by qualified personnel only. To reduce the risk of
electric shock, do not perform any servicing other
than that specified in the Operating Manual unless
you are fully qualified to do so.
Authorized service and calibration of this instrument is available
through your Fluke representative. See address at the end of this
manual.
Read this chapter carefully before you check, adjust, or repair an in
strument.
The ground symbol on the rear panel indicates where the
protective ground lead is connected inside the instrument.
Never remove or loosen this screw.
When the instrument is brought from a cold to a warm environment,
condensation may cause hazardous conditions. Therefore, ensure
that the grounding requirements are strictly met.
Power extension cables must always have a protective ground con
ductor.
-
Indicates that the operator should consult the manual.
-
Caution and Warning Statements
You will find specific warning and caution statements where neces
sary throughout the manual.
CAUTION: Indicates where incorrect operating proce
dures can cause damage to, or destruction of,
equipment or other property.
WARNING: Indicates a potential danger that requires
correct procedures or practices in order to prevent
personal injury.
This Timer/Counter has been designed and tested in accordance with
safety class 1 requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus of
IEC (CENELEC) publication EN61010-1, and CSA 22.2
No. 1010-1, and has been supplied in a safe condition.
This manual contains information and warnings that should be fol
lowed by the user and the service technician to ensure safe operation
and repair in order to keep the instrument in a safe condition.
WARNING: Opening instrument covers or removing
parts, except those to which access can be gained
by hand, is likely to expose high voltages which
can cause death.
The instrument must be disconnected from all voltage sources before
it is opened. Remember that the capacitors inside the instrument re
tain their charge even if the instrument has been disconnected from
all voltage sources.
-
Grounding
This instrument is connected to ground via a sealed three-core power
cable, which must be plugged into socket outlets with protective
ground contacts. No other method of grounding is permitted for this
instrument.
WARNING: Any interruption of the protective ground
-
conductor inside or outside the instrument, or dis
connection of the protec- tive ground terminal, is
likely to make the instrument dangerous. Do not in
tentionally disrupt the protective grounding.
-
-
Disposal of Hazardous Materials
WARNING: Disposal of lithium batteries requires spe
cial attention. Do not expose the batteries to heat
or put them under extensive pressure. These mea
sures may cause the batteries to explode.
A lithium battery is used to power the nonvolatile RAM in this in
strument. Our world suffers from pollution, so don’t throw batteries
into your wastebasket. Return used batteries to your supplier or to the
Fluke representative in your country.
-
-
-
-
Line Voltage
The instrument can be powered by any voltage between 90 and
265 V
inal line voltages between 100 and 240 V.
n
Components that are important for the safety of this instrument may
-
only be replaced by components obtained from your local Fluke
representative. After exchange of the primary circuits, perform the
safety inspection and tests, as described in Chapter 5, “Repair”.
n
This instrument is protected by an ordinary 1.6 A slow blow fuse
mounted inside the instrument. NEVER replace this fuse without
first examining the Power Supply Unit.
without range switching. This makes it suitable for all nom
AC
Replacing Components in Primary Circuits
Fuses
-
1-2 Safety Instructions,
Page 7
Chapter 2
Performance Check
Page 8
General Information
Ω
WARNING: Before turning on the instrument, ensure
that it has been installed in accordance with the In
stallation Instructions outlined in Chapter 3 of the
Operators Manual.
This performance procedure is intended to:
Check the instrument’s specification.
–
Be used for incoming inspection to determine the acceptability
–
of newly purchased instruments and recently recalibrated in
struments.
Check the necessity of recalibration after the specified
–
recalibration intervals.
NOTE: The procedure does not check every facet of the in
strument’s calibration; rather, it is concerned primarily
with those parts of the instrument which are essential
for determining the function of the instrument.
It is not necessary to remove the cover of the instrument to perform
this procedure.
If the test is started less than 20 minutes after turning on the instru
ment, results may be out of specification, due to insufficient
warm-up time.
-
-
Preparations
Power up your instruments at least 20 minutes be
fore beginning the tests to let them reach normal
operating temperature. Failure to do so may result
in certain test steps not meeting equipment specifi
cations.
-
-
Front Panel Controls
Power-On Test
At power-on the counter performs an automatic self-test of the fol
-
-
lowing:
Microprocessor
–
–
RAM
ROM
–
Measuring circuits
–
Display
–
If a GPIB interface is installed, the GPIB address is displayed.
If there are any test failures, an error message is shown.
Turn on the counter and check that all segments light up on the
–
display and that no error message appears.
-
Recommended Test
Equipment
Type of instru
ment
LF SynthesizerSquare;
Power Splitter50 WPM9584/02
T-piece
Termination50 WPM9585
Reference oscilla
tor
HF signal genera
tor
Pulse Generator125 MHz
Oscilloscope with
probes
BNC cables5 to 7 cables *
Table 2-1Recommended Test Equipment.
*) Two of the cables must have 10 ns difference in delay, for ex
ample: 5 ns and 15 ns.
-
-
-
Required
Specifications
Sine up to 10 MHz
10 MHz ±0.1 Hz for
standard oscillator
10 MHz ±0.01 Hz for
PM9691 & PM9692
10 MHz ±0.0001 Hz
for PM6685R
0.5 GHz (no presc.)
3.3 GHz (option 10)
350 MHz
Suggested
Equipment
Fluke counter with
calibrated option
PM9691
Fluke PM6685R or
PM6681R
Fluke 910R or Ce
sium Standard
-
Fig. 2-1Text on the display.
Internal Self-Tests
The different built-in test routines invoked by the power-on test can
also be activated from the front panel as follows:
Enter the Auxiliary Menu by pressing AUX MENU.
–
Select the test submenu by pressing DATA ENTRY up or
–
down.
Enter the test menu by pressing the ENTER key.
–
Selections for internal self-tests are:
1 TEST ALL (Test 2 to 5 in sequence)
2 TEST RO (ROM)
3 TEST RA (RAM)
4 TEST LOGIC (Measuring Logic)
5 TEST DISP (Display Test)
Use DATA ENTRY up/down to select TEST ALL, then press
–
ENTER.
If any fault is detected, an error message appears on the dis
–
play and the program halts.
If no faults are detected, the program returns to measuring
-
–
mode.
-
2-2 Performance Check, General Information
Page 9
Keyboard Test
The keyboard test verifies that the counter responds when you press
any key. To check the function behind the keys, see the tests further
on in this chapter.
Press the keys as described in the left column and look on the display
for the text, as described in the second column. Some keys change
more text on the display than described here. The display text men
tioned here is the text mainly associated with the selected key.
Key(s)DisplayNotePass
STAND-BYDisplay OffRed LED
ONBacklight on
PRESET
ENTER
EXT REFEXT REF
Input A
FILTERFILTER
50 W
(2 times)
SENS
(2 times)
SENS
(2 times)
AUTOAUTO TRIG
PRESET
ENTER
MEAS TIME200
DATA ENTRY 500
DATA ENTRY 200
ENTERNO SIGNAL
DISPLAY HOLDHOLD
DISPLAY HOLD
SINGLESINGLE
FUNCTION DUTY F A
FUNCTION TOT A MAN
FUNCTION DUTY F A
FUNCTION FREQ A
AUX MENURECALL
MEAS RESTARTNO SIGNAL
PRESET
ENTER
CHECK10.00000000
NULLNULL
NULL10.00000000
BLANK DIGITS
(3 times)
MENUDisplays all avail
DEFAULT?
NO SIGNAL
50 W
Bar graph:
zzzzzzzz
Bar graph:
zzzzzzzzzz
Other
DEFAULT?
NO SIGNAL
DEFAULT?
NO SIGNAL
10.00000___
able functions, pro
cesses and input
controls. Selected
items are blinking.
–3
s
–3
s
–3
s
6
Hz*Start
6
Hz*
6
Hz*
counting
-
-
Table 2-2Keyboard Test.
beside
the key
On
Default
setting
Default
setting
Default
setting
/Fail
NOTE: For the instrument to respond correctly, this test must
be carried out in sequence and you must start with the
preset (power-on) setting.
* The LSD may vary.
** MENU is not disabled by setting DEFAULT; press menu again.
-
Short Form Specification
Test
Sensitivity and Frequency Range
Press the PRESET key to set the counter in the default setting.
–
Then confirm by pressing ENTER.
Turn off AUTO.
–
Select IMP A = 50 W and maximum sensitivity.
–
Connect a signal from a HF generator to a BNC power splitter.
–
Connect the power splitter to your counter and an oscilloscope.
–
Set input impedance to 50 W on the oscilloscope.
–
Adjust the amplitude according to the following table. Read
–
the level on the oscilloscope. The counter should display the
correct frequency.
FrequencyLevelPass/Fail
MHzmV
13010–27
253010–27
503010–27
1506020–21
2009030–17
25015050-13
30015050-13
PP
mV
RMS
Table 2-3Sensitivity of input A at various frequencies.
Reference Oscillators
X-tal oscillators are affected by a number of external conditions,
such as ambient temperature and supply voltage, but they are also af
fected by aging. Therefore, it is hard to give limits for the allowed
frequency deviation. You must decide the limits depending on your
application, and recalibrate the oscillator accordingly. See the Pre
ventive Maintenance in the Repair chapter, Chapter 5.
OscillatorMax. tempera
Standard±100 Hz±5 Hz±50 Hz
PM9691±0.05 Hz±0.1 Hz±0.75 Hz
PM9692±0.025 Hz±0.03 Hz±0.2
Rubidium±0.003 Hz±0.0005 Hz±0.002 Hz
ture dependence
Table 2-4Deviation (for PM9691 and PM9692 after a
warm-up period of 48 hours).
To check the accuracy of the oscillator you must have a calibrated
reference signal that is at least five times as stable as the oscillator
that you are testing, see the following table.
Press the PRESET key, then press the ENTER key to set your
–
counter in the Default setting.
-
dBmInput A
Max. aging
per month
-
-
Max. aging
per year
Performance Check, Short Form Specification Test 2-3
Page 10
Connect the reference to input A.
–
Check the readout against the accuracy requirements of your
–
application.
Acceptance Test
n
As an acceptance test, the following table gives a worst case figure
after a 30 minute warm up time. All deviations that can occur in a
year are added together.
OscillatorFrequency readoutSuitable refer
Standard10.00000000 MHz
±120 Hz
PM969110.00000000 MHz
±1 HzPM6685R
PM969210.00000000 MHz
±0.25 Hz
ence
PM9691
PM6681R
Pass
/Fail
Table 2-5Acceptance test for oscillators.
Acceptance Test, PM6685R
n
To fully test the accuracy of the PM6685R, a reference signal of ex
tremely high stability is needed. Examples of such references are
Cesium Atomic references, or transmitted signals from a nationally
or internationally traceable source, like the GPS satellites.
EXT ARM INPUT
Press the PRESET key, then press the ENTER key to set your
–
counter in the Default setting.
Select 50 W input impedance.
–
Apply 10 MHz 500 mV
–
–
The counter measures and displays 10 MHz.
Press the AUX MENU key.
–
Press the DATA ENTRY UP/DOWN keys until the display
–
shows ‘Ar. Start’, confirm by pressing the ENTER key.
Press DATA ENTRY UP/DOWN keys until the display shows
–
‘POS’, confirm by pressing the ENTER key.
Press the ENTER key once more.
–
The counter does not measure.
–
Connect a pulse generator to Ext Arm input.
–
Settings for pulse generator: single shot pulse, amplitude TTL
–
=0-2V
Apply one single pulse to Ext Arm input.
–
-
The counter measures once and shows 10 MHz on the display.
–
, and duration = 10 ns.
PP
, (1.4 VPP) sine to input A
RMS
Recommended Test Equipment
TypeStabilityModel
10 MHz refer
ence
-
£ 1x10
-10
910R with satellite contact dur
ing the last 72 hours.
Test Procedure
Connect the counter to the line power.
–
Check that the UNLOCK indicator turns on, and then turns off
–
again within 6 minutes after connecting line power.
Connect the 10 MHz reference signal to input A of the counter.
–
Select FREQUENCY A measurement.
–
Select 2 s measuring time.
–
Check that the displayed frequency is 10.00000000 MHz
–
±0.05 Hz £ 10 minutes after connection to line power.
Rear Input/Output
INT REF Output
Connect an oscilloscope to the 10 MHz output on the rear of
–
the counter. Use coaxial cable and 50 W termination.
The output voltage is sinusoidal and should be above 2.8 VPP.
–
EXT REF Input
Press the PRESET key, then press the ENTER key to set your
–
counter in the Default setting.
Apply 10 MHz sine to input A equipped with a T-piece and to
–
Ext Ref input at the rear, terminated with 50 W. Amplitude on
10 MHz signal; 200 mV
–
Press the Ext Ref key.
The display should show 10.000000006Hz ± 5 LSD.
–
, (560 mVPP)
RMS
Measuring Functions
-
Preparation for Check of Measuring Function is as follows:
Connect a 10 MHz sine wave signal with 2.0 VPPamplitude
–
via a T-piece to Input A.
Connect a cable from the T-piece to Input E (Ext Arm) at the
–
rear.
Select the measuring function as in the ‘Selected Function’ col
–
umn and check that the counter performs the correct measure
ment by displaying the result as shown under the “Display”
column in the following table.
This extra HF input (PM9624) is easily recognized by its front panel
connector (Input C, type N).
EX T
REF
Fig 2-2Connect the output of the signal generator to the HF
Required Test EquipmentSuggested Specification
HF signal generator3.3 GHz
Table 2-8Test equipment for 3.0 GHz HF input.
Connect the output of the signal generator to the HF input of
–
the counter.
Connect the 10 MHz REFERENCE OUT of the generator to
–
the REFERENCE IN at the rear panel of the counter.
Setting for the counter after Preset.
Function = FREQ C.
–
EXT REF.
–
Generate a sine wave in accordance with the following table.
Verify that the counter counts correctly. (The last digit will be
–
unstable).
Table 2-7Sensitivity of the PM9624 HF input.
input of the counter.
FrequencyAmplitudePass/Fail
MHzmV
100-30020–21
-250010–27
-270020–21
-3000100–7
RMS
dBm
Performance Check, Options 2-5
Page 12
This page is intentionally left blank.
2-6 Performance Check, Options
Page 13
Chapter 3
Disassembly
Page 14
The terms in the following figure are used in all descriptions in this
manual.
To p
Left
FrontBottom
Fig. 3-1Designations used in this manual.
The PM6685 is available with a number of options and accessories.
The labels on the rear panel of the counter identify the options and
accessories included. If there are no labels, the counter contains an
uncompensated crystal oscillator and no options. The following la
bels exist:
PM9624 3.0 GHz HF input
–
PM9691 High-Stability Oven Oscillator
–
PM9692 Ultra-High-Stability Oven Oscillator
–
PM9626B GPIB Interface
–
The location of these optional parts is illustrated in Fig.3-2.
GPIB interface
Power
Module
G1
Optional
oscillator
Rear
Right
Removing the Cover
WARNING: Do not perform any internal service or ad
justment of this instrument unless you are qualified
to do so.
WARNING: When you remove the cover you will ex
pose high voltage parts and accessible terminals
which can cause death.
WARNING: Although the power switch is in the off
position, line voltage is present on the printed cir
cuit board. Use extreme caution.
WARNING: Capacitors inside the instrument can hold
their charge even if the instrument has been sepa
rated from all voltage sources.
–
Make sure the power cord is disconnected from the counter.
Turn the counter upside down.
-
–
Loosen the two screws (A) at the bottom and the two screws
–
(B) in the rear feet.
Grip the front panel and gently push at the rear.
–
Pull the counter out of the cover.
–
A
Fig. 3-3Remove the screws and push the counter out of
the cover.
A
B
B
-
-
-
-
HF input
Main board
Front panel
Fig. 3-2Location of the boards in the counter.
Reinstalling the Cover
Gently push the counter back into the cover.
–
Turn it upside down.
–
Install the two screws (A) at the bottom.
–
Install the two rear feet with the screws (B) to the rear panel.
–
PM9624 (HF Input)
Disconnect the power cable.
–
Remove the cover from the counter.
–
Disconnect the cable from the mini-coax connector (A) on the
–
HF input.
Press the clips (B) apart and lift the HF input pca straight up
–
and out.
3-2 Disassembly, Removing the Cover
Page 15
When installing the HF input, make sure that the connector
–
pins fit exactly in the holes in the connector housing (C).
A
B
C
B
PM9691 or PM9692 (Oven
Oscillator)
Disconnect the power cable.
–
Remove the cover of the counter.
–
Remove the two screws (A) holding the oscillator to the main
–
pca from underneath.
Press the clip (B) gently to the front of the counter and lift the
–
oscillator straight up.
Make sure that jumpers J14 and J15 are set in the correct posi
–
tion.
When fitting the oscillator, make sure that the connector pins
–
fit exactly in the holes in the connector housing.
A
-
Fig. 3-6Removing the HF Input.
PM9626 (GPIB Interface)
Disconnect the power cable.
–
–
Remove the cover from the counter.
Loosen the two screws (A) holding the GPIB interface to the
–
rear panel.
Disconnect the interface cable from P103.
–
Move the GPIB interface pca toward the front of the counter
–
and lift the pca supports out from the “keyholes” (B) on the
main PCA.
A
B
B
Fig. 3-5One of the two screws holding the oven oscillator
in place.
A
Fig. 3-4Loosen the two screws in the rear panel and dis
engage the board from the keyholes.
-
Disassembly, PM9626 (GPIB Interface) 3-3
Page 16
This page is intentionally left blank.
3-4 Disassembly, PM9691 or PM9692 (Oven Oscillator)
Page 17
Chapter 4
Circuit Descriptions
Page 18
Block Diagram Description
General
The PM6685 Frequency Counter consists of three main units:
Front unit
–
Main board unit
–
Rear panel unit
–
The following options can be added:
GPIB interface including analog output (PM9626B)
–
–
Prescalers 1.3 GHz (PM9621), 3.0 GHz (PM9624)
Oven-controlled crystal oscillators (PM9691 or PM9692)
–
Rack mount adapter (PM9622/02)
–
Battery option (PM9623)
–
The chassis of the counter consists of a front piece molded in alumi
num, an aluminum rear panel, and two profiled aluminum rods that
hold the front and rear panels together. This unit can be slid into the
aluminum cover of the instrument.
The front unit contains all functions needed for the user communica
tion. It is connected to the main board unit with a flat cable, and the
molded front unit is fixed to the two profiled aluminum rods with
screws.
The main board unit consists of a PCB mounted on two profiled alu
minum rods. Most functions, such as the following, are placed on the
main board:
Input amplifiers with trigger level circuits
–
Power supply
–
–
Measurement logic
Microcomputer circuitry
–
Some outputs, such as the trigger levels and probe compensation
view outputs are directly mounted on the main board.
The rear panel unit is of aluminum with a number of mounted con
-
-
nectors. Most of the connectors are soldered directly to the main
board. The rear panel is fixed to the two profiled aluminum rods with
screws.
-
-
4-2 Block Diagram Description
Page 19
Optional oscillator
A
X2
EXTC
INTREF
10 MHz out
G
B2
E
External arming
÷2
EXTREF
A
A2
C
HF input
GET
D
A
External reference
Input Amplifier
U29
Counter
ASIC
Micro-
computer
Trigger DAC´s
Local preset
Reset circuit
HSI.0
RESET
U11
2
IC
PWM
Gate LED
Display
Analog output
Option 80
Power supply
C
90-265 V
+5V
+12V
GPIB option
+7V
-5.2V
Keyboard
Fig. 4-1PM6685 block diagram.
Block Diagram Description4-3
Page 20
Hardware Functional Description
Front Unit
LCD Drivers
U201
Driver 1
SCL
SDA
PC F8 576
Sync.
U2 02
Driver 2
PC F8576
Fig. 4-2Front panel LCD drivers.
An LCD and two LEDs are used as indicators. The LCD is used to
show both the measurement result and the state indicators of the in
strument setting. The LEDs show standby and gating.
The LCD has 158 segments that are multiplexed with a ratio of 2:1.
Two parallel and synchronized LCD drivers (U201 and U202) are
used. They are connected with a serial I
on the main board. The clock frequency of the drivers is approxi
mately 140 kHz, set by R201. The VLCD pin is connected to GND
on the main board.
The LCD is provided with a backlight, an LED array integrated into
one component. Its current consumption is set by the resistors
R204-R207. The backlight dissipates approximately 1.5 W .
Backpl. 0
Backpl. 1
LC D
1 58 segment s
2:1 Multiplex
2
C bus to the microcomputer
Keyboard
Main Board
U11
AD0-AD7H0-H3
CPU
HS1.0
P1.1
P1.0
-
Fig. 3Keyboard scanning.
-
The front panel pushbuttons are connected in a matrix. The scanning
signals H0 to H3 come from the main board. If a push button is
pressed and H0 to H3 is high, one of the output signals V0 to V7 will
be high. The STAND-BY/ON and LOCAL-PRESET buttons are not
part of the scanning but are connected directly to the main board.
The front unit is fixed to the main board unit with three screws. The
electrical connection is made with a 40-lead flat cable to the main
board.
U13A
Latch
U14A
Latch
AD0-AD7
Keyboard & Display
Board
V0-V7
LOCAL/PRESET
SCL
SDA
4-4 Hardware Functional Description
Page 21
Main Board
Introduction
Components not necessary for explaining the function are omitted
from the figures in this chapter. For the complete set of components,
see the circuit diagrams in Chapter 8, Drawings and Diagrams.
Input Amplifier
The input amplifier has 300 MHz bandwidth and is of the split-band
type. It contains four main stages: the signal adaptation stage, the im
pedance converter stage, the comparator stage, and the buffer stage.
Signal Adaptation
n
This part of the amplifier contains:
50 W/1 MW impedance selector
–
x1/x11 attenuator
–
Voltage limiter
–
50 W /1MW Impedance Selector
K2
C2
R6
J1
R1
K1
R7-R17
C1
R2R3-R5
R22-R23
R18
K3
R19R20
R24R26
C3
To Voltage
li mi te r
R27R28
selected if the relay is open. Depending on selected attenuation, the
1MW input impedance is determined by different combinations of
resistors.
In x1 attenuation mode (K2 is closed and K3 is open) the impedance
is determined by resistor network R22 to R28.
In x11 attenuation mode (K2 is open and K3 is closed) the same net
work as in the x1 case is involved plus the resistors R3 to R5 and R18
to R20.
The input capacitance in parallel with 1 MW is 24 pF at x1 attenua
-
tion and 12 pF at x11 attenuation.
-
The series resistor R1 immediately after the selector serves both as
current limiter together with the voltage limiter (see below) and as
impedance matching resistor. The resistor also improves the Volt
age-Standing-Wave-Ratio (VSWR) of the amplifier input.
x1/x11 Attenuator
The x1 attenuator consists of a resistive low-frequency divider,
which reduces the input signal by a factor of 2, and a capacitive
high-frequency divider. The attenuator is formed by the resistors
R22-R23 andR24-R26 in parallel with R27-R28. The capacitive part
is formed by the variable capacitor C2 in parallel with R22-R23, and
the parasitic capacitance across R24-R26.
The capacitive attenuator is adjusted via variable capacitor C2 to the
same attenuation value as the resistive attenuator.
The x11 attenuator also consists of a resistive low-frequency divider
and a capacitive high-frequency divider. The resistive part is formed
by R1-R5, and R18-R20 in parallel with 1 MW (the x1 attenuator im
pedance). The capacitive divider is formed by the variable capacitor
C1 and the parasitic capacitance at the node where R5, R18 and R22
meet.
-
Fig. 4-4Impedance selector and 1X/11X attenuator.
The 50 Wor1MW impedance modes are selected by relay K1. 50 W
is selected via the resistors R7 to R17, if the relay is closed. 1 MW is
Input A
Imp.Att.Limiter
Imp.
Conv.
Trigger
level Comp I
Trigger
level Comp II
Resistors R2 and R6 improve the frequency response.
LP
filter
Comp-
arator
FlipFlop
Comp-
arator
÷2
Buffer
Buffer
A
A2
Fig. 4-5Input amplifier block diagram.
Hardware Functional Description4-5
Page 22
Voltage limiter
p
+5
and D3 to clamp positive voltage and resistor R36 plus the diodes D2
and D4 to clamp negative voltage. The clamp voltage is approxi
mately ±2.1 V for low frequency signals. At high frequency the
clamp voltage rises to approximately ±2.3 V.
-
R35
D3D1
From
Attenuator
D2
R36
-
To Impedance
converter stage
D4
Fig. 4-6Voltage limiter.
A voltage limiter that protects the impedance converter against
overvoltage is placed between the attenuator and the impedance con
verter. The voltage limiter consists of resistor R35 and the diodes D1
Impedance Converter Stage
n
The analog signal from the input stage is fed to an amplifier stage
where split-band technique is used to get good frequency response
over a wide range. This means that the high-frequency contents of
the signal are fed to a high-impedance AC-coupled FET transistor
stage Q1. The low-frequency contents are fed to a DC-coupled oper
ational amplifier stage with negative feedback from the output of the
converter stage buffer. The low-frequency path handles frequencies
up to approximately 5 kHz.
The high-frequency signal is fed to the gate of Q1. The high imped
ance at the gate is converted to a low impedance at the source. The
source is connected to the base of HF transistor Q2, the summing
point for the two signal paths.
To make the FET work well in its active region within the whole dy
namic range, the FET drain is supplied with +7 V via resistor R42.
The low-frequency signal is divided by the two resistors R27 and
R28 before it is coupled to the input pin #2 of the operational ampli
fier U1. The resistors R37 and R38 at the operational amplifier out
-
put pin #6 center the output swing, and capacitor C6 stabilizes the
operational amplifier stage.
-
The low-frequency path goes from the operational amplifier to the
base of transistor Q3, the collector of which is connected to the base
Fr om Pr o t ec t io n
ci rcu its
R27
R28
R32
C13
R33
R29R30
R31
C5
+7+5
R42R43
Q1
-5.2
R37
R38
-5.2 -5.2-5.2-5.2-5.2
Q3
C6
+5
Q2
R105
R46
R47
Q13
C20
R50
K4
L1
C18-
Q4U1
C19
K4
R106
U8
To
+
-
+
-
Flip-Flo
Trig
Level
Fig. 4-7Impedance converter.
4-6 Hardware Functional Description
Page 23
of transistor Q2. This point is common to the high and low frequency
paths.
A buffer amplifier with high driving capacity is used to get a linear
output in the 100 W load resistor R106 over a swing of 2 V. This am
plifier consists of a driver stage Q2, an output stage Q13, and a cur
rent generator Q4.
From the output of this second amplifier stage, the signal is fed back
to theop amppin 3via thedivider chainR29 toR32. Thetrimmer po
tentiometer R31 sets the gain of the low-frequency path equal to the
high-frequency gain of about 0.9. Capacitor C5 is connected to oper
ational amplifier pins #1 and #8 to achieve stable operation. The
trimmer potentiometer R33 between pins #1 and #5 on the opera
tional amplifier is used for adjusting the offset voltage of the opera
tional amplifier.
The channel A filter connected to the output of the second amplifier
stage isa 100kHz low-pass LC filter. It consists of the coil L1 and the
two capacitors C18 and C19 in parallel. The filter is controlled by the
relay K4. The filter output is connected to the input of the comparator
stage.
Comparator Stage
n
The comparator stage converts the analog signal from the impedance
converter stage to a square wave. This circuit consists mainly of the
high-speed integrated comparators U8A and U8B plus a separate
trigger level circuit connected to the comparators at pins 9 and 13 via
resistors R87 and R88.
The trigger level circuits, which are described later, generate a DC
level in the range of approximately æ1.6 V. This covers a dynamic
range of 6.4 V since the input signal is divided by a factor of 2 before
-
-
-
-
-
-
it reaches the comparator.
The counter is provided with adjustable hysteresis, i.e., it is control
lable via the front panel or GPIB. The circuitry for setting the hyster
esis consists of the resistor network R91 to R96, supplied with +5 V
and –5.2 V. It is connected to the latch enable inputs of the compara
tor, pin 5 and 7 for Comparator I and pin 17 and 15 for Comparator II.
The input signal is fed to both comparators, the outputs of which are
used for setting/resetting the Flip-Flop U9.
Buffer Stage
n
Before the signal is fed further into the ASIC U29, it has to be
level-shifted by a buffer stage. The negative ECL logic levels
(~ –0.9 V to ~ –1.7 V) from U9 pins 17 and 18, are converted to a
single-ended signal with CMOS logic levels ( ~ 5 V to~0V).
The buffer is a differential amplifier consisting of the two transistors
Q32 and Q33 whose bases are fed differentially from the two com
parator outputs. Resistor R304 serves as a current generator that is
switched alternately to the two collector resistors R296 and R297.
-
-
-
-
Trigger Level Circuits
The trigger level circuits generate the trigger voltage levels to the in
put comparators. The trigger level range is –3.2 V to + 3.2 V with a
maximum resolution of 0.6 mV. The input amplifier attenuation is
-
TP27TP26
Trig ger Level I
Input signal
Tri gger Level II
+5
B
A
R92
C
D
R93
E
R91
F
R94
R96
-5.2
R87
B
A
G
U8A
+
-
U8B
+5
R296
U9
D
Flip Flop
E
U9
Q32
F
R297
Q33
F
To
Counter
circuits
G
R88
C
+
-
R304
Fig. 4-8Comparator flip-flop and buffer stages.
-5.2
Hardware Functional Description4-7
Page 24
approximately 2 times. The trigger level circuits generate a DC level
that has the same attenuation. This means that the output of this cir
cuit has a range of –1.6 V to +1.6 V with a resolution of maximum
0.3 mV. Adual 8-bit DAC is used. The DACs only generate voltages
between 0 and +1.6 V, but by using a X2 amplifier and an offset shift
of 50%,the voltagerange of –1.6 Vto +1.6V is achieved. The supply
voltages to the trigger level circuits are filtered by R and C to prevent
noise originating in the digital circuitry from influencing the trigger
levels. The ground plane under the trigger level circuits is separated
from the rest of the ground plane, and the planes are connected only
at the front of the counter.
The trigger level circuits consist of the following:
Resistor network R57 to R68 for generating the reference volt
–
-
ages 0.04 V, 0.22 V, 0.59 V, and 1.6 V.
Three multiplexers (U3) to select one of the levels. With this
–
arrangement there is a total trigger level range of
–1.6 V to +1.6 V.
A double DAC (U4).
–
Two current-to-voltage converters U6. These circuits convert
–
the current at the IOUT pins of the DACs to a voltage. This
signal has a range of 0 V to approximately 1.6 V.
Two amplifiers, U7, with an amplification of X2, to generate a
–
signal with a range of 0 V to 3.2 V. Resistors R69 and R70 set
the reference voltage to the amplifier to get the 50 % offset
shift. To get exact voltages, 0.5 % precision resistors are used:
R73-R75, R78-R79 and R80-R82, R85-R86.
The zero adjust of the trigger levels is done with trimmer po
–
-
tentiometers R69 and R70 connected to the amplifiers in U7.
Two low-pass filters R87-C29 and R88-C30.
–
AD0-AD2
1.6V
0 .59V
0 .22V
0 .04V
U3
AD0- A D8
U4
D0- D7
+DACA
VREFR FB
IOUT
VREFR FB
IOUT
U6
U6
R73-R74
R75
R69
R80-R81
R82
R70
+5
-5.2
+5
-5.2
Trig ger lev el Comp I
R78-R79
U7
R87
C29
Trig ger l evel
Comp II
R85-R86
U7
R88
C30
Compar ator I
Comparator II
Fig. 4-9Trigger level circuits.
4-8 Hardware Functional Description
Page 25
Power Supply
General survey
n
The power supply generates four regulated DC supply voltages to the
counter, as well as some other supply voltages for special purposes.
The power supply block also contains the ON/STANDBY logic.
The main building block of the power supply is a primary switch
mode power module (U39). The line power AC voltage (90 V to
265 V) is rectified to a DC voltage before it is fed to the power mod
ule.
After a line power filter in the power inlet, a fuse of 1.6 AT and an
NTC resistor protect the power supply. The fuse F1 should only blow
if a catastrophic error occurs on the primary side of the power supply.
A short-circuit on the secondary side should not affect the primary
side. To minimize the inrush current to the capacitors at the connec
tion of the power cord, an NTC resistor (R148) is used. The resis
tance is 15 Wwhen the resistor is cold but decreases to a few ohms as
it is warmed up by the steady-state current.
The AC voltage is rectified in the bridge rectifier D9 and filtered in
C64. C65 suppresses noise from D9. L6 and C82-C83 serve as a fil
ter at the input of U39.
All inputs and outputs of the power module have HF chokes. The
module is mounted with distance washers on the main board.
-
-
-
From the module there are three DC voltages outputs. One of those is
regulated (+ 5 V) and the others are unregulated. These voltages will
vary with input line voltage, the current at+5V,andattheunregu
lated voltages. The output marked +15 will be approximately +18 V,
and the output marked –7 will be approximately –8 V. The outputs
are filtered; HF is filtered by C70-C73, and LF is filtered by L7-L9
and C74-C76.
-
-
On
Stand by
ains Inlet
M
D9
Filter&Fuse
U42
U
U40B
U39
R156
-7
+5
+15
Power Module
Q14
U43
U
R149-R155
U
U41
J15
K5
R130-R145
K5
U
U21A&Q17
+12 V*
-5.2 V
+5 V
Q5-Q6
+12 V
+7 V
Fan
PM6685R
only
Fig. 4-10Power Supply.
J31
+-
*) for ON/STBY control & OCXO
Hardware Functional Description4-9
Page 26
Function
n
The three DC voltages from the power module are used for
generating the following four supply voltages in the counter:
+5 V
Regulated +5 V from the power module is used directly.
–5.2 V
–7 V is used, with regulator U43.
+12 V
+15 V is used, with regulator U41.
+7 V
Stabilized +12 V is used, with regulator U21A and Q17.
temperature sensor, controls the speed by applying a variable refer
ence voltage to the fan voltage regulator U42.
Counter ASIC
The main part of the counting logic is integrated in a CMOS ASIC
specially designedfor theFluke MultiFunctionCounter series.There
are also analog blocks included in the 100 pin QPF package.
MUX
The MUX block is a switchboard for incoming and internal signals
involved in the measuring process. Some signals are divided by 2 to
make it possible to measure higher frequencies. The trigger slope is
controlled by the MUX block as well. Atrigger edge detector senses
the presence or absence of comparator pulses and controls the trigger
level DAC’s in the TLDAC block. These functional units form an es
sential part of the Auto Trigger System.
-
-
The following supply voltage is used for a special purpose:
+12 V*
This voltage comes directly from the +12 V regulator U41and will be
present as soon as the power cord is connected, regardless of the po
sition ofthe ON/STANDBY switch. It is used for the ON/STANDBY
control logic and for supplying an optional OCXO in STANDBY to
avoid the long warm-up time otherwise needed to obtain maximum
accuracy.
At stand-by, the four main supply voltages are switched off, but as
described above, some parts of the instrument should not be
diconnected. Therefore the power module will never be switched off.
The PM6685 has consequently only a secondary power switch.
A relay (K5) disconnects the load on the +5 V and –5.2 V at stand-by.
Because the power module must always have a load on the regulated
voltage, seven bleeder resistors R149-R155 are always connected to
+5 V via J15. At stand-by the counter only needs +15 V, so a dummy
load consisting of R130-R145 is connected to the power module by
means of the relay K5 in order to stabilize the operation of the
switchmode converter.
+5 V controls the switching on/off of +12 V and +7 V. When +5 V is
on, Q6 and Q5 will conduct, i.e. +12 V will be on. If there is no +5 V,
Q6 and Q5 will be off, thus blocking the +12 V.
The ON/STANDBY logic controls relay K5, which operates as de
scribed above. It is also possible to open the relay by changing the
position of J16.
The ON/STANDBY logic consists of the RS (set-reset) flip-flop
U40B that is controlled by the ON/STANDBY button on the front
panel. Pressing STANDBY will apply a high voltage (+12 V) to the
set input. The inverting output of the flip-flop will be low, discon
necting K5 via Q14. Pressing ON will give a high voltage (+12 V) on
the reset input. The inverting output of the flip-flop will be high,
engaging K5. Inserting the power cord into the power inlet will cause
a pulse on the reset input, via C35. The microcomputer can disable
the ON/STAND-BY button via Q12 and Q7. This is done in remote
mode and during RAM-testing. A high level on the base of Q12 en
ables STAND-BY, a low level disables it.
The STAND-BY indicator on the front panel is controlled by the
+5 V via Q16. +5 V off lights the STAND-BY LED that is fed by the
uninterruptible +12 V*.
+5 V also indirectly controls the fan in the PM6685R. It is a 12 V DC
fan that operates only if +12 V is on. An NTC resistor, serving as a
OSC
The oscillator block generates, selects, and distributes the reference
clock for the circuit. The active semiconductors of the standard oscil
-
lator are included in this block. The crystal is connected to pins X1
and X2. A TCXO or OCXO is connected to X2 only. An external ref
erence clock is connected to EXTREF. The PWM signal generated at
OTRIM controls the frequency of the reference oscillator after exter
nal integration.
-
-
-
PG
A built-in pulse generator having the 10 MHz clock as a reference
can generate pulses with controllable duration and repetition rate at
the OUTPUT connector. The level is fixed TTL.
RTC
A real time clock not used at present.
TLDAC
This block contains two 10-bit DAC’s generating the trigger levels
for the input comparators, VOUTA for channel A and VOUTB for
channel B. An external reference voltage is connected to V+REFA
and V+REFB.
HO
The Hold Off block can manipulate the internal measuring signal X
-
-
-
in several ways. One operating mode simulates a low pass filter (nor
mal hold off), another mode is used in burst measurements.
The following blocks (SYNC, STST, CNTS and MCTRL) form the
actual measuring logic in the ASIC. Three types of measurements
can be made in this MEAS block:
Continuous measurements (frequency, ratio and period average).
Not used at present.
Controlled measurements (time interval, period single, pulse width,
frequency, totalize gated, totalize start-stop, and ratio).
Totalize manual.
SYNC
The SYNC block synchronizes the actual measurement with certain
internal or external events like measuring time and arming signals.
-
STST
The start and/or the stop of the measurements are controlled by this
block. External events can be used to define the exact moments.
4-10 Hardware Functional Description
Page 27
EXTC
BURST
TRA
TRB
VCCO
GNDD1
GNDD2
GNDD3
GNDD4
GET
SB
SA
OKD
CLOCK
RE S ET
Inter-
polator
FNb
FNa
I
I
CY 1
CY 2
VC CG
GNDG
VR EFA D
IR ES
IN TP1
IN TP2
IN TS1
OK a
OKb
IN TS2
A2
A
SR
B
B2
P
MUXHOSYNCCNTS
X
Y
HODLYX
HODLYY
CL O C K
S TAAR M
STO ARM
STAD LY
STO DL Y
TI ME
MREF
FREQC
MCLK
PGARM
PCL
PGT RIG
X
Y
HODLYX
HODLYY
HO S X
HO S Y
XH
YH
XH
YH
CLOCK
ST O P
ST AR T
HO S X
HO S Y
STA AR M
STO A RM
STA DLY
STO DL Y
GET
TOTSTA
STA
TOTSTA
GATEO
STOP
STAR T
STST
STA
R1
R2
L1
L2
R1
R2
L1
L2
I
INTB
INTA
NB
FND
F
OKA
FNC
OKB
FNA
I
OK C
I
I
X1
X2
V+R EFO
OTRIM
V- REF O
EXTREF
MTC XO
IN TR EF
OUTMUX
MPCL K
PH1
PH2
VCCB
GNDB
VCCC
GNDC
GNDA
VCCA
VCCX+5
OSC
RTC
+5
PGOUT
TI ME
MREF
FREQC
MCL K
PGR EF
PG
PGR EF
PGT RIG
PGA RM
PGOUT
PG
Fig. 4-11Counter ASIC, block diagram.
CNTS
Two 32-bit binary counters count external events or keep track of the
time.
Interpolator
This block is not used at present.
MCTRL
The different events in the measurement cycle of the ASIC are timed
by this block.
MPI
This is the microprocessor interface block. The bus width is 16 bits,
AD0 toAD15. Interruptsto themicroprocessor are generated at INT.
GET
The GET signal from an optional GPIB interface can control the start
of a measurement.
External Interpolator
n
The X-POLATOR unit is connected directly to the internal
interpolator in the ASIC. It is used for increasing the time resolution
beyond the limits set by the reference clock period of 100 ns. An er
ror pulse is generated in the SYNC block. Its width is determined by
the difference between an external event on an input channel and the
next clock pulse. This pulse controls a current generator charging a
capacitor. When the pulse has expired the voltage across the capaci
tor is A/D converted and the value is added to the result. There are
two interpolators, one for the start event and one for the stop event.
RTC
RTC
RTCX1
-
-
MCTRL
FI N1
DMAR
TLDAC
DMABR
CS RS SS
PCL
OK
MCL K
MPI
C1
C3
CS
A16
A18
ALE
VBAT
RTCX2
LARMN
RDN
AD0-AD15
A17
WR L N
WRHN
INT
A19
S1N
HO L D N
S2N
HLDAN
QDM AN
C2
S4N
S5N
S3N
FIN
MTIM E
V+R EFA
VOU TA
V- REF A
V+R EFB
VOU TB
V- REF B
VC CE
GNDE
VC CF
GNDF
C4
They are calibrated over the possible error pulse range to allow for
any aberrations from the theoretical linear behavior.
Oscillator Circuits
CPU Oscillator
n
The microcontroller U11 is clocked at 12 MHz. The crystal B1 is
connected to the XTAL inputs of the microcontroller.
n
Reference Oscillators
A 10 MHz crystal oscillator is used as the reference for the measur
ing logic. If a stable external 10 MHz reference is available, it can be
connected to REF IN on the rear panel and selected by means of the
EXT REF button on the front panel.
In addition to the standard crystal oscillator there are two optional
oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO) to choose from.
Standard
The uncompensated standard oscillator consists of the crystal B2,
C109, C113-C115, R209 and R211. C115 is used for manual adjust
ment of the frequency when the calibration tolerance has been ex
ceeded. Theactive circuitryis builtinto theASIC U29and is accessi
ble via the pins marked X1 and X2.
OCXO
If one of the OCXOs is mounted, the standard oscillator has to be in
activated by moving the jumpers J23 and J25 to their alternative po
sition. These oscillators are connected to J24 and are self-contained
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hardware Functional Description4-11
Page 28
units with facilities for coarse and fine adjustment. They are fixed to
the main PCB with two screws. The output signal is AC-coupled to
the X2 pin on U29 via C107.
External
This input consists of an AC-coupled line receiver with Schmitt trig
ger function (U28) and is protected against excessive voltage
excursions by a resistor-diode network. The output signal from U28
has CMOS logic levels and is connected to the EXTREF pin on the
counter ASIC U29.
Logic
Microcomputer Circuits
n
Microcontroller
The microcomputer circuitry consists mainly of the microcontroller
U11, an Intel 16-bit CMOS 80C196, RAM (U22A), and EPROM
(U23A). The microcontroller is clocked at 12MHz. The data and ad
dress lines AD0 to AD15 are shared by means of multiplexing.
Therefore the addresses are stored in the latches U16A and U17A.
The ALE signal (Address Latch Enable) enables the latches.
UVEPROM
The main program is stored in U23A that is mounted in an IC socket,
making it easy to update and customize the instrument firmware by
changing the EPROM.
EEPROM
Front panel settings, GPIB address and certain other data that are not
changed frequently, e.g. information in the Protected User Data
Area, are stored in U12A which does not need battery backup.
Reset Circuit
A special reset circuit, the power supply supervisor U10, is included
in the design. If the +5 V supply line becomes lower than 4.5 V, the
reset output pin 5 goes low and the microcontroller will start over.
The length of the reset pulse is set by C88; 2.2 µF gives a pulse of ap
proximately 30 ms. U10 also controls the reset pulse during
power-up so that the microcontroller will be initiated correctly.
Keyboard Scanning
n
Main BoardKeyboard & Display
U11
-
AD0-AD7H0-H3
CPU
P1.0
HS1.0
P1.1
-
U13A
Latch
U14A
Latch
AD0-AD7
Board
V0-V7
LOCAL/PRESET
SCL
SDA
Fig. 4-13Keyboard scanning.
The keyboard scanning is done in two modes. The first mode is ac
tive aslong asno buttonhas beendetected asdepressed. Then all out
-
puts of U13A are set high, and the latch U14A is read. If no button
has been depressed, all outputs are low. This check is done at every
timer interrupt in the microcontroller, every 25 ms. If a button is
depressed, one of the output bits is high. When this event is detected,
mode two is entered. The outputs of U13A must be set high one after
the other to find the specific button. When found, only this button
will be checked, so other simultaneously depressed buttons will not
be recognized. The depressed button must stay down for several
timer interrupts before action is taken. After the button has been rec
ognized, the timer interrupt SW will be waiting for the button to be
released. The button must be released for several timer interrupts be
-
fore the keyboard scanning returns to mode 1. Then the search for
-
other activated buttons can be resumed.
The following three buttons are not scanned in this way:
The ON button is connected to the ON/STANDBY logic in the
–
power supply.
CPULatch
Key-
board
Latch
rd
GPIB
Fig. 4-12Microcomputer circuits, block diagram.
4-12 Hardware Functional Description
RAM
Address Bus
UV
EPROM
OM
Address & Data Bus
2
ICBus
EE
PROM
Counter
ASIC
LCD
Drivers
LCD
Page 29
The STAND-BY button is connected to the ON/STANDBY
–
logic in the power supply.
The LOCAL/PRESET button is connected directly to input pin
–
24 on the microcontroller U11. Pressing this button sends an
interrupt to a special handler in the SW.
Rear Panel Unit
The rear panel contains the following connectors
INPUTS:
External reference input D - REF IN (BNC)
–
External arming input E - EXT ARM (BNC)
–
Power supply inlet including EMI filter
–
OUTPUTS:
Internal reference output G - 10 MHz OUT (BNC)
–
If a GPIB interface is installed in the device, it is mounted on the rear
panel and connected to the main board with a flat cable.
Besides the normal standard GPIB connector, this optional unit also
has a BNC connector capable of outputting an analog representation
of any three consecutive digits on the display.
There is also a 6 SPST DIP switch on this unit for setting the default
GPIB address.
ON
ANALOG OUT
P M962 1
P M962 3
P M962 4
P M962 5
OF F
168 421
A DDRE S S
I E E E 4 88 / I E C 62 5 IN T ER F A C E
SH 1, AH1, T 5, L4, SR1,
RL1, DC1, DT 1, E 2
PM9626
PM9678
PM9690
PM9691
10M Hz O UTRE F I NE XT AR M
GDE
PM9628 /85
P M9697
_______
_______
EXT SUPPLY
12-24V DC
-I NT -S T BY
BAT T ERY
-EX T /L I NE
POWE R
90 V - 26 5V
PRIMARY FUSE
1.6AT
INSIDE
Fig. 4-14Rear panel.
Hardware Functional Description4-13
Page 30
Optional Units
B
i
b
d
GPIB Interface Including Analog Output
GPIB, PM9626B
n
IC101/106/117
Analog Out
n
The result on the display can be converted to an analog signal by
means of a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal from the micro
processor. The signal is filtered, attenuated, offset-adjusted, inte
grated and buffered by IC103 and supporting passive components to
give an analog DC level between 0 and 4.98 V with a resolution of
20 mV. The analog output has a separate analog ground connected to
the cabinet.
-
-
oar
IC107/108
c
as
A0-15
AD0-15
IC111/
112
IC109/
110
IC113
IC114/115
GPIB
connector
IC116
+5V
Fig. 4-15GPIB interface.
The GPIB interface controls the communication between the internal
microprocessor and the external GPIB bus. A 32K extension of the
ROM and RAM is placed on the interface board. An analog output is
also included. The PCB is connected to J18 on the main board with a
ribbon cable and fixed to the rear panel with two screws. Two metal
studs at the rear edge of the PCB are inserted in slots on the main
board in order to relieve mechanical stress.
The GPIB control circuit, IC113, communicates with the external
GPIB bus via the bidirectional bus drivers IC114 and IC115. IC113 is
controlled from the microprocessor by writing and reading in the in
ternal control registers. If IC113 has a message for the microproces
sor, it uses the GPIB interrupt signal. The address switch setting is
read by the microprocessor via IC116.
A 32K extension of both ROM (IC109 and IC110) and RAM (IC111
and IC112) is placed on the interface board. The circuit board is pre
pared for a 16-bit extension, but only 8 bits are used. IC110 (ROM),
IC112 (RAM) and R118 are not mounted. IC107, IC108 are address
latches andIC101, IC106and IC117 use the latched address to gener
ate chip select and chip enable signals for internal use on the GPIB
board.
HF Input
You can add an optional prescaler. This HF input is mounted on the
main board, to the right of the input amplifier. It is connected to J19
where there are three pins reserved for ID coding. Preparations have
thus beenmade forother prescalerswith different prescaling factors.
Prescaler 3.0 GHz, PM9624
n
This prescaler cannot be repaired at a local workshop. It must be sent
to the factory for repair.
The prescaler consists of the following parts:
Limiter
The limiter consists ofa6dBattenuator and a PIN diode at
–
tenuator to achieve constant input amplitude to the amplifiers.
Amplifier
–
Five amplifier stages are divided into three blocks. One block
consists of one amplifier. Two blocks consist of two amplifiers
each and an AGC control.
Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
Helps the amplifiers retain a constant output amplitude.
–
-
-
Dividers
Two dividers divide the input signal frequency by 16.
–
Detector
Detects whether the level of the input signal is high enough to
–
ensure correct measurement and, if not, blocks the output sig
-
nal from the prescaler.
Positive Voltage Regulator
–
-
Supplies a well-regulated voltage to the HF amplifiers.
-
-
-5.2V
Zero
IC103
PWM
Full scale
Fig. 4-16Analog output.
4-14 Hardware Functional Description
IC103
+7V
Analog
Out
Page 31
Software Functional Description
General
The PM 6685 software is divided into two main modules: the GPIB
and DEVICE modules. The GPIB fully implements the Message Ex
change protocol as described in the IEEE 488.2 - 1987 standard.
The DEVICE module is a real-time measurement executive that can
be interrupted to do other tasks, such as handling the keyboard, per
forming bus commands etc.
The basic structure of the main module is as follows:
main PM6685()
{
Initialize();
while (TRUE)
{
if (BREAKFLAG_KEYBOARD)
{
HandleKeyboard();
}
if (BREAKFLAG_PRESET)
{
PresetDevice();
}
if (BREAKFLAG_GPIBCOMMAND)
{
ExecuteGpibCommands();
}
if (BREAKFLAG_RESTART)
{
RestartMeasurement();
}
while (not any BREAKFLAG)
{
Measure( );
}
}
}
All break flags are set by interrupt-driven events, either from exter
-
nal functions (the GPIB interface) or from internal functions (timers
-
etc.).
The Initialize procedure does all necessary initialization at power
up. It also does the power up tests. See Power-On test in chapter 2.
-
The Handlekeyboard procedure controls all user input/output via
the front panel, except displaying the measurement results.
The PresetDevice procedure reprograms the complete device when
the PRESET key has been pressed (in local mode). It aborts pending
measurements.
The ExecuteGpibCommands procedure executes GPIB commands
and, if a query is received, it starts the response formatter and sends
the requested data to the GPIB interface. If the display is switched
on, the results are also displayed.
The RestartMeasurement procedure aborts pending measure
ments; the measure loop will later continue to measure. This is
mainly used when the RESTART key is pressed.
The Measure procedure is the measurement control loop that is used
in local mode. It sends its result to the display.
The ParseGpibInputData procedure parses the GPIB messages
found in the input buffer and sends executable statements to the
ExeceuteGpibCommands procedure. The input of data to the input
buffer from the external GPIB interface is fully controlled in inter
rupts. These interrupts are always enabled so the new data bytes can
be stored in the input buffer while parsing commands. This
ParseGpibInputDat is also executed in interrupt.
Software Functional Description4-15
Page 32
Test Routines
Test Routines via AUX MENU Key
The testroutines arethe routinesaccessible via the AUX MENU key.
Refer to the PM6685 Operators Manual.
Power-On Tests
At power-on some tests are automatically performed. If any of these
tests fails, an error message is displayed and the instrument is halted.
Pressing the LOCAL/PRESET key makes the device continue inde
pendently of the detected error, but without performing the next tests
in the start-up sequence.The following tests/actions are performed:
Write 001 to internal test pins
–
Pulse all microcomputer i/o ports twice
–
Write 0.1 on display
–
Write 0.1.2. on display and 010 on test pins
–
Test mC internal RAM ( error = Err mC & halt)
–
Write 0.1.2.3 to display and 011 on test pins
–
Test mC timer ( error = Err mC & halt)
–
Write 0.1.2.3.4. on display and 100 on test pins
–
Test main board RAM ( error = Err ra. & halt )
–
Write 0.1.2.3.4.5. to display and 101 to test pins
–
Test ASIC ( error = Err. 5xx & halt)
–
Write 110 on test pins
–
Check display (light all segments for 2 s)
–
Clear Display
–
Perform GPIB RAM test if GPIB is installed
–
(error = Err ra. & halt)
Write 111 on test pins ( final value)
–
Clear display and start normal measurement procedure
–
-
4-16 Software Functional Description
Page 33
Chapter 5
Repair
Page 34
Preventive Maintenance
Calibration
To maintain the performance of your counter we recommend that
you calibrate your instrument every year, or more often, if greater
time base accuracy is required. Calibration should be performed with
traceable references and instruments at a certified calibration labora
tory. Contact your local Fluke representative for calibration.
To know the present status of your instrument, test your timer/coun
ter from time to time. The test can be made according to the informa
tion in Chapter 2, Performance Check.
Oscillators
The frequency of the reference crystal oscillator is the main parame
ter affecting accuracy in a counter. The frequency is affected by ex
ternal conditions like the ambient temperature and supply voltage,
but also by aging. When recalibrating, the reference crystal oscillator
is compensated only for deviation in frequency due to aging.
Some important points:
n
The high stability oscillators have been built into an oven in
–
order to keep the oscillator temperature as stable as possible.
Continuous operation is also important for stability. After a
power interruption, the oscillator restarts at a slightly different
frequency. It will then, as time goes on, age at an equal rate.
The stability indicated for the oscillators is valid within a tem
–
perature range of 0 to +50 °C, with a reference temperature of
+23 °C. If the timer/counter is used in a room temperature of
20 to 30 °C, the temperature stability of an OCXO will be in
-
creased by a factor of 3.
-
-
-
The temperature stability indicated for the standard oscillator is
–
mainly dependent on the ambient temperature. When the coun
ter is operating there is always an internal temperature increase
that will influence the oscillator.
Recalibration intervals
n
-
The Mean Time Between ReCalibration, MTBRC, is defined as:
-
MTBRC
Acceptable errorTemperature stability
=
-
−()()
Agi
(
ng)
MTBRC can be calculated when the total acceptable error and the
oscillator specifications are known.
The total acceptable error is defined as:
()
()
Acceptable error
Deviation of reference frequency
=
(
Nominal reference frequency)
ModelPM6685PM6685R
Option:
Timebase type:
Total uncertainty,
0°Cto50°C,at2
- 1 month after calibration
- 3 months after calibration
- 1 year after calibration
- 2 years after calibration
Typical total uncertainty, for operating
temperature 20°C to 26°C, at 2
dence interval:
- 1 month after calibration
- 3 months after calibration
- 1 year after calibration
- 2 years after calibration
*
After 1styear of operation. For 1styear add: < 3x10
for operating temperature
s (95%) confidence interval:
s (95%) confi
Standard
UCXO
< 1.2 x 10
<1.2x10
<1.2x10
<1.5x10
-
<4x10
<4x10
<7x10
<1.2x10
Table 5-1Stability of timebase oscillators.
5-2 Preventive Maintenance
PM9691
OCXO
-5
-5
-5
-5
-6
-6
-6
-5
-10
<3x10
<4x10
<1x10
<2x10
<3x10
<4x10
<1x10
<2x10
-8
-8
-7
-7
-8
-8
-7
-7
PM9692
OCXORubidium
-9
<8x10
<1.2x10
<2.5x10
-8
<5x10
-9
<8x10
<1.2x10
<2.5x10
-8
<5x10
-8
-8
-5
-8
<4x10
<4x10
<4x10
<6x10
<1x10
<2x10
<2.5x10
<5x10
-10
-10
-10 *
-10 *
-10
-10
-10 *
-10 *
Page 35
Example:
A user can accept a maximum of 3 Hz deviation on the
–
10 MHz frequency of the oscillator. This results in:
()Acceptable error =
3
×
10 10
6
=×
310
−
7
The aging and temperature factors can be selected from the table on
page 5-2.
The value of the aging factor is correctly selected from the table
when the calculation of MTBRC results in 1 to 30 days (use /24h), 1
to 12 months (use /month) or over 1 year (use /year) (not, e.g., 43
days or 17 months or 0.8 years).
Example:
The user has the same requirements as in the example above.
–
The counter has a PM9691 oscillator.
Look up information about PM9691 in the table on page 5-2.
–
The results will be the following:
Relative Frequency deviation caused by:
Ambient temperature deviation
–
(within 0 to 50 °C; reference point at 23 °C): Less than
–8
3*10
Aging/year: Less than 1.5 * 10
–
Use the MTBRC formula with the above values. This gives a
–
–7
MTBRC of maximum:
78
−−
310 310
×−×
−
15 10
×
.
18
=
7
. year
NOTE: When recalibrating, the reference crystal oscillator will be
compensated only for frequency deviation caused by aging.
When to Replace the Fan
(PM6685R only )
To maintain the high reliability of a counter used in
around-the-clock’ applications, you must replace the fan every sec
ond year. For part time and low ambient temperature use, you can ex
tend this service interval to 6-10 years or more. Additional informa
tion can be found in Chapter 9, Appendix.
-
-
-
Preventive Maintenance5-3
Page 36
Troubleshooting
General
Quick Troubleshooting
The PM6685is ahighly integratedFrequency counterwith dedicated
LSI counter circuits and microcontrollers that control the complete
units. The microcontroller can help you locate faulty parts by run
ning test programs and generating stable signal patterns on t
he bus. If the microcontroller does not work or the fault is in a part of
the counter that cannot be accessed by the microcontroller, tradi
tional troubleshooting must be performed.
Where to Start
After reading the safety instructions, continue with this chapter for
troubleshooting and repair instructions. When you have fixed the in
strument, always do the Safety Inspection and Test after Repair, as
described later in this Chapter. Then do the checks in Chapter 2, Per
formance Check. Recalibrate if required by following the adjustment
instructions in chapter 6, Calibration Adjustments.
Logic Levels
The PM6685 contains logic of four families. The levels for these
families are listed in the following table.
Positive
ECL
Supply voltage+5 V-5.2 V+5 V+5 V
Signal ground0 V0 V0 V0 V
Input voltage
High, V
IH>+3.9 V>-1.1 V>+4 V>+2 V
Low, V
IL<+3.5 V<-1.5 V<+1 V <+0.8 V
Output voltage
High, V
OH>+4 V>-1 V>+4.9 V >+2.7 V
Low, V
OL<+3.3 V<-1.7 V <+0.05 V <+0.4 V
Bias ref. voltage, V
BB+3.7 V-1.3 V--
Table 5-2Logic levels.
Negative
ECL
CMOSTTL
Required Test Equipment
To test the instrument properly using this manual, you will need the
equipment listed below. The list contains specifications for the criti
-
cal parameters.
-
-
DMM
Oscilloscope300 MHz 2-channel
Signal generator3300 MHz
Power supply12 V/2 A
BNC-BNC 50 W cablesRG-58
TypePerformance
3.5 digits
Table 5-3Required test equipment.
-
-
PROM Identification
There are two different PROMs in the PM6685, one on the main
PCB containing the instrument firmware, the other on the optional
GPIB board, containing the interface bus firmware.
They have labels with version designation of the traditional form
Vx.yz, where x, y, and z are digits. The last digit can be followed by a
single letter. The version numbers do not have to coincide, except for
the last letter. So the combination Vr.stE and Vu.vwE is valid,
whereas Vr.stE and Vu.vwF is not.
Operating Conditions
Power voltage must be in the range of 90 to 260 VAC.
Introduction
GPIB(Level 10)
IN P U T A M P LIF I E R ( L ev el 9 )
D / A C O N VE R TE RS ( L ev el 8 )
MEASU RING LOG IC (Le vel7 )
KEY BOARD (L eve l6 )
INT E RN A L CONT R O L S IG NAL S & DIS P LA Y (L ev el 5 )
MICROCOMPUTER KERNEL (Level4)
MICROCONTROLLER (Level 3)
OSCILLATOR(Level2)
POWE RSU PPL Y ( Level 1)
Fig. 5-1Functional levels.
5-4 Troubleshooting
The troubleshooting strategy for the PM6685 is an integrated part of
the overall service strategy for the instrument. This instrument is hi
-
Page 37
erarchically designed in different levels, and troubleshooting can be
performed in any design level if the lower levels are OK. It is, there
fore, important to disconnect all options at the beginning of the trou
bleshooting procedure.
Power Supply
J3
J4
Fuse
J9
15
J10
TP22, +7
Power
Module
614
TP17, -7
J15
TP16, +15
+5V adjust
TP15, +5
J16
TP20, -5.2
J21
Load
Disconnected
Connected
TP23, +5
TP21,+12V
To verify the Power Module proceed as follows:
-
-
If the primary fuse is broken, there is a short circuit in the
–
primary circuits. Use a DMM and try to locate the fault by
resistance measurements.
Disconnect L6 and check the resistance between pin 1 and
–
pins 4 and 5 on the power module. The DMM should not
show a short circuit. Put L6 back.
Check that the DC voltage between pin 1 and pins 4 and 5
–
on the power module is about Ö2 times the input
AC-voltage. If not, use traditional troubleshooting tech
-
niques to locate the fault.
–
Remove the power cable from the counter.
Measure the resistances according to the table below.
–
Test PinsResistance
(GND) and TP15 (+5 V)» 10 W
(GND) and TP16 (+15 V)»1.5 kW
(GND) and TP17 (–7 V)»270 W
Table 5-5Output resistances.
If one of the above-mentioned measurements shows 0 W,
–
remove L7, L8, and L9 and use conventional troubleshoot
ing techniques to isolate the fault.
Measure the resistances according to the table below.
–
Test PinsResistance
10, 11 and 13, 14»150 W
8 and 9»1.5 kW
6 and 7»270 W
Table 5-6Output resistances.
Fig. 5-2Test points and trimmers for the power supply.
Connect the counter to line power.
Set the counter to STAND-BY mode.
–
Check that the voltage between J9 and J10 is in the range of
–
90 to 260 VAC, (see Fig. 5-2).
Check that the input voltage to the power module, U39 be
–
tween pin 1 and pins 4 and 5 on the bottom side of the PCA, is
120 to 375 VDC.
Move the jumper J16 to the DISCONNECT position.
–
Check the “STAND BY” voltages after the power module,
–
U39. Use for instance the screen around the input amplifier as
ground connection. There are also a number of ground pads on
the PCB available for this purpose.
Test PointsVoltage
TP15+5.10V±10mV*
TP16+14.8 V to +21 V
TP17–12.5 V to –7.5 V
TP21+12 V ± 0.5 V
Table 5-4Standby voltages.
If the resistances deviate considerably from the values in the table,
the complete power module must be replaced.
Move jumper J16 to the CONNect position.
–
Connect the power cable to the counter.
–
Switch the counter ON.
–
Check the “POWER ON” voltages.
–
Test PointsVoltage
TP23+5.06V±30mV*
-
TP20–5.2V±50mV
TP22+7 V ± 100 mV
Table 5-7Power-on voltages.
*NOTE: If the +5 V voltage is outside the specification, all
other levels will be wrong, since they are based on the
+5 V level.
If you find any fault, continue with traditional troubleshooting tech
-
niques and replace defective circuits. Also refer to Power Supply in
Chapter 4, Circuit Descriptions.
*NOTE: If this voltage does not meet the above-mentioned
spec, and if it is not possible to adjust it, the output
resistances of the module must be checked.
Troubleshooting5-5
Page 38
Oscillator
d
1
Optio
1
U23
Check that the RESET circuit U10 works properly by moving
–
B2
Stan
C1
J27
1
U23
14
Optional OCXO
Coarse adjust
Fine adjust
r
J24
B1
U22
U17U16
44
61
U11
1
10
27
J13
J14
J11
J29J30
J12
U29
81
1
31
J23 J25
51
Fig. 5-3Test points and jumpers for checking the
microcontroller.
U14
U13
Optional oscillator
Standard oscillator
B2
C115
the RESET jumper J29 temporarily to the ON position.
If the CPU is not running, check the state of the pins J11-J13. See ta
-
ble below.
Fig 5-4Trimmers for the reference frequency oscillators.
Standard Oscillator
n
Be sure the jumpers J23 and J25 are in the STD position, (see
–
Fig. 5-4).
Check that 10 MHz is present at U29, pin 42.
–
Check that 10 MHz is present at the rear panel connector
–
10 MHz OUT (J27).
If you find any fault, continue with traditional troubleshooting tech
niques and replace defective circuits. Also refer to Chapter 4, Circuit
Descriptions, Oscillator Circuits.
OCXO, PM9691 or PM9692
n
This test can be carried out only if the counter is equipped with one of
the optional oscillators, PM9691 or PM9692.
Be sure the jumpers J23 and J25 are in the OPT position, (see
–
Fig. 5-4).
Check that 10 MHz is present at U29, pin 42.
–
Check that 10 MHz is present at the rear panel connector
–
10 MHz OUT (J27).
These oscillators cannot be repaired in a local workshop. They must
be sent to the factory for repair.
Microcontroller
Check that 6 MHz is present at U11, pin 65 (see Fig.5-3).
–
DisplayJP11, J12,
0.10, 0, 1-mC I/O port
0.1.20, 1, 0Err UCmC internal
0.1.2.30, 1, 1Err UCmC timer er
0.1.2.3.41, 0, 0Err rARAM errorReplace U22
0.1.2.3.4.51, 0, 1Err ASICASIC errorReplace U29
All seg
ments
-
J13
1, 1, 0
-
1, 1, 1Err rAGPIB RAM
MessageErrorAction
error
RAM error
ror
error
Test OK
Replace U11
Replace U11
Replace U11
-
Replace U111 on
GPIB board
Table 5-8Start-up test.
If you find any fault, continue with traditional troubleshooting tech
niques and replace defective circuits. Also refer to Chapter 4, Circuit
Descriptions.
NOTE: Check that activity is going on at U11 pin 62 (ALE), pin
61 (RD), pin 63 (INST), and pin 43 (READY). These
pins should not be stuck HIGH or LOW.
If one or more bits on the AD-bus are corrupt, the
–
microcontroller ( mC) often reads the same instructions re
-
peatedly. When the mC discovers an invalid OP code, it will
RESET itself and start from the beginning again. The mC
sets the RESET input low when it resets itself. This can be
discovered at the RESET input of U11, (pin 16). If +5 V to
U10 is OK, this could be the cause of trouble.
5-6 Troubleshooting
Page 39
Input Amplifier
A Input Check
n
DC levels
Switch on the counter.
–
Press LOCAL/PRESET and ENTER.
–
Deselect AUTO and set the sensitivity to 1 Vrms.
–
Measure the DC voltages according to Fig. 5-5. Use the DMM
–
with a 10 kW resistor in series with the test cable.
AC levels
Connect a 1000 Hz sine wave signal with an amplitude of
–
1V
to Input A.
pp
Measure the AC-levels according to Fig. 5-5. Use the oscillo
–
scope and a 10 MW probe.
If you find any fault, continue with traditional troubleshooting tech
niques and replace defective circuits. Also refer to Input Amplifiers
A and B in Chapter 4, Circuit Descriptions.
-
-1.7V -0.9V
U9
TP27, -1.4V
TP10
7V
TP26, -1.4V
TP11
-3V
-2.3V
Q2
D4
2V
R91
Q13
Q1
U8
Q4
0.8V
4.3V
0.8V
0.4V
-
R31R33
0V
0.6Vpp
U1
0V
0.3Vpp
1.5V
0.6Vpp
Q3
D3
-2V
0.6Vpp
D1
1Vpp
R23
R22
D2
C2
C1
Fig. 5-5Typical voltages, input amplifier.
Troubleshooting5-7
Page 40
Prescaler 3.0 GHz, PM9624
n
See Chapter 2, Performance Check, for verification.
Sensitivity
-10 dBm
-20 dBm
-30 dBm
-40 dBm
-50 dBm
0
Fig. 5-6Specified and typical sensitivity of input C
(PM9624).
This prescalercannot be repaired in a local workshop. It must be sent
to your Fluke representative for repair.
1GHz2GHz
2.5 GHz
Frequency
GPIB Interface and Analog Output
Setup
Connect the counter to line power.
–
Switch on the counter.
–
–
Press PRESET and then ENTER.
Connect a DMM to the BNC output BU102.
–
Activate the analog output.
–
Select AUX MENU.
–
–
Press DATA ENTRY p /q until the display reads ANA
LOG OUT.
Press ENTER
–
Press DATA ENTRY p/q to select ON.
–
Press ENTER.
–
Press DATA ENTRY p/q until the display reads 1.0-3V.
–
Press ENTER.
–
Connect a LF synthesizer to Input A on the counter.
–
Set the synthesizer to 500 Hz, 1 V
–
Read the DMM result. The voltage should be 2.49 V ± 35 mV.
–
Minor deviations can depend on the settings of the trimmer potenti
ometers for ZERO and FULL SCALE. See Chapter 6, Calibration
Adjustments, for a decription of the procedure to follow.
PP
-
-
BU103
U114U115
U113
Zero
U116
BU102
U103
Full Scale
GPIB
U108
U109
BU101
U107
U117
Fig. 5-7Component layout, GPIB interface.
General Remark
n
If the GPIB board is suspected to be faulty, be sure the basic instru
ment is OK by performing a few functional checks after the ribbon
cable has been disconnected from J18.
Analog Output
n
The microcontroller generates a PWM signal that is applied to pin 1
on U101.The frequencyis approximately 20 Hz, but the duty cycle is
dependent on several factors like the frequency of the measured sig
nal, the measurement time, and the selected scaling factor.
U106
U111
U101
Large deviations indicate a fault. Trace the signal through the inte
gration chain with traditional troubleshooting techniques and replace
defective circuits. The duty cycle at U101:1 should be 50 %. Also re
fer to GPIB Interface Including Analog Output in Chapter 4, Circuit
Descriptions.
Bus Interface
n
A simple method to check the most fundamental functions of the in
terface is to send the standardized query message*IDN? and check
the response string.
-
-
-
Setup
Make sure you have access to a PC with GPIB capability.
–
Check that there is a program installed that can send simple
–
commands entered via the keyboard and that can receive and
display the response strings.
Connect the GPIB connectors of the counter and the PC by
–
means of a standard GPIB cable.
Set the address switches on the counter (the five rightmost
–
ones seen from the rear) so that their binary weight corre
sponds to the wanted decimal value between 0 and 30.
Send the command*IDN? to the counter and observe the re
–
sponse string. See the programming manual for more
information on the response format and contents.
You can also try the command*OPT? to get a listing of in
–
stalled options (except OCXO).
-
-
If you find a fault, continue with traditional troubleshooting tech
niques and replace defective circuits. Try to exercise the address/data
bus by writing small program loops. Look for stuck nodes with an
oscilloscope.
-
-
-
-
The PWM signal is converted to a DC voltage between 0 V and
4.98 V by integration, first in a passive RC network (R101, C103,
R102, C102 and then in an active integrator U103.
5-8 Troubleshooting
Page 41
Safety Inspection and Test After Repair
General Directives
After repair in the primary circuits, make sure that you have not re
duced the creepage distances and clearances.
Before soldering, bend component pins on the solder side of the
board. Replace insulating guards and plates.
Safety Components
Components in the primary circuits are important to the safety of the
instrument and may be replaced only by components obtained from
your local Fluke representative.
Checking the Protective Ground
Connection
Visually Check the correct connection and condition and measure
the resistance between the protective lead at the plug and the cabinet.
The resistance must not be more than 0.5 W. During measurement,
the power cord should be moved. Any variations in resistance show a
defect.
* For adjustment of PM9691 and PM9692 Oven Oscillators only.
Note: Only calibrated instruments should be used.
compensated 10 MW)
-7
J3
J4
J9
15
Power
Module
614
TP17, -7
J15
TP16, +15
Fuse
J10
+5V adjust
TP15, +5
J16
TP20, -5.2
J21
Load
Disconnected
Connected
TP22, +7
TP23, +5
TP21,+12V
Preparation
WARNING: Live parts and accessible terminals which
can be dangerous to life are always exposed inside
the unit when it is connected to line power. Use ex
treme caution when handling, testing, or adjusting
the counter.
Before beginning the calibration adjustments, power up the instru
ment andleave iton forat least30 minutesto letit reachnormal oper
ating temperature.
Power Supply
CAUTION: If you adjust the +5 V trimmer you have to
adjust the complete instrument.
Setup
n
Remove the protective cover above the power module.
–
WARNING: The heat sink inside the power module is
connected to line power.
Connect the counter to line power.
–
Switch on the counter.
–
Press PRESET, then press ENTER.
–
NOTE: The backlight must be switched on during the adjust
ment of the power module.
Fig. 6-1Test points and trimmer for the Power Supply.
Adjustment
n
-
-
-
-
Connect the DMM to test point TP15 = +5V and GND, (see
–
Fig. 6-2).
Adjust the +5V trim potentiometer inside the power module
–
until the DMM reads +5.10 ± 0.01 V.
Check that the voltage between the test point TP23 = +5 V and
–
GND is +5.06 ± 0.03 V.
Check that the unregulated voltage from the power module at
–
test point TP16 = +15 V is about +18 V.
Check that the unregulated voltage from the power module at
–
test point TP17 = –7 V is about –8 V.
Reinstall the protective cover onto the power module.
–
6-2 Introduction
Page 45
Input Amplifier
P
Connect the other output from the power splitter to channel A
–
of the oscilloscope.
The instructions in this section are consecutive. Do not change a set
ting until you are told to do so, either in the text or in the tables.
Setup
n
Remove the screen shield before performing any adjustments
–
in the input amplifier.
Connect the counter to line power.
–
Switch on the counter.
–
Press PRESET, then press ENTER.
–
TP27
,SENSE
TP10, T R IG L E V E L COM P I
ZERO ADJ. COMP I
ZERO ADJ.COMP II
Sense Adj.
1
J2 U8
13
Li n A (R31)
Offset A (R33)
TP26, SENSE
TP11, TRIG LEVEL COM
-
PM6685
Pulse generator
Oscilloscope
Input A 50 W
Sensitivity Any level below 1 V
Amplitude 5Vppin 50 W
Period 2 ms, symmetrical
Time 200 ms/div
Setting: A 0.5 V/div, 50 W,DC
Setting: B 20 mV/div, 10:1 probe, DC
rms
Table 6-2
NOTE: The Pulse Generator with 50 ohm output impedance
should be set to 5 V
level recorded at the CRO A channel (equal to the in
put to the DUT) is 2.5 V
when loaded in 50 W, so that the
pp
, after going through the split
pp
-
-
ter.
NOTE: If you are using a 10 MW x10 CRO probe, ensure that
its compensation has been correctly adjusted, so that
incorrect observations of undershoots/overshoots are
not made.
Use the probe to connect channel B of the oscilloscope to
–
Pin 10 of U8 .
Adjust R31 = LIN A until both signals look as alike as possi
–
-
ble.
NOTE: The AC coupling will give the curve a slight tilt.
X1(C2)
X11 (C1)
Fig. 6-2Test points and trimmers for the Input amplifiers.
Offset
–
Connect the DMM to Pin 10 of U8 and GND = screen, see
Fig. 6-2. Pin 1 is marked in the figure and is the middle pin on
the side closest to the rear of the unit. Alternatively you can
use one of the soldering pads of resistor R114 as a test pad, as
it is connected to Pin 10. This resistor is normally not
mounted.
Adjust R33 = OFFSET A until the DMM reads 0.0 ±0.2 mV.
–
Linearity
Setup
n
Press the Waveform Key once. (This step puts the instrument
–
into the correct mode so that it switches from x1 Attenuator to
x11 Attenuator when the sensitivity is adjusted above 2.8V.)
Connect the pulse generator to the A input of the counter via
–
the power splitter.
x1 Attenuator
Setup
n
PM6685
Pulse generator
Oscilloscope
Impedance 50 W
Sensitivity Any level below 1 V
Amplitude 5Vppin 50 W
Period 100 ms, symmetrical
Time 10 ms/div
Setting: A 0.5 V/div, 50 W,DC
Setting: B 20 mV/div, 10:1 probe, DC
rms
Table 6-3
Adjust C2 = X1 until both signals on the screen look as alike
–
as possible, without any overshoots or undershoots. The level
displayed on the CRO B channel for Pin 10 of U8 is approxi
mately 1.2 V
.
pp
x11 Attenuator
Setup
n
PM6685
Pulse generator
Oscilloscope
Table 6-4
Adjust C1 = X11 until both signals on the screen look as alike
–
as possible, without any overshoots or undershoots.
Impedance 50 W
Sensitivity Any level above 2.8 V
Amplitude 5V
Period
Time 10 ms/div
Setting: A 0.5 V/div, 50 W,DC
Setting: B 5 mV/div, 10:1 probe, DC
pp
100 ms, symmetrical
rms
-
Input Amplifier 6-3
Page 46
Observe that the level displayed on the CRO B channel for
1
U23
–
Pin 10 of U8 is now approximately 120 mV
the x11 Attenuator has been selected.
, indicating that
pp
Reference Oscillators
Trigger Levels
Setup
n
PM6685
Table 6-6
Disconnect all input signals to the counter.
–
Zero levels
n
Channel A
Connect the DMM to test points TP10 = TRIG LEVEL
–
COMP I and GND = screen.
Adjust R69 = ZERO ADJ COMP. I until the DMM reads
–
+0.95 ± 0.05 mV.
Connect the DMM to test points TP11 = TRIG LEVEL
–
COMP II and GND=screen.
Adjust R70 = ZERO ADJ COMP. II until the DMM reads
–
–0.95 ± 0.05 mV.
Impedance 50 W
Sensitivity 10 mV
rms
Sensitivity
Setup
n
Measure the DC voltage between test points TP26="–" and
–
TP27="+", (see Fig. 6-2).
Adjust R91 = SENSE until the DMM reads 10 ± 0.2 mV.
–
Offset
Setup
n
J27
Optional OCXO
Coarse adjust
Fine adjust
J24
U29
81
1
31
51
J23 J25
Optional oscillator
Standard oscillator
B2
Fig. 6-3Trimmers for the reference oscillator frequency.
NOTE: The standard oscillator is always mounted in the unit,
even if an optional oscillator is installed. You set the
jumpers J23 and J25 to select the timebase source
that you want to use.
C115
PM6685
Signal generator
Table 6-5
Connect the Signal generator to the A input of the counter.
–
–
Press NULL on the counter.
Decrease the amlitude from the signal generator to
–
–28 dBm.
Adjust R33 = OFFSET A until the counter reads < ±100 Hz.
–
If this is not possible, adjust R91= SENSE until the counter
–
reads < ±100 Hz.
NOTE: Reinstall the screen shield after making these adjust
ments.
Impedance 50 W
Sensitivity 10 mV
Amplitude –18 dBm
Frequency 50 MHz
rms
Standard Oscillator
Setup
n
Connect the counter to line power.
–
Switch on the counter.
–
Press PRESET, then press ENTER.
–
Connect the 10 MHz reference to the A input of the counter.
–
Press CHECK, NULL, and CHECK again.
–
The adjustment should preferably be made at an ambient tempera
ture of +23 °C.
Adjustment
n
Adjust C115 = STD OSC ADJ, until the counter reads
-
–
10 MHz ± 5 Hz.
NOTE: Move the two jumpers J23 and J25 back to position
PM9691 is adjusted to 10 MHz ± 0.2 Hz when manufactured,
PM9692 to 10 MHz ± 0.05 Hz, so there is no need to adjust the fre
quency directly after installation.
These oscillators, like any oscillator, change frequency because of
aging. Use the table in the User’s Handbook, Chapter 11, to calculate
when calibration is due. The complete specifications can be found in
the same manual, Chapter 12.
Required test equipment
InstrumentRequired specificationModel
Counter with Rubidium
Reference
Table 6-7
Setup
n
Connect the counter to the line power.
–
Switch on the counter.
–
Set the counter to default settings (preset).
–
Make the adjustment at an ambient temperature of +23 °C, if possi
ble. The oscillator must have been operating continuously for 48
hours before an adjustment.
Connect the 10 MHz OUT socket of the counter to be adjusted
–
(rear panel) to the Input A of the PM6681R/PM6685R.
Set up the PM6681R/PM6685R:
–
Measuring time = 0.5 s
–
50 W input impedance
–
Frequency A measurements
–
10 MHz ± 0.01 Hz (Uncer
tainty £ 1x10
-9
)
-
PM6681R or
PM6685R
Coarse adjustment
Make this adjustment only if the trimmer range is insufficient to ad
just the oscillator.
–
-
-
Remove the tape from the DIP-switch.
Adjust the trimmer to its mid position (about 12 turns from ei
–
ther end position).
Read the frequency on the PM6681R/PM6685R.
(Nominal 10.000000 MHz).
If the frequency is too low, set the DIP-switches to the next
–
higher voltage range.
If the frequency is too high, set the DIP-switches to the
–
next lower voltage range.
Trimmer range (V)DIP switch number (1 = on, 0 = off)
12345678
2.6-3.400 01 00 00
3.2-3.901 01 10 00
3.5-4.310 01 10 00
4.0-4.710 11 11 00
4.1-5.010 10 11 10
Table 6-8
NOTE: There are also oscillators that do not have DIP
switches. If this is the case, then the trimmer potenti
ometer alone covers the whole adjustment range.
-
-
-
Adjustment
n
The oscillator has a voltage controlled adjustment range. This range
is divided into five fixed steps set via DIP switches, and a trimmer to
fine tune the control voltage.
Trimmer for fine tuning
Connector
Switches for coarse adj.
Fig. 6-4Adjusting the optional oscillator frequency.
Normally the range of the trimmer should be sufficient to compen
sate for the aging that occurs during at least two years of operation.
Fine adjustment
Adjust the trimmer to better than 10 MHz ± 0.2 Hz (PM9691)
–
or 10 MHz ± 0.05 Hz (PM9692), i.e. ±20 resp. ±5 in the last
two digits on the PM6681R/PM6685R display.
If this adjustment is OK, reassemble the counter.
–
-
Reference Oscillators6-5
Page 48
Other Options
HF Input 3.0 GHz , PM9624
J19
HF input
R61
TP1
TP9
GPIB Interface, PM9626B
BU103
U114
U115
U113
GPIB
U108
U109
BU101
U107
U106
Fig. 6-6Trimmers for the GPIB interface.
Setup
n
Zero
U116
U111
U101
BU102
U103
Full Scale
Fig. 6-5Test points and trimmers for the 3.0 GHz HF
NOTE: Before beginning any adjustments, the HF input must
Setup
n
PM6685
Signal gener
ator
Table 6-9
Connect the counter to line power.
–
Switch on the counter.
–
Press PRESET, then press ENTER.
–
Connect the signal generator to the HF input.
–
n
Adjustment
–
Turn the potentiometer R61, (see Fig. 6-5) fully counterclockwise.
Check that the GATE indicator stops blinking.
–
Turn R61 slowly clockwise until the GATE indicator starts
–
blinking.
The input frequency, 800 ± 25 MHz, will now be displayed.
To verify the 3.0 GHz HF input, a sweep frequency synthesizer is
needed. Also refer to Chapter 2 - Performance Check: Options,
Prescaler.
input.
have been in operation for at least one minute to let it
reach normal operating temperature.
Function FREQ C
Frequency 800 ± 25 MHz
-
Amplitude 5.9 ± 0.5 mV
rms
PM6685
LF synthe
sizer
Table 6-10
Connect the counter to line power.
–
Switch on the counter.
–
Press PRESET, then press ENTER.
–
Connect the DMM to the BNC output of the analog output.
–
Activate the analog output.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Connect the LF synthesizer to the A input of the counter.
–
The counter should read 1000.0xxxxx Hz.
n
Adjust the trimmer ZERO (see Fig. 6-6) until the output volt
–
ageis0V±1mV.
Set the LF synthesizer to 999.90 Hz/1Vppsquare wave.
–
The counter should read 999.9xxxxx Hz.
Adjust the trimmer FULL SCALE (see figure 6-6) until the
–
output voltage is 4.980 V±3mV.
–
Set the LF synthesizr to 100.01 Hz/1Vppsquare wave.
The counter should read 100.0xxxxxx Hz.
Check that the output voltage is 500 mV±5mV.
–
-
Select AUX MENU.
Press DATA ENTRY UP/DOWN keys until the display
reads ANALOG OUT.
Press ENTER.
Press DATA ENTRY UP/DOWN keys to select ON.
Press ENTER.
Press DATA ENTRY UP/DOWN keys to until the display
reads 1.0
Press ENTER.
-3
V.
Adjustment
Input A 50 W / AC / Manual trigger levels
Amplitude 1V
Period 1000.01 Hz square wave
pp
-
6-6 Other Options
Page 49
Chapter 7
ReplacementParts
Page 50
Introduction
Standard Parts
Electrical and mechanical replacement parts can be obtained through
your local Fluke organization or representative. However, many of the
standard components can be obtained from other local suppliers. Before
purchasing or ordering replacement parts, check the parts list for part
number, value, tolerance, rating, and description.
If the value of the physical component differs from what is described in
the parts list, you should always replace the part with the same value as
originally mounted.
Standard parts are unmarked or marked with an ‘S’ in the P column of
the parts lists.
Special Parts
In addition to standard electronic components, the following special
components are used:
Components that are manufactured or selected by the manufac
–
turer to meet specific performance requirements.
Components that are important for the safety of the instrument.
–
Both types of components may be replaced only by components ob
tained through your local Fluke organization.
NOTE: Physical size and shape of a component may af
fect the performance of the instrument, particularly at
high frequencies. Always use direct replacements un
less it is known that a substitute will not degrade the
performance of the instrument.
These parts are ‘Recommended Replacement Parts’ and are marked
with an ‘R’ in the P column of the parts lists.
Components marked with a ‘P’ in the P column are ‘Production items’
not kept in replacement parts stock. These items can be ordered, but the
delivery time is longer than for normal replacement parts.
R114Resistor 100 k 1% 1/8W 100PPM 12064822 051 51004S
R115Resistor 100 k 1% 1/8W 100PPM 12064822 051 51004S
R116Resistor 100 k 1% 1/8W 100PPM 12064822 051 51004S
R117Resistor 100 k 1% 1/8W 100PPM 12064822 051 51004S
SK101DIP switch 6-p 206-6 RAST5322 277 21125R
Replacement Parts, GPIB Interface (PM9626B) 7-13
Page 62
This page is intentionally left blank.
7-14 Replacement Parts, GPIB Interface (PM9626B)
Page 63
Chapter 8
Drawings & Diagrams
Page 64
How to read the diagrams
Inside the symbol, at the top is an abbreviated description of the cir
cuit’s function.
-
This chapter contains circuit diagrams and component layout.
Each diagram has been completed with lists of the ICs used in the
unit. This list indicates the connections that are not shown in the dia
gram, such as GND and supply voltages.
Signals
The signals in these units are named after what they do, e.g.,
LEAD-EDGE isused ascontrol currentto the leading edge circuits.
Two different types of arrows are used to mark references for contin
ued connection somewhere else in the diagram.
This arrowis usedif thereference isdirected toa point
located on the same page.
A1
This arrowis usedif thereference isdirected toa point
/1.A1
located on another page. The example means that the
point is on sheet 1, coordinate A1.
Circuit symbols
The circuit diagrams are computer drawn. The symbols conform to
the IEC standards. These symbols are designed to be logical and easy
to read.
Pin numbers are written outside the symbol and, if it is a complex cir
cuit, the pin functions are written inside.
-
A small circle on a pin indicates that the input/output inverts the sig
nal.
The component name is written below the symbol.
The signal flow through the circuit is always from left to right.
-
-
Resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors
-
and other components.
These components are similar to the old fashioned, hand-drawn sym
bols.
They have their component number above and their value or compo
nent name below.
A resistor contained in a resistor network has a frame drawn around it
and one of the pin numbers is written to the left or below it.
-
-
Component numbers
“R305" is a typical component number. The ”R" indicates that it is a
resistor,"3" that it is positioned on the “unit 3", and 05 that it is the
fifth resistor in the component list for that unit.
Most of the components in this instrument are mounted on the sur
face of the board instead of through holes in the board. These compo
nents are not hard to replace but they require another technique. If
you do not have special SMD desoldering equipment, follow the in
structions below:
Fig. 9-1Heat the leads and push a thin aluminum sheet
between the leads and the PC-board.
-
-
-
Fig 9-4Attach the IC to the pad with the solder.
Fig. 9-5Solder all leads with plenty of solder; don’t worry
about short-circuits at this stage.
Fig. 9-2When removed, clean the pads with desoldering
braid.
Fig. 9-3Place solder on the pad.
9-2 How to Replace Surface Mounted Devices
Fig. 9-6Remove excessive solder with desoldering braid.
Fig. 9-7Use a strong magnifying glass to make sure there
are no short-circuits or unsoldered leads.
Page 83
Electrostatic discharge
Almost all modern components have extremely thin conductors and
metal oxide layers. If these layers are exposed to electrostatic dis
charge they will break down or perhaps even worse, be damaged in a
way that inevitably will cause a breakdown later on. The lectro-tatic
Discharge, (ESD) sensitivity of MOS and CMOS semiconductors
have been known quite a while, but nowadays bipolar semiconduc
tors and even precision resistors are ESD sensitive. Consider
therefoe all components, pc boards and sub assemblies as sensi
tive toelectrostatic discharge. The text below explains how you can
minimize the risk of damage or destroying these devices by being
aware of the problems, and learning how to handle these compo
nents.
ESD sensitive options are packed in conductive containers
marked with the symbol to the leftl.
Never open the container unless you are at an ESD protected
work station.
Use a wrist strap grounded via a high resistance.
Use a grounded work mat on your work-bench.
Never let your clothes come in contact with ESD sensitive
equipment even when you are wearing a grounded
wrist strap.
Never touch the component leads.
-
-
-
Never touch open connectors.
Use ESD-safe packing materials.
Use the packing material only once.
Keep paper and non conductive plastics etc. away from your
work-bench. These may block the discharge path to
ground.
-
Electrostatic discharge9-3
Page 84
Glossary
A
ASICApplication Specific Integrated Circuit
C
Calibration Adjust
ments
CSACanadian Standards Association safety stan
G
GaAsA technique to make very fast IC’s using
GPIBGeneral Purpose Instrumentation Bus used for
I
I2C-busAn internal address- and data bus for communi
interconnecting several measuring instruments
to a common controller.
cation between microcontroller, measuring
logic, and options.
standard.
-
-
L
LSILarge Scale Integrated circuit
O
OCXOOven-Controlled X-tal Oscillator
P
PCAPrinted Circuit Assembly
PCBPrinted Circuit Board
Performance CheckA procedure to check that the instrument is
functionally operational and performs to its
specification. Must not require opening of cabi
net. If the instrument passes the check it is con
sidered as calibrate.
PWMPulse Width Modulation
T
TCXOTemperature-Controlled X-tal Oscillator
-
-
9-4 Glossary
Page 85
Power Supply Switchmode Module
Circuit Descriptions
Primary Circuits
n
For primary circuits outside the power supply module, see Chapter 4,
Circuit Descriptions, Power Supply.
The power supply module generates three DC voltages to the sec
ondary circuits.
R24-R27, R31, and R32 give the start-up voltage to the control cir
cuit U03.U03 outputs a frequency of 120 kHz on OUT (pin 10) to the
switch transistor V01. When the switch transistor has started, U03
will besupplied fromthe transformerT01 pin 3 via the diodes D09.
Every switch pulse causes a voltage drop over the resistors R35-R37
and R55. This voltage feeds the SENSE input (pin 5) of the control
circuit U03. When the voltage has reached the internal reference
level in U03, the switch transistor V01 is turned off.
P01 pin 1
P01
pin 4 & 5
-
-
T01
V05 is a blanking transistor that will compensate for high transients
generated by the transformer T01.
The internal sawtooth generator RC (pin 7) in U03 is connected to
the SENSE input via V03, to compensate for low load.
The regulated +5 V is sensed by U01 and adjusted by R50. The out
put of U03 is connected to the VF input (pin 3) of U03 via the
optocoupler U02.
The VREF pin (pin 14) outputs a reference voltage of 5 V DC.
Secondary circuits
n
For secondary circuits see Chapter 4, Circuit Descriptions, Power
Supply.
P02 pin 2
D01
P02 pin 7
D04
-
R24-R27,
R31-R32
SENSE
RC
VF
V05
Fig. 9-8Power supply module primary circuits.
D09
OUT
U0 3
V03
V01
VR EF
U02
T0 1
D02
P02pin5&6
U01
R50
P02
pin1,4,8,& 9
P02 pin 3
D03
Circuit Descriptions9-5
Page 86
Repair
Troubleshooting
n
Primary circuits
CAUTION: If you adjust the +5 V trimmer you have to
adjust the complete instrument.
Required Test Equipment
n
To be able to test the instrument properly using this manual you will
need the equipment listed in Table 9-1. The list contains specifica
tions for the critical parameters.
TypePerformance
DMM3.5 digits
Oscilloscope50 MHz 2-channel
Table 9-1Required test equipment.
Operating Conditions
n
Power voltage must be in the range of 90 to 260 VAC.
WARNING: Live parts and accessible terminals which
can be dangerous to life are always exposed inside
the unit when it is connected to the line power. Use
extreme caution when handling, testing or adjusting
the counter.
1
P0 1
»+5.0V
U03
+10 to 13.5V
C
E
D
»+10mV
A
V0 1
B
J16
16
U02
T01
127
»+8.2V
+5Vadjust
»+4.4V
U01
P0 2
1
TP17
TP15
TP16
To verify the power supply proceed as follows:
If the primary fuse is broken, there is a short circuit in the pri
–
-
mary circuits. Use a DMM and try to locate the fault by resis
tance measurements.
Remove the cover from the power supply.
–
Disconnect the power module from the main PCA and check
–
the resistance between pin 1 and 4 on the transformer T01, see
Fig. 9-9. If the DMM shows a short circuit, the fault is
proabably a broken transistor V01. Put the power module back.
Connect the counter to the line power via an insulating trans
–
former with separate windings.
Set the counter to STAND-BY mode.
–
Check that the voltage between J9 and J10 is in the range of
–
90 to 260 V
Check that the DC voltage between pin 1 and 4 on T01 is
–
about Ö2 times the input AC voltage. If not, use traditional
faultfinding techniques to locate the fault.
Disconnect the secondary load by moving the jumper J16 to its
–
alternative position.
Check the “STAND BY” voltages according to Table 9-2.
–
Test pointsGroundVoltage
U03 pin 11 & 12U03 pin 8+10 to +13.5 V
U03 pin 14U03 pin 8+5.0 V
V01 sourceU03 pin 8+10 mV
U02 pin 1Amplifier Screen+8.2 V
U01 pin 1Amplifier Screen+4.4 V
TP15Amplifier Screen+5.1 V
TP16Amplifier Screen+14.8 V to +21 V
TP17Amplifier Screen–12.5 V to –7.5 V
TP21Amplifier Screen+12 V ±0.5 V
Table 9-2Stand-by voltages.
Restore the jumper J16 to its normal position.
–
Check the waveforms in Fig. 9-10 at the corresponding
–
testpoints in Fig. 9-9 to verify the primary circuits. Use the
heat-sink of V01 as ground.
NOTE: U01 and U03 are located at the bottom side of the
PCA.
Secondary circuits
n
For secondary circuits see Chapter 5, Repair, Power Supply.
AC
.
-
-
-
Safety Inspection and Test After Repair
Fig. 9-9Test points and voltages for the power supply.
9-6 Repair
General Directives
n
After repair in the primary circuits, make sure that you have not re
duced the creepage distances and clearances.
Before soldering, component pins must be bent on the solder side of
the board. Replace insulating guards and plates.
-
Page 87
V
V01 Sourc e ( curre nt )
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
024 8610uS
V
12
10
8
6
4
2
V
3
2
1
U03 pin 10 OUT
U0 3 p in 7 R C
A
C
E
V0 1 G a te
0248610uS
V01 dra in
0248610uS024 8610uS
500
400
300
200
100
V
12
10
8
6
4
2
V
Switch on the counter.
B
–
Press PRESET, then press ENTER.
–
Power
D
Module
TP23
+5V adjust
0248610uS
Fig. 9-10Typical curves of the power supply.
Safety Components
Components in the primary circuits are important to the safety of the
instrument and may be replaced only by components obtained from
your local Fluke organization.
Check the Protective Ground Connection
Visually check the correct connection and condition and measure the
resistance between the protective lead at the plug and the cabinet.
The resistance must not be more than 0.5 W. During measurement,
the power cord should be moved. Any variations in resistance shows
a defect.
Calibration Adjustments
Required Test Equipment
TypePerformance
DMM3.5 digits
Table 9-3Required Test Equipment.
TP17
TP16
J1 8
Fig. 9-11Test points and trimmer for the power supply.
Adjustment
n
CAUTION: If you adjust the +5 V trimmer you have to
adjust the complete instrument.
Connect the DMM between TP23 and ground, see Fig. 9-11.
–
Adjust the +5 V trimmer potentiometer R50 in the power sup
–
ply through the nearest vent in the protective cover, until the
DMM reads +5.00 ± 0.01 V.
Check that the unregulated voltage from the power supply at
–
test point TP16=+15 is about +18 V.
Check that the unregulated voltage from the power supply at
–
test points TP17=–7 is about –8 V.
-
Preparation
WARNING: Live parts and accessible terminals which
can be dangerous to life are always exposed inside
the unit when it is connected to the line power. Use
extreme caution when handling, testing, or adjust
ing the counter.
Before beginning the calibration adjustments, power up the instru
ment andleave iton forat least60 minutesto letit reachnormal oper
ating temperature.
V03Transistor 0.50 A BC817-254822 130 42804
V04Transistor 0.50 A BC817-254822 130 42804
V05Transistor 0.50 A BC817-254822 130 42804
V06Transistor 0.50 A BC817-254822 130 42804
V07Transistor 0.50 A BC817-254822 130 42804
V08Transistor 0.50 A BC807-255322 130 60845
5322 116 80448
9-8 Replacement Parts
Page 89
This page is intentionally left blank.
Replacement Parts 9-9
Page 90
Power Supply, Component layout
TOP SIDE
BOTTOM SIDE
9-10 Replacement Parts
Page 91
Power Supply
2
3
4
5
C1 9
R5 8
C28
D03
BYW2 9F -20 0
27 0
R0 3
220P
C03
163
10 0N
C22
470U-35V
D02
R0 2
27 0
C02
220P
12109
11
4
C13
C0 9
4 7N- 250 V
R4 6
R1 7
10K
R1 8
10K
R16
10K
R19
10K
R15
10K
R20
10K
R53
470 K
R54
R2 4
100K
R2 5
C2 0
10 0N
C21
470U-35V
D01
BYW2 9F -20 0
82
R0 1
C01
1N
8
7
T0 1
P02
6
MBR760
82
1N
R33
22 0P
R1 2
R13
R14
470 K
100K
8
9
7
C1 8
10 0N
R05
C23
C06
33 N
10 000 U-6 . 3V
R04
10K
C0 5
33N
D04
BAV2 3
C0 4
33N
D04
BAV2 3
D09
BAV2 3
D09
10
BAV2 3
D07
BYV2 6E
10K
V01
10K
BUK446
10K
R3 2
100K
10K
6
A
U0 1
K
REF
1
R09
3.9K
R06
2. 2K
D0 6
C0 7
V08
BC807
R57
100
R29
4.7
C26
R55
10
R3 5
2.7
R3 6
2. 7
R37
2.7
R28
10 K
D08
BZX84C18
C25
V0 6
D11
BZX8 4C18
C12
R3 0
10K
8
C0 8
BZX84C 8V2
10 0N
C2 4
R49
100 N
100N
BC8 17
100 U-3 5V
R1 0
R0 8
1. 8K
R07
1K
1
2
U02
CNX82A
5
4
1N
1K
R3 4
22 K
1473
11, 12
VRE F
U03
OUT
10
R5 6
100
R38
R3 9
V07
BC81 7
R51
TL43 1I
10 0N
47K
VF
RC
5
R44
1K
10
3. 3K
13
2
1K
R5 0
R1 1
220 K
R52
8. 2K
R4 8
10 K
1
8, 9
CO MP
SENSE
100
V03
BC81 7
UC38 42 A
R47
4. 7K
R43
100
C1 4
1 00P
V02
BC80 7
R4 1
C27
10 0N
1K
R4 5
C17
4. 7N
C1 6
4.7N
V05
BC8 17
R42
1K
D1 4
BAV23
C15
22 P
10 0
D14
R31
R26
100K
R27
41
5
1
C10
33 0N
P01
100K
100K
D12
D13
BZX84 C18
BZX84C8 V2
V04
BAV2 3
BC81 7
R40
100
Replacement Parts 9-11
Page 92
PM6685R
Introduction
A Rubidium timebase is now available for the PM6685 Frequency
counter. This oscillator cannot be retrofitted in the standard version
of the PM6685. Due to the size of the timebase and its power require
ments, a larger cabinet must be used.
A fan is needed to keep the temperature to an acceptable level.
This version is called PM6685R, where “R” stands for Rubidium.
J3
J4
Supply
Main
Powe r
J31
J24
1
Aux Power
P3
Rubidium
Timebase
1
P1
Supply
P2
1
Fan
Performance Check
Required Test Equipment
-
TypePerformanceModel
10 MHz reference£1x10
Table 9-4Required test equipment
NOTE: To fully test the accuracy of the PM6685R, access to
an extremely high stability reference signal is needed,
for example a Cesium atomic reference or a transmit
ted signal from a nationally or internationally traceable
source. Additionally the instrument has to be stabilized
for a period of one month.
The PM6685R is equipped with an LED labelled “UNLOCKED”.
When the LED is lit the Rubidium time base is still in its warm-up
phase and is not yet stabilized.
-10
Calibrated Rubidium
oscillator or Cesium
atomic standard
Test procedure
Connect the counter to the line power.
–
Check that the UNLOCK LED is lit.
–
Check that the UNLOCK LED is switched off within £ 6
–
minutes after connection to line power.
Connect a 10 MHz reference signal to input A of the counter.
–
Select FREQUENCY A measurement.
–
Select 1 s measuring time.
–
Check that the displayed frequency is 10.00000000 MHz
–
±1 LSD < 6 minutes after connection to line power.
-
Freq. Adj .
Fig. 9-12Location of the Rubidium Timebase and its power
supply.
9-12 Introduction
Functional Description
The oscillator is supplied with 24 V from the extra power supply.
The oscillator generates a stable 10 MHz output frequency from a
20 MHz Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator (VCXO), whose fre
-
Page 93
quency is locked to the atomic-standard “resonance frequency” of
9
2
the rubidium atom, see Fig. 9-14.
Frequency multiplier/
Sy nt hesi zer
20 MH z Volt age t una ble
Quartz Oscillator
(VCXO)
6.8 GHz
DC correction
voltage
Rub idium
lamp
Detector
R ubi dium
cell
DC-error
si gn a l
Feedback
electronics
(Servo)
por to an increased extent causing a decrease in the photo detector
current. This “darkening” effect is used to generate an error signal
which permits continuous regulation of the quartz crystal oscillator
output frequency, thereby locking it to the frequency of the atomic
standard .
Calibration Adjustments
NOTE: Before Calibration Adjustment, the Rubidium time
base must have been in operation for more than 24
hours.
Required Test Equipment
10 MHz output
Fig. 9-14Block diagram showing the principle of a Rubidium
Atomic Standard.
TypePerformanceModel
10 MHz reference£1x10
-10
Calibrated Rubidium
oscillator or Cesium
atomic standard
Table 9-5Required test equipment.
A microwave signal that is derived from the VCXO tunable oscillator
is applied to rubidium vapor contained within a heated glass cell.
Light from a rubidium lamp is passed through the cell and
illluminates a photo detector causing current to flow in the detector.
As the applied microwave signal approaches the frequency that cor