Hewlett-Packard 70, 1660 User Manual

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Training Guide

Publication Number E2433-97034 First Edition, November 1997

For Safety information, Warranties, and Regulatory information, see the pages behind the Index.

 Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1992–1997

Training Kit for HP 1660/70 Series Logic Analyzers

Start Here

Ready, Set, Run: Easy Steps to Logic Analysis with the HP 1660/70 Series

READY

With the power off, connect Pod 1 of the analyzer to J1 on the Training Board. For the HP 1660s, Pod 1 is the top cable in the left-most position when you are facing the rear of the logic analyzer. For the HP 1670s, Pod 1 is the top cable in the right-most position when you are facing the rear of the logic analyzer.

1660 Series 1670 Series

SET Turn on the analyzer by pressing the power switch near the bottom

of the front panel.

The analyzer will take about 15 seconds to boot up.

Introduction

RUN Press the Run key, near the upper right corner of the front panel. You

will see the output of an 8-bit ripple counter like this:

Output of the 8-bit Ripple Counter

Next Please read the short introduction and chapter 1 before doing the exercises.

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Logic Analysis made easy: a self-paced training guide

This training kit will quickly teach you how to use the HP 1660 and HP 1670 Series Logic Analyzers to get your work done. The exercises in this book will teach you how to perform basic timing and state analysis measurements and how to make more complex measurements, such as comparing two state listings, setting up complex state triggers, and making state and timing measurements simultaneously. You will also learn oscilloscope measurements if you are using a logic analyzer that has a built-in oscilloscope. You will see how easy it is to use the HP 1660 and HP 1670 Series Logic Analyzers, and at the same time, learn basic digital measurement concepts.

The exercises in this training guide are designed to work with any of the HP 1660 or HP 1670 Series analyzers with some exceptions: the exercise in chapter 5, "Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data," will not work with an HP 1663 or HP 1664. Also, you need an analyzer with an internal oscilloscope for chapters 7 and 8. If your analyzer has an oscilloscope, you will see a "CS" after the model number. To do the exercises in chapter 9, you will need an analyzer with an internal pattern generator. If your analzyer has a pattern generator, you will see a "CP" after the model number.

Materials needed

You need the following materials to complete the exercises in this training kit:

• One HP 1660 or HP 1670 Series Logic Analyzer

• This training kit (part number HP E2433-60012)

• Probe assembly (part number HP 01650-61608) or termination

adapter (part number HP 01650-63203)

• One HP 10461A TTL Data Pod

Introduction

Using a Mouse

You can perform all of the exercises in this training kit using a mouse. When an instruction tells you to highlight an item and press the key, you can simply point to that item with the mouse pointer and press the left mouse button. When you want to scroll up or down a list, you can press and hold down the right mouse button and move the mouse forward and backward. Remember, to scroll a field, the field must be highlighted and have the knob icon at the top of the field.

With a mouse, some of the pop-up menus will have different appearances from the figures in this guide. For example, when you select a label and choose modify label from the pop-up menu, a keypad pop-up appears. This allows you to enter text and numbers using the mouse rather than the keypad on the front panel of the analyzer.

Select

Configuration Disk

This kit includes a disk containing configuration files for the analyzer. The files for each chapter of the training guide set up the analyzer so you can perform an exercise. This allows you to perform the exercises in any order. You do not need to use the configuration files to do the exercises if you are working straight through this training guide, chapter by chapter.

Getting Unexpected Results

If you get lost or the results of an exercise seem to be different than this guide indicates, the system may have a previously set configuration that prevents the exercise steps from working properly. To remedy this, you can cycle the power on the analyzer and restart the exercise, or load the configuration files for the exercises you want to do.

In This Book

This book will teach you how to set up and make measurements with the HP 1660 Series and HP 1670 Series Logic Analyzers.

You can use this book in two ways: you can start at the beginning and progress chapter by chapter in a building block approach, or you can randomly access the exercises you want to do with minimum setup.

Chapter 1 contains an overview of how to use the analyzer and how to make a measurement.

Chapters 2 through 9 contain measurement exercises designed to be completed quickly and to teach you the skills you need to start making successful measurements in your work environment.

Chapter 10 contains an introduction to inverse assembly.

Chapter 11 contains information about setting the jumpers on the training board and loading the configuration files.

Chapter 12 is a reference chapter describing the training board. It includes a schematic diagram of the training board circuitry.

If you need additional details on the operation of your logic analyzer, refer to the User’s Guide supplied with your system.

1 Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement

Process

Using the Analyzer 1–3 Understanding the Measurement Process 1–4

2 Introduction to Timing Analysis

Before You Begin 2–3 Put the Analyzer into Timing Mode 2–4 Change a Label Name 2–5 Modify Channel Assignments 2–6 Define a Term for the Timing Trigger 2–7 Set Up the Trigger Specification 2–8 Trigger on the Term and Examine the Waveform 2–9

3 Introduction to State Analysis

Before You Begin 3–3 Put the Analyzer into State Mode 3–4 Set Up the State Clock 3–5 Change a Label Name 3–6 Modify Channel Assignments 3–7 Define a Term for the State Trigger 3–8 Set Up Level 1 of the State Trigger Specification 3–9 Set Up Level 2 of the State Trigger Specification 3–10 Run the State Analyzer and View and Change the State Listing 3–11 Create Symbols to Display State Data 3–12 Create Additional Symbols 3–13 Select and View Symbols in the State Listing 3–14

4 Comparing State Traces

Before You Begin 4–3 Check the Configuration 4–4 Set Up the State Trigger Specification 4–5 Run the Analyzer and View the State Listing 4–6 Copy the State Listing to the Compare Reference Listing 4–7

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Contents

Change the Jumper to Acquire a Different State Listing 4–8 Run the Analyzer and Find the Errors 4–9

5 Mixed Mode - Correlation of State and Timing Data

Before You Begin 5–3 Connect the Timing Analyzer 5–4 Put the Analyzer into State and Timing Modes 5–5 Change a Label Name and Modify Channel Assignments 5–6 Turn on the TCOUNT Label in the Waveform Menu 5–6 Clear the Timing Analyzer Trigger 5–7 Set Up the State Trigger Specification 5–7 Enable Time Correlation between the Timing and State Analyzers 5–8 Arm the Timing Analyzer with the State Analyzer 5–9 View the Mixed-Mode Display with Time-Correlated Markers 5–10

6 Advanced State Triggering

Before You Begin 6–3 Put the Analyzer into State Mode 6–4 Define State Trigger Terms "a" through "d" 6–5 Define State Trigger Term "e" and Range1 6–6 Add State Trigger Sequence Levels 6–7 Set Up Level 1 of the State Trigger Specification 6–8 Set Up Level 2 of the State Trigger Specification 6–9 Set Up Level 3 of the State Trigger Specification 6–10 Set Up Level 4 of the State Trigger Specification and Define a Combination Trigger Term 6–11 Check the Trigger Specification 6–13 Run the State Analyzer and View the Data 6–14

7 Using the Oscilloscope

Before You Begin 7–3 Connect the Channel 1 Oscilloscope Probe 7–4 Get the Waveform on the Display 7–5 Delete Channel 2 from the Display 7–6 Zoom and Scroll Through the Clock Waveform 7–7

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Measure the Clock Period Manually 7–8 Measure the Clock Period with Auto Measure 7–9 Read Voltage with the Markers 7–10

8 Triggering the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer

Before You Begin 8–3 Set the Jumpers 8–4 Connect the Oscilloscope Probe 8–5 Get the Waveform on the Display 8–6 Change the Oscilloscope Trigger 8–7 Turn On the Timing Analyzer 8–8 Set Up the Timing Format Menu 8–9 Define the Timing Trigger Term "Edge 1" 8–10 Set Up the Timing Trigger Specification 8–11 Arm the Oscilloscope with the Timing Analyzer 8–12 Add Oscilloscope Waveform to the Timing Waveforms 8–13 Capture the Glitch with the Timing Analyzer and Oscilloscope 8–14 Align the Glitch Displayed by the Oscilloscope and Analyzer 8–15

Contents

9 Using the Pattern Generator

Before You Begin 9–3 Connect the Pattern Generator 9–4 Turn On the Timing Analyzer 9–5 Change a Label Name 9–6 Modify Channel Assignments 9–7 Set Up the Timing Analyzer Trigger Term 9–8 Add a Pattern Generator Label to the Timing Waveform Display 9–9 Set Up the Pattern Generator Format Menu 9–10 Program the Pattern Generator Output 9–12 Add Program Lines 9–13 Start the Pattern Generator and View the Walking Ones Pattern 9–14 Stop the Pattern Generator 9–15

Contents

10 Introduction to Inverse Assembly

Load the Inverse Assembler and Sample Listing 10–3 View the Address, Data, and Status Labels 10–4 View the Assembly Listing 10–5 Filter the Captured Data 10–6

11 Setting the Jumpers and Loading the Configurations

To Set the Jumpers 11–3 To Load a Configuration File 11–5

12 All About the Logic Analyzer Training Board

Power Source 12–2 Circuit Description 12–2 Jumpers 12–3 Schematic 12–4

Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process

This chapter teaches you how to use the HP benchtop analyzer to complete the exercises in this training kit. You will also learn the general process of making a measurement.

You can refer back to this chapter whenever you have problems moving around in the interface or following the measurement process.

In this chapter you will learn how to:

• Highlight a field

• Select a field

• Scroll through lists and menus

• Understand the measurement process

1–2

Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process

Using the Analyzer

Front Panel

To Highlight a Field

Use the movement keys (⇐, ⇑, ⇒, ⇓) to move the cursor within and between

fields on the display. When the cursor is in a field, the field becomes highlighted.

To Select a Field

Use the the movement keys (⇐, ⇑, ⇒, ⇓) to highlight the field you want to

select, then press the Select key. The type of field highlighted will determine what will happen when the Select key is pressed. If the field is an option field, the Select key brings up an option menu, or if there are only two possible values, the Select key toggles the value in the field. If the highlighted field performs a function, the Select key starts the function. If the highlighted field is a menu choice, the Select key selects the menu choice.

To Scroll Through Lists and Menus

Use the knob to change the value in a field, to scroll the display, and to move the cursor in pop-up menus. If you are using a mouse, you can do the same actions by holding down the right button of the mouse while dragging.

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Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process

Understanding the Measurement Process

Whenever you make a basic measurement, there is a sequence of events that you will go through. Referring back to this measurement process will help you to better understand the exercises as you complete them.

1 Map to target

Connect probes Connect probes from the target system to the logic

analyzer to physically map the target system to the channels in the logic analyzer. Attach probes to a pod in a way that keeps logically-related channels together. Remember to ground the pod. For the logic analysis lessons you will connect pods 1 and 3, for the oscilloscope lessons you will also connect an oscilloscope probe, and for the pattern generator lesson you will connect a pattern generator pod and TTL Data Pod to the training board.

Set type The analyzer has three modes: the timing analyzer mode, the state analyzer mode, and the system performance (SPA) mode. The exercises in this training kit will teach you about the first two modes, timing and state. The timing mode uses the clock within the analyzer and the state mode uses the clock supplied by the target system. When the logic analyzer is turned on, Analyzer 1 is named Machine 1 and is set to timing mode, and Analyzer 2 is off. To use state analysis, you must set the analyzer mode to state. You can use state and timing modes together, but you can’t set both analyzer modes to timing.

Assign pods In the Analyzer Configuration menu, assign the connected pods to the analyzer you want to use. The number of pods on your logic analyzer depends on the model. Pods are paired and are always assigned as a pair to a particular analyzer.

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Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process

Understanding the Measurement Process

2 Set up analyzers

Set modes and clocks Set the state and timing analyzer modes using

the Analyzer Format menu. In general, these modes trade channel count for speed or storage. If your state clock is set incorrectly, the data gathered by the logic analyzer might indicate an error where none exists.

Group bits under labels The Analyzer Format menu indicates active pod bits. You can create groups of bits across pods or subgroups within pods and name the groups or subgroups using labels.

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Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process

Understanding the Measurement Process

3 Set up trigger

Define terms In the Analyzer Trigger menu, define trigger variables

called terms to match specific conditions in your target system. Terms can match patterns, ranges, or edges across multiple labels.

Configure Arming Control Use Arming Control if:

you want to correlate the triggers and data of both analyzers

•

you want to use the analyzer to trigger an external instrument or the

•

built-in oscilloscope

you want to use an external instrument or the built-in oscilloscope to

•

trigger the analyzer

Set up trigger sequence Create a sequence of steps that control what the analyzer captures. For common tasks, you can use a trigger macro to simplify the process or use the user-defined macros to loop and jump in sequence.

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Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process

Understanding the Measurement Process

4 Run Measurement

Select single or repetitive From any Analyzer or Scope menu, select

the field labeled Run in the upper right corner to start the measurement, or press the Run key. A "single" run will run once, until memory is full; a "repetitive run" will run until you select Stop or until a stop measurement condition is fulfilled, which you set in the markers menu.

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Using the Analyzer and Understanding the Measurement Process

Understanding the Measurement Process

5 View data

Search for patterns In both the Waveform and Listing menus you can

use symbols and markers to search for patterns in your data. In the Analyzer Waveform or Analyzer Listing menu, toggle the Markers field to turn the pattern markers on and then specify the pattern. When you switch views, the markers keep their settings.

Correlate data You can correlate data by setting Count Time in your state analyzer’s Trigger menu and then using interleaving and mixed display. Interleaving correlates the listings of two state analyzers. Mixed display correlates a timing analyzer waveform and a state analyzer listing, or a state analyzer and an oscilloscope waveform, or a state analyzer and both timing and oscilloscope waveforms. To correlate oscilloscope data, the oscilloscope arm mode must be set to Immediate. The System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software does not save a record of actual activity, so it cannot be correlated with either timing or state mode.

Make measurements The markers can count occurrences of events, measure durations, and collect statistics, and SPA provides high-level summaries to help you identify bottlenecks. To use the markers, select the appropriate marker type in the display menu and specify the data patterns for the marker. To use SPA, go to the SPA menu, select the most appropriate mode, fill in the parameters, and press Run.

1–8

Introduction to Timing Analysis

Timing analysis in its simplest form means acquiring and storing data at equal time intervals. When doing timing analysis you must put the logic analyzer into timing mode. An analyzer in timing mode is referred to as a timing analyzer. The timing analyzer’s time interval is controlled by a clock inside the analyzer, just like the clock in a digitizing oscilloscope. However, there are key differences between a timing analyzer and a digitizing oscilloscope. These key differences are channel count and voltage resolution. A logic analyzer typically has a large number of channels, and it displays signals at only two voltage levels, a logic high or a logic low. A digitizing oscilloscope typically has fewer channels, but it can display signals with much finer voltage resolution.

To determine whether a given sample of data should be stored and displayed as a logic high or a logic low, the timing analyzer compares the data to a threshold voltage. The threshold voltage works just like the threshold voltage in logic circuits. If the voltage level of the sampled data is above the threshold, the analyzer stores a logic high (a "1"). If the voltage level of the data is below the threshold, the analyzer stores a logic low (a "0").

The exercises in this chapter step you through the process of making a timing measurement.

In this chapter, you will:

• Put the analyzer into timing mode

• Change a label name

• Modify channel assignments

• Define a term for the timing trigger

• Set up the trigger specification

• Trigger on the term and examine the waveform

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Introduction to Timing Analysis

Before You Begin

1 Decide what to do next.

If you have just completed "Ready, Set, Run", go to "Change a Label Name" on page 2-5.

If you have not just completed "Ready, Set, Run" go to step 2.

Turn off the analyzer by pressing the power switch. Wait at least five

seconds, then press the power switch again to turn on the logic analyzer.

Cycling the power defaults all system settings. This sets up the analyzer so you can perform the remaining exercises.

Connect Pod 1.

Connect Pod 1 of the analyzer to J1 on the Training Board. For the HP 1660s analyzer, Pod 1 is the top cable in the left-most position when you are facing the rear of the logic analyzer. For the HP1670s, Pod 1 is the top cable in the right-most position when you are facing the rear of the logic analyzer.

Set the jumpers as shown below.

The jumper settings of J5 on the training board for this chapter are the same as the default settings.

Setting the Jumpers

See Also "To Set the Jumpers" and "To Load a Configuration File" in chapter 11 for

more information.

2-3

Introduction to Timing Analysis

Put the Analyzer into Timing Mode

When you first turn on the analyzer, the Configuration Menu is displayed with Analyzer 1 set to Timing mode. This is the mode the analyzer needs to be in to do timing analysis. Timing analysis uses the clock inside the analyzer to sample data at consistent time intervals.

Note If the analyzer is in Timing mode, continue on to "Change a Label Name"

on the next page.

If the analyzer is not in timing mode, put it in timing mode now by following the steps below.

If you are not already in the Configuration menu, press the Config MENU

key.

2 In the Analyzer 1 box, highlight the field to the right of Type, and press

Select key.

the

3 Highlight Timing in the pop-up menu, and press the Select key.

Unless your analyzer is an HP 1661 or an HP 1671, your Configuration Menu will look different than the one shown below because your analyzer has a different number of data pods.

The analyzer is in Timing mode.

Pod A1 has arrows on the lower eight channels and the J-clock channel, indicating that transitions across the threshold voltage are occurring on these channels.

Putting the Analyzer into Timing Mode

Result The analyzer is in timing mode with activity showing on the lower eight

channels and the J-clock channel of pod A1.

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Introduction to Timing Analysis

Change a Label Name

Labels group channels together. You can rename a label to make it more meaningful. For example, you could use the label name DATA for all of the channels that are connected to the data bus of a microprocessor.

In this exercise, you will change a label name to TCOUNT to represent the timing count data captured from the 8-bit ripple counter on the training board. The counter counts from 0 to 255 (0 to FF in hex) repetitively.

Press the Format MENU key.

Use the arrow keys (⇑ ⇓ ⇐ ⇒) to highlight Lab1.

Type TCOUNT using the keypad on the front panel of the analyzer.

You can use the knob or the left and right arrow keys to backspace the cursor if you need to correct a typing error.

Press the Done key.

Changing a Label Name

Result The label is now named TCOUNT, which represents timing count.

2-5

Introduction to Timing Analysis

Modify Channel Assignments

In this exercise, you will assign the active bits of pod A1 to the label TCOUNT.

1 Using the arrow keys, highlight the field showing the 16 channels of

Pod A1, to the far right of the TCOUNT label. Press the

2 Press the Clear Entry key to clear the default bit assignments. 3 Use the knob to move the cursor to channel 7 in the pop-up menu.

Press the ⇑ (up-arrow) key to put asterisks in the lower eight channel

positions.

5 Press the Done key.

Select key.

Pod A1 has 16 channels and is connected to the training board.

An asterisk (*) assigns a channel to a label. In this exercise, the lower eight channels are assigned to TCOUNT.

Modifying Channel Assignments

Result The lower 8 channels of pod A1 are assigned to the label TCOUNT.

2-6

Introduction to Timing Analysis

Define a Term for the Timing Trigger

For the analyzer to capture the data you want, you need to tell it what to trigger on by defining a term. Trigger terms are variables that you can use to tell the analyzer when to start recording data, what to store, and when to stop.

In this exercise, you will set up the analyzer to trigger when the counter on the training board reaches its maximum value of 255, or FF (hex). To do this, you will assign the hex value FF to term "a" of TCOUNT.

Press the Trigger MENU key.

1 2 Highlight the base field under TCOUNT and press the Select key. 3 Highlight Hex in the pop-up menu, press the Select key.

Hex is the default setting. Notice the other display options other than hex.

4 Under TCOUNT, highlight the field to the right of term a, enter FF,

and press the

Done key.

The base field specifies the type of values entered. In this exercise you selected Hex and entered the hex value FF.

A term is a variable that stores a value.

Defining a Term for the Timing Trigger

Result TCOUNT’s term "a" is assigned the value FF. The "a" term is a variable that

the analyzer will trigger on once you set up the trigger specification in the next exercise.

2-7

Introduction to Timing Analysis

Set Up the Trigger Specification

Using the pattern term FF that you set in the previous exercise, you will now set up the analyzer to record the data after FF occurs on the eight channel bus.

Highlight the 1 field in the Timing Sequence Levels box of the Trigger

menu, and press the

2 Highlight the field to the right of Trigger On, and press the Select key. 3 Highlight term a and press the Done key. 4 Highlight the field to the right of >, and turn the knob to select 16 ns

for the pattern duration.

Setting the duration to 16 ns ensures that the analyzer will trigger when the counter on the training board is in a stable state. A shorter duration might cause the analyzer to trigger when the counter is transitioning.

Press the Done key to close the Timing Sequence Level 1 pop-up menu.

Select key.

The trigger term "a" has the hex value FF that you assigned to it.

The pattern duration is set to 16 ns. The value FF must be present for 16 ns before triggering.

Setting Up the Trigger Specification

Result Your trigger specification now shows: Level 1 - TRIGGER on "a" > 16 ns. The

analyzer triggers when the term "a" (FF) is detected for a minimum duration of 16 ns.

2-8

Introduction to Timing Analysis

Trigger on the Term and Examine the Waveform

When you press the Run key, the analyzer triggers on the term you set up in the previous exercise, captures the data, and then switches to the Waveform menu where the data is displayed.

Press the Run key.

1 2 Use the table below to examine the waveform.

To Do This: Do This:

To scale the waveform

To scroll through the waveform

To measure a time interval

Highlight the to zoom in and counter clockwise to zoom out. If you zoom out enough you can view the entire acquisition buffer.

Highlight the direction to scroll through the data.

Highlight the key. Choose Time from the pop-up menu. Highlight the

sec/Div field, then turn the knob clockwise

Delay field, then turn the knob in either

Markers Off field, then press the Select

Trig to X field, then turn the knob to move the X marker.

Hex value of waveform at X-marker

Sec/Div (zoom)

Delay

Markers

Trig to X

As you move the X-marker past transitions on the waveform, the hex value to the right of X-> changes, showing you the value of the TCOUNT label at the current X-marker position.

Triggering on the Term and Examining the Waveform

3 Highlight the Markers Time field. Press the Select key, then select Off.

2-9

2-10

Introduction to State Analysis

State analysis in its simplest form means acquiring data and storing it when it is valid for a system under test. When doing state analysis, you must put the analyzer into state mode. The differences between state mode and timing mode are the source of the sample clock and the way the data is displayed. In state analysis, the source of the sample clock is the system under test, rather than the analyzer, and the default display is a sequential listing of logical states, rather than a waveform.

Each time the analyzer receives a state clock pulse, it samples and stores the logic state of the system under test. Just as in the timing analyzer, the state analyzer compares sampled data to a threshold voltage to determine whether it should be stored and displayed as a logic high or a logic low. The analyzer then displays the data as a sequential listing of logical states.

What makes the analyzer more than just a data acquisition instrument is its capability to acquire and store only the data that you specify. This is called data qualification. Examples of storing qualified data include storing only a certain subroutine in a program, storing all data being sent to a specified address in a system, or storing only data leading up to a system failure.

In this chapter, you will:

• Put the analyzer into state mode

• Set up the state clock

• Change a label name and modify channel assignments

• Define a term for the state trigger

• Set up the trigger specification

• Run the analyzer and view and change the state listing

• Create and view symbols

3-2

Introduction to State Analysis