Hanna Instruments C 216 User Manual

Instruction Manual

C 216 & C 226

Multiparameter Bench

Photometers

for

Pool & Spa Applications

www.hannainst.com

These Instruments are in

Compliance with the CE Directives

Dear Customer, Thank you for choosing a Hanna product. Please read this instruction

manual carefully before using the meter. This manual will provide you with the necessary information for the correct use of the instrument. If you need additional technical information, do not hesitate to e-mail us at tech@hannainst.com. These instruments are in compliance with

directives.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION ........... 3

GENERAL DESCRIPTION ................... 3

ABBREVIATIONS ............................. 4

SIGNIFICANCE OF POOL AND SPA

TESTING .........................................5

SPECIFICATIONS ........................... 10

PRECISION AND ACCURACY ............ 10

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION .............11

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ............13

GUIDE TO DISPLAY CODES ............. 14

TIPS FOR AN ACCURATE

MEASUREMENT ............................17

PARAMETERS REFERENCE TABLES ..19

OPERATIONAL GUIDE .................... 20

ALKALINITY ...................................22

BROMINE .....................................24

CALCIUM HARDNESS .....................26

FREE CHLORINE ............................ 28

TOTAL CHLORINE .......................... 30

FREE COPPER ............................... 32

TOTAL COPPER .............................. 34

CYANURIC ACID ............................ 36

IRON ........................................... 38

OZONE ......................................... 40

pH ............................................... 44

INTERFACE WITH PC ..................... 46

STANDARD METHODS ................... 48

BATTERY REPLACEMENT ................ 48

ACCESSORIES ............................... 49

CE DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY .... 50

WARRANTY ................................... 51

HANNA LITERATURE ......................51

All rights are reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without the written consent of the copyright owner, Hanna Instruments Inc., Woonsocket, Rhode Island, 02895 , USA.

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

Please examine this product carefully. Make sure that the instrument is not damaged. If any damage occured during shipment, please notify your Dealer.

Each Meter is supplied complete with:

• Four Sample Cuvets and Caps

• Two 9V Batteries

• One pair of scissors

• Instruction Manual

• Rigid carrying case

Note: Save all packing material until you are sure that the instrument

works correctly. Any defective item must be returned in its original packing with the supplied accessories.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

C 99 & C 200 Series is a line of 17 different bench, microprocessorbased photometers to measure more than 50 different parameters in water and wastewater. These multipurpose meters are manufactured to measure the most important parameters of the application they have been especially designed for: C 99 Laboratories, with COD C 200 Laboratories

C 203 Aquaculture C 205 Boilers & Cooling Towers C 206 Environmental Testing C 207 Industrial Wastewater C 208 Water Conditioning C 209 Education C 210 Pulp & Paper Mills C 211 Chemical Manufacturers C 212 Power Plant Utilities C 213 Municipal Wastewater C 214 Wastewater Treatment Applic. C 215 Nutrient Analyses C 216 Pool & Spa Applic. C 218 Environmental Applic. C 226 Pool & Spa Applic.

All meters use an exclusive positive-locking system to ensure that the cuvet is in the same position every time it is placed into the measurement cell.

The reagents are in liquid or powder form and are supplied in bottles or in packets. The amount of reagent is precisely dosed to ensure the maximum repeatability.

Display codes aid the user in routine operations. The meters have an auto-shut off feature that will turn off the

instrument after 10 minutes of non-use. The C 99 & C 200 Series can be connected to a personal computer via the HI 920010 three wire RS 232 cable. The HI 92000 Hanna Windows® Compatible Software aids the user to manage all test data.

ABBREVIATIONS

°C: degree Celsius EPA: US Environmental Protection Agency °F: degree Fahrenheit g/L: grams per liter. g/L is equivalent to ppt (part per

thoushand)

mg/L: milligrams per liter. mg/L is equivalent to ppm (part per

million)

mL: milliliter

µg/L: micrograms per liter. µg/L is equivalent to ppb (part per

billion)

SIGNIFICANCE OF

POOL AND SPA TESTING

A major family leisure pursuit is the enjoyment of Swimming Pool and Spa facilities world-wide. A basic necessity of Pool water treatment, to ensure such enjoyment, is to maintain the water in a safe and pleasant condition for the bathers.

In order to achieve such an objective, swimming pool water requires testing on daily, and sometimes hourly bases for disinfection residuals and pH. Equally important, Calcium Hardness and Alkalinity parameters should be monitored on weekly bases to ensure the pool water is maintained in a balanced condition, thus to avoid system failure because

of corrosion or scale formation.

DISINFECTION RESIDUAL AND pH CONTROL

In terms of swimming pool treatment, disinfection or sanitizing basically means to rid the pool of bather pollution, destroy bacteria, and control nuisance organisms like algae, which may occur in the pool, filtration equipment, and piping.

There are a number of techniques used, namely, chlorine, bromine and ozone dosing systems, of which chlorine is the most common.

Chlorine

Chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent that destroys mostly organic pollutants, bacteria and can combine with nitrogen containing compounds, forming chloramines. Only a part of the original quantity dosed chlorine, remains active and continues its disinfecting action.

From the free chlorine you can distinguish combined chlorine, as that part which combines with nitrogen containing compound and that is less efficient as a disinfectant. The addition of these two parts gives total chlorine. A pool manager needs to aim perfection where free equals total chlorine, and thus to maintain the combined chlorine concentration near zero. The presence of chloramines is not desired because of the distinctive ‘swimming pool’ smell caused by combined chlorines like dichloramines. Beside this unpleasant odour it does irritate the eyes and the mucous membranes.

Commercially chlorine for disinfection may be available as a gas (Cl2), a liquid like sodium hypochlorite or bleach (NaOCl) or in a solid state like calcium hypochlorite, chloro-hydantoins or chloro-cyanuric acid compounds.

These compounds, once dissolved in water do establish equilibrium

between the hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the hypochlorite ions

(OCl-).

Although both forms are considered free chlorine, it is the hypochlorous acid that provides the strongest disinfecting and oxidising characteristic of chlorine solutions.

The amount of hypochlorous acid in chlorinated water dependends upon the pH value of the solution. Changes in pH value will effect the HOCl equilibrium in relation to the hydrogen and hypochlorite ion.

As depicted by the curve below, HOCl decreases and OCl- increases as pH increases. At a low pH, almost all the free chlorine is in the molecular form HOCl and at a pH of around 7.5, the ratio between HOCl and OCl- is 50:50. Since the ionic form OCl- is a slow acting sanitizer while the molecular HOCl is a fast acting, it is important to measure regularly the pH. As a general rule a pH of about 7.2 is recommended to maintain fast acting disinfection conditions.

Bromine

In many countries bromine sanitizing has been introduced as an alternative for chlorine, although it is a less strong sanitizer. The advantage of bromine is its stability at higher temperatures (advantageous for hot well pools), and its maintained disinfection power at higher pH. Further it does hardly react with nitrogen compounds, reducing the unpleasant odour, and eye irritation problems. The main disadvantage of bromine is the slower acting disinfecting power, making it less suitable for larger pools.

Ozone

Ozone is a very strong oxidizing agent that does destroy most difficult to oxidize organic compounds and chloramines. It thus allows the pool manager to remove very efficiently combined chlorine without refreshing

frequently large amounts of pool water. In general its application is found just before water passes through the filter units. Its sanitizing power is not pH related.

Mainly because of its strong oxidizing power the return water may contain only trace concentrations of ozone. It has to be mentioned that ozone is very unstable and there is anyway the need for low-level chlorination to ensure sanitizing throughout the whole pool.

THE WATER BALANCE AND LANGELIER INDEX (LI)

The pool water characteristics need to be maintained in a balanced condition to avoid system failure. Measuring the water balance is extremely important to predict if the water is corrosive, scaling or balanced.

A saturation index developed by Dr. Wilfred Langelier is widely used to predict the balance of swimming pool waters. It is an estimation of the solutions ability to dissolve or precipitate calcium carbonate deposits. A certain level of this precipitation (filming) is desired to insulate pipes and boilers from contact with water. When no protective filming is formed, water is considered to be corrosive. On the other hand scaling does cause failure because of incrustation problems.

In the treatment and monitoring of pool water, the pool manager must ensure that related parameters as alkalinity, hardness and pH are duly taken into consideration.

Calcium Hardness

The presents of calcium in the system is desired to ensure filming on those places where the temperature is relatively high, like in boilers and pipes transporting warm water. Scaling must be avoided because it reduces heat transfer and pump capacity. Beside the calcium carbonate deposits in the pipes, high scaling values do cause cloudy water.

It is recommended to maintain the calcium hardness value within the range from 200 to 400 ppm as calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Alkalinity

Alkalinity is the measure of the total concentration of alkaline substances, mostly bicarbonates, dissolved in the water. The higher the alkalinity the more resistant the water is to pH change, the alkalinity buffers the water. At the same time, high alkaline water is a major contributor to scaling problems like incrustation in filtration equipment, pumps, and piping.

It is recommended to maintain the alkalinity value within the range from 80 to 125 ppm as calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

The pH of the water is an important factor since at lower pH the corrosion

rate increases. If the alkalinity values are sufficiently high it will not be difficult to control the pH. Most pools managers do prefer to keep the pH between 7.2 and 7.4, that does ensure low corrosion rates and a sufficient activity of chlorine.

Langelier Index (LI)

The Langelier Index is a powerful tool to calculate the water balance, and to predict corrosion or scaling problems. Theoretically, a LI of zero indicates perfect water condition for swimming pools. If LI>0, scaling and staining of the water is present, and if LI<0 the water is corrosive and highly irritating. A tolerance of ±0.4 is normally acceptable.

The Langelier formula is expressed as:

LI = pH + TF + HF + AF – 12.5

where:

LI = Langelier Index (also called Saturation Index) pH = pH of the water TF = temperature factor HF = hardness factor, log(Ca Hardness, ppm as CaCO3) AF = alkalinity factor, log(Alkalinity, ppm as CaCO3)

To calculate the exact Langelier Index of your water please use the WATER INDEX reference tables at the end of this chapter to find the Temperature, Hardness and Alkalinity factors.

Recommendations

For most pools, water is balanced if:

• The pH value is maintained within the recommended ranges of

pH 7.2 - 7.6

• Ideally the Alkalinity should be maintained within a range of

80 - 125 ppm

• The Calcium Hardness should be maintained within a range of

200 - 400 ppm.

To calculate your water balance three tests are required, measure the Calcium Hardness, the Alkalinity and the pH of the pool water. Find the Hardness and Alkalinity Factor in the WATER INDEX reference tables below.

The water temperature is in general controlled between 24oC (76oF) and 34oC (94oF) to ensure pleasant bather comfort. The Temperature Factor in this temperature range has minor importance; therefore an average value of 0.7 may be used

A simple calculation classifies your water in corrosive, scaling, acceptable or ideal balanced, with treatment recommendations:

Water Balance = pH + TF + HF + AF

Water Balance

11.0 – 12.0

12.1 – 12.3

12.4 – 12.6

12.7 – 12.9

13.0 – 14.0

Condition of Water

Corrosive

Acceptable Balance

Ideal Balance

Acceptable Balance

Scale forming

Recommendation

Increase pH and/or Alkalinity

Retest water frequently

Reduce pH and/or alkalinity

WATER INDEX REFERENCE TABLES

Temperature Calcium Hardness Alkalinity

°C

°F

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

104

0.9

122

1.0

mg/L

(as CaCO3)

5 25 50 75

100 150 200 250 300 400 500

1000

0.7

1.4

1.7

1.9

2.0

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

3.0

mg/L

(as CaCO3)

1000

25 50

75 100 150 200 250 300 400 500

0.7

1.4

1.7

1.9

2.0

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

3.0

EXAMPLE:

Pool water conditions

Temperature 30°C pH 7.2 Alkalinity 80 mg/L Hardness 230 mg/L

Water Balance = pH + TF + HF + AF

= 7.2 + 0.7 + 2.4 + 1.9 = 12.2

Conclusion: the water is acceptable balanced but there is some risk that the water becomes corrosive; frequently testing is recommended.

The Hanna C216 and C226 are the ideal instruments to meet your monitoring requirements….

Factor value

(nearest values)

TF = 0.7 pH = 7.2 AF = 1.9 HF = 2.4

SPECIFICATIONS

Light Life Life of the instrument Light Detector Silicon Photocell Environment 0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F);

max 90% RH non-condensing

Power Supply 2 x 9 V batteries / 12 to 20 VDC through

voltage adapter (optional)

Auto-Shut off After 10' of non-use Dimensions 230 x 165 x 70 mm (9.0 x 6.5 x 2.8") Weight 640 g (22.6 oz.)

For specifications related to each single parameter (e.g. range, precision, etc.), refer to the related measurement section.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY

Precision is how closely repeated measurements agree with each other. Precision is usually expressed as standard deviation (SD).

Accuracy is defined as the nearness of a test result to the true value. Although good precision suggests good accuracy, precise results can be

inaccurate. The figure explains these definitions. For each parameter, the precision is expressed in the related measurement

section as standard deviation at a specific concentration value of the analite. The standard deviation is obtained with a single instrument using

a representative lot of reagent.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Absorption of Light is a typical phenomenon of interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. When a light beam crosses a substance, some of the radiation may be absorbed by atoms, molecules or crystal lattices. If pure absorption occurs, the fraction of light absorbed depends both on the optical path length through the matter and on the physicalchemical characteristics of substance according to the Lambert-Beer Law:

-log I/Io = ελ c d

A = ε

c d

Where:

-log I/Io=Absorbance (A)

Io=intensity of incident light beam I =intensity of light beam after absorption

ελ=molar extinction coefficient at wavelength λ

c =molar concentration of the substance d =optical path through the substance

Therefore, the concentration "c" can be calculated from the absorbance of the substance as the other factors are known.

Photometric chemical analysis is based on the possibility to develop an absorbing compound from a specific chemical reaction between sample and reagents.

Given that the absorption of a compound strictly depends on the wavelength of the incident light beam, a narrow spectral bandwidth should be selected as well as a proper central wavelength to optimize measurements.

The optical system of Hanna's C 99 & C 200 Series multiparameter photometers is based on special subminiature tungsten lamps and narrow-band interference filters to guarantee both high performance and reliable results.

Four measuring channels (at four different wavelengths) allow a wide range of tests.

C 200 Series block diagram (optical layout)

A microprocessor controlled special tungsten lamp emits radiation which is first optically conditioned and beamed to the sample contained in the cuvet. The optical path is fixed by the diameter of the cuvet. Then the light is spectrally filtered to a narrow spectral bandwidth, to obtain a light beam of intensity Io or I.

The photoelectric cell collects the radiation I that is not absorbed by the sample and converts it into an electric current, producing a potential in the mV range.

The microprocessor uses this potential to convert the incoming value into the desired measuring unit and to display it on the LCD.

The measurement process is carried out in two phases: first the meter is zeroed and then the actual measurement is performed.

The cuvet has a very important role because it is an optical element and thus requires particular attention. It is important that both the measurement and the calibration (zeroing) cuvets are optically identical to provide the same measurement conditions. Whenever possible use the same cuvet for both.

It is necessary that the surface of the cuvet is clean and not scratched. This is to avoid measurement interference due to unwanted reflection and absorption of light. It is recommended not to touch the cuvet walls with hands.

Furthermore, in order to maintain the same conditions during the zeroing and the measuring phases, it is necessary to close the cuvet to prevent any contamination.

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

FRONT PANEL

1) Cuvet Holder

2) Dual Level Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

3) Programs List

4) READ DIRECT, to perform measurement immediately

5) TIMER, to perform measurement after a preprogrammed countdown

6) ZERO, to zero the meter prior to measurement

7) Program ▼ and ▲, to select the desired parameter

8) ON/OFF, to turn the meter on and off

REAR PANEL

1) Power Supply 12 VDC 2.5 Watt

2) RS 232 Socket

3) Batteries Compartment

GUIDE TO DISPLAY CODES

Note: The secondary LCD below shows a generic "P– –", whereas the

meter will indicate the exact program number (e.g. in C 216, "P1" for Alkalinity).

This indicates that the meter is in a ready state and zeroing can be performed.

Sampling in progress. This flashing prompt appears each time the meter is performing a measurement.

The microprocessor is adjusting the light level, indicated by a scrolling "SIP".

This indicates that the meter is in a zeroed state and measurement can be performed.

The instrument is performing an internal check-up.

The blinking "LOBAT" indicates that the battery voltage is getting low and the batteries need to be replaced.

This indicates that the batteries are dead and must be replaced.

Light over range. The cuvet is not inserted correctly and an eccess ambient light is reaching the detector. If the cuvet is properly inserted, then contact your dealer or the nearest Hanna Customer Service Center.

ERROR MESSAGES a) on zero reading:

The lamp is not working properly. Contact your dealer or the nearest Hanna Customer Service Center.

This indicates that the meter has lost its configuration. Contact your dealer or the nearest Hanna Customer Service Center.

This indicates that the zeroing procedure failed due to a low signal-to-noise ratio. In this case press ZERO again.

The instrument cannot adjust the light level. Please check that the sample does not contain any debris.

There is not enough light to perform a measurement. Please check the preparation of the zero cuvet.

b) on sample reading:

There is too much light to perform a measurement. Please check the preparation of the zero cuvet.

There is too much light for the sample measurement. Please check if the right sample cuvet is inserted.

The sample and zero cuvet are inverted.

A zero reading was not taken. Follow the instruction described in the measurement procedures for zeroing the meter.

Under range. A blinking "0.00" indicates that the sample absorbs less light than the zero reference. Check the procedure and make sure that you use the same cuvet for reference (zero) and measurement.

1) A flashing value of the maximum concentration indicates an over range condition. The concentration of the sample is beyond the programmed range: dilute the sample and rerun the test.

2) A flashing value lower than the maximum concentration indicates a low signal-to-noise ratio condition. In this case accuracy of the result is not guaranteed. Repeat the reading procedure.

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