HP 20B User Manual

HP 20b Business Consultant Financial Calculator Manual

For free training, visit www.hp.com/go/calctraining

HP part number: F2219-90201 First edition: August 2008

Legal Notices

This manual and any examples contained herein are provided “as is” and are subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard Company makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this manual, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, non-infringement and fitness for a particular purpose.

Hewlett-Packard Company shall not be liable for any errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this manual or the examples contained herein.

Reproduction, adaptation, or translation of this manual is prohibited without prior written permission of Hewlett-Packard Company, except as allowed under the copyright laws.

Hewlett-Packard Company 16399 West Bernardo Drive MS 8-600 San Diego, CA 92127-1899 USA

Revision History

Revision Date

Edition 1, v. 12 August 7, 2008

Legal Notices

Revision History..................................................................................................................2

HP 20b Business Consultant Keyboard

Keyboard Map Legend .......................................................................................................6

1 Basic Features

Welcome to the HP 20b Financial Calculator.....................................................................7

Turning the Calculator On and Off......................................................................................7

Selecting a Language.........................................................................................................7

Adjusting the Display Contrast............................................................................................7

Cursor.................................................................................................................................7

Two Line Display ................................................................................................................8

The Mode Menu: Setting Preferences................................................................................8

Changing the Calculation Mode........................................................................................10

Key Presses and the Secondary Function : Key..........................................................11

Annunciators.....................................................................................................................11

The I Key ..................................................................................................................12

The = Key......................................................................................................................12

Using the I and = Keys..........................................................................................12

Editing and Clearing Entries.............................................................................................13

The On/CE O Key ..........................................................................................................13

The Reset :x Menu ....................................................................................................13

Notes about Special Menus..............................................................................................13

Memory and the Memory Menu........................................................................................13

Accessing Menus and Menu Maps...................................................................................14

Contents

2 Mathematical Calculations

Mathematical Functions....................................................................................................16

Number Entry and Display................................................................................................16

Chain Mode ......................................................................................................................17

Algebraic Mode.................................................................................................................17

Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) Mode..............................................................................18

The RPN Stack.................................................................................................................18

Last Number.....................................................................................................................19

One-Number Functions and the Math Menu ....................................................................22

The Math :s Menu.....................................................................................................23

The Probability Sub-menu ................................................................................................25

Two-Number Functions ....................................................................................................26

Storing and Recalling Numbers........................................................................................27

Recall Arithmetic...............................................................................................................28

Storing and Recalling with Time Value of Money (TVM) Keys.........................................28

Recalling a Menu Item Value in a Menu...........................................................................28

Rounding Numbers...........................................................................................................28

Percentages......................................................................................................................28

3 Time Value of Money

Time Value of Money (TVM) Keys....................................................................................30

Calculating Payments on a Loan ................................................................................32

Amortization......................................................................................................................33

Creating an Amortization Schedule ............................................................................34

Interest Conversion Menu.................................................................................................35

Using the Interest Conversion Menu...........................................................................35

Canadian Mortgages: TVM Canada .................................................................................36

Canadian Mortgage Example .....................................................................................38

Contents

4 Cash Flows

Cash Flow Example..........................................................................................................40

Analyzing Cash Flows.................................................................................................42

Editing Cash Flows.....................................................................................................44

Sample Cash Flow Diagrams ...........................................................................................45

5 Bonds

The Bond Menu................................................................................................................46

Bond Calculation Example..........................................................................................47

6 Date Calculation

The Date Calculation Menu..............................................................................................49

Date Calculation Example...........................................................................................49

7 Break-even

The Break-even Menu......................................................................................................51

Break-even Example...................................................................................................51

8 Business Problems

The Percent Calculation Menu .........................................................................................53

Percent Calculation Examples....................................................................................54

9 Depreciation

The Depreciation Menu ....................................................................................................56

Depreciation Example.................................................................................................58

10 Statistical Operations

The Data and Stats Menus...............................................................................................61

Statistics Example.......................................................................................................63

11 Errors

Error Messages and Calculator Status.............................................................................65

12 Warranty, Regulatory, and Contact Information

Replacing the Batteries.....................................................................................................67

HP Limited Hardware Warranty and Customer Care........................................................67

Customer Care .................................................................................................................68

Product Regulatory & Environment Information ...............................................................71

Index

Contents

HP 20b Business Consultant Keyboard

Keyboard Map Legend

No. Feature Chapter(s) No. Feature Chapter(s)

1 Time Value of Money keys 3 16 Annunciator display area 1

2 Cash Flows, IRR, and NPV

menus

3 Data and Statistics menus 9 14 % key and Percent

4 Input key 1 13 Store and Recall 2

5 Memory menu 1 12 Break-even menu 6

6 Up/Insert and Down/Delete

keys

7 Secondary function key 1 10 Math Menu 2

8 On/Off and clear entry key 1 9 Mathematical function keys 2

4 15 Amortization and Depreciation

menus

Calculation menu

1 11 Backspace key and Reset

3,8

2,6

Basic Features

1 Basic Features

Welcome to the HP 20b Financial Calculator

This manual is designed to familiarize you with the many features of your new 20b Financial Calculator. It includes menu maps, example problems and solutions with key presses, screen shots, and examples of cash flow diagrams. There are also sections which list the error messages and explain how RPN works. Refer to the section titled, various topics. If you need more information about your calculator, or about calculator operation and features, please refer to the training materials available at: www.hp.com/go/calctraining.

Turning the Calculator On and Off

To turn on your calculator, press O. To turn it off, press :a.

Contents

for quick access to

Turning the calculator off does not erase any data. The calculator automatically turns itself off after approximately five minutes to conserve energy. If you see the low battery symbol () in the display, replace the batteries. See Chapter 12

Regulatory, and Contact Information

for instructions on replacing the batteries.

, Warranty,

Selecting a Language

English is the default language for messages displayed on the screen. To select a language other than English:

1. Press :u to access the Mode menu.

2. Press < repeatedly until

3. Press Iuntil the desired language is displayed. The displayed language is the active setting.

4. Press O to return to the default calculator screen.

For more information on accessing menus and changing calculator settings, refer to the sections below titled,

Menu: Setting Preferences

, and

English

Accessing Menus and Menu Maps

displays on the screen.

FIX

displays on the top line of the screen.

The Mode

Adjusting the Display Contrast

To adjust the contrast of the display, press and hold O while pressing the + or - keys. Each press of the + or

- keys slightly increases or decreases the contrast of the display.

Cursor

When you enter a number, the cursor (_) blinks in the display and indicates you are in

number entry

mode.

Basic Features

Two Line Display

There are two lines in the display screen as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Display Screen

The top line of the screen displays operation status, operator symbols, annunciators, and abbreviations of the registers, variables, and menu names. Throughout this manual, this line is referred to as the

The bottom line displays numbers you have entered, or results. Throughout this manual, this line is referred to as the

line

When no operations have been entered and no operations are pending, the bottom line of the screen displays of the calculator is referred to as the

default calculator screen

top line

. In Figure 1,

SIN

is on the top line.

0.00

bottom

. This state

The Mode Menu: Setting Preferences

The Mode menu allows you to customize the calculator. To access the Mode menu, press :u. Press < or > repeatedly to scroll through the menu starting with

Once an item is displayed, press I to cycle through the other options for that setting. To exit the Mode menu, press

O. Table 1-1 lists the items in the Mode menu

FIX=2

(the number of digits displayed to the right of the decimal point).

Basic Features

Table 1-1 Mode Menu Settings

Setting (top line) Description FIX= 2 Display precision (number of digits displayed to the right of the decimal point).

Default is2. Key in the number of digits you want and press I, or press = until the number of digits

you want is displayed. The display precision can be any number from 0-11. If you specify -1, the calculator displays

numbers with the most appropriate number of digits after the decimal point. If you find you need to change the

1 Press : and release it. Check that the secondary function indicator is displayed. 2 Press : again, and, without releasing it, press a key, 0through 9 that corresponds

to the desired

press . instead of a numbered key, FIX=-1 is selected.

Degree or Radian Angular mode in degrees or radians for trigonometric functions.

Date: mm.ddyyyy or dd.mmyyyy

Default is Pressing I toggles between these options.

Format for dates. December 3, 2010 is entered as

dd.mmyyyy

Default is Pressing I toggles between these options.

Note that when a date is displayed, a number between1and7also displays at the right of the screen. This number indicates the day of the week corresponding to that date. Monday is1, and Sunday is7.

Note: in 360-day calendar mode (Cal.360), days of the week are displayed only if the date is valid.

Degree

mm.ddyyyy

FIX

setting. FIX settings for 10 and 11 are not available using this shortcut. If you

format. Note the (.) in both formats separating the first and second groups.

format.

FIX

setting often, use the following shortcut:

12.032010inmm.ddyyyy

format, or

3.122010

1.23 or 1,23 Selects point or comma as decimal separator.

1000.00, 1,000.00, 1000,00 or 1.000,00

Default is decimal point, Pressing I toggles between these options.

Selects thousands separator. Default is none,

Pressing I toggles between these options. Note: the 1000.00 and 1,000.00 options are only available if the decimal separator is set for point

1000.00

1.23

(.); 1000,00 and 1.000,00 are available only if the decimal separator is set for comma (,).

Chain, Algebraic, or RPN

Calculation mode. For more information, refer to Chapter 2, Pressing I cycles through these options.

Mathematical Calculations

Table 1-1 Mode Menu Settings

Setting (top line) Description

Basic Features

English, Français, Deutch, or Español

Actual or Cal.360

Annual or Semiannual Bond type.

TVM Standard or TVM Canada

Language setting for the messages displayed on the screen. Default is

Pressing I cycles through these options.

Calendar options for bonds and date calculations. Default is

Pressing I toggles between these options.

Default is Pressing I toggles between these options.

Activate or deactivate the compounding per year (C/YR) option in time value of money (TVM) calculations. This option is primarily used for Canadian mortgage calculations. For more information, refer to the section titled,

Pressing I toggles between these options.

English

Actual

Annual

Changing the Calculation Mode

Canadian Mortgages: TVM Canada

in Chapter 3.

After viewing the default settings, suppose you want to change the calculation mode from Chain to RPN. See Table 1-2.

Table 1-2 Changing the Calculation Mode

Keys Display Description

<<<<

Opens the Mode menu, starting with first setting option,

FIX

, the number of digits displayed to the right

of the decimal point.

Scrolls to the current setting for the calculation mode,

Chain

(Press five times)

(Press two times)

Selects

RPN

Exits the Mode menu and returns you to the default calculator screen.

RPN

as the active setting. Note the small

annunciator to the right.

Basic Features

Key Presses and the Secondary Function : Key

To execute the function associated with a key, press and release the desired key. Most of the 20b's keys have two functions: the primary function and the secondary function. The primary function is printed on the top of the key. The secondary function is printed on the bevel of the key. See Figure 2.

Primary Function

Secondary (shifted) Function

Figure 2 Primary and Secondary Key Functions

To activate the secondary function of a key, press and release : followed by the key with the desired secondary function printed on the bevel. Unlike the shift key on a typewriter or computer keyboard, it is not necessary to press and hold :

while pressing another key. When : is active, the down arrow annunciator appears on screen, indicating that the next key pressed will execute the

secondary function of the key. To cancel an accidental press of :, simply press : a second time. In this manual, commands using the secondary key functions are represented by the secondary function key symbol, :,

followed by the key with the secondary function. For example, to execute sine,press :p. Note how the the key is highlighted, while the7is grayed out. This highlighting focuses on the function of the key that will be activated in a given command, and it is used throughout the manual to make the examples easier to follow. Key commands for example problems are provided throughout the text and in tables. Key symbols are placed in the order they are to be pressed, from left to right.

SIN

portion of

Annunciators

Annunciators are symbols that appear in the display as messages, or after certain keys or key combinations have been pressed. Annunciators are special symbols indicating a specific status in the calculator. Figure 3 illustrates the annunciator symbols in the display.

Figure 3 Annunciator Symbols in the Screen Display

Basic Features

The I Key

The I key is used to input values for variables and execute menu items. The I key is also used in Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) mode to enter a number on the stack or duplicate it.

The = Key

The = key is used at the end of a mathematical operation to calculate the final result. For example, 1+2= returns a final result of3.

The = key, when pressed outside of a mathematical operation, also allows you to request a calculation for the value of an item. This request only applies to items that can be calculated.

Using the I and = Keys

Suppose you wanted to calculate the effective interest rate for a 12% nominal interest rate with 12 payments per year in the Interest Conversion (IConv) menu. To open the IConv menu, press :&.

current value assigned to the nominal interest rate is displayed on the bottom line. With this screen displayed, press

12I to input a new value for the nominal rate. Press < followed by = to calculate the value for the

effective rate. See Figure 4.

Nom %=

displays on the top line, and the

Figure 4

Basic Features

When an item for which the = key is valid displays, the small annunciator (=) is displayed on the top line at the right of the screen. Do not confuse this small annunciator (=) with the larger annunciator (=) found to the right of a variable.

When an item for which the I key is valid displays, the INPUT annunciator is displayed on the top line at the right of the screen.

Editing and Clearing Entries The On/CE O Key

Pressing O one time cancels current number entries, mathematical operations, or a menu selection, in that order. Pressing O repeatedly when performing multiple operations cancels one operation at a time, from the latest to the earliest.

The Reset :x Menu

The Reset menu allows you to reset some, or all, of the menu items, variables, and registers to their default values. To open the Reset menu, press :x.

specific item. To validate a choice and reset the selected items, press I. Press O to cancel. If you select the command to reset the cash flow (

choice. At the While working within a specific menu, pressing :x takes you directly to the item of the Reset menu that allows you to

reset that specific menu. For example, if you are working in the Bond menu and you wish to reset all your entries in the Bond menu, with any item of the Bond menu displayed, press :x.

Del. All?,Del. Data?

Cash Flow

, and

TVM

), statistics (

Del. CF?

displays on the top line. Press < or > repeatedly to scroll to a

Stats

), or all values (

prompts, press I again to confirm the reset, or O to cancel.

Bond

All

) items, you will be prompted to confirm your

displays on screen. At this prompt, pressing

I resets the Bond menu and returns you to the last item you were working with in the Bond menu.

Notes about Special Menus

The Mode, Memory, Math and Reset menus are special menus; if you were working in a menu prior to entering one of these special menus, pressing Oto exit them returns you to your previous menu,. This feature allows you to work in two or more

menus simultaneously without having to exit a menu.

Memory and the Memory Menu

The Memory menu contains the following items: memories 1-9 (

Memory

memory 1 ( When a memory item is displayed, you can enter a new number and modify the value of the memory by pressing I.

. To enter the menu, press :t. Press < or > repeatedly to scroll through the items starting with

Mem 1

Mem 1-9

) and 0 (

Mem 0),Cash Flow

, Statistics (

Stats

), and

Basic Features

For more information about storing and recalling numbers, refer to the section titled, Chapter 2.

The Cash Flow and Statistics menus share the same memory and are limited to a combined total of 50 memory slots. The number displayed with displayed, a number also appears on the bottom line. This number indicates the number of memory slots used by the menu.

Pressing I with this number displayed resets the memory of the displayed menu item and erases all entered data. Since entering data in these menus can represent a significant amount of work, you will be asked to confirm your choice. At

the

Del.Data?orDel.CF?

Memory

refers to the number of remaining memory slots. When the cash flow or statistics items are

prompts, press I to confirm, or O to cancel.

Storing and Recalling Numbers

Accessing Menus and Menu Maps

Many of the calculator's functions are located within menus. To access a menu, press the key, or secondary-function-keycombination, for the menu in which you wish to work. To exit a menu, press O.

For example, to access the Break-even menu, press :!. Once opened, you can scroll through the items in the menu by pressing <or> repeatedly. When you arrive at the last item in a menu, pressing < returns you to the first item. Similarly, pressing > one time on the first menu item scrolls to the last item in the menu.

Most items consist of two parts: a name and an associated number. For example, the (Figure 7) displays as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5

The large (=) annunciator shows that the value assigned to displayed by pressing 1+2= for example,

annunciator is now turned off, indicating the3is not the value assigned to

At this point, to return to the display of the

Fixed

menu item shown in Figure 5, press O.

Fixedis120,000

Fixed

is still selected as the current item, but the large (=)

Figure 6

. If you perform a calculation with this item

Fixed

(see Figure 6).

Fixed

item in the Break-even menu

Some menus have sub-menus. If an item represents a sub-menu, pressing I with that menu item displayed opens the sub-menu.

Basic Features

In this manual, diagrams called through the menus used for that section. For an example of a menu map, see Figure 7.

There are four types of menu items:

1. Read/write. Read/write menu items, such as because when they are selected, both the

indicate that entering a number and pressing I will store the entered number in the displayed menu item. Pressing = (outside of a mathematical operation) calculates the value for that item based on available data.

2. Read-only. Read-only items such as Internal Rate of Return (

Menu Maps

Figure 7 The Menu Map for the Break-even Menu

are included at the beginning of each section to assist you with navigating

Fixed

in the Break-even menu shown above, are easily recognizable,

INPUT

and small (=) annunciators are lit. When lit, these annunciators

IRR%

) in the IRR menu are display-only; they are

calculated values computed internally by the calculator.

3. Write-only. Write-only items, such as investment interest rate ( similar to read/write items in that the

number and pressing I stores that number in that menu item. However, the = key does not calculate a value for that item.

4. Special items. Special items, such as the the items of the Percent Calculation (%calc ) menu perform an action when I is pressed. Depending on the

menu, this action can be the selection of a sub-menu (%calc menu), changing a mode or setting (Mode menu), or erasing data (Reset menu).

INPUT

annunciator is lit when these items are selected, indicating that entering a

Degree/Radian

Inv. I%

option in the Mode menu, the items of the Reset menu, and

) in the Net Present Value (NPV) menu, are

2 Mathematical Calculations

Mathematical Functions

Mathematical functions are located:

 On keys, such as, +-*/, etc.  On shifted, or secondary functions, such as, :p  In the Math menu, :s

Number Entry and Display

Mathematical Calculations

Numbers are entered by pressing:

 Numbered keys, 0-9  The decimal point .  The } key

 The :w keys

To correct a number entry, press the backspace key, {. Each press of { erases the last digit or symbol you entered. To enter a number in the display, press the number digits successively. A number can have up to 12 digits.

To change the sign of a number from positive to negative, press }. Use scientific notation to enter very large and very small numbers. For example, to enter the number

notation, first enter the mantissa ( The exponent must have a value between -499 and +499.

1.23 )

and then press :w and enter the number (

127 )

representing the exponent.

127

1023.1 

in scientific

Figure 1 Scientific Notation in FIX=2 Mode

Mathematical Calculations





Chain Mode

Calculations in Chain mode are interpreted in the order in which they are entered. For example, entering the following numbers and operations as written from left to right 1+2*3= returns9. See Figure 2.

Figure 2 Calculation in Chain Mode

Note: if you press an operator key, +-*/, after =, the calculation is continued using the currently displayed value.

In Chain mode, if you wish to override the left to right order of entry, use parentheses () to prioritize operations. For example, to calculate

multiplication operation. See Table 2-1 below.

Table 2-1 Simple Arithmetic Calculations in Chain Mode

Keys Display Description

321  , you may enter the problem as written from left to right, with parentheses to prioritize the

Sets operational priority, inputs numbers, and multiplies 2 and 3.

(2*3) =

Adds 1 to 6 and returns the final result.

7.00

on the bottom line as

Algebraic Mode

To set the calculator in Algebraic mode, refer to the section titled, In Algebraic mode, multiplication and division have a higher priority than addition and subtraction. For example, in Algebraic

mode, pressing 1+2*3= returns a result of of

9.00.

The Mode Menu: Setting Preferences

7.00

. In Chain mode, the same key presses return a result

in Chapter 1

In Algebraic mode, operations between two numbers have the following priority:

 Highest priority: the power function (yx)  Second priority: combinations and permutations  Third priority: multiplication and division  Lowest priority: addition and subtraction

For example, key in 1+ 2 x 5 nPr22in Algebraic mode by pressing:

1+2*5:b2:m=. The result is 241.

Mathematical Calculations

Note: the calculator is limited to 12 pending operations. An operation is the result of an operation of higher priority.

pending

when it is waiting for the input of a number or

Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) Mode

To set the calculator in RPN mode, refer to the section titled, mode, numbers are entered first, separated by pressing I or =, followed by an operation key.

Note: pressing I or = is optional after entering a number, if the next key pressed is an operation. Each time you press an operation or function key in RPN, the answer is calculated immediately and displayed. For example,

suppose you wanted to add two numbers in RPN, 1 and 2. Press 1I2+. The result, and displayed immediately on the bottom line along with the (+) symbol on the top line.

Note: in RPN mode, when you are in a menu for which I or = are valid, pressing these keys enters the number, but it also performs the action associated with the key for the menu item, which is generally saving the number in the variable or calculating the item's value.

The Mode Menu: Setting Preferences

in Chapter 1.In RPN

3.00

, is calculated

The RPN Stack

RPN works by placing numbers in storage registers called the are stacked on top of one another. See Figure 3.

Stack Level 4

Stack Level 3

Stack Level 2 41

Stack Level 1

Figure 3 The RPN Stack

In Figure 3, the stack contains four numbers, 23, 41, 12, and -15. Each level (1-4) contains one number. When a number is typed and entered into the stack by pressing I, this new number is "pushed" into level one of the stack, and each

number already in the stack moves up one level. The number in Level 4,

stack

. The RPN stack has four levels numbered 1-4. The levels

-15

, is pushed out and is lost.

Mathematical Calculations







When an operation is performed on the stack, addition (+) for instance, the calculator "pops" or moves the two numbers

from the bottom levels (Levels 1 and 2) out of the stack, performs the operation, and "pushes" the results back into the stack. With the numbers entered into the stack as shown in Figure 3, pressing + changes the stack as shown in Figure 4. Note

that when the numbers are "popped" out to add 23 and 41, Level 4 of the stack remains unchanged.

-15

Figure 4 The RPN Stack of Figure 3 after the Addition Operation

Last Number

Each time you perform a mathematical operation, the content of Level 1 of the stack is saved. Pressing :d recalls that number. This functionality can be used to undo an erroneous key press, or if you want to reuse a number, such as 56.123 in the expression:

123.5623.1

 

123.56

See Table 2-2 for an example using the

Table 2-2 Last Number

Keys Display Description

:u3I

<<<<<

last number

function.

Sets

FIX=

Selects

to 3.000

RPN

as the operating mode.

II O1c23

Inputs 1.23 and 56.123

I56c1 23

Table 2-2 Last Number





Keys Display Description

Mathematical Calculations

+:d/

For more complex problems requiring two or more operations, you do not need to enter parentheses to set operational priority. Key in numbers and operations inside the parentheses first, followed by those outside of the parentheses. If a problem has more than one set of parentheses, start by working with the operations and numbers in the innermost parentheses and work out. For example, calculate:

Adds 1.23 and 56.123, then divides the sum by the last number, 56.123. Returns results in the selected display format.

6543 

One way to calculate this problem is to key in the numbers and operations within the parentheses first, followed by the operation outside of the parentheses. See Table 2-3.

Table 2-3 Simple Arithmetic Calculations in RPN Mode

Keys Display Description RPN Stack

3I4+

Inputs the numbers and the operation in the first set of parentheses. Intermediate results are displayed. Note the (+) and (RPN) annunciators.

Previous Value

5I6+

Inputs the numbers and the operation in the second set of parentheses. Intermediate results are displayed. Note the (+) annunciator.

Mathematical Calculations

Table 2-3 Simple Arithmetic Calculations in RPN Mode

Keys Display Description RPN Stack

Pressing I or = when you are not entering a number duplicates the number on Level 1. That is, the number on Level 1 is pushed on the stack, making Levels 1 and 2 equal. In the example above, pressing I after * duplicates

on the stack, making Levels 1 and 2 equal. See Figure 5.

Previous Value

Finishes the operation and displays the results.

Figure 5 Duplicating a Number on the Stack

In RPN, the parentheses keys () manipulate the stack. Pressing ( performs a causes the stack to number in Level 3 moves down to Level 2, the number in Level 4 moves down to Level 3, and the number in Level 1 moves

up to Level 4. The ( key has a small down arrow on it as a reminder of the roll down feature. With the numbers entered into the stack shown in the left column in Figure 6, pressing ( performs the roll down of the stack shown in the right

column.

roll

towards the bottom of the stack, during which the number in Level 2 moves down to Level 1, the

roll down

of the stack. A roll down

Mathematical Calculations

Figure 6 The RPN Stack and the Roll Down Operation

Pressing ) performs a a small symbol on it as a reminder of the swap feature. With the numbers entered into the stack shown in the left column in

Figure 7, pressing ) performs a swap to the stack as shown in the right column.

Note: when no menu is selected, the < key performs the same function as the ( key. The > key performs the inverse operation called,

swap

. A swap operation exchanges the numbers on Levels 1 and 2 of the stack. The ) key has

Figure 7 The RPN Stack and the Swap Operation

roll up

One-Number Functions and the Math Menu

The key presses for the one-number mathematical functions listed in Table 2-4 below apply to all modes, Chain, Algebraic, and RPN. To execute one-number functions, with a number displayed, press the key or key combination corresponding to the operation you wish to execute. The result is displayed on the bottom line.

Mathematical Calculations

For example, to calculate6, press 6:n. The result of bottom line. The square root symbol ( )appears on the top line.

Note: before doing any trigonometric calculations in the Math menu, check whether the angle mode is set for degrees (

Degrees

more information on the Mode menu and calculator settings, refer to the section titled, in Chapter 1

Table 2-4 lists one-number functions along with their corresponding keys.

) or radians (

Table 2-4 Shifted Function Mathematical Operations

Keys Description

:p :q :r :k

Radians

). You will need to change the setting if the active mode is not what your problem requires. For

Calculates sine.

Calculates cosine.

Calculates tangent.

Calculates natural log.

2.45

is calculated immediately and displayed on the

The Mode Menu: Setting Preferences

:l :m :n :f :g

:h :i :d

Calculates natural exponent to the power ofx.

Calculates square ofx.

Calculates square root.

Executes the

Calculates factorial ofx(where -253 <x≤ 253). The Gamma function is used to calculate x! for non-integers or negative numbers.

Calculatesyto thexpower.

Calculates the reciprocal.

In Chain or Algebraic mode, recalls the result of the last operation. In RPN mode, returns the content of the

Roundsxinternally to the number specified by the display format.

The Math :s Menu

Random

Last Number

function. Returns a random number in the range 0 < x <1.

variable.

There are additional functions available in the Math menu. To open the Math menu, press :s. See Figure 8 for the menu map of the Math menu.

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