Page 1
GE
Security
GE-DS-242-PoE Managed
Ethernet Switch User Manual
P/N 1069174 • REV 1.0 • ISS 22FEB10
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Copyright
Disclaimer
Trademarks and patents
Intended use
FCC compliance
Regulatory information N4131
Manufacturer
© 2010 GE Security, Inc.
This document may not be copied in whole or in part or otherwise reproduced without prior
written consent from GE Security, Inc., except where specifically permitted under US and
international copyright law.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. GE Security, Inc.
(“GE Security”) assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies or omissions and specifically disclaims
any liabilities, losses, or risks, personal or otherwise, incurred as a consequence, directly or
indirectly, of the use or application of any of the contents of this document. For the latest
documentation, contact your local supplier or visit us online at www.gesecurity.com.
This publication may contain examples of screen captures and reports used in daily operations.
Examples may include fictitious names of individuals and companies. Any similarity to names
and addresses of actual businesses or persons is entirely coincidental.
GE and the GE monogram are trademarks of General Electric Company.
Other trade names used in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of the
manufacturers or vendors of the respective products.
Use this product only for the purpose it was designed for; refer to the data sheet and user
documentation for details. For the latest product information, contact your local supplier or visit
us online at
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device,
pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment.
This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed
and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio
communications.
You are cautioned that any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party
responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
GE Security, Inc.
HQ and regulatory responsibility:
GE Security, Inc., 8985 Town Center Parkway, Bradenton, FL 34202, USA
EU authorized manufacturing representative:
GE Security B.V., Kelvinstraat 7, 6003 DH Weert, The Netherlands
www.gesecurity.com.
European Union directives
2002/96/EC (WEEE directive): Products marked with this symbol cannot be disposed of as
unsorted municipal waste in the European Union. For proper recycling, return this product to
your local supplier upon the purchase of equivalent new equipment, or dispose of it at
Contact information
designated collection points. For more information see: www.recyclethis.info.
For contact information see our Web site: www.gesecurity.com.
For contact information see our Web site: www.gesecurity.eu.
Page 3
Content
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Package Contents 2
Product Description 2
How to Use this Manual 3
Product Features 4
Product Specifications 7
Chapter 2 Installation 11
Hardware Description 12
Switch Installation 15
Chapter 3 Switch Management 21
Requirements 22
Management Access Overview 22
Web Management 23
SNMP-Based Network Management 25
Administration Console 25
Protocols 27
Management Architecture 28
Chapter 4 Web-Based Management 29
About Web-based Management 29
System 34
VLAN Configuration 54
Rapid Spanning Tree 69
Trunking 81
Forwarding and Filtering 88
IGMP Snooping
91
QoS Configuration 96
Access Control List 102
MAC Limit 107
802.1X Configuration 109
Power Over Ethernet 116
Chapter 5 Console Management
121
Login in the Console Interface 121
Configure IP address 123
Commands Level 125
GE-DS-242-PoE Managed Ethernet Switch User Manual i
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Chapter 6 Command Line Interface 127
Operation Notice 127
System Commands 128
Switch Static Configuration 129
Trunk Configuration
VLAN Configuration
135
138
Misc Configuration 147
Administration Configuration 149
MAC limit 154
Port Mirroring Configuration 155
Quality of Service 156
MAC Address Configuration 159
STP/RSTP Commands 162
SNMP 167
IGMP 171
802.1x Protocol 173
Access Control List 177
Binding 182
Power over Ethernet Commands 184
Chapter 7 Switch Operation 191
Chapter 8 Power Over Ethernet Overview 193
What is PoE? 193
Chapter 9 Troubleshooting 201
Appendix A RJ-45 Pin Assignment 203
Switch's RJ-45 Pin Assignments
10/100Mbps, 10/100Base-TX 204
203
ii GE-DS-242-PoE Managed Ethernet Switch User Manual
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Chapter 1
Introduction
The GE Security GE-DS-242-PoE offers 24 10/100Mbps Fast Ethernet ports with 2
Gigabit TP/SFP combo ports (Port-25, 26). The two Gigabit TP/SFP combo ports can be
either 1000Base-T for 10/100/1000Mbps or 1000Base-SX/LX through SFP (Small
Form-Factor Pluggable) interface. The GE-DS-242-PoE has a high performance switch
architecture that is capable of providing non-blocking switch fabric and wire-speed
throughput as high as 8.8Gbps. Its two built-in GbE uplink ports also offer incredible
extensibility, flexibility and connectivity to the Core switch or Server.
The PoE in-line power following the standard IEEE 802.3af makes the GE-DS-242-PoE
able to power on 24 PoE devices at the distance up to 100 meters through the 4-pair
Cat 5/5e UTP wire.
GE-DS-242-PoE Managed Ethernet Switch User Manual 1
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Package Contents
What’s in the box
Open the Managed Switch box and carefully unpack it. The box should contain the
following items:
The Managed Switch
x1
User’s manual CD
Installation Sheet
19” Rack mount accessory kit
Power cord
Rubber feet
RS-232 cable
x1
x1
x1
x1
X4
x1
If any of these are missing or damaged, please contact your dealer immediately. If
possible, retain the carton including the original packing material, and use them to
repack the product in case there is a need to return it.
Product Description
High Performance Wire-Speed Switching
The GE Security GE-DS-242-PoE Managed Switch offers 24 Ethernet ports with 2
Gigabit TP / SFP combo ports (Port-25, 26). The type 24 Fast Ethernet ports of GE-DS242-PoE are 10 / 100Base-TX copper (RJ-45). These two Gigabit TP / SFP combo ports
of all models can be either 1000Base-T for 10/100/1000Mbps or 1000Base-SX/LX
through SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) interface. The distance can be extended
from 100 meters (TP), 550 meters (Multi-mode fiber), up to above 10/50/70/120
kilometers (Single-mode fiber).
The series Managed Switch boasts a high performance switch's architecture that is
capable of providing non-blocking switch fabric and wire-speed throughput as high
as 8.8Gbps. Its two built-in GbE uplink ports also offer incredible extensibility, flexibility
and connectivity to the Core switches or Servers.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Power Over Ethernet
The PoE in-line power following the standard IEEE 802.3af makes the GE-DS-242-PoE
able to power on 24 PoE devices at a distance of up to 100 meters through the 4-pair
Cat 5/5e UTP wire.
Cost-effective solution with SNMP monitor for Network deployment
GE Security releases the cost-effective Managed Switch not only for catering to the
need of easy WEB-based management, but also the centralized SNMP application to
monitor the status of Switch and traffic per port. The key features are:
• WEB / SSL / Telnet
• 802.1Q / Q-in-Q VLAN
• Rapid Spanning Tree
• IGMP Snooping
• 802.1X Authentication / RADIUS
• Access Control List
• SNMP and 4 RMON groups
How to Use this Manual
This User Manual is structured as follows:
Section Section Content
INTRODUCTION Product description with features and specifications
INSTALLATION
SWITCH MANAGEMENT
WEB CONFIGURATION Explains how to manage the Managed Switch by Web interface
CONSOLE MANAGEMENT Describes how to use the Console management interface
COMMAND LINE
INTERFACE
Explains the functions of the Managed Switch, and how to physically
install the Managed Switch
Contains information about the software function of the Managed
Switch
Explains how to manage the Managed Switch by Command Line
interface
SWITCH OPERATION Explains how to operate the Managed Switch
POWER OVER ETHERNET
OVERVIEW
TROUBLESHOOTING Explains how to troubleshoot the Managed Switch
APPENDIX A Contains cable information for the Managed Switch
GE-DS-242-PoE Managed Ethernet Switch User Manual 3
Introduces the IEEE 802.3af PoE standard and PoE provision of the
Managed Switch.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Product Features
• Physical Port
o 24-Port 10/100Base-TX RJ-45 with PoE Injector
o 2-Port Gigabit TP/SFP combo interfaces
o Reset button for system management
o 1 RS-232 male DB9 console interface for Switch basic management and
setup
• Layer 2 Features
o Complies with the IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.3u, IEEE 802.3ab, IEEE 802.3z
Gigabit Ethernet standard
o High performance Store and Forward architecture, broadcast storm
control, runt/CRC filtering eliminates erroneous packets to optimize the
network bandwidth
o 8K MAC Address Table, automatic source address learning and ageing
o Support VLANs:
IEEE 802.1Q Tag-Based VLAN
Up to 255 VLANs groups, out of 4096 VLAN IDs
Port-Based VLAN
Q-in-Q tunneling (Double Tag VLAN)
o Supports Link Aggregation
Up to 13 Trunk groups
Up to 8 ports per trunk group with 1.6Gbps bandwidth (Full Duplex
mode)
IEEE 802.3ad LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol)
Cisco ether-Channel (Static Trunk)
o Support Spanning Tree Protocol:
STP, IEEE 802.1D (Classic Spanning Tree Protocol)
RSTP, IEEE 802.1w (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol)
• Quality of Service
o 4 priority queues on all switch ports
o Traffic classification:
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Chapter 1: Introduction
IEEE 802.1p Class of Service
IP TOS / DSCP code priority
Port Base priority
o Strict priority and weighted round robin (WRR) CoS policies
o Ingress/Egress Bandwidth control on each port
• Multicast
o IGMP Snooping v1 and v2
o IGMP Query mode for Multicast Media application
o 256 multicast groups
• Security
o Layer 2 / 3 / 4 Access Control List (ACL)
o IEEE 802.1x Port-Based Authentication
o MAC address Filtering and MAC address Binding
o IP address security management to prevent unauthorized intruder
o Port Mirroring to monitor incoming or outgoing traffic on a particular port
• Management
o Switch Management Interface
Web switch management
Telnet Command Line Interface
SNMP v1, v2c switch management
Console local management
o SNMP Trap for alarm notification of events
o Four RMON groups 1, 2, 3, 9 (history, statistics, alarms, and events)
o Built-in Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) client
o Firmware upload / download via TFTP or HTTP
o Configuration upload / download via TFTP or HTTP
o Supports Ping function
• Power over Ethernet
o Complies with IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet End-Span PSE
o Up to 24 IEEE 802.3af devices powered
o Support PoE Power up to 15.4 watts for each PoE ports
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Chapter 1: Introduction
o Auto detect powered device (PD)
o Circuit protection prevent power interference between ports
o Remote power feeding up to 100m
o PoE Management
Total PoE power budget control
Per port PoE function enable/disable
PoE Port Power feeding priority
Per PoE port power limit
PD classification detection
PoE Power Supply Over temperature Protection
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Product Specifications
GE-DS-242-PoE
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
10/100Mbps Copper Ports 24 10/100Base-TX RJ-45 Auto-MDI/MDI-X ports
1000Mbps Copper Ports 2 10/100/1000Base-T RJ-45 port
SFP/mini-GBIC Slots 2 SFP interfaces, shared with Port-25 and Port-26
Switch Architecture Store-and-Forward
Switch Fabric 8.8Gbps / non-blocking
Switch Throughput 6.547Mpps@64Bytes
Address Table 8K entries
Share Data Buffer 512Kbytes
Flash 4Mbytes
DRAM 16Mbytes
Maximum Frame Size 9K Bytes
Flow Control
LED
Dimensions (W x D x H) 440 x 300 x 44 mm, 1U height
Weight 4.3kg
Power Requirement 100~240V AC, 50-60 Hz
Power Consumption 400 Watts (Full PoE Load)
Operating Temperature Standard: 0 to 50°C
Operating Humidity 10% to 90% (Non-condensing)
Storage Temperature -20 to +70°C
Back pressure (for Half-Duplex)
IEEE 802.3x Pause Frame (for Full-Duplex)
Power, FAN Alarm
Link/Activity (Green)
PoE In-Use (Amber)
1000 LNK/ACT (Green)
10/100 LNK/ACT (Green)
Layer 2 Functions
Management Interface Console, Telnet, Web Browser, SNMP v1, v2c
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Port disable/enable
Port Configuration
Port Status
VLAN
Spanning Tree
Link Aggregation
Quality of Service
IGMP Snooping
Auto-negotiation 10/100Mbps full and half duplex mode selection
Flow Control disable / enable
Bandwidth control and broadcast storm filter on each port
Display each port's speed duplex mode, link status, flow control status,
auto-negotiation status
Port-Based VLAN, up to 26 VLAN groups
IEEE 802.1q Tagged Based VLAN , 4K VLAN ID, up to 256 VLAN groups
IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree
IEEE 802.1w Rapid Spanning Tree
Static Port Trunk
IEEE 802.3ad LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol)
Supports 13 groups of 8-Port trunk support
Traffic classification based on:
• Port-Based priority
• 802.1p priority
• IP DSCP/TOS field in IP Packet
v1 and v2
256 multicast groups and IGMP query
Bandwidth Control Per port ingress/egress bandwidth control in steps of128Kbps
Port Mirror RX / TX / Both
802.1x Port-Based Network access control
MAC Limit
Security
Static MAC
MAC Filtering
Access Control List Supports up to 220 rule entries
RFC-1157 SNMP MIB
RFC-1213 MIB-II
RFC-1215 Trap
SNMP MIBs
RFC-2863 Interface MIB
RFC-1493 Bridge MIB
RFC-2674 Extended Bridge MIB (Q-Bridge)
RFC-1643
Power over Ethernet
PoE Standard IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet / PSE
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Chapter 1: Introduction
PoE Power Supply Type End-Span
PoE Power Output Per Port 48V DC, 350mA . Max. 15.4 watts
Power Pin Assignment 1/2(+), 3/6(-)
PoE Power Budget 380 Watts
Max. number of Class 2 PD 24
Max. number of Class 3 PD 24
Standards Conformance
Safety FCC Part 15 Class A, CE
IEEE 802.3 10Base-T
IEEE 802.3u 100Base-TX
IEEE 802.3z Gigabit SX/LX
IEEE 802.3ab Gigabit 1000Base-T
IEEE 802.3x Flow Control and Back pressure
Standards Compliance
Cable-Fiber-optic cable
IEEE 802.1d Spanning tree protocol
IEEE 802.1w Rapid spanning tree protocol
IEEE 802.1p Class of service
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Tagging
IEEE 802.1x Port Authentication Network Control
IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet
• 50 / 125µm or 62.5 / 125µm multi-mode fiber cable:
- 100Base-FX: up to 2km
- 1000Base-SX: up to 220/550m
• 9 / 125µm single-mode cable, provides long distance for:
- 100Base-FX: up to 10/40/60km (vary on fiber transceiver or SFP
module)
- 1000Base-LX / ZX: 10 / 15 / 20 / 30 / 40 / 50 / 60 / 70 / 120km
(vary on fiber transceiver or SFP module)
GE-DS-242-PoE Managed Ethernet Switch User Manual 9
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 2
Installation
This section describes the hardware features and installation of the Managed Switch
on the desktop or rack mount.
For easier management and control of the Managed Switch, familiarize yourself with
its display indicators and ports. Front panel illustrations in this chapter display the
unit’s LED indicators.
Read this chapter completely before connecting any network device to the Managed
Switch.
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Chapter 2: Installation
Hardware Description
Switch Front Panel
The Switches front panel provides a simple interface for monitoring the Managed
Switch. Figure 2-1 shows the front panel of the Managed Switch.
Figure 2-1: GE-DS-242-PoE Switch front panel
10/100Mbps TP Interface
Port-1~Port-24: 10/100Base-TX Copper, RJ-45 Twist-Pair: Up to 100 meters.
Gigabit TP Interface
Port-25, Port-26: 10/100/1000Base-T Copper, RJ-45 Twist-Pair: Up to 100 meters.
Gigabit SFP Slots
Port-25, Port-26: 1000Base-SX/LX mini-GBIC slot, SFP (Small Form-Factor Pluggable)
transceiver module: from 550 meters (Multi-mode fiber), up to 10/30/50/70/120
kilometers (Single-mode fiber).
Console Port
The console port is a DB9, RS-232 male serial port connector. It is an interface for
connecting a terminal directly. Through the console port, it provides rich diagnostic
information includes IP Address setting, factory reset, port management, link status
and system setting. Users may use the attached RS-232 cable in the package and
connect to the console port on the device. After the connection, users may run any
terminal emulation program (Hyper Terminal, ProComm Plus, Telix, Winterm and so
on) to enter the device’s startup screen.
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Chapter 2: Installation
Reset button
At the left of front panel, the Reset button is designed to reboot the Managed Switch
without turning the power off. The following table summarizes the Reset button
functions:
Reset Button Pressed and Released Function
About 1~3 seconds Reboots the Managed Switch
Resets the Managed Switch to Factory Default configuration.
The Managed Switch will then reboot and load the default
settings as below:
Until the PWR LED goes out
• Default Password: admin
• Default IP address: 192.168.0.100
• Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
• Default Gateway: 192.168.0.254
LED Indicators
The front panels LEDs indicate instant status of port links, data activity and system
power. They help monitor the system and aid in troubleshooting when necessary.
The front panel LEDs are shown in Figure 2-2.
Figure 2-2: GE-DS-242-PoE LED panel
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Chapter 2: Installation
• System
LED Color Function
PWR Green Lit: indicates there is power to the Switch
• Per 10/100Base-TX, PoE interfaces (Port-1 to Port-24)
LED Color Function
Lit: indicates the link through that port is successfully
LNK/ACT Green
PoE In Use Orange
established
Blink: indicares the Switch is actively sending or receiving data
over that port
Lit: indicates the port is providing 48VDC in-line power
Off: indicates the connected device is not a PoE Powered
Device (PD)
• Per 10/100/1000Base-T port/SFP interfaces
LED Color Function
Lit: indicates the port is operating at 1000Mbps
LNK/ACT 1000 Green
LNK/ACT 100 Green
Off: indicates the port is operating at 10Mbps or 100Mbps
Blink: indicates the Switch is actively sending or receiving data
over that port
Lit: indicates the port is operating at 100Mbps
Off: indicates the port is operating at 10Mbps or 1000Mbps
Blink: indicates the Switch is actively sending or receiving data
over that port
NOTE:
1. Press the RESET button once. The Switch will reboot automatically.
2. Press the RESET button for about 10 seconds. The Switch will revert to the factory
default mode; the entire configuration will be erased.
3. The 2 Gigabit TP/SFP combo ports are shared with port 25/26 of GE-DS-242-PoE.
Both of them can operate at the same time.
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Chapter 2: Installation
Switch Rear Panel
The rear panel of the Managed Switch includes an AC inlet power socket, which
accepts input power from 100 to 240VAC, 50-60 Hz. Figure 2-3 shows the rear panel
of the Managed Switch.
Figure 2-3: GE-DS-242-PoE Rear panel
3
2
POWER NOTICE:
1. The Managed Switch is a power-required device: it will not work unless it is
receiving power. If your networks must be active at all times, it is recommended
that the Switch be connected to a UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) to prevent
data loss or downtime.
2. In some areas, installing a surge suppression device may also help protect your
Managed Switch from being damaged by unregulated power surges or current to
either the Switch or the power adapter.
Switch Installation
This text describes how to install the Managed Switch and connect it as necessary.
Please read the following instructions, and perform the procedures in the listed order.
Desktop/Shelf Installation
NOTE: Refer to the environmental restrictions listed in the Product Specifications
when selecting a location for the Managed Switch.
Step 1: Attach the rubber feet to the recessed areas on the bottom of the Managed
Switch.
Step 2: Place the Managed Switch on a desktop or shelf near an AC power source, as
shown in Figure 2-4.
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Chapter 2: Installation
Step 3: Ensure there is enough ventilation space between the Managed Switch and
surrounding objects.
Figure 2-4: Typical placement of GE-DS-242-PoE on desktop
NOTE: Connection to the Managed Switch requires UTP Category 5 network cabling
with RJ-45 tips. Refer to the Cabling Specification in Appendix A for further
information.
Step 4: Connect the Managed Switch to network devices.
A. Connect one end of a standard network cable to the 10/100/1000 RJ-45 ports
on the front of the Managed Switch.
B. Connect the other end of the cable to the network devices (printer servers,
workstations, routers etc).
Step 5: Connect the Managed Switch to supply power.
A. Connect socket end of the power cable to the socket on the Managed Switch
rear panel.
B. Connect the power cable plug to a standard wall outlet.
C. Switch the power switch on the rear panel to ON.
When the Managed Switch receives power, the Power LED should light and remain
solid Green.
Rack-mount Installation
Use the following instructions to install the Managed Switch in a 19-inch standard
rack.
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Chapter 2: Installation
Step 1: Place the Managed Switch on a hard flat surface, with the front panel
positioned towards the front.
CAUTION: Use only the screws supplied with the mounting brackets. Damage caused
by using incorrect screws will invalidate the warranty.
Step 2: Attach the rack-mount bracket to each side of the Managed Switch. Use the
supplied screws attached to the package.
Figure 2-5 shows how to attach brackets to one side of the Managed Switch.
Figure 2-5: Attaching rack-mount brackets to the GE-DS-242-PoE
Step 3: Secure the brackets tightly, but do not overtighten screws.
Step 4: Follow the same steps to attach the second bracket to the opposite side.
Step 5: After the brackets are attached to the Managed Switch, use suitable screws to
securely attach the brackets to the rack, as shown in Figure 2-6.
Figure 2-6: Mounting the GE-DS-242-PoE in a rack
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Chapter 2: Installation
Step 6: Follow steps 4 and 5 of the Desktop Installation section to connect the
network cabling and supply power to the Managed Switch.
SFP Transceiver Installation
This section describes how to insert an SFP transceiver into an SFP slot.
SFP transceivers are hot pluggable and hot swappable. You can insert and remove a
transceiver to and from any SFP port without powering down the Managed Switch, as
shown in Figure 2-7.
Figure 2-7: Plugging-in the SFP transceiver
Approved GE Security SFP Transceivers
The Managed Switch supports both single-mode and multi-mode SFP transceivers.
The following list of approved GE Security SFP transceivers is correct at the time of
publication:
1000Base-SX/LX SFP transceiver:
• SFP1000SX-220 SFP (1000BASE-SX SFP transceiver - Multi mode / 220m)
• SFP1000LX-10Km SFP (1000BASE-LX SFP transceiver - Single Mode / 10km)
NOTE: It is recommended that only approved GE Security SFP transceivers be used on
the Managed Switch. If you insert an SFP transceiver that is not supported, the Switch
will not recognize it.
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Chapter 2: Installation
Before connecting the other switches, workstations or Media Converter:
1. Make sure both sides of the SFP transceiver are the same media type (for example:
1000Base-SX to 1000Base-SX, 1000Bas-LX to 1000Base-LX).
2. Verify that the fiber-optic cable type matches the SFP transceiver model.
• To connect to the 1000Base-SX SFP transceiver, use multi-mode fiber cable (one
side must be male duplex LC connector type).
• To connect to the 1000Base-LX SFP transceiver, use single-mode fiber cable (one
side must be male duplex LC connector type).
Connect the fiber cable:
1. Attach the duplex LC connector on the network cable into the SFP transceiver.
2. Connect the other end of the cable to a device (switches with SFP installed, fiber
NIC on a workstation, or a Media Converter).
3. Check the LNK/ACT LED of the SFP slot on the front of the Switch. Ensure that the
SFP transceiver is operating correctly.
4. Check the Link mode of the SFP port if the link failed. Co works with some fiber-NICs
or Media Converters, set the Link mode to "1000 Force" is needed.
Remove the transceiver module
1. Make sure there is no network activity by consult or check with the network
administrator, or through the management interface of the switch/converter (if
available) to disable the port in advance.
2. Remove the Fiber Optic Cable gently.
3. Turn the handle of the MGB module to horizontal.
4. Pull out the module gently through the handle.
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Chapter 2: Installation
Figure 2-8: Pulling out the SFP transceiver
CAUTION: Never pull out the module without pulling the handle or the push bolts on
the module. Pulling out the module with too much force could damage the module
and SFP module slot of the Managed Industrial Switch.
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Chapter 3
Switch Management
This chapter explains the methods that you can use to configure management
access to the Managed Switch. It describes the types of management applications
and the communication and management protocols that deliver data between your
management device (work-station or personal computer) and the system. It also
contains information about port connection options.
This chapter covers the following topics:
• Requirements
• Management Access Overview
• Administration Console Access
• Web Management Access
• SNMP Access
• Standards, Protocols, and Related Reading.
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Chapter 3: Switch Management
Requirements
• Workstations of subscribers running Windows 98/ME, NT4.0, 2000/XP, MAC OS9 or
later, Linux, UNIX or other platform compatible with TCP/IP protocols.
• Workstation installed with Ethernet NIC (Network Interface Card)
• Ethernet Port connection
• Network cables - Use standard network (UTP) cables with RJ45 connectors.
• Above Workstation installed with WEB Browser and JAVA runtime environment
Plug-in
• Serial Port connection
• Above PC with COM Port (DB-9 / RS-232) or USB-to-RS-232 converter
NOTE: We recommended Internet Explore 6.0 or above to access the Managed
Switch.
Management Access Overview
The Managed Switch gives you the flexibility to access and manage it using any or all
of the following methods:
• Web browser interface
• An external SNMP-based network management application
• The Administration Console
The Administration Console and Web browser interface support are embedded in the
Managed Switch software and are available for immediate use. Each of these
management methods has their own advantages and disadvantages. Table 3-1
compares the three management methods.
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Chapter 3: Switch Management
Table 3-1: Management Methods Comparison
Method Advantages Disadvantages
Web Browser • Ideal for configuring the switch
remotely
• Compatible with all popular
browsers
• Can be accessed from any location
• Most visually appealing
SNMP Agent • Communicates with switch
functions at the MIB level
• Based on open standards
Console • No IP address or subnet needed
• Text-based
• Telnet functionality and
HyperTerminal built into Windows
95/98/NT/2000/ME/XP operating
systems
• Security can be compromised
(hackers need only know the IP
address and subnet mask)
• May encounter lag times on poor
connections
• Requires SNMP manager software
• Least visually appealing of all three
methods
• Some settings require calculations
• Security can be compromised
(hackers need only know the
community name)
• Must be near switch or use dial-up
connection
• Not convenient for remote users
• Modem connection may prove to be
unreliable or slow
• Secure
Web Management
The Managed Switch offers management features that allow users to manage the
Managed Switch from anywhere on the network through a standard browser such as
Microsoft Internet Explorer. After you set up your IP address for the switch, you can
access the Managed Switch's Web interface applications directly in your Web
browser by entering the IP address of the Managed Switch.
You can then use your Web browser to list and manage the Managed Switch
configuration parameters from one central location, just as if you were directly
connected to the Managed Switch's console port. Web Management requires either
Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 or later, Safari or Mozilla Firefox 2.0 or later.
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Figure 3-1: Web management setup
Figure 3-2: Web main screen of Managed Switch
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SNMP-Based Network Management
You can use an external SNMP-based application to configure and manage the
Managed Switch, such as SNMPc Network Manager, HP Openview Network Node
Management (NNM) or What'sup Gold. This management method requires the SNMP
agent on the switch and the SNMP Network Management Station to use the same
community string. This management method, in fact, uses two community strings:
the get community string and the set community string. If the SNMP Net-work
management Station only knows the set community string, it can read and write to
the MIBs. However, if it only knows the get community string, it can only read MIBs.
The default gets and sets community strings for the Managed Switch are public.
Figure 3-3: SNMP management
Administration Console
The administration console is an internal, character-oriented, and command line user
interface for performing system administration such as displaying statistics or
changing option settings. Using this method, you can view the administration console
from a terminal, personal computer, Apple Macintosh, or workstation connected to
the switch's console (serial) port.
There are two ways to use this management method: via direct access or modem
port access. The following sections describe these methods. For more information
about using the console, refer to Chapter 5: Console Management.
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Figure 3-4: Console management setup
Direct Access
Direct access to the administration console is achieved by directly connecting a
terminal or a PC equipped with a terminal-emulation program (such as
HyperTerminal) to the Managed Switch console (serial) port.
When using this management method, a straight DB9 RS-232 cable is required to
connect the switch to the PC. After making this connection, configure the terminalemulation program to use the following parameters:
• 57600 bps
• 8 data bits
• No parity
• 1 stop bit
Figure 3-5: Terminal parameter settings
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You can change these settings, if desired, after you log on. This management method
is often preferred because you can remain connected and monitor the system during
system reboots. Also, certain error messages are sent to the serial port, regardless of
the interface through which the associated action was initiated. A Macintosh or PC
attachment can use any terminal-emulation program for connecting to the terminal
serial port. A workstation attachment under UNIX can use an emulator such as TIP.
Protocols
The Managed Switch supports the following protocols:
• Virtual terminal protocols, such as Telnet
• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Virtual Terminal Protocols (Telnet)
A virtual terminal protocol is a software program, such as Telnet, that allows you to
establish a management session from a Macintosh, a PC, or a UNIX workstation.
Because Telnet runs over TCP/IP, you must have at least one IP address configured
on the Managed Switch before you can establish access to it with a virtual terminal
protocol.
Terminal emulation differs from a virtual terminal protocol in that you must connect a
terminal directly to the console (serial) port.
NOTE: See the Installation Sheet that came with this product for a Telnet step-bystep procedure using Hyper Terminal.
To access the Managed Switch through a Telnet session:
1. Be Sure of the Managed Switch is configured with an IP address and the Managed
Switch is reachable from a PC.
2. Start the Telnet program on a PC and connect to the Managed Switch.
The management interface is exactly the same with RS-232 console management.
SNMP Protocol
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is the standard management protocol
for multi-vendor IP networks. SNMP supports transaction-based queries that allow
the protocol to format messages and to transmit information between reporting
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devices and data-collection programs. SNMP runs on top of the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP), offering a connectionless-mode service.
Management Architecture
All of the management application modules use the same Messaging Application
Programming Interface (MAPI). By unifying management methods with a single MAPI,
configuration parameters set using one method (console port, for example) are
immediately displayable by the other management methods (for example, SNMP
agent of Web browser).
The management architecture of the switch adheres to the IEEE open standard. This
compliance assures customers that the Managed Switch is compatible with, and will
interoperate with other solutions that adhere to the same open standard.
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Web-Based Management
Summary
This section introduces the configuration and functions of the Web-Based
management.
About Web-based Management
The Managed Switch offers management features that allow users to manage the
Managed Switch from anywhere on the network through a standard browser such as
Microsoft Internet Explorer.
The Web-Based Management supports Internet Explorer 6.0. It is based on Java
Applets with an aim to reduce network bandwidth consumption, enhance access
speed and present an easy viewing screen.
NOTE: By default, IE6.0 or later version does not allow Java Applets to open sockets.
The user has to explicitly modify the browser setting to enable Java Applets to use
network ports.
The Managed Switch can be configured through an Ethernet connection, make sure
the manager PC must be set on same the IP subnet address with the Managed
Switch.
For example, the default IP address of the Managed Switch is 192.168.0.100, then the
manager PC should be set at 192.168.0.x (where x is a number between 1 and 254,
except 100), and the default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.
If you have changed the default IP address of the Managed Switch to 192.168.1.1
with subnet mask 255.255.255.0 via console, then the manager PC should be set at
192.168.1.x (where x is a number between 2 and 254) to do the relative configuration
on manager PC.
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Requirements
• Workstations of subscribers running Windows 98/ME, NT4.0, 2000/2003/XP, MAC
OS9 or later, Linux, UNIX or other platform compatible with TCP/IP protocols.
• Workstation installed with Ethernet NIC (Network Card).
• Ethernet Port connect
• Network cables - Use standard network (UTP) cables with RJ45 connectors.
• Above PC installed with WEB Browser and JAVA runtime environment Plug-in.
It is recommended to use Internet Explorer 6.0 or above to access the GE-DS-242-PoE
Managed Switch.
Figure 4-1: Web management setup
Logging on to the Switch
1. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 or above Web browser. Enter the factory-default IP
address to access the Web interface. The factory-default IP Address as following:
http://192.168.0.100
2. When the following login screen appears, please enter the default username
"admin" with password "admin" (or the username/password you have changed via
console) to login the main screen of Managed Switch. The login screen in Figure 4-2
appears.
Default User name: admin
Default Password: admin
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Figure 4-2: Login screen
1. After entering the username and password, the main screen appears as Figure 4-3.
Figure 4-3: Web main page
2. The Switch Menu on the left of the Web page let you access all the commands and
statistics the Switch provides.
Now, you can use the Web management interface to continue the switch
management or manage the Managed Switch by Web interface. The Switch Menu on
the left of the web page let you access all the commands and statistics the Managed
Switch provides.
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NOTE:
• We recommend using Internet Explorer 6.0 or above to access Managed Switch.
• A changed IP address take effect immediately after click on the Save button, you
need to use the new IP address to access the Web interface.
• For security reason, please change and memorize the new password after this
first setup.
• Only enter commands in lowercase letters in the web interface.
Main Web Page
The Managed Switch provides a Web-based browser interface for configuring and
managing it. This interface allows you to access the Managed Switch using the Web
browser of your choice. This chapter describes how to use the Managed Switch's Web
browser interface to configure and manage it.
Figure 4-4: Main page
Panel Display
The web agent displays an image of the Managed Switch's ports. The Mode can be
set to display different information for the ports, including Link up or Link down.
Clicking on the image of a port opens the Port Statistics page.
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The port states are illustrated as follows:
State Disabled Down Link
RJ-45 Ports
SFP Ports
PoE Ports
Main Menu
Using the onboard web agent, you can define system parameters, manage and
control the Managed Switch, and all its ports, or monitor network conditions. Via the
Web-Management, the administrator can setup the Managed Switch by select the
functions those listed in the Main Function. The screen in Figure 4-5 appears.
Figure 4-5: GE-DS-242-PoE Managed Switch Main Functions Menu
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System
Use the System menu items to display and configure basic administrative details of
the Managed Switch. Under System the following topics are provided to configure
and view the system information: This section has the following items:
System Information Provides basic system description, including contact information
IP Configuration Sets the IP address for management access
SNMP Configuration Configure SNMP agent and SNMP Trap
Firmware Upgrade Upgrade the firmware via TFTP server or Web Brower file transfer
Configuration Backup
Factory Default Reset the configuration of the Managed Switch
System Reboot Restarts the Managed Switch
Save/view the Managed Switch configuration to remote host.
Upload the switch configuration from remote host.
System Information
The System information page has two parts - Basic and Misc Config.
Basic
The Basic System Info page provides information for the current device information.
Basic System Info page helps a switch administrator to identify the model name,
firmware / hardware version and MAC address. The screen in Figure 4-6 appears.
Figure 4-6: Basic System Information screenshot
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This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
MODEL NAME Displays the system name of the Managed Switch
DESCRIPTION Describes the Managed Switch
MAC ADDRESS
FIRMWARE VERSION Displays the Managed Switch's firmware version
HARDWARE VERSION Displays the current hardware version
Displays the unique hardware address assigned by manufacturer
(default)
Misc Config
Choose Misc Config from System Information of Managed Switch, the screen in Figure
4-7 appears.
Figure 4-7: Switch Misc Config screenshot
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This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Type the number of seconds that an inactive MAC address remains in
MAC Address Age-out Time
Broadcast Storm Filter
Mode
the switch's address table. The value is a multiple of 6.
Default is 300 seconds.
To configure broadcast storm control, enable it and set the upper
threshold for individual ports. The threshold is the percentage of the
port's total bandwidth used by broadcast traffic. When broadcast traffic
for a port rises above the threshold you set, broadcast storm control
becomes active.
The valid threshold values are 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and OFF.
Default is "OFF".
To select broadcast storm Filter Packets type. If no packets type by
selected, mean can not filter any packets .The Broadcast Storm Filter
Mode will show OFF.
Broadcast Storm Filter
Packets Select
Collision Retry Forever
Hash Algorithm
802.1x protocol Enable / disable 802.1x protocol
Apply button Press the button to complete the configuration.
The selectable items as below:
• Broadcast Packets
• IP Multicast
• Control Packets
• Flooded Unicast / Multicast Packets
Provide Collision Retry Forever function "Disable" or 16, 32, 48 collision
numbers on Managed Switch. If this function is disabled, when a packet
meet a collision, the Managed Switch will retry 6 times before discard
the packets. Otherwise, the Managed Switch will retry until the packet is
successfully sent.
Default value is 16.
Provide MAC address table Hashing setting on Managed Switch;
available options are CRC Hash and Direct Map.
Default mode is CRC-Hash.
IP Configuration
The Managed Switch is a network device, which needs to be assigned an IP address
for being identified on the network. Users have to decide a means of assigning IP
address to the Managed Switch.
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IP address overview
What is an IP address?
Each device (such as a computer) which participates in an IP network needs a unique
"address" on the network. It's similar to having a US mail address so other people
have a know way to send you messages. An IP address is a four byte number, which
is usually written in "dot notation" - each of the bytes' decimal value is written as a
number, and the numbers are separated by "dots" (aka periods). An example:
199.25.123.1
How do I get one for this box?
The IP addresses on most modern corporate nets are assigned by an employee
called a "Network Administrator", or "Sys. Admin". This person assigns IP addresses
and is responsible for making sure that IP addresses are not duplicated - If this
happens one or both machines with a duplicate address will stop working.
Another possibility is getting your address assigned to you automatically over the net
via DHCP protocol. Enable DHCP function, and reset the machine. If your network is
set up for this service, you will get an IP address assigned over the network. If you
don't get an address in about 30 seconds, you probably don't have DHCP.
IP Configuration
The IP Configuration includes the IP Address, Subnet Mask and Gateway. The
Configured column is used to view or change the IP configuration. Fill up the IP
Address, Subnet Mask and Gateway for the device. The screen in Figure 4-8 appears.
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Figure 4-8: IP configuration interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Enable or disable the DHCP client function.
When DHCP function is enabled, the Managed Switch will be assigned
DHCP
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Gateway
an IP address from the network DHCP server. The default IP address will
be replaced by the assigned IP address on DHCP server. After the user
clicks Apply, a popup dialog shows up to inform the user that when the
DHCP client is enabled, the current IP will lose and user should find the
new IP on the DHCP server.
Assign the IP address that the network is using.
If DHCP client function is enabled, this switch is configured as a DHCP
client. The network DHCP server will assign the IP address to the switch
and display it in this column.
The default IP is 192.168.0.100 or the user has to assign an IP address
manually when DHCP Client is disabled.
Assign the subnet mask to the IP address.
If DHCP client function is disabled, the user has to assign the subnet
mask in this column field.
Assign the network gateway for the switch.
If DHCP client function is disabled, the user has to assign the gateway in
this column field.
The default gateway is 192.168.0.254.
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SNMP Configuration
SNMP Overview
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an application layer protocol
that facilitates the exchange of management information between network devices.
It is part of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite.
SNMP enables network administrators to manage network performance, find and
solve network problems, and plan for network growth.
Figure 4-9: SNMP configuration interface
An SNMP-managed network consists of four key components: Network management
stations (NMSs), SNMP agents, Management information base (MIB) and networkmanagement protocol:
• Network management stations (NMSs): Sometimes called consoles, these
devices execute management applications that monitor and control network
elements. Physically, NMSs are usually engineering workstation-caliber computers
with fast CPUs, megapixel color displays, substantial memory, and abundant disk
space. At least one NMS must be present in each managed environment.
• SNMP Agents: Agents are software modules that reside in network elements.
They collect and store management information such as the number of error
packets received by a network element.
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• Management information base (MIB): A MIB is a collection of managed objects
residing in a virtual information store. Collections of related managed objects are
defined in specific MIB modules.
• Network-management protocol: A management protocol is used to convey
management information between agents and NMSs. SNMP is the Internet
community's de facto standard management protocol.
SNMP Overview
SNMP itself is a simple request/response protocol. NMSs can send multiple requests
without receiving a response.
• Get -- Allows the NMS to retrieve an object instance from the agent.
• Set -- Allows the NMS to set values for object instances within an agent.
• Trap -- Used by the agent to asynchronously inform the NMS of some event. The
SNMPv2 trap message is designed to replace the SNMPv1 trap message.
SNMP Community
An SNMP community is the group that devices and management stations running
SNMP belong to. It helps define where information is sent. The community name is
used to identify the group. A SNMP device or agent may belong to more than one
SNMP community. It will not respond to requests from management stations that do
not belong to one of its communities. SNMP default communities are:
• Write = private
• Read = public
System Options
Use this page to define management stations. You can also define a name, location,
and contact person for the Managed Switch.
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Figure 4-10: SNMP configuration interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
An administratively assigned name for this managed node. By
convention, this is the node's fully-qualified domain name. A domain
name is a text string drawn from the alphabet (A-Za-z), digits (0-9),
System Name
System Location
System Contact
SNMP Status
minus sign (-). No space characters are permitted as part of a name.
The first character must be an alpha character. And the first or last
character must not be a minus sign.
The allowed string length is 0 to 255.
The physical location of this node (e.g., telephone closet, 3rd floor).
The allowed string length is 0 to 255, and the allowed content is the
ASCII characters from 32 to 126.
The textual identification of the contact person for this managed node,
together with information on how to contact this person.
The allowed string length is 0 to 255, and the allowed content is the
ASCII characters from 32 to 126.
Indicates the SNMP mode operation. Possible modes are:
• Enabled: Enable SNMP mode operation.
• Disabled: Disable SNMP mode operation.
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Community Strings
Community strings serve as passwords and can be entered as one of the following:
Figure 4-11: Community strings interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Here you can define the new community string set and remove the
unwanted community string.
• String: Fill the name string.
Community Strings
ADD button
REMOVE button
• RO: Read only. Enables requests accompanied by this community
string to display MIB-object information.
• RW: Read/write. Enables requests accompanied by this community
string to display MIB-object information and to set MIB objects.
Press the button to add the management SNMP community strings on
the Managed Switch.
Press the button to remove the management SNMP community strings
that you defined before on the Managed Switch.
Trap Managers
A trap manager is a management station that receives the trap messages generated
by the switch. If no trap manager is defined, no traps will be issued. To define a
management station as a trap manager, assign an IP address, enter the SNMP
community strings, and select the SNMP trap version.
Figure 4-12: Trap managers interface
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This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
IP Address Enter the IP address of the trap manager.
Community Enter the community string for the trap station.
Firmware Upgrade
It provides the functions allowing the user to update the switch firmware via the
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server. Before updating, make sure the TFTP server
is ready and the firmware image is located on the TFTP server.
TFTP Firmware Upgrade
The Firmware Upgrade page provides the functions to allow a user to update the
Managed Switch firmware from the TFTP server in the network. Before updating,
make sure you have your TFTP server ready and the firmware image is on the TFTP
server. The screen in Figure 4-13 appears.
Use this menu to download a file from specified TFTP server to the Managed Switch.
Figure 4-13: Firmware Upgrade interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
TFTP Server IP Address Type in your TFTP server IP.
Firmware File Name Type in the name of the firmware image file to be updated.
HTTP Firmware Upgrade
The HTTP Firmware Upgrade page contains fields for downloading system image files
from the Local File browser to the device. The Web Firmware Upgrade screen in
Figure 4-14 appears.
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Figure 4-14: HTTP Firmware Upgrade interface
To open Firmware Upgrade screen, perform the following:
1. Click System -> Web Firmware Upgrade.
2. The Firmware Upgrade screen is displayed as in Figure 4-14.
3. Click the "Browse" button of the main page, the Choose file window will appear.
4. Select the firmware file, then click the Open button to load the file.
The Firmware upgrade process takes several minutes. Please wait a while, and then
manually refresh the webpage.
Configuration Backup
TFTP Restore Configuration
You can restore a previous backup configuration from the TFTP server to recover the
settings. Before doing that, you must locate the image file on the TFTP server first and
the Managed Switch will download back the flash image.
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Figure 4-15: Configuration Restore interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
TFTP Server IP Address Type in your TFTP server IP.
Restore File Name Type in the correct file name for restoring.
TFTP Backup Configuration
You can back up the current configuration from flash ROM to the TFTP server for the
purpose of recovering the configuration later. It helps you to avoid wasting time on
configuring the settings by backing up the configuration.
Figure 4-16: Configuration Backup interface
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This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
TFTP Server IP Address Type in your TFTP server IP.
Backup File Name Type in the file name.
Factory Default
Reset Switch to default configuration. Click the reset button to restore all
configurations to the default value.
Figure 4-17: Factory Default interface
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System Reboot
Reboot the Switch with a software reset. Click the reboot button to reboot the
system.
Figure 4-18: System Reboot interface
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Port Configuration
In Port control you can configure the settings of each port to control the connection
parameters, the status of each port is listed below.
Figure 4-19: Port Control interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Port
State
Negotiation
Speed
Duplex
Flow Control
Use the scroll bar and click on the port number to choose the port to be
configured.
Current port state. The port can be set to disable or enable mode. If the
port state is set as 'Disable', it will not receive or transmit any packet.
Auto and Force. Being set as Auto, the speed and duplex mode are
negotiated automatically. When you set it as Force, you have to set the
speed and duplex mode manually.
It is available for selecting when the Negotiation column is set as Force.
When the Negotiation column is set as Auto, this column is read-only.
It is available for selecting when the Negotiation column is set as Force.
When the Negotiation column is set as Auto, this column is read-only.
Whether or not the receiving node sends feedback to the sending node
is determined by this item. When enabled, once the device exceeds the
input data rate of another device, the receiving device will send a
PAUSE frame which halts the transmission of the sender for a specified
period of time. When disabled, the receiving device will drop the packet
if too much to process.
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OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Port-1 ~ Port-24, supports by-port ingress and egress rate control.
For example, assume port 1 is 10Mbps, users can set its effective egress
rate at 1Mbps and ingress rate at 500Kbps. Device will perform flow
control or backpressure to confine the ingress rate to meet the
specified rate.
• Ingress: Type the port effective ingress rate.
Rate Control
(Unit: 128KBbps)
Security
BSF
Jumbo Frame
The valid range is 0 ~ 8000. The unit is 128K.
0: disable rate control.
1 ~ 8000: valid rate value
• Egress: Type the port effective egress rate.
The valid range is 0 ~ 8000. The unit is 128K.
0: disable rate control.
1 ~8000: valid rate value.
A port in security mode will be "locked" without permission of address
learning. Only the incoming packets with SMAC already existing in the
address table can be forwarded normally.
User can disable the port from learning any new MAC addresses, then
use the static MAC addresses screen to define a list of MAC addresses
that can use the secure port. Enter the settings, then click Apply button
to change on this page.
User can disable/Enable port broadcast storm filtering option by port.
The filter mode and filter packets type can be select in Switch Setting >
Misc Config page.
User can disable/Enable port jumbo frame option by port. When port
jumbo frame is enable, the port forward jumbo frame packet.
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Port Status
This page displays current port configurations and operating status - it is a ports'
configurations summary table. Via the summary table, you can learn the status of
each port at a glance, like Port Link Up/Link Down status, negotiation, Link Speed,
Rate Control, Duplex mode and Flow Control.
Figure 4-20: Port Status interface
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Port Statistics
The following chart provides the current statistic information, which displays the realtime packet transfer status for each port. The user might use the information to plan
and implement the network, or check and find the problem when the collision or
heavy traffic occurs.
Figure 4-21: Port Statistics interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Port The port number.
Link The status of linking-'Up' or 'Down'
State
Tx Good Packet The counts of transmitting good packets via this port.
Tx Bad Packet
Set by Port Control. When the state is disabled, the port will not transmit
or receive any packet.
The counts of transmitting bad packets (including undersize [less than
64 octets], oversize, CRC Align errors, fragments and jabbers packets)
via this port.
Rx Good Packet The counts of receiving good packets via this port.
Rx Bad Packet
Tx Abort Packet The aborted packet while transmitting.
Packet Collision The counts of collision packet.
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OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Packet Dropped The counts of dropped packet.
Rx Bcast Packet The counts of broadcast packet.
Rx Mcast Packet The counts of multicast packet.
Port Sniffer
The Port Sniffer (mirroring) is a method for monitor traffic in switched networks.
Traffic through a port can be monitored by one specific port. That is, traffic goes in or
out a monitored port will be duplicated into sniffer port.
Figure 4-22: Port Mirror application
Configuring the port mirroring by assigning a source port from which to copy all
packets and a destination port where those packets will be sent.
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Figure 4-23: Port Sniffer interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Select a sniffer mode:
• Disable
Sniffer Type
Analysis (Monitoring) Port
Monitored Port
• Rx
• Tx
• Both
It' means Analysis port can be used to see the traffic on another port
you want to monitor. You can connect Analysis port to LAN analyzer or
netxray.
The port you want to monitor. The monitor port traffic will be copied to
Analysis port. You can select one monitor ports in the switch. User can
choose which port that they want to monitor in only one sniffer type.
NOTE:
1. When the Mirror Mode set to RX or TX and the Analysis Port be selected, the
packets to and from the Analysis Port will not be transmitted. The Analysis Port will
accept only COPIED packets from the Monitored Port.
2. If you want to disable the function, you must select monitor port to none.
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VLAN Configuration
VLAN Overview
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) is a network topology configured according to a
logical scheme rather than the physical layout. VLAN can be used to combine any
collection of LAN segments into an autonomous user group that appears as a single
LAN. VLAN also logically segment the network into different broadcast domains so
that packets are forwarded only between ports within the VLAN. Typically, a VLAN
corresponds to a particular subnet, although not necessarily.
VLAN can enhance performance by conserving bandwidth, and improve security by
limiting traffic to specific domains.
A VLAN is a collection of end nodes grouped by logic instead of physical location. End
nodes that frequently communicate with each other are assigned to the same VLAN,
regardless of where they are physically on the network. Logically, a VLAN can be
equated to a broadcast domain, because broadcast packets are forwarded to only
members of the VLAN on which the broadcast was initiated.
NOTE:
1. No matter what basis is used to uniquely identify end nodes and assign these
nodes VLAN membership, packets cannot cross VLAN without a network device
performing a routing function between the VLAN.
2. The Managed Switch supports IEEE 802.1Q VLAN. The port untagging function can
be used to remove the 802.1 tag from packet headers to maintain compatibility with
devices that are tag-unaware.
The Managed Switch supports IEEE 802.1Q (tagged-based) and Port-Base VLAN
setting in web management page. In the default configuration, VLAN support is
"802.1Q".
Port-based VLAN
Port-based VLAN limit traffic that flows into and out of switch ports. Thus, all devices
connected to a port are members of the VLAN(s) the port belongs to, whether there is
a single computer directly connected to a switch, or an entire department.
On port-based VLAN.NIC do not need to be able to identify 802.1Q tags in packet
headers. NIC send and receive normal Ethernet packets. If the packet's destination
lies on the same segment, communications take place using normal Ethernet
protocols. Even though this is always the case, when the destination for a packet lies
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on another switch port, VLAN considerations come into play to decide if the packet is
dropped by the Switch or delivered.
IEEE 802.1Q VLANs
IEEE 802.1Q (tagged) VLAN are implemented on the Switch. 802.1Q VLAN require
tagging, which enables them to span the entire network (assuming all switches on
the network are IEEE 802.1Q-compliant).
VLAN allow a network to be segmented in order to reduce the size of broadcast
domains. All packets entering a VLAN will only be forwarded to the stations (over IEEE
802.1Q enabled switches) that are members of that VLAN, and this includes
broadcast, multicast and unicast packets from unknown sources.
VLAN can also provide a level of security to your network. IEEE 802.1Q VLAN will only
deliver packets between stations that are members of the VLAN. Any port can be
configured as either tagging or untagging. The untagging feature of IEEE 802.1Q
VLAN allows VLAN to work with legacy switches that don't recognize VLAN tags in
packet headers. The tagging feature allows VLAN to span multiple 802.1Q-compliant
switches through a single physical connection and allows Spanning Tree to be
enabled on all ports and work normally.
Any port can be configured as either tagging or untagging. The untagging feature of
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN allows VLAN to work with legacy switches that don't recognize
VLAN tags in packet headers. The tagging feature allows VLAN to span multiple
802.1Q-compliant switches through a single physical connection and allows
Spanning Tree to be enabled on all ports and work normally.
Some relevant terms:
- Tagging - The act of putting 802.1Q VLAN information into the header of a packet.
- Untagging - The act of stripping 802.1Q VLAN information out of the packet header.
802.1Q VLAN Tags
The figure below shows the 802.1Q VLAN tag. There are four additional octets
inserted after the source MAC address. Their presence is indicated by a value of
0x8100 in the Ether Type field. When a packet's Ether Type field is equal to 0x8100,
the packet carries the IEEE 802.1Q/802.1p tag. The tag is contained in the following
two octets and consists of 3 bits of user priority, 1 bit of Canonical Format Identifier
(CFI - used for encapsulating Token Ring packets so they can be carried across
Ethernet backbones), and 12 bits of VLAN ID (VID). The 3 bits of user priority are used
by 802.1p. The VID is the VLAN identifier and is used by the 802.1Q standard. Because
the VID is 12 bits long, 4094 unique VLAN can be identified.
The tag is inserted into the packet header making the entire packet longer by 4
octets. All of the information originally contained in the packet is retained.
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802.1Q Tag
User Priority CFI VLAN ID (VID)
3 bits 1 bits 12 bits
TPID (Tag Protocol Identifier) TCI (Tag Control Information)
2 bytes 2 bytes
Preamble
Destination
Address
6 bytes 6 bytes 4 bytes 2 bytes 46-1517 bytes 4 bytes
Source
Address
VLAN TAG
Ethernet
Type
Data FCS
The Ether Type and VLAN ID are inserted after the MAC source address, but before
the original Ether Type/Length or Logical Link Control. Because the packet is now a bit
longer than it was originally, the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) must be
recalculated.
Adding an IEEE802.1Q Tag
Dest. Addr. Src. Addr. Length/E. type Data Old CRC
Dest. Addr. Src. Addr. E. type Tag Length/E. type Data New CRC
Priority CFI VLAN ID
Original Ethernet
New Tagged Packet
Port VLAN ID
Packets that are tagged (are carrying the 802.1Q VID information) can be transmitted
from one 802.1Q compliant network device to another with the VLAN information
intact. This allows 802.1Q VLAN to span network devices (and indeed, the entire
network - if all network devices are 802.1Q compliant).
Every physical port on a switch has a PVID. 802.1Q ports are also assigned a PVID, for
use within the switch. If no VLAN are defined on the switch, all ports are then
assigned to a default VLAN with a PVID equal to 1. Untagged packets are assigned
the PVID of the port on which they were received. Forwarding decisions are based
upon this PVID, in so far as VLAN are concerned. Tagged packets are forwarded
according to the VID contained within the tag. Tagged packets are also assigned a
PVID, but the PVID is not used to make packet forwarding decisions, the VID is.
Tag-aware switches must keep a table to relate PVID within the switch to VID on the
network. The switch will compare the VID of a packet to be transmitted to the VID of
the port that is to transmit the packet. If the two VID are different the switch will drop
the packet. Because of the existence of the PVID for untagged packets and the VID
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for tagged packets, tag-aware and tag-unaware network devices can coexist on the
same network.
A switch port can have only one PVID, but can have as many VID as the switch has
memory in its VLAN table to store them.
Because some devices on a network may be tag-unaware, a decision must be made
at each port on a tag-aware device before packets are transmitted - should the
packet to be transmitted have a tag or not? If the transmitting port is connected to a
tag-unaware device, the packet should be untagged. If the transmitting port is
connected to a tag-aware device, the packet should be tagged.
Default VLANs
The Switch initially configures one VLAN, VID = 1, called "default." The factory default
setting assigns all ports on the Switch to the "default". As new VLAN are configured in
Port-based mode, their respective member ports are removed from the "default."
VLAN and Link Aggregation Groups
In order to use VLAN segmentation in conjunction with port link aggregation groups,
you can first set the port link aggregation group(s), and then you may configure VLAN
settings. If you wish to change the port link aggregation grouping with VLAN already
in place, you will not need to reconfigure the VLAN settings after changing the port
link aggregation group settings. VLAN settings will automatically change in
conjunction with the change of the port link aggregation group settings.
Static VLAN Configuration
A Virtual LAN (VLAN) is a logical network grouping that limits the broadcast domain. It
allows you to isolate network traffic so only members of the VLAN receive traffic from
the same VLAN members. Basically, creating a VLAN from a switch is logically
equivalent of reconnecting a group of network devices to another Layer 2 switch.
However, all the network devices are still plug into the same switch physically.
The Managed Switch supports Port-based and 802.1Q (Tagged-based) VLAN in web
management page. In the default configuration, VLAN support is "802.1Q".
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Figure 4-24: Static VLAN interface
NOTE:
1. No matter what basis is used to uniquely identify end nodes and assign these
nodes VLAN membership, packets cannot cross VLAN without a network device
performing a routing function between the VLAN.
2. The Switch supports Port-based VLAN and IEEE 802.1Q VLAN. The port untagging
function can be used to remove the 802.1 tag from packet headers to maintain
compatibility with devices that are tag-unaware.
Port-Based VLAN
Packets can go among only members of the same VLAN group. Note all unselected
ports are treated as belonging to another single VLAN. If the port-based VLAN
enabled, the VLAN-tagging is ignored.
In order for an end station to send packets to different VLANs, it itself has to be either
capable of tagging packets it sends with VLAN tags or attached to a VLAN-aware
bridge that is capable of classifying and tagging the packet with different VLAN ID
based on not only default PVID but also other information about the packet, such as
the protocol.
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Figure 4-25: Port-based VLAN interface
Create a VLAN and add member ports to it
1. Click the hyperlink "VLAN" \ "Static VLAN" to enter the VLAN configuration
interface.
2. Select "Port Based VLAN" at the VLAN Operation Mode, to enable the port-
based VLAN function.
3. Click " Add " to create a new VLAN group. See Figure 4-26 appears.
4. Type a name and Group ID for the new VLAN, the available range is 2-4094.
5. From the Available ports box, select ports to add to the Managed Switch and
click Add .
6. Click Apply.
7. You will see the VLAN Group displays.
8. If the port-based VLAN groups list over one page, please click "Next Page" to
view other VLAN groups on other page.
9. Use the "Delete" button to delete unwanted port-based VLAN groups
10. Use the " Edit" button to modify existing port-based VLAN groups.
By adding ports to the VLAN you have created one port-based VLAN group
completely.
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Figure 4-26: Static VLAN interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
VLAN Name
Group ID
Port Indicate port 1 to port 26.
Member
Use this optional field to specify a name for the VLAN. It can be up to 16
alphanumeric characters long, including blanks.
You can configure the ID number of the VLAN by this item. This field is
used to add VLANs one at a time. The VLAN group ID and available
range is 2-4094.
Add Defines the interface as a Port-Based member of a VLAN.
Remove Forbidden ports are not included in the VLAN.
NOTE: All unselected ports are treated as belonging to another single VLAN. If the
port-based VLAN is enabled, the VLAN-tagging is ignored.
802.1Q VLAN
Tagged-based VLAN is an IEEE 802.1Q specification standard. Therefore, it is possible
to create a VLAN across devices from different switch venders. IEEE 802.1Q VLAN
uses a technique to insert a "tag" into the Ethernet frames. Tag contains a VLAN
Identifier (VID) that indicates the VLAN numbers.
You can create and delete Tag-based VLAN. There are 256 VLAN groups to provide
configure. Enable 802.1Q VLAN, the all ports on the switch belong to default VLAN,
VID is 1. The default VLAN can't be deleted.
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Understanding the nomenclature of the Switch
• IEEE 802.1Q Tagged and Untagged
Every port on an 802.1Q compliant switch can be configured as tagged or untagged.
Tagged Ports with tagging enabled will put the VID number, priority and other VLAN
information into the header of all packets that flow into those ports. If a packet has
previously been tagged, the port will not alter the packet, thus keeping the VLAN
information intact. The VLAN information in the tag can then be used by other 802.1Q
compliant devices on the network to make packet-forwarding decisions.
Untagged Ports with untagging enabled will strip the 802.1Q tag from all packets that flow into
those ports. If the packet doesn't have an 802.1Q VLAN tag, the port will not alter the
packet. Thus, all packets received by and forwarded by an untagging port will have no
802.1Q VLAN information. (Remember that the PVID is only used internally within the
Switch). Untagging is used to send packets from an 802.1Q-compliant network device
to a non-compliant network device.
Frame Income
Frame Leave
Income Frame is tagged Income Frame is untagged
Leave port is tagged Frame remains tagged Tag is inserted
Leave port is
untagged
Tag is removed Frame remain untagged
VLAN Group Configuration
• VLAN Group Configuration
Figure 4-27: VLAN Group Configuration interface
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1. Click the hyperlink "VLAN" \ "Static VLAN" to enter the VLAN configuration
interface.
2. Select "802.1Q" in the VLAN Operation Mode, to enable the 802.1Q VLAN
function.
3. Click Add to create a new VLAN group or Edit to management exist VLAN groups.
Then the VLAN Group column appears.
4. Input a VLAN group ID and available range is 2-4094.
Figure 4-28: VLAN Group Configuration interface
5. Select specific port as member port. The screen in Figure 4-29 appears.
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Figure 4-29: 802.1Q VLAN Setting Web Page screen
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
VLAN Name
VLAN ID
Port Indicate port 1 to port 26.
UnTag Member
Use this optional field to specify a name for the VLAN. It can be up to 16
alphanumeric characters long, including blanks.
You can configure the ID number of the VLAN by this item. This field is
used to add VLANs one at a time.
The VLAN group ID and available range is 2-4094.
Untag Packets forwarded by the interface are untagged.
Defines the interface as a tagged member of a VLAN. All
Tag
packets forwarded by the interface are tagged. The
packets contain VLAN information.
6. After setup completed, please press "Apply" button to take effect.
7. Please press "Back" for return to VLAN configuration screen to add other VLAN
group, the screen in Figure 4-28 appears.
8. If there are many groups that over the limit of one page, you can click Next to
view other VLAN groups.
9. Use the Delete button to delete unwanted VLAN.
10. Use the Edit button to modify existing VLAN group.
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NOTE: Enable 802.1Q VLAN, the all ports on the switch belong to default VLAN, VID is
1. The default VLAN can't be deleted.
VLAN Filter
• 802.1Q VLAN Port Configuration
This page is used for configuring the Switch port VLAN. The VLAN per Port
Configuration page contains fields for managing ports that are part of a VLAN. The
port default VLAN ID (PVID) is configured on the VLAN Port Configuration page. All
untagged packets arriving to the device are tagged by the ports PVID.
This section provides 802.1Q Ingress Filter of each port from the Switch, the screen in
Figure 4-30 appears.
Figure 4-30: 802.1Q Ingress filter interface
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This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
NO Indicate port 1 to port 26.
Set the port VLAN ID that will be assigned to untagged traffic on a given
port. This feature is useful for accommodating devices that you want to
participate in the VLAN but that don't support tagging.
PVID
Ingress Filtering 1
Ingress Filtering 2
Apply button Press the button to save configurations.
The switch each port allows user to set one VLAN ID, the range is
1~255, default VLAN ID is 1.
The VLAN ID must as same as the VLAN ID that the port belong to VLAN
group, or the untagged traffic will be dropped.
Ingress filtering lets frames belonging to a specific VLAN to be
forwarded if the port belongs to that VLAN.
Enable: Forward only packets with VID matching this port's configured
VID.
Disable: Disable Ingress filter function.
Drop untagged frame.
Disable: Acceptable all Packet.
Enable: Only packet with match VLAN ID can be permission to go
through the port.
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802.1Q VLAN
IEEE 802.1Q Tunneling (Q-in-Q)
IEEE 802.1Q Tunneling (QinQ) is designed for service providers carrying traffic for
multiple customers across their networks. QinQ tunneling is used to maintain
customer-specific VLAN and Layer 2 protocol configurations even when different
customers use the same internal VLAN IDs. This is accomplished by inserting Service
Provider VLAN (SPVLAN) tags into the customer's frames when they enter the service
provider's network, and then stripping the tags when the frames leave the network.
A service provider's customers may have specific requirements for their internal VLAN
IDs and number of VLANs supported. VLAN ranges required by different customers in
the same service-provider network might easily overlap, and traffic passing through
the infrastructure might be mixed. Assigning a unique range of VLAN IDs to each
customer would restrict customer configurations, require intensive processing of
VLAN mapping tables, and could easily exceed the maximum VLAN limit of 4096.
The Managed Switch supports multiple VLAN tags and can therefore be used in MAN
applications as a provider bridge, aggregating traffic from numerous independent
customer LANs into the MAN (Metro Access Network) space. One of the purposes of
the provider bridge is to recognize and use VLAN tags so that the VLANs in the MAN
space can be used independent of the customers' VLANs. This is accomplished by
adding a VLAN tag with a MAN-related VID for frames entering the MAN. When
leaving the MAN, the tag is stripped and the original VLAN tag with the customerrelated VID is again available.
This provides a tunneling mechanism to connect remote costumer VLANs through a
common MAN space without interfering with the VLAN tags. All tags use EtherType
0x8100 or 0x88A8, where 0x8100 is used for customer tags and 0x88A8 are used for
service provider tags.
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In cases where a given service VLAN only has two member ports on the switch, the
learning can be disabled for the particular VLAN and can therefore rely on flooding as
the forwarding mechanism between the two ports. This way, the MAC table
requirements are reduced.
Q-in-Q Port Setting
The QinQ VLAN \ QinQ Port Setting screen in Figure 4-31 appears.
Figure 4-31: Q-in-Q Port Setting interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Enable Sets the Managed Switch to QinQ mode, and allows the
QinQ
QinQ TPID
Port QinQ
Disable The Managed Switch operates in its normal VLAN mode.
The default is for the Managed Switch to function in Disable mode.
The Tag Protocol Identifier (TPID) specifies the ethertype of incoming
packets on a tunnel access port.
o 802.1Q Tag : 8100
o vMAN Tag : 88A8
Default : 802.1Q Tag.
Check: Sets the Port to QinQ mode. Or the port operates in its normal
VLAN mode.
Default: Un-check.
QinQ tunnel port to be configured.
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OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Check Configures IEEE 802.1Q tunneling (QinQ) for an uplink
port to another device within the service provider
QinQ Uplink
Cancel Configures IEEE 802.1Q tunneling (QinQ) for a client
network.
access port to segregate and preserve customer VLAN
IDs for traffic crossing the service provider network.
Q-in-Q Tunnel Setting
Business customers of service providers often have specific requirements for VLAN
IDs and the number of VLANs to be supported. The VLAN ranges required by different
customers in the same service-provider network might overlap, and traffic of
customers through the infrastructure might be mixed. Assigning a unique range of
VLAN IDs to each customer would restrict customer configurations and could easily
exceed the VLAN limit (4096) of the IEEE 802.1Q specification.
Using the QinQ feature, service providers can use a single VLAN to support customers
who have multiple VLANs. Customer VLAN IDs are preserved, and traffic from
different customers is segregated within the service-provider network, even when
they appear to be in the same VLAN. Using QinQ expands VLAN space by using a
VLAN-in-VLAN hierarchy and retagging the tagged packets. A port configured to
support QinQ is called a QinQ user-port. A port configured to support QinQ Uplink is
called a QinQ uplink-port.
Figure 4-32: Q-in-Q Tunnel Setting interface
To configure QinQ Port
1. Enable global QinQ function: select QinQ enable "Enable".
2. Fill QinQ Tpid.
3. Enable port QinQ function: select QinQ checkbox for special port.
4. Enable port QinQ Uplink function: select QinQ Uplink checkbox for special port.
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Rapid Spanning Tree
The Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) is an evolution of the Spanning Tree Protocol
and provides for faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change. The
system also supports STP and the system will auto-detect the connected device that
is running STP or RSTP protocol.
Theory
The Spanning Tree protocol can be used to detect and disable network loops, and to
provide backup links between switches, bridges or routers. This allows the switch to
interact with other bridging devices in your network to ensure that only one route
exists between any two stations on the network, and provide backup links which
automatically take over when a primary link goes down. The spanning tree
algorithms supported by this switch include these versions:
• STP - Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D)
• RSTP - Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1w)
The IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol and IEEE 802.1W Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol allow for the blocking of links between switches that form loops within the
network. When multiple links between switches are detected, a primary link is
established. Duplicated links are blocked from use and become standby links. The
protocol allows for the duplicate links to be used in the event of a failure of the
primary link. Once the Spanning Tree Protocol is configured and enabled, primary
links are established and duplicated links are blocked automatically. The reactivation
of the blocked links (at the time of a primary link failure) is also accomplished
automatically without operator intervention.
This automatic network reconfiguration provides maximum uptime to network users.
However, the concepts of the Spanning Tree Algorithm and protocol are a
complicated and complex subject and must be fully researched and understood. It is
possible to cause serious degradation of the performance of the network if the
Spanning Tree is incorrectly configured. Please read the following before making any
changes from the default values.
The Switch STP performs the following functions:
• Creates a single spanning tree from any combination of switching or bridging
elements.
• Creates multiple spanning trees - from any combination of ports contained within
a single switch, in user specified groups.
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• Automatically reconfigures the spanning tree to compensate for the failure,
addition, or removal of any element in the tree.
• Reconfigures the spanning tree without operator intervention.
Bridge Protocol Data Units
For STP to arrive at a stable network topology, the following information is used:
• The unique switch identifier
• The path cost to the root associated with each switch port
• The port identifier
STP communicates between switches on the network using Bridge Protocol Data
Units (BPDUs). Each BPDU contains the following information:
• The unique identifier of the switch that the transmitting switch currently believes
is the root switch.
• The path cost to the root from the transmitting port.
• The port identifier of the transmitting port.
The switch sends BPDUs to communicate and construct the spanning-tree topology.
All switches connected to the LAN on which the packet is transmitted will receive the
BPDU. BPDUs are not directly forwarded by the switch, but the receiving switch uses
the information in the frame to calculate a BPDU, and, if the topology changes,
initiates a BPDU transmission.
The communication between switches via BPDUs results in the following:
• One switch is elected as the root switch.
• The shortest distance to the root switch is calculated for each switch.
• A designated switch is selected. This is the switch closest to the root switch
through which packets will be forwarded to the root.
• A port for each switch is selected. This is the port providing the best path from the
switch to the root switch.
• Ports included in the STP are selected.
Creating a Stable STP Topology
It is to make the root port a fastest link. If all switches have STP enabled with default
settings, the switch with the lowest MAC address in the network will become the root
switch. By increasing the priority (lowering the priority number) of the best switch, STP
can be forced to select the best switch as the root switch.
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When STP is enabled using the default parameters, the path between source and
destination stations in a switched network might not be ideal. For instance,
connecting higher-speed links to a port that has a higher number than the current
root port can cause a root-port change.
STP Port States
The BPDUs take some time to pass through a network. This propagation delay can
result in topology changes where a port that transitioned directly from a Blocking
state to a Forwarding state could create temporary data loops. Ports must wait for
new network topology information to propagate throughout the network before
starting to forward packets. They must also wait for the packet lifetime to expire for
BPDU packets that were forwarded based on the old topology. The forward delay
timer is used to allow the network topology to stabilize after a topology change. In
addition, STP specifies a series of states a port must transition through to further
ensure that a stable network topology is created after a topology change.
Each port on a switch using STP exists is in one of the following five states:
• Blocking - the port is blocked from forwarding or receiving packets.
• Listening - the port is waiting to receive BPDU packets that may tell the port to go
back to the blocking state.
• Learning - the port is adding addresses to its forwarding database, but not yet
forwarding packets.
• Forwarding - the port is forwarding packets.
• Disabled - the port only responds to network management messages and must
return to the blocking state first.
A port transitions from one state to another as follows:
• From initialization (switch boot) to blocking.
• From blocking to listening or to disabled.
• From listening to learning or to disabled.
• From learning to forwarding or to disabled.
• From forwarding to disabled.
• From disabled to blocking.
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Figure 4-33: STP Port State Transitions
You can modify each port state by using management software. When you enable
STP, every port on every switch in the network goes through the blocking state and
then transitions through the states of listening and learning at power up. If properly
configured, each port stabilizes to the forwarding or blocking state. No packets
(except BPDUs) are forwarded from, or received by, STP enabled ports until the
forwarding state is enabled for that port.
STP Parameters
STP Operation Levels
The Switch allows for two levels of operation: the switch level and the port level. The
switch level forms a spanning tree consisting of links between one or more switches.
The port level constructs a spanning tree consisting of groups of one or more ports.
The STP operates in much the same way for both levels.
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NOTE: On the switch level, STP calculates the Bridge Identifier for each switch and
then sets the Root Bridge and the Designated Bridges.
On the port level, STP sets the Root Port and the Designated Ports.
The following are the user-configurable STP parameters for the switch:
PARAMETER DESCRIPTION DEFAULT VALUE
A combination of the User-set priority and the
Bridge Identifier (Not
user configurable
except by setting
priority below)
Priority
switch's MAC address.
The Bridge Identifier consists of two parts:
a 16-bit priority and a 48-bit Ethernet MAC address
32768 + MAC.
A relative priority for each switch - lower numbers
give a higher priority and a greater chance of a given
switch being elected as the root bridge.
32768 + MAC
32768
Hello Time
Maximum Age Timer
Forward Delay Timer
The length of time between broadcasts of the hello
message by the switch.
Measures the age of a received BPDU for a port and
ensures that the BPDU is discarded when its age
exceeds the value of the maximum age timer.
The amount time spent by a port in the learning and
listening states waiting for a BPDU that may return
the port to the blocking state.
2 seconds
20 seconds
15 seconds
The following are the user-configurable STP parameters for the port or port group
level:
PARAMETER DESCRIPTION DEFAULT VALUE
A relative priority for each switch - lower numbers
Port Priority
Port Cost
give a higher priority and a greater chance of a given
switch being elected as the root bridge.
A value used by STP to evaluate paths - STP
calculates path costs and selects the path with the
minimum cost as the active path.
128
200,000-100Mbps
Fast Ethernet ports
20,000-1000Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet ports
0 - Auto
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Default Spanning-Tree Configuration
Feature Default Value
Enable state STP disabled for all ports
Port priority 128
Port cost 0
Bridge Priority 32,768
NOTE: The Hello Time cannot be longer than the Max. Age. Otherwise, a configuration
error will occur.
Observe the following formulas when setting the above parameters:
• Max. Age _ 2 x (Forward Delay - 1 second)
• Max. Age _ 2 x (Hello Time + 1 second)
Illustration of STP
A simple illustration of three switches connected in a loop is depicted in the below
diagram. In this example, you can anticipate some major network problems if the STP
assistance is not applied.
If switch A broadcasts a packet to switch B, switch B will broadcast it to switch C, and
switch C will broadcast it to back to switch A and so on. The broadcast packet will be
passed indefinitely in a loop, potentially causing a network failure. In this example,
STP breaks the loop by blocking the connection between switch B and C. The decision
to block a particular connection is based on the STP calculation of the most current
Bridge and Port settings.
Now, if switch A broadcasts a packet to switch C, then switch C will drop the packet
at port 2 and the broadcast will end there. Setting-up STP using values other than the
defaults, can be complex. Therefore, you are advised to keep the default factory
settings and STP will automatically assign root bridges/ports and block loop
connections. Influencing STP to choose a particular switch as the root bridge using
the Priority setting, or influencing STP to choose a particular port to block using the
Port Priority and Port Cost settings is, however, relatively straight forward.
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Figure 4-34: Before Applying the STA Rules
In this example, only the default STP values are used.
Figure 4-35: After Applying the STA Rules
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The switch with the lowest Bridge ID (switch C) was elected the root bridge, and the
ports were selected to give a high port cost between switches B and C. The two
(optional) Gigabit ports (default port cost = 4) on switch A are connected to one
(optional) Gigabit port on both switch B and C. The redundant link between switch B
and C is deliberately chosen as a 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet link (default port cost = 19).
Gigabit ports could be used, but the port cost should be increased from the default to
ensure that the link between switch B and switch C is the blocked link.
RSTP System Configuration
This section provides RSTP-System Configuration from the Switch, the screen in
Figure 4-36 appears.
• The user can view spanning tree information of Root Bridge.
• The user can modify RSTP state. After modification, click the Apply button.
Figure 4-36: RSTP System Configuration interface
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This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
RSTP mode
Protocol Version
Priority (0-61440)
Max Age (6-40)
Hello Time (1-10)
Forward Delay Time (4-30)
The user must enable the RSTP function first before configuring the
related parameters.
A value used to specify the spanning tree protocol, the original
spanning tree protocol (STP, 802.1d) or the rapid spanning tree protocol
(RSTP, 802.1w).
The switch with the lowest value has the highest priority and is
as the root. If the value is changed, the user must reboot the switch.
The value must be a multiple of 4096 according to the protocol
standard rule.
The number of seconds a switch waits without receiving Spanning-tree
Protocol configuration messages before attempting a reconfiguration.
Enter a value between 6 through 40.
The time that controls the switch to send out the BPDU packet to check
RSTP current status.
Enter a value between 1 through 10.
The number of seconds a port waits before changing from its Rapid
Spanning-Tree Protocol learning and listening states to the forwarding
state.
Enter a value between 4 through 30.
selected
NOTE: Follow the rule as below to configure the MAX Age, Hello Time, and Forward
Delay Time.
2 x (Forward Delay Time value -1) > = Max Age value >= 2 x (Hello Time value +1).
NOTE: Each switch in a spanning-tree adopts the Hello Time, Forward Delay time, and
Max Age parameters of the root bridge, regardless of how it is configured.
Root Bridge Information
This page provides a status overview for all RSTP bridge instances.
The displayed table contains a row for each RSTP bridge instance, where the column
displays the following information:
The RSTP Bridge Status screen in Figure 4-37 appears.
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Figure 4-37: RSTP Bridge Status page screenshot
This page includes the following fields:
Object Description
Priority The bridge identifier of the root bridge. It is made up from the bridge priority and
the base MAC address of the bridge.
MAC Address The bridge identifier of the root bridge. It is made up from the bridge priority and
the base MAC address of the bridge.
Root Path Cost For the Root Bridge this is zero. For all other Bridges, it is the sum of the Port Path
Costs on the least cost path to the Root Bridge.
Root Port The switch port currently assigned the root port role.
Maximum Age Path Cost to the Designated Root for the Root Bridge.
Hello Time Minimum time between transmissions of Configuration BPDUs.
Forward Delay Derived value of the Root Port Bridge Forward Delay parameter.
Port Configuration
This web page provides the port configuration interface for RSTP. You can assign
higher or lower priority to each port. Rapid spanning tree will have the port with the
higher priority in forwarding state and block other ports to make certain that there is
no loop in the LAN.
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Figure 4-38: RSTP Port Configuration interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
The cost of the path to the other bridge from this transmitting bridge at
Path Cost
Priority
Admin P2P
Admin Edge
the specified port.
Enter a number 1 through 200,000,000.
Decide which port should be blocked by setting its priority as the lowest.
Enter a number between 0 and 240.
The value of priority must be the multiple of 16.
The rapid state transitions possible within RSTP are dependent upon
whether the port concerned can only be connected to exactly another
bridge (i.e. it is served by a point-to-point LAN segment), or can be
connected to two or more bridges (i.e. it is served by a shared medium
LAN segment). This function allows the P2P status of the link to be
manipulated administratively.
• YES means the port is regarded as a point-to-point link.
• NO means the port is regarded as a shared link.
• AUTO means the link type is determined by the auto-negotiation
between the two peers..
The port directly connected to end stations won't create bridging loop
in the network. To configure the port as an edge port, set the port to
"YES" status.
The port includes the STP mathematic calculation.
Admin Non STP
• YES is not including STP mathematic calculation.
• NO is including the STP mathematic calculation.
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NOTE: Path cost "0" is used to indicate auto-configuration mode. When the short path
cost method is selected and the default path cost recommended by the IEEE 8021w
standard exceeds 65,535, the default is set to 65,535.
By default, the system automatically detects the speed and duplex mode used on
each port, and configures the path cost according to the values shown below.
Table 4-1: Recommended STP Path Cost Range
Port Type IEEE 802.1D-1998 IEEE 802.1w-2001
Ethernet 50-600 200,000-20,000,000
Fast Ethernet 10-60 20,000-2,000,000
Gigabit Ethernet 3-10 2,000-200,000
Table 4-2: Recommended STP Path Cost Range
Port Type Link Type IEEE 802.1D-1998 IEEE 802.1w-2001
Ethernet Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Trunk
Fast Ethernet Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Trunk
Gigabit Ethernet Full Duplex
Trunk
100
95
90
19
18
15
4
3
2,000,000
1,999,999
1,000,000
200,000
100,000
50,000
10,000
5,000
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Trunking
Port trunking is the combination of several ports or network cables to expand the
connection speed beyond the limits of any one single port or network cable. The
Managed Switch supports two types of port trunk technology:
• Static Trunk
• LACP
The Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) provides a standardized means for
exchanging information between Partner Systems on a link to allow their Link
Aggregation Control instances to reach agreement on the identity of the Link
Aggregation Group to which the link belongs, move the link to that Link Aggregation
Group, and enable its transmission and reception functions in an orderly manner. Link
aggregation lets you group up to eight consecutive ports into a single dedicated
connection. This feature can expand bandwidth to a device on the network. LACP
operation requires full-duplex mode, more detail information refers to IEEE 802.3ad.
Figure 4-39: Aggregator setting
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This section provides Port Trunk-Aggregator settings for each port from the Managed
Switch, the screen in Figure 4-40 appears.
Figure 4-40: Port Trunk-Aggregator setting interface (two ports are added to the left field with
LACP enabled)
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
A value which is used to identify the active LACP. The Managed Switch
System Priority
Group ID
LACP
Work ports
with the lowest value has the highest priority and is selected as the
active LACP peer of the trunk group.
There are 13 trunk groups to be selected. Assign the "Group ID" to the
trunk group.
• Enabled, the trunk group is using LACP. A port which joins an LACP
trunk group has to make an agreement with its member ports first.
• Disabled, the trunk group is a static trunk group. The advantage of
having the LACP disabled is that a port joins the trunk group without
any handshaking with its member ports; but member ports won't
know that they should be aggregated together to form a logic trunk
group.
This column field allows the user to type in the total number of active
port up to four. With LACP static trunk group, e.g. you assign four ports
to be the members of a trunk group whose work ports column field is
set as two; the exceed ports are standby/redundant ports and can be
aggregated if working ports fail. If it is a static trunk group (non-LACP),
the number of work ports must equal the total number of group
member ports.
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NOTE: A trunk group, including member ports split between two switches, has to
enable the LACP function of the two switches.
Aggregator Information
When you setup the LACP aggregator, you will see relational information here.
LACP disabled
Having set up the aggregator setting with LACP disabled, you will see the local static
trunk group information on the tab of Aggregator Information.
Figure 4-41: Assigning 2 ports to a trunk group with LACP disabled
Figure 4-42: Static Trunking Group information
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This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Group Key This is a read-only column field that displays the trunk group ID.
Port member
This is a read-only column field that displays the members of this static
trunk group.
LACP enabled
Having set up the aggregator setting with LACP enabled, you will see the trunking
group information between two switches on the tab of Aggregator Information.
• Switch 1 configuration
1. Set System Priority of the trunk group. The default is 1.
2. Select a trunk group ID by pull down the drop-down menu bar.
3. Enable LACP.
4. Include the member ports by clicking the Add button after selecting the port
number and the column field of Work Ports changes automatically.
Figure 4-43: Aggregation Information of Switch 1
5. Click on the tab of Aggregator Information to check the trunked group
information as the illustration shown above after the two switches configured.
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• Switch 2 configuration
6. Set System Priority of the trunk group. For example: 32768.
7. Select a trunk group ID by pull down the drop-down menu bar.
8. Enable LACP.
9. Include the member ports by clicking the Add button after selecting the port
number and the column field of Work Ports changes automatically.
Figure 4-44: Switch 2 configuration interface
10. Click on the tab of Aggregator Information to check the trunked group
information as the illustration shown above after the two switches have been
configured.
Figure 4-45: Switch 1 Aggregator Information
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State Activity
Having set up the LACP aggregator on the tab of Aggregator Setting, you can
configure the state activity for the members of the LACP trunk group. You can tick or
cancel the checkbox beside the state label. When you remove the tick mark of the
port and click the Apply button, the port state activity will change to Passive.
Figure 4-46: State Activity of Switch 1
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
Active The port automatically sends LACP protocol packets.
The port does not automatically send LACP protocol packets, and
Passive
responds only if it receives LACP protocol packets from the opposite
device.
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Figure 4-47: State Activity of Switch 2
NOTE: A link having two passive LACP nodes will not perform dynamic LACP trunk
because both ports are waiting for an LACP protocol packet from the opposite device.
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Forwarding and Filtering
The frames of Ethernet Packets contain a MAC address (SMAC address), which shows
the MAC address of the equipment sending the frame. The SMAC address is used by
the switch to automatically update the MAC table with these dynamic MAC
addresses. Dynamic entries are removed from the MAC table if no frames with the
corresponding SMAC address have been seen after a configurable age time.
Dynamic MAC Table
Entries in the MAC Table are shown on this page. The Dynamic MAC Table contains up
to 8192 entries, and is sorted first by VLAN ID, then by MAC address. You can view all
of the dynamic MAC addresses learned by the listed port.
Figure 4-48: Dynamic MAC Address interface
MAC Table Entries
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
NO The index of the MAC address entry.
MAC The MAC address of the entry.
PORT The ports that are members of the entry.
VID The VLAN ID of the entry.
Type Indicates whether the entry is a static or dynamic entry.
• Click "Clear" to clear the dynamic MAC addresses information of the current port
shown on the screen.
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Static MAC Table
You can add a static MAC address that remains in the switch's address table
regardless of whether the device is physically connected to the switch. This saves the
switch from having to re-learn a device's MAC address when the disconnected or
powered-off device is active on the network again. Via this interface, you can add /
modify / delete a static MAC address.
Add the Static MAC Address
You can add a static MAC address in the switch MAC table here.
Figure 4-49: Static MAC Addresses interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
MAC Address
Port Num Pull down the selection menu to select the port number.
VLAN ID The VLAN ID for the entry.
Enter the MAC address of the port that should permanently forward
traffic, regardless of the device network activity.
MAC Filtering
By filtering MAC address, the switch can easily filter the pre-configured MAC address
and increase the security. You can add and delete filtering MAC address.
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Figure 4-50: MAC Filtering interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
MAC Address Enter the MAC address that you want to filter.
VLAN ID The VLAN ID for the entry.
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IGMP Snooping
Theory
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) lets host and routers share
information about multicast groups memberships. IGMP snooping is a switch feature
that monitors the exchange of IGMP messages and copies them to the CPU for
feature processing. The overall purpose of IGMP Snooping is to limit the forwarding of
multicast frames to only ports that are a member of the multicast group.
About the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) Snooping
Computers and network devices that want to receive multicast transmissions need to
inform nearby routers that they will become members of a multicast group. The
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used to communicate this
information. IGMP is also used to periodically check the multicast group for members
that are no longer active. In the case where there is more than one multicast router
on a sub network, one router is elected as the 'queried'. This router then keeps track
of the membership of the multicast groups that have active members. The
information received from IGMP is then used to determine if multicast packets should
be forwarded to a given sub network or not. The router can check, using IGMP, to see
if there is at least one member of a multicast group on a given subnet work. If there
are no members on a sub network, packets will not be forwarded to that sub
network.
Figure 4-51: Multicast Service
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Figure 4-52: Multicast flooding
Figure 4-53: IGMP Snooping multicast stream control
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IGMP Versions 1 and 2
Multicast groups allow members to join or leave at any time. IGMP provides the
method for members and multicast routers to communicate when joining or leaving
a multicast group.
IGMP version 1 is defined in RFC 1112. It has a fixed packet size and no optional data.
The format of an IGMP packet is shown below:
IGMP Message Format
Octets
0 8 16 31
Type Response Time Checksum
Group Address (all zeros if this is a query).
The IGMP Type codes are shown below:
Type Meaning
0x11 Membership Query (if Group Address is 0.0.0.0).
0x11 Specific Group Membership Query (if Group Address is Present).
0x16 Membership Report (version 2).
0x17 Leave a Group (version 2).
0x12 Membership Report (version 1).
IGMP packets enable multicast routers to keep track of the membership of multicast
groups, on their respective sub networks. The following outlines what is
communicated between a multicast router and a multicast group member using
IGMP.
A host sends an IGMP "report" to join a group.
A host will never send a report when it wants to leave a group (for version 1).
A host will send a "leave" report when it wants to leave a group (for version 2).
Multicast routers send IGMP queries (to the all-hosts group address: 224.0.0.1)
periodically to see whether any group members exist on their sub networks. If there is
no response from a particular group, the router assumes that there are no group
members on the network.
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The Time-to-Live (TTL) field of query messages is set to 1 so that the queries will not
be forwarded to other sub networks.
IGMP version 2 introduces some enhancements such as a method to elect a
multicast queried for each LAN, an explicit leave message, and query messages that
are specific to a given group.
The states a computer will go through to join or to leave a multicast group are shown
below:
Figure 4-54: IGMP State Transitions
IGMP Querier
A router, or multicast-enabled switch, can periodically ask their hosts if they want to
receive multicast traffic. If there is more than one router/switch on the LAN
performing IP multicasting, one of these devices is elected "querier" and assumes the
role of querying the LAN for group members. It then propagates the service requests
on to any upstream-multicast switch/router to ensure that it will continue to receive
the multicast service.
NOTE: Multicast routers use this information, along with a multicast routing protocol
such as DVMRP or PIM, to support IP multicasting across the Internet.
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IGMP Configuration
The Switch support IP multicast, you can enable IGMP protocol on web
management's switch setting advanced page, then the IGMP snooping information
displays. IP multicast addresses range are from 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255.
Figure 4-55: IGMP Configuration interface
This page includes the following fields:
OBJECT DESCRIPTION
IGMP Protocol Enable or disable the IGMP protocol.
IGMP Fastleave Enable or disable Fast Leave on the port.
IGMP Querier Enable or disable the IGMP query function. The IGMP query information
will be displayed in IGMP status section.
NOTE: Fast Leave:
The Managed Switch can be configured to immediately delete a member port of a
multicast service if a leave packet is received at that port and the fastleave function
is enabled for the parent VLAN. This allows the Managed witch to remove a port from
the multicast forwarding table without first having to send an IGMP group-specific
query to that interface.
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QoS Configuration
Understand QOS
Quality of Service (QoS) is an advanced traffic prioritization feature that allows you to
establish control over network traffic. QoS enables you to assign various grades of
network service to different types of traffic, such as multi-media, video, protocolspecific, time critical, and file-backup traffic.
QoS reduces bandwidth limitations, delay, loss, and jitter. It also provides increased
reliability for delivery of your data and allows you to prioritize certain applications
across your network. You can define exactly how you want the switch to treat
selected applications and types of traffic.
You can use QoS on your system to:
• Control a wide variety of network traffic by:
• Classifying traffic based on packet attributes.
• Assigning priorities to traffic (for example, to set higher priorities to time-critical or
business-critical applications).
• Applying security policy through traffic filtering.
• Provide predictable throughput for multimedia applications such as video
conferencing or voice over IP by minimizing delay and jitter.
• Improve performance for specific types of traffic and preserve performance as
the amount of traffic grows.
• Reduce the need to constantly add bandwidth to the network.
• Manage network congestion.
The QoS page of the Switch contains three types of QoS mode - the CoS mode, TOS
mode or Port-based mode can be selected. Both the three mode rely on predefined
fields within the packet to determine the output queue.
• CoS / 802.1p Tag Priority Mode -The output queue assignment is determined by
the IEEE 802.1p VLAN priority tag.
• TOS / DSCP Mode - The output queue assignment is determined by the TOS or
DSCP field in the IP packets.
• Port-Based Priority Mode - Any packet received from the specify high priority
port will treated as a high priority packet.
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