

±O.

of 1/100

at

1 db

.

amp

•

RECORDER

lNPUT

ACCESSORIES FURNISHED:

i\.CCESSORIESA

OUTPUT:

CONNECTOR:

POWER:

DIME

NSDNS:

WEIGHT:

VAILABLE:

"200,000 Jack

tion~

BNC.

115/230

Cabinet Rack

4lA-16E

415B-42B

AC-16D

terminated AC-16K

terminatedateach

ohms".

prOVided

internal

volts

Mount:

for resistance.of1500

±10%~

Mount:7-1/2"wide~11-1/2"

Mount:

Cable

Video

Assembly.

Plug-in

Assembly,

at

one

Cable

High

impedance

recording

60

cps,55watts.

19" Wide,

Net13Ibs.~Shipping19Ibs. Net18Ibs.,

Filter

end

Assembly,4feetofRG-58/U50ohm

end

milliammeter

315-700 700-2020

44

only

withaUG-88/U

with

for

crystal

ohmsorless.

Other

high,12-1/4"deep.

7"

high,

Shipping30Ibs.

cps.

inches

UG-88/U

of

RG-58/U

Type

rectifier

having

frequenciesonspecial

11-3/4"

Type

BNC

1 rna

50

BNC

male

as

null

full

scale

deep.

ohm

coaxial

male

coaxial

connectors.

detector.

deflec-

order.

cable

connector.

cable

Sect.IPage

1

•

1-1

INTRODUCTORY

In

high

frequency surements the

impedance

various

loads, connectors, standing strument curate withasuitable and

waveguide asadetector plications indicator.

1-2

The

Indicator electronic voltage with

barretters.

and for

easy

The

range-to-range

Becauseofthe mentofsignal sible.

A

front cuitofthe tel'

orahigh

retters, supplied being different

The

415B

cycles

in

the

to

the

required.

are

typesofterminations

and

oth

Wave

designed

standing-wave

requiringavery

DESCRIPnON

Hewlett-Packard

is

meter

and

power

square

reading

highly

accurate

panel

415Btoeitheracrystal

the through

selected

barretter

responds

per

second.

field

by

desired

Plug-in

applications,

the

customary

match

21'

transitions,

Indicatorisa

detector

sections.

in

bridge

a

highly

calibratedtoindicate

law

detectors

Expanded

reading low levelstobelowO.1

selector impedance

correct

by

installinganew

frequency,

of

transmission

high-frequency

etc.

primarily

measurements

probe

The

circuits

sensitive

Model sensitive,

standing-wave

suchascrystal

meter

of

extremely

input

RANGE

without

noise

levelinthe

switch

signal

bias

current

the

input

jack,

a

toggle

toasingle

The

filters

switch

resistances

frequency

no

further

tunedtofrequencies

standing-wave

meansofinvestigating

suchasantennas

devices

The

Model

laboratory-quality

for

useinmaking

in

and

slotted

415B

can

alsobeused

and

for

fixed-frequency

415B

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fixed-frequency

directly

ratios

scales

small

adapts

frequency

plug-in

are increments.

switch

lossofaccuracy.

415B,

microvoltispos-

the

diode, a

source.

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automatically

the

current

for

either

in

common

maybechanged

adjustment

mea-

systems,

and

such

415B

in-

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conjunction

coaxial

other

ap-

Wave

both

when

used

diode!"

provided

permits

measure-

input

cir-

barret-

For

bar-

value

of two

use.

only, 1000

filter

tuned being

be-

GENERAL

tween Hewlett-Packard

Provision the This oranoscilloscope.

as

1·3 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The and square-law signal be with

is

in very

range-to-range

each

(when

microvolt

levelisless signal to downtothe

The

a

switch.

justmentofthe

decibel for

5 DB

desired

reading

read

on

The

INPUT

as

switch.

mately to

315

and

2020

cycles

Company,

is

madeinthe

meter

Model 415B Standing Wave calibrated

usedasa

calibratedtoindicate vswr

the

sensitivityofthe

rangeof60

any input

the

selected

a 200-ohm

current

devices

levels)

linear

accurate

range.

from

internal

signal

andindb

set

for for

obtained

input jack. Useful

actual

The

rangetoobtainaconvenient

signal

switch

selects

andinthe-5db

downscale by 5 dbsothat

a down

jackiseither

by the BOLO-CRYSTAL-200, 000

When

8.4

milliamperes

barretter

through

can

alsobeusedtooperate

to

measureasignal-obtained

suchascrystal

and

barretters;

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sources.

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accuracyiswithin

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maximum

CRYSTALorBOLO

full

scale

than

0.03

from

noise

415Bisvaried

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GAIN

control

sensitivity

level.

an

scale

steponthe

impedanceofthe

settoBOLO, a

SECTION

DESCRIPTION

are

available

on

special

Model

indicator

standing

includes

meter

microvolt

a 200

ohm

measurements

level.

by

the

overanapproximate

The

expanded

position

200

ohms,

is

connectedtothe

415B

an

external

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indicating

wave

expanded

increments.

sensitivityofthe

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deflection.

resistor

front

providesafurther

EXPAND-NORMAL-

meter readings

canbereadupscale

RANGE

415Basseenatthe

or

d-c

automatically

from

the

order.

for

passing

recorder.

earphones

from

diodes in

ratio

±0.1dbbetween

as

referred

10dbsteps

panel

meter

shifts

switch.

200,000

biasofapproxi-

(at

low

also

conjunction

meter

directly

scales

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connected

maybemade

scale

the

INPUT

for

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415B

noise

to

over

RANGE

ad-

12. 5

reading

when

meter

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ohms

selector

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jack.

I

a

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A

toggle

2

switchonthe currenttoapproximately BOLO

the tobemonitoredbyan

by

CURRENT

bias

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jackonthe

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series

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front

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meter

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changes

panel and

the

bias

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permits

barretter

decreased

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ampere

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fuse.

normally

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on

115

volt

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55

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supplied

230

volt

230

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operation

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60

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use

in-

aO.5

•

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bandwidthofapproximately

points.

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effectiveQbetween The

frequency of

out

adjustment·by

desired

frequency.

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415Bassupplied

cycles

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selectivityofthe

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20

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amplifier

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RECORDER front panel provides sufficient ate

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CRYSTAL

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for

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Measurement

Sect.IIPage

1

I

•

2-1 INTRODUCTION

This

section

for

the set-up measurement standing

surement

be

given Low VSWR, etc.

The

2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5

2-6 2-7

2-8

2-9 2-10

2-11

2-12 2-13 2-14

2-2

INSTALLATION

The

415B

tested

ready is

unpacked,

damage found, for

Damage

pageofthis

The

Model

designed

model, rack. quired

are

not

contains

Model

instructions,

wave

Installation

Required Measurements HowtoOperate Precautions Detector Precautions High Low Impedance Impedance Impedance Procedure

and

for

follow

for

No

other

obstructed.

415B

precautions.

measurement

techniques,

to

the

various

High

VSWR,

material

Signal

Probe

VSWR's

VSWR'

Standing

inspected

use

when

it

should

received

the

in

Shipment"

instruction

415Bisa

for

table

permanent

special

than

to

complete Standing

measurement

Because

depends

considerable

measurement Precautions

in

this

sectionisoutlined

Source

the

Model

when

using

Penetration

with

Signal

s Measurement Measurement Measurement for

Smith

Wave

Indicator

before

received.

be

in

shipment.

procedure

book.

portable

top

use,

installationina

installation

assure

that

operating

Wave

Crystal

Sources

Rules Procedure and

Chart

being

When

carefully

outlinedinthe"Claim

paragraph

measuring

orinthe

instructions

the

instructions

Indicator,

possibilities

the

accuracy largelyonmeaattention

discussions,

with

Detectors,

415B

Detectors

the

Smith

Calculations

has

been

s~ipped

the

instrument

inspected

If

any

damage

on

the

instrument

rack-mounting

standard

are

ventilating

louvers

should

below:

Chart

rigidly

and

relay

test

and

for

last

re-

OPERATING

When

power, be

of

is

is·

shipped

the

415B

power.

the

rewiredasshowninthe

end of

the

2-3 RE9UIRED The

signal Indicator and

variable with

the

1000

cycle should shf klystrons tude modulation without itiscommon of tain source. be the

For source

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signal coaxial between flections klystron. to modulation from

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2-1

signal

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sectionsasuitable

power

an 415Bisbasicallyavery system

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INSTRUCTIONS

from

the

Hewlett-Packard

is

connected

If

the

415Bisto

power

manual.

sources

are

415B,

(which

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flexible

illustratesatypical

generator.

the

andtocontrol

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the

external

transformer

SIGNAL

used of two frequency

the

signal

per

second

circuits

are

practicetokey

fromasquare-wave

square-wave

frequencyofthe

and

indicate

calibrated

connected

klystron

this

application

klystron

or

must

source

Precautions

mustbeconsidered

If

the

for

SOURCE

with

common

klystron

amplitude

0.1 for

incapableofsinusoidal

serious

versatile

power

frequency

and

tube be

capableofbeing

signal

sourceispulse

that

the

SECTION

operation

be

operated

primary

schematic

the

415B Standing

types;

tubes.

source milliwattofpower.

modulation

directly

attenuator

the

must

of

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the

most

frequency modulation)

the

modulating

square

cps

(to

operation

output

test

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the

guidetoprevent

signal

the

power

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high

applicabletoany

in

415Bisnot

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signal

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of

the

wave

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the

frequency

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and

should

attenuator.

set-up

using

to

waveguide

shouldbeused

level

supply

the

1000

modulated

waves.

gain

amplifier

operationofthe

modulated,

overloaded,

II

factory,

115-volt

230-volt

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of

and

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reflex

ampli-

electrode

signal

then

of

signal

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such

tubeasa

or

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the

used

cycle

high

•

,.,em"

Sect.ITPage

2

SIGNAL

GENERATOR

-HP-

MODEL

STANDING

CRYSTAL DETECTOR

WAVE

415

B

INDICATOR

•

as

this

will

resultinsevere lationisused, approximately

200n

CRYSTAL

short

pulse ringing is be

2-4 MEASUREMENTS

The to

coefficient obtainedbymeasuring wave Fromaknowledgeofthe other calculated.

BaSIcally, consistsofsettingapick-up

and

recommended

used,ifat

Model 415B Standing

measure

and

information

the

40%. positionisthroughatransformer,

type

overload

that

all

possible.

the

magnitude

of

any

the

positionofits

pertainingtothe

the

measurement

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signals

effects.

only

r-f

the

cycle

Figure

errors.

shouldbenot

the can square-wave

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phaseofthe

load.

magnitudeofthe

minimumormaximum.

reflection

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probe

415B

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these

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wave

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than

due

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ratio

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line

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section

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straight-forward

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to monitor

meter

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barretter,

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desired.

if

plied to an

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RANGE

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CRYSTAL

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detector

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signal

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source.

signal

other or

reading

down-scale

for

meter

scales, normal scales,

meter

shift

~ed

Adjust

or

Terminals

Controls and

decibels. 5

2-2.

Figure

-

Sect.IIPage

4

convenience reference for

such

2-12

to

2-5

HOW

usuallyashort

pointinthe

line.

measurements

2-14

on

impedance

TO

OPERATE

Asaprecautiontoprevent current to

a. power

b. wave c.

d.

e.

f. vswr

g.

h. SWR-DB RANGE

scale

i.

Examples

1) uppermost

the

2)Ifthe

the

2-3), range

(3to10) (dashed

barretters,

LOW

before

Connect

nominal

switchtoON

Set

the

detector

indicator.

Connect signal

Set

the

scale Peak

lation

If

reading

probe

meter.

Set

the

scale

Move

a

minimum

reading.

Read on

the

If

at

vswr

wouldbe1.3to readingatthe

uppermost

set

and

pointer

always

turningonthe

the

415B

Standing

115-volt

and allow

input

selector

thatistobeused

the

INPUT

sourcetobe

SWR-DB RANGE

readingonthe

the

meter

readingbyadjusting

frequencyofthe

swr

fromaslotted

along

reading

probe

the

GAIN

controltoobtain

on

along

reading,ifnecessary

switch

the

vswr,

whichisnow

415B.

-

refertoFigure

the

minimum

scale

(solid

scale

(dashed

the

SWR-DB

read

the

indication

scale.

In

line

this

B).

a-c

jacktothe used.

line

the

pointer

minimumislower

RANGE

circuit)isplacedata

The

detailed

are

giveninparagraphs

instructions

measurements.

THE

4158

possible

set

damagetolow

bias

current

instrument.

Wave

Indicatortoa

power

source,

instrumenttowarm

switch

with

for

the

detectororother

switchtoobtainanup-

vswr

meter.

the

signal

source.

section,

to

obtainapeakonthe

an

exact

vswi:

meter.

slotted

sectiontoobtain

reducing

settingtomaintain

indicated

2-3.

415B

reads

1. 3

lineinFigure

1.

pointer

line

A in

switchtothe

on

the

second

case

the

readingis3.25

switch

turn

the up.

type

of

standing

modu-

move

the

full-

the

an

up-

directly

on

the

2-3),

than3on

Figure

VSWR

1.4

3)Ifthe by

two

top

scale

now 10

4)Ifthe EXP

ANnED

the

front

Figure

ranges

instead

2-3.

DetailofMeter

SWR-DB RANGE

the

scale

again;

vswris1.3

however,

of

VSWR

1.

or

scale

panelissettoEXPAND.

switchissettoE·XPAND,

"pin" increasing trol

5) decibels Swr'sofless DB

A

ratioisshowninFigure

downscale

and/or

The

the

standing

on

and

must

meter

sensitivity

the

SWR-DB RANGE

wave

the

DB

and

than

2.2

canbereadonthe

scale.

graphofswrindecibels

ratio

2-4.

PRECAUTIONS Both

the

BOLO. and panelofthe diameter" the

instrument. phone internal In

both

the

instrument

the

output

415B

tip-ring

pluginthese

voltage

jacks

the

circuits; nectionstothe notbegrounded

An

external jackonthe resistance.

recorder

415B must

If

canbeshuntedsothe

RECORDER

receive

sleeve"

Do

not

jacks.

circuit

sleeve

cpassis

the

appropriate

externally.

connectedtothe

have

the

recorder

total

use

andisnot

ring

(B)

;

,

Face

switch

shifts

the

lessitcanberead

after

be

EXPANDED

hastobe

twice,

full-scale

the

backtothe

.

lever

reading

switch

When

the

meter

pointer

resettofull-scale

using

the

GAIN

switch

is

also

..

indicated

DB

changed

on

the

lever

scales.

EXPANDED

vs.

voltage

the

three-circuit phone plug the

standard

To·doso

to

ground

jacks

in

standing

on

the

1/4

supplied

two-circuit

will

short

either

wave

front

jack.

connectionisgrounded

used

as

part

and

tip

signal

prOVide

circuit

the

and

RECORDER

approximately

has

higher

resistance

1500

ohms

resistance

connectedtothe

is

the

on

will

by

con-

in

inch

with

an

to of

con-

must

it

Sect.IIPage

5

RECORDER recorder

.

sistance

In

isolated

mustbeaddedinseries

addition

30

20

J

2

%

1

o

jackonthe

resistance

the

from

ground.

V

4

415Bis1500

is

lower

recorder

input

/

8 12 16

DECIBELS

than

/

I

!

(SWR)

1500

with

terminals

!

i

I

I 1

I

J/

I

I/!

I

-

!

i

-

20

ohms.

ohms,

the

1/

-~.

I

If

the

re-

recorder.

must

/

24

be

28

a.

With

the

equipment

detector

30

db-range

control b.

Accurately

erator10decibels

c.

Set

range.'

cator

should

a

decrease

scale

indicatesadeparture

acteristics d. Adjust

if

necessary,toagain

W'ith

the

range. e.

Again 10 db by

f.

Set

range.

indicatingareduction

If

the

readii1g

attenuataI'of

level

should

shouldbetried.

to

obtainafull-scale

of

the

settomaximum).

reduce

the

SWR-DB

The

meter

again

read

of10decibels.

at

the

higher

GAIN

controlonstanding-wave

SWR-DB RANGE

reduce

meansofits

the

SWR-DB

The

meter

differs

the

signal

be

used

in

operation,

standing

RANGE

the

RANGE

or

wave

the

outputofthe

by

its

attenuator.

on

the

full-scale,

A

from

level.

obtain a

switch

signal

attenuator.

should

of

noticeably

again

signal

generator,alower

another

adjust

reading

indicator

signal

switchtothe

standing-wave

thereby

deviation

square-law

full-scale

generator

switchtothe

strength

fr,om crystal

from

indicator,

settothe

output

read

full-scale,

of10db.

thatonthe

the

on

the

(GAIN

gen-

40-db

indi-

showing

full-

char-

reading

40-db

50-db

signal

detector

to

•

Figure

2-6

There

crystal devices briefly.

ideal indicators

occur

watts, rangeofthe control

If

the

its

performance signal attenuator. suchacheck for

the

is

oftenasignificant

and

another.

To

checkacrystal

source,

2-4.

PRECAUTlONS DETECTOR

are

precautionstobe

detector

are

well

Crystal

square-law

are

when

the

or

whenareadingoffull

settomaximumisobtained.

quality

generator

The

first

proceedasfollows:

Graph

Ratio

WHEN

elements.

known

diodes

response calibrated. r-f

power

standing

ofacrystal

may

having

step-by-step

follows.

time

shouldbethus

detector

Showing

in

and

exhibitadeparture

level

wave

quickly

Any

variation

Standing

DB

VB.

USING CRYSTAL

observed The

limitationsofthese

will

be

for

which

This

departure

excee~s

scale

indicator

detector

be

checked

an

accurately

procedure

new

crystal

checked,

between

usingacalibrated

Wave

VSWR

concerning

mentioned

standing-wave

a few

on

with the GAIN

isinquestion,

for

one

only

from

tends

micro-

the

30-db

against

calibrated

making

being

used

as

there

crystal

signal

all

the

to

2·7 DETECTOR

A

general tration held

ally

of

errors

Since from

indicating device,itistobe can effect usually is

increased. admittance admittanceiskept possible source wattormore.

a

If

the small, will true from in

the depend In

one

ruleinslotted

of a

sampling

to a minimum. However,

disregarded

in

standing

the

sampling

the

lineinorder

have an effect on

becomes

shunting

(small

having a

coupling the

shunt

cause

the

measured

vswr

and will

their

natural

maxima

special

upon

and

the

PROBE

The

power

case

PENETRATION

probe

thatitis

wave

probe

the

greater

probe

the

small

penetration)

outputinthe

between

admittance

shift

both

positions.

minima

shunting

where

line

workisthat

into

the

this

ruleisso

oneofthe

measurements.

mlist

extract

to

supply

fields

can

line.

by

the

vswrtobe

will admittance

the

expected

within

as

probe

be

considered

In

practical

couplingasloosely

andbyusingasignal

orderofa

probe

introducedbythe

the

maxima

In

general,

notbeequal,

the

susceptance

the

line

should

major

some

detector

that

the

line.

penetration

and

lineisnot

lower

and

of

the

pene-

gener-

sources

power

probe

as

work

milli-

probe

than

minima

the

but

probe.

of

be

and

This

an

this

as

the

shift

will

the

•

Sect.IIPage

is

load mum.

maximum. a a ductanceisto effect a

zero,

A

minimum

maximumata voltage

voltage

minimum.

willbegreaterata

minimum.

6

thereisno

The

impedance

voltage

lower

shiftofmaximumormini-

will

suffer

maximumtoa

The

these

voltage

less

alongaline

effectofthe

line

impedances,

maximum

shift

varies minimum

probe

than

and

than

the

from

at

con-

the

at

An exception to

whenitis pointina 2-9,

"High

measurement).

tration

minimum

the

small penetration.

It

thanavoltage

loadingonthe

However,

wave accurate

A

to readings average

Besides wave probe reflections the down

2-8 PRECAUTIONS WITH SIGNAL

Signal sirable

measurements. harmonics,

signals.

measurements

contentintheir

a

thanatthe

signal

slight, vswr

tern

f-m.

Instances

harmonics

canbetolerated

line.

(high

is

more

ratio

more

accurate

obtain

absorbing

pattern

will

generator

the

sources

characteristics

harmonic

source

they

values.

made

the

minimum-penetration

desired

standing

VSWR'

corresponds

However,

vswr)

desirable

locationofthe

byasingle

since

the

on

these

also

will

line

Signal

frequency

fundamental.

will

with

are

has

to

examineindetailaminimum

waveofhigh

s",

for

For

this

workagreater

than

toalow-impedance

the

minimum

before

maximum

minimumisless

the

minimumisgenerally

methodoflocating

positionofprobeattwo

either

two

asashunting

cause

travel

is

not

toward

can

frequency

should

output.

are

also

obscure

Figure

signal

common

ledtovery

tolerating

to

locateavoltage

since

minimumina low

measurement

sideofthe

readings.

power

These

sources

and

reflectionsinthe

towards

matched,

the

load.

introduce

that

include

modulation,

have

The

may

Spurious

undesirable,

the

2-5

shows

source

where

exampleofthis

otherwise

thanonthe

affecting

elementinthe

they

at

will

used

relatively

standing

be

minimum

serious

rule

occurs

ratio

(see

paragraph

form

probe

pene-

because

point

shouldbedefinitely

substantial

the

effectofprobe

is

the

equal

minimum

the

line.

the

generator.

willbereflected

SOURCES

least

affect

presence

and

for

standing

low

wave

considerably

frequenciesinthe

for,

pointsathigh

plotofan

producing

the

presence

errors

probe

minimum

maximum.

standing

usually

quite

broad.

minimum

output

and

standing-

line,

These

three

unde-

slotted

of

spurious

wave

harmonic

ratio

higher

unless

swr

unwanted

of

in

the

in-

then

the

line

r-f

very

pat-

r-f

vswr

I-

~

0..

~

o

of

w

CD

o

0:::

in

0..

Figure

is

measurements. sentto'an that

have broad-band type with

If

at

greater waveguide cavity andinadditiondonot the fields.

generally become coefficient of a loadata larger mon signal of

harmonic standing wave

of quency. fundamental or a

ing forth frequency. obtained

klystrons

tuned

Consequently,

especially

thanatthe

condition.

sourceishigh,

the

loadatthe

magnitudeasthe

Thus,adevice

moreatthe

deviceisdriven

15%

second

wavesofsecond

the

..J-L,.--NOISE

PROBE POSITION

2-

5. High

excessive

coaxial

will

efficiency

systems,

cavitytocause

limitedtocoaxial

frequency

second

harmonic

amplitudeofthe

Figure

when

the

Standing

(A)

FreeofFM

(B)

With

Such

harmonics

degree

outputs.

often

signal

haveamore

have

the

troublesome

harmonic

fundamental

When

the

harmonic

fieldstobeofthe

fieldsatthe

will

harmonic

fromasignal

content,

harmonic

2-6

showsatypical

r-f

signal

~

I

,k-A

,,

II

I,

'I

"

:1

Wave

Moderate

are

onlyinsignal

Coaxial

pass

harmonic

than

the

fundamentaL

sources

pickups

perturbations

harmonic

large

frequency

havingavswr

often

peaksatthe

suchasinternal

or

less

systems.

when

frequencyismuch

frequency

reflection

fundamental

haveavswr

frequency.

source

the

peaksofthe

will

contains

LEVEL

Ratio

Pattern

FM

usually

pickups

frequencies

fixed

extending

of

problem

Harmonics

the

contentofthe

can

same

of

having,

be

fundamental

swr

harmonics.

pre-

sources

of

coupling

into

the

cavity

reflection

- a

com-

coefficient

cause

order

fre-

2.0

at

of

If

such

say,

stand-

about

one-

pattern

a

In

is

the

20

Sect.IIPage

7

Figure

The

straightforward ventional suring

at

higher

When

must

2-6.

methodsisgenerally

nominal

vswr'sspecial

the

vswr

be

highifa

minimum. formation sured,

of

with

additiontothe

is

dangerofthe

characteristics higher

leveL

vswr'

is

This

the

consequent

error

as

PROBE

Typical to nal

POSITION

PatternofHigh VSWR

Spurious

FrequencyinSig-

Source

measurementofvswr

applicable

s uptothe

range

considerations

high,

reading

requirement

pattern

the

couplingofthe

istobe

may

whenamaximumismea-

errorinthe

causedbyprobe

the

caused

r-f

by a change in

energy

increasestoa much

with

con-

when'

mea-

of 10-12,

are

desirable.

but

probe

obtainedatthe

result

coupling,

in a

reading.

de-

In

there

detector

There

method that to used. method high-ratio in

In

to that The electrical

is

available

is

the

region

This

andispredicted

power standing-wave

the

vicinity

the

twice-minjmum

establish

are

vswr

the

twice

can

distance

accurate

where

methodisthe

of a

the

thenbeobtainedbysubstituting

VSWR = A L

Where d2

AListhe

are

the locations of

alsoinem.

NaTE:

in ing use with a

It

this

methodisthe

wave

shouldbenoted

indicator

square-law receiverisused, ings

willbe1.4:

used

with a cationofthe of

the

For

this tration of

the penetration the

minimum

in

the

itely

small

probe

square-law

twice-power

minimum.

methodofreading

shouldbesufficienttogiveaclear

minimum.

canbetolerated

correspondstoa

line.

However,

(high

penetration.

for

within

conventional

minimum.

methoditis

electrical

power

into

guide

wavelengthinem

the

twice-power

suchasthe

detectorisused,

the

voltage

1. H a

For

the

vswr)

before

measuring

high

approximately1%down

methods

twice-minimum-power

on

the

approximation

pattern

(See

to a

Figure

only

distance

between

amplitudeofthe

the

expression

7T

(d1- d2)

two

twice-minimum

that

the

value

referred

value.

415B

calibrated

orifa

ratioofthe

linear

detector,

this

voltage

the

voltage

point

willbetwice

vswr,

the

workagreater

than

otherwise

indicator

probe

low-impedance

minimum

shouldbedefin-

tolerating

vswr'

s a

can

of

parabola

2-7)

necessary

the

points

minimum.

this

andd1and

points,

If

a

stand-

for

linear

two

read-

indi-

that

pene-

reading

probe

because

point

substantial

be

a

to

is

•

..,

al

o

a::

A.

!;i

a::

w

~

o

a..

..IZ

Emt.

Figure

Eml"

----_

2-7.

CENTI"ETE~S

PROBE

Graph Method

E_~

POSITION

Showmg

for

Computing

VSWR=."(£IX)

Double

h

Minimum

VSWR

2·10 LOW

VSWR'S

Whenasampling sectionitgives itself. ward upon

If

are the probe of Since order suring caseitis

match

Reflections

the

generator,

the

match

the

generator

again reflected,

is

moved

the

reflections

the

reflection

effect,itonly

low

vswr'sin desirable

between tions,ofcourse, by

minimizing

probe

rise

between

is

under

is

generator

is

lowered

to

reflections

from

the

probe

and

what

happens

the

generator

mismatched,

this

time

these

changed,

from

the

becomes

the

order

to

achieveamoderately

and

these

toward

conditions,

leading

generatorisa

important of 2orless,inwhich

load.

intoaslotted

from

the

travel

there

and

back

depends

the

reflections

the

load.

the

to

errors.

second-

when

Probe

reflec-

shouldbekeptaslowaspossible

penetration.

probe

to-

line.

When

phase

mea-

good

Sect.ITPage

8

Accurate

mum, when causeofthe precise helpfultoestablish

mum location of with

ment. more easily established becauseoftheir

2-11

Some ted

line

The

is

never

If

toward

If

toward

component.

measurementofthe

the

vswrislow,

broadnessofthe

locationofthe

that

have

the

these

points, the

greater

IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

rules

shorting

accuracy

The

locationsofequal-amplitude

of thumb

measurements

shift

in the minimum when

more

than±one-quarter

the

load

the

load, the

the

generator,

minimumisdesired,

pointsoneach

same

value.

minimum

than

withadirect

that

are

are:

causes

load

hasacapacitive

load

causes

the

positionofthe

becomes

minimum.

sideofthe

By

RULES

helpfulinmaking

the

wavelength.

the

minimumtomove

the

minimumtoshift

load

has

mini-

difficult

averaging

canbelocated

measure-

points

higher

loadisshorted

component.

an

be-

When

the

it

mini-

the

are

slope.

slot-

inductive

If

shorting exactly pletely

is

When the loadisshorted,

beamultipleofa

Shiftsinvoltage of

loads

2-12 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE

The

technique

measurement a.

Connect

and

minimuminthe b.

Replace of

the

c.

Determine

line

the

one-quarter

resistive

minima

are

illustrated

for

isasfollows:

the

load

measure

the

slotted

the

shorted.

load

causes

wavelength,

and

hasavalueofZo

the

half-wavelength

resulting

in

Figure

performing

under

testtothe

the

vswr

and

standing

load

line.

new

wave

withashort

minimum

the

minimum

minimumtoshift

the

loadiscom-

x VSWR.

will

always

from

the

from

2-8.

actual

slotted

the

position of

pattern.

at

position

various

the

types

impedance

section

load

with

load.

the

end

the

If

shorting

to

move,

a

value

GEN ERATOR

the

Zo/VSWR.

the

load

does

not

loadiscompletely

MINIMUM

:/

I

THIS REGION IF LOAD

cause

the

resistive

WILL

IS INDUCTIVE

minimum

and

has

IF

MINIMUM

LOAD

SHIFT

SH I

IF

MINIMUM

FT,

TO

EQUALS

MINIMUM

~

LOAD

d.

The

by

SHIFTS

LOAD

V

DOES

EQUALS

normalized

the

formulas

>"'/4,

r.

VSWR

•

o

MINIMUM

NOT

r.c!VSWR

load

THIS

REGIONIFLOAD

\S

CAPACITIVE

impedance

below.

WILL

Refer

SHIFT TO

maybecomputed

to

Figure

~

+~

2-9'.

LOAD

4

Figure

2-8.

SummaryofRules

for

Impedance

Measurement

(

-t

Sect.IIPage

+-

SHORT

04-

LOAD

9

•

Where:

And:

zL

X

± A d

A

"2

Figure

1 - j (VSWR)

==

Shiftincentimeters p:>int

~

the

~

the erator.

One-half

n

measured

minima.

2-9.

(VSWH) - i

when

the

d

takesapositive

minimum

d

takesanegative

minimum

line

is

the

distance

Graph

Tan

shifts

between

Showing

X

of

the

shortisapplied.

(+)

toward

(-)

toward

or

guide

in

centimeters

two

Standing

minimum

sign

when

the

load.

sign

when

the

gen-

wavelength.

as

adjacent

Wave

Patterns

2-13 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT AND

SMITH CHART

When

dataisobtained

ment,

tainly

chart so

relationships

solution The

the normalized

resistance

actual

line.

.

ohm

at The

the resistance.

one of

the

represents

arranged

values

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that

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shown

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*

Smith, Electronics,

Ragain,

.

Series,

P.

H.

"Transmission-line

Jan.

G.L.Ch.2,

1948,

McGraw-Hill.

1939,

McGraw-Hill.

Vol.9M.I.T.

Calculator"

Had.

Lab.

Sect.IIPage

The

straight

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leftofthis

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A

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AMPLIFI

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3·1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The

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instrumentisas

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Page

2

meter

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to

on

in

Sect.IVPage

1

I

4-1

This

repair

The 4-2

4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-'7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-n 4-12

4-13 4-14 4-15

4-2

The amplifier The

imum with adjustment of

replacement.

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mechanical

the

accuracy

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INTRODUCTION

section

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TROUBLE

Model

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4-3

The

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Use

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Transformer

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REPLACING

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when

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without

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the

re-

)

of

Sect.

IV

Page

2

Adjustments

of

CRI

and

EXPANDED

4-5

RANGE

The

precision

switch

are

manufacture.

resistors

of

the

entire

a

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The

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EQUIPMENT

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following adjusting during ments

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as

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4-7

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The

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any

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checks

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4-9

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always

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Instrument Serial

(/jj)

Stock

Description

Number

Model'Number

of

Part

of

Part

I

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Sect.VPage

2

cmcUIT

REF.

Cl

C2

C3

A,B,C

C4,5

C6

C7,8

C9

CIO

DESCRIPTION,

Capacitor:

.01

Jlf

Capacitor:

500 Jlf,

Capacitor:

10

Jlf/sect.,

Capacitor:

.0047

_Jlf

Capacitor:

.0022

Jlf ±10%, -600

Capacitor:

.047

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Capacitor:

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Same

as

C2

TABLE

MFR.

fixed,

±10%, 600

fixed,

±10%,

paper,

electrolytic,

15

vdcw

electrolytic,3sections,

450

paper,

±10%, 600

paper,

400

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vdcw

OF

REPLACEABLE

DESIGNATION

CC'"

X*

CC*

PARTS

~

STOCK NO.

16-11

18-5

18-31

16-25

16-22

16-15

16-35

4#

1

2

1

2

3

Cll

A,B,C

C12,13

CRl,2 Fl

n

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J2,3 Ml PI

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as

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Rectifier, Fuse, Fuse, Lamp, Connector,

Connector,

Jack,

Meter: Power

cartridge: cartridge:

incandescent:

(cabinet

telephone:

dc

cord

C3,A,B,

crystal:

receptacle:

model)

BNC

type:

for3conductor

milliammeter

C

germanium

1

amp,

1/2

amp,

6-8V,

(rack

52

115

ohms

V

230 V

.15

model)

diode

amp,

impedance

plug

Elec.

Cords

4#47

BU*

LL*

E* E* N*

212-GllA

211-18 211-20 211-47

125-

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125-9

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BF*

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112-60

2

1

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1

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LIstofManufacturers

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quantity

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instrument.

For

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•

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5

•

CIRCUIT

REF.

R34,35

R36,37

R38

R39

R40

R41

R42

R43

DESCRIPTION,

Resistor:

150,000

Same

as

R21

Same

as

R29

Resistor:

680

ohms

Resistor:

470,000

Resistor:

270,000

Same

as

Rl5

Same

as

R41

fixed,

ohms

fixed,

ohms

fixed,

ohms

TABLE

MFR.

composition,

±10%, 1 W

composition,

±1O%,

I W

composition,

±1O%,

composition,

±IO%,

* &

I W

OF

REPLACEABLE

MFR.

DESIGNATION

B*

PARTS

<Fj;

STOCK NO.

24-150K

24-680

24-470K

24-270K

tt

2

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2

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R45

R46

R47

R48

R49

R5Q,51

R52

81,2

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82,000

Resistor:

15,

Same

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33

Resistor:

330,000

Resistor:

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as

000

as

ohms

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R33

fixed,

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fixed,

toggle:

composition,

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wirewound,

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composition,

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composition,

ohms

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26-25

24-33

24-330K

24-390K

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it

See"

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quantity

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Letters

instrument.

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Table"

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LIST

OF

CODE LETTERS

TO

'USED

IN

TABLE

OF

REPLACEABLE PARTS

DESIGNATE THE MANUFACTURERS

CODE

lEITER MANUFACTURER

Aerovox

A

Allen-Bradley Co.

B

Amperite

C

Arrow,

0

Bussman

E

C~rborundum

F

Centralab

G

Cinch·Jones

H

Hewlelt·Packard

HP

Clarostat

I

Cornell Dubilier Elec.

J

Hi·Q

K

Erie Resistar

l

Fed. Telephone

M

General

N

General

0

Girard.Hopkins

P

Q

Industrial Products International

R

lectrohm

S

littlefuse

T

Maguire

U

Micamold Radio

V

Oak

W

P.R.Mallory

X

Radio

Y

Sangamo

Z

Sarkes T

AA

Signal

BB

Sprague

CC

Stackpole

DO

Sylvania Electric Products

EE

Western

FF

Wilkor Products, Inc.

GG

Amphenol

HH

Dial

II

leecraft

JJ

Switch

KK

Gremor

II

Corad

MM

Electra

NN

Acro

00

Alliance

PP QQ

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Astron Axel Brothers Inc.

5S

Belden

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Barber

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AllenD.Cardwell

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Corning Gloss Works

AB AC AD

The Droke Mfg. AE AF AG

Thomas A. Edison, Inc. AH AI AJ

The

Corp.

Co.

Hart&Hegeman

Manufacturing

Co.

Mfg.

Co.

DivisionofAerovox

Corp.

& Radio

Electric Electric Supply

Resistance Inc. Inc.

Industries Inc.

Manufacturing

Co.,

Corp.ofAmerica

Electric

artian

Indicator

Electric

Carbon

Electric

light

Co.ofAmerica

Manufacturing

craft,

Inc.

Manufacturing

Corp.

Manufacturing

Electronics, Inc.

Corp.

Manufacturing

Bird

Electronics

Colman

Radio Inc.

brand

RETMA

Dole Products, Inc.

Elco

Corp.

Hugh

H. Eby

Fonsteel General

Gudeman

Corp.

Co.

Engineering

tube

standards.

Co.

Metallurgical

Ceramics&Steatite

Co.

Carp.

Co.

Inc.

Co.

Mfg.

Co.

meeting

Co.

Corp.

Co.

Corp.

Co.

Corp.

ADDRESS New Bedford, Moss.

Milwaukee 4, Wis. New

York,N.Y. Hartford, St. louis, Mo. Niagara Milwaukee I, Wis.

Chicago

Palo Alto, Dover, N. H. South' Plainfield, N. Olean,N.Y. Erieb,Po. Cliftan, N. Schenectady5,N. Son Francisco, Oakland, Danbury, Philadelphia 8, Pa. Chicago Des Plaines, Greenwich, Conn. Brooklyn 37, N. Chicago Indianapolis, Ind. Harrison, N. Marion, Bloomington, Ind. Brooklyn 37, N. North St. Marys, Pa. Warren, New York5,N. Cleveland, Chicago Brooklyn 37, N.

New Chicago Wakefield, Moss.

Redwood City, Kansas City, Mo. Columbus Ib, Alliance,

New

East Newark, N.

long Chicago

Cleveland

Rockford, Cleveland3,Ohio

Plo;nville, Conn.

Burbank,

Corning, N.

Columbus,

Chicago

Philadelphia 24, Po.

Philadelphia 44, Po.

West

North Keasbey, N. Sunnyvale, Calif.

Conn.

Falls,N.Y.

24,

III.

Calif.

J.

Calif. Calif. Conn.

20,

III.

Y.

10,

III.

J.

111.

Y.

Adams,

Mass.

Po.

Y.

Ohio

50,

III.

Y.

York,N.Y.

22,

III.

Calif.

Ohio

Yor~

13,N.Y.

Island City, N.

44,

III.

14,

Ohio

1/1.

Calif.

Y.

Neb.

22,

III.

Orange,N.J.

Chicago,

J.

III.

CODE

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MANUFACTURER ADDRESS

AK

Hammerlund

AL

Industrial AM Insuline AN

Jennings AO

E.F.Johnson AP

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AR AS AT AU AV

AW AX AY

AZ

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BY BZ CA CB CD CE Victory Engineering CF CG CH CI CJ CK Cl CM CN CO CP

CQ

CR

CS

CT

CU

CV

CW

Electric Micro.Switcl. Mechanical Model The

Muter

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Resistance

Radio Shallcross Solar Sealectro Spencer Stevens Torrington Vector Weston Advance E.I.DuPant

Electronics Tube Aircraft Allied Augat Carter CBS

Hytron

Chicago

HenryL.Crawley Curtiss· AllenB.DuMont Excel Transformer General

Hughes

International James

Mueller Electric

Precision

Radio

Raytheon Tung·Sol Lamp Varian

Weckesser Wilco Winchester

Molco Tool & Die

Oxford Electric Comloc·Fostener

GeorgeK.Garrett

Union Switch &

Radio Automatic Bossick

Birnbach Radio

Fischer Telefunken

Palter-Brumfield Connon

Dynoc, Inc. Good-All Electric

Mfg.

Condenser

Corp.ofAmerica

Radio

Mfg.

Co.

Mfg.

Co.

Industries Prod.

Eng. &

Mfg.•Inc.

Co.

Mfg.

Co.

Products

Condenser

Manufacturing

Thermostat

Manufacturing

Electronic

Electrical Inst.

Electric & Relay

Radio

ControlCo.•

Brothers, Inc.

Radio Division

Telephone

Wright

Radio

Aircraft

Knights

Thermometer

Essentia!s Inc.

Associates

Corporation

Receptor

Co.

Specialties

Eleclric

Co.

Manufacturing

Corp.

Manufacturing

Co.

Corp.

Radio

Co.,

Corp.

Labs

Co.

Rectifier

Co.

Manufacturing

Worh,

Co.

Electronics, Inc.

Corp.

Signal

& Precision Mfg.

Co.

{c/o

MVM, Inc.} Co.

Co.

Mfg.

Co.,

Inc.

Corp.

Carp.

Ca.

Co.

Corp.

Co.

Inc.

& Electric

Supply

Inc.

Corp.

& Inst.

Co.

Inc.

Corp.

Co.

1/1.

Ind.

Po.

58,

Ohio

b5.

J.

18,

J.

39,

Calif.

Ohio

III.

42,

III.

J.

34, Po.

Y.

2,

Calif.

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Calif.

Po.

N.

Y.

N.

J.

Moss.

J.

Ind.

Calif.

Conn.

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J.

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New York

Chicago

Manchester,N.H.

San

Waseca,

Chicago

Freeport,

Akron 8,

Huntington, Chicog Skokie,

Harrisburg, Camden Ca!lingdale,

Los

New Rochelle. N. Y. Attleboro,

Mansfield, Van Nuys,

Los

Newark5,N.

B"rban!:, Son

Philadelphia

Boonton, N.

New York 21. Attleboro, Cl.icago,

Danvers,

Elkhart,

West Carlstadt, Clifton, Oakland, Cambridge Culver

EI Sandwich, Cleveland,

Pftiladelpftia 30, Po.

Mt.

Newton,

Newark 4,

Palo Alto.

Union,

Chicago

Indianapolis,

Santa

los

Chicago

Paramus,

Philadelph:a

Swi5Svole,

New

Yon!:ers, N.

Bridgeport New York

Cincinnatib.Ohio

New York, N. Princeton, Ind. . los Palo Alto, Ogallola,

I.N.Y.

18,

Jose.

Calif.

Minn.

47. Ill. III.

Ohio

a 5, Ill.

III.

3, N.

Angeles

Mass.

Calif.

Angeles

Calif.

Francisca,

Mass..

1/1.

Mass.

Ind.

Orange,

N.

Calif.

City,

Segundo,

1/'-

Vernon,N.Y.

Moss.

N.

Calif.

N.

J.

30.

Monico,

Angeles

15. N.

Pa.

Yor~

II,N.Y.

13,N.Y.

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Calif.

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