Fluke 9140 User Manual
Hart Scientific
9140
Dry-well Calibrator
User’s Guide
Rev. 5B1702
Fluke Corporation, Hart Scientific Division
799 E. Utah Valley Drive • American Fork, UT 84003-9775 • USA
Phone: +1.801.763.1600 • Telefax: +1.801.763.1010
E-mail: support@hartscientific.com
www.hartscientific.com
Subject to change without notice. • Copyright © 2005 • Printed in USA
Rev. 5B1702
Table of Contents
1 Before You Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Symbols Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Safety Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 WARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 CAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Authorized Service Centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Specifications and Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 Quick Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1 Unpacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Set-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Setting the Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 Parts and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1 Rear Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.3 Constant Temperature Block Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3.1 Constant Temperature Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3.2 Probe Sleeves and Tongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6 General Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1 Calibrator Set-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2 Changing Display Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.3 Switching to 230 V Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.4 Setting the Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.5 Calibrating Probes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7 Controller Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.1 Well Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
i
7.2 Temperature Set-point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.2.1 Programmable Set-points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.2.2 Set-point Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.2.3 Temperature Scale Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.3 Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.3.1 Scan Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.3.2 Scan Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.4 Temperature Display Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.4.1 Hold Temperature Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.4.2 Mode Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.4.3 Switch Wiring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.4.4 Switch Test Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.5 Secondary Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.5.1 Heater Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.5.2 Proportional Band. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.6 Controller Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.6.1 Calibration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.6.1.1 R0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.6.1.2 ALPHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.6.1.3 DELTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.7 Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.8 Serial Interface Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.8.0.1 Baud Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.8.1 Sample Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.8.1.1 Duplex Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.8.1.2 Linefeed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8 Digital Communication Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.1 Serial Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.1.1 Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.1.2 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.1.2.1 Baud Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.1.2.2 Sample Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.1.2.3 Duplex Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.1.2.4 Linefeed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.1.3 Serial Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.2 Interface Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9 Test Probe Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.1 Comparison Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.1.1 Calibrating a Single Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.1.2 Comparison Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.1.3 Calibration of Multiple Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.2 Dry-well Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.2.1 Vertical Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.2.2 Heating and Cooling Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9.2.3 Stabilization and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
ii
10 Calibration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10.1 Calibration Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10.2 Calibration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10.2.1 Compute DELTA: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10.2.2 Compute R
10.2.3 Accuracy & Repeatability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
& ALPHA: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
0
11 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
12 Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
12.1 Troubleshooting Problems, Possible Causes, and Solutions . . . . 49
12.2 CE Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
12.2.1 EMC Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
12.2.2 Low Voltage Directive (Safety) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
iii
Figures
Figure 1 9140 Back Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 2 9140 Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 3 Inserts available for the 9140 block assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 4 Controller Operation Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Figure 5 Well temperature fluctuation at various proportional band settings . . . 27
Figure 6 Serial Cable Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 7 Typical Heating Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Figure 8 Typical Cooling Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
iv
Tables
Table 1 International Electrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table 2 9140 controller communications commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 3 9140 controller communications commands continued . . . . . . . . . 37
v
1 Before You Start
1.1 Symbols Used
Table 1 lists the symbols used on the instrument or in this manual and the
meaning of each symbol.
Tabl e 1 International Electrical Symbols
Symbol Description
AC (Alternating Current)
AC-DC
Battery
Complies with European Union directives
1 Before You Start
Symbols Used
DC
Double Insulated
Electric Shock
Fuse
PE Ground
Hot Surface (Burn Hazard)
Read the User’s Manual (Important Information)
Off
On
1
9140 Dry-well Calibrator
User’s Guide
Symbol Description
Canadian Standards Association
OVERVOLTAGE (Installation) CATEGORY II, Pollution Degree 2 per IEC1010-1 re
fers to the level of Impulse Withstand Voltage protection provided. Equipment of
OVERVOLTAGE CATEGORY II is energy-consuming equipment to be supplied from
the fixed installation. Examples include household, office, and laboratory appliances.
C-TIC Australian EMC
The European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive
(2002/96/EC) mark.
1.2 Safety Information
Use the instrument only as specified in this manual. Otherwise, the protection
provided by the instrument may be impaired. Refer to the safety information
below and throughout the manual.
The following definitions apply to the terms “Warning” and “Caution”.
• “Warning” identifies conditions and actions that may pose hazards to the
user.
• “Caution” identifies conditions and actions that may damage the instru-
ment being used.
1.2.1
WARNINGS
To avoid personal injury, follow these guidelines.
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GENERAL
•
DO NOT use this instrument in environments other than those listed in
the User’s Guide.
•
Inspect the instrument for damage before each use. DO NOT use the in
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strument if it appears damaged or operates abnormally.
•
Follow all safety guidelines listed in the user’s manual.
•
Calibration Equipment should only be used by Trained Personnel.
•
If this equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer,
the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.
•
Before initial use, or after transport, or after storage in humid or semi-hu
mid environments, or anytime the dry-well has not been energized for
more than 10 days, the instrument needs to be energized for a "dry-out"
period of 2 hours before it can be assumed to meet all of the safety re
quirements of the IEC 1010-1. If the product is wet or has been in a wet
environment, take necessary measures to remove moisture prior to apply
2
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1 Before You Start
Safety Information
ing power such as storage in a low humidity temperature chamber operat
ing at 50°C for 4 hours or more.
DO NOT use this instrument for any application other than calibration
•
work. The instrument was designed for temperature calibration. Any other
use of the instrument may cause unknown hazards to the user.
Completely unattended operation is not recommended.
•
Overhead clearance is required. DO NOT place the instrument under a
•
cabinet or other structure. Always leave enough clearance to allow for
safe and easy insertion and removal of probes.
If the instrument is used in a manner not in accordance with the equip
•
ment design, the operation of the dry-well may be impaired or safety haz
ards may arise.
This instrument is intended for indoor use only.
•
BURN HAZARDS
• DO NOT turn the instrument upside down with the inserts in place; the
inserts will fall out.
• DO NOT operate near flammable materials.
• Use of this instrument at HIGH TEMPERATURES for extended periods
of time requires caution.
• DO NOT touch the well access surface of the instrument.
• The block vent may be very hot due to the fan blowing across the heater
block of the dry-well.
• The temperature of the well access is the same as the actual display tem-
perature, e.g. if the instrument is set to 700°C and the display reads
700°C, the well is at 700°C.
•
For top loading dry-wells, the top sheet metal of the dry-well may exhibit
extreme temperatures for areas close to the well access.
•
The air over the well can reach temperatures greater that 200°C for high
temperature (400°C and higher) dry-wells. Note: Probes and inserts may
be hot and should only be inserted and removed from the instrument
when the instrument is set at temperatures less than 50°C. Use extreme
care when removing hot inserts.
•
DO NOT turn off the instrument at temperatures higher than 100°C. This
could create a hazardous situation. Select a set-point less than 100°C and
allow the instrument to cool before turning it off.
•
The high temperatures present in dry-wells designed for operation at
300°C and higher may result in fires and severe burns if safety precau
tions are not observed.
•
For compliance with IEC 1010-1, it is recommended that the cutout mode
always be set to the manual mode requiring user intervention to reset the
instrument.
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3
9140 Dry-well Calibrator
User’s Guide
ELECTRICAL SHOCK
•
•
•
•
These guidelines must be followed to ensure that the safety mechanisms
in this instrument will operate properly. This instrument must be plugged
into a 115 VAC, 60Hz (230 VAC, 50Hz optional), AC only electric outlet.
The power cord of the instrument is equipped with a three-pronged
grounding plug for your protection against electrical shock hazards. It
must be plugged directly into a properly grounded three-prong receptacle.
The receptacle must be installed in accordance with local codes and ordi
nances. Consult a qualified electrician. DO NOT use an extension cord or
adapter plug.
If supplied with user accessible fuses, always replace the fuse with one of
the same rating, voltage, and type.
Always replace the power cord with an approved cord of the correct rat
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ing and type.
HIGH VOLTAGE is used in the operation of this equipment. SEVERE
INJURY or DEATH may result if personnel fail to observe safety precau
tions. Before working inside the equipment, turn power off and disconnect power cord.
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1.2.2
CAUTIONS
• Always operate this instrument at room temperature between 41°F and
122°F (5°C to 50°C). Allow sufficient air circulation by leaving at least 6
inches (15 cm) of clearance around the instrument. Overhead clearance is
required. DO NOT place unit under any structure.
• Component lifetime can be shortened by continuous high temperature op-
eration.
•
DO NOT leave the sleeve(s) in the instrument for prolonged periods. Due
to the high operating temperatures of the instrument, the sleeves should be
removed after each use and buffed with a Scotch-Brite® pad or emery
cloth. (See Maintenance, Section .)
•
DO NOT apply any type of voltage to the display hold terminals. Apply
ing a voltage to the terminals may cause damage to the controller.
•
DO NOT use fluids to clean out the well. Fluids could leak into electron
ics and damage the instrument.
•
Never introduce any foreign material into the probe hole of the insert.
Fluids, etc. can leak into the instrument causing damage.
•
DO NOT change the values of the calibration constants from the factory
set values. The correct setting of these parameters is important to the
safety and proper operation of the calibrator.
•
DO NOT slam the probe sheath in to the well. This type of action can
cause a shock to the sensor and affect the calibration.
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4
1 Before You Start
Authorized Service Centers
The instrument and any thermometer probes used with it are sensitive in
•
struments that can be easily damaged. Always handle these devices with
care. DO NOT allow them to be dropped, struck, stressed, or overheated.
The Factory Reset Sequence (see Section 12.1, Troubleshooting) should
•
be performed only by authorized personnel if no other action is successful
in correcting a malfunction. You must have a copy of the most recent Re
port of Calibration to restore the calibration parameters.
DO NOT operate this instrument in an excessively wet, oily, dusty, or
•
dirty environment. Always keep the well and inserts clean and clear of
foreign material.
The dry-well is a precision instrument. Although it has been designed for
•
optimum durability and trouble free operation, it must be handled with
care. Always carry the instrument in an upright position to prevent the
probe sleeves from dropping out. The convenient handle allows for hand
carrying the instrument.
If a mains supply power fluctuation occurs, immediately turn off the in
•
strument. Power bumps from brown-outs could damage the instrument.
Wait until the power has stabilized before re-energizing the instrument.
• The probe and the block may expand at different rates. Allow for probe
expansion inside the well as the block heats. Otherwise, the probe may
become stuck in the well.
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-
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• Most probes have handle temperature limits. Be sure that the probe handle
temperature limit is not exceeded in the air above the instrument. If the
probe handle limits are exceeded, the probe may be permanently damaged.
1.3 Authorized Service Centers
Please contact one of the following authorized Service Centers to coordinate
service on your Hart product:
Fluke Corporation, Hart Scientific Division
799 E. Utah Valley Drive
American Fork, UT 84003-9775
USA
Phone: +1.801.763.1600
Telefax: +1.801.763.1010
E-mail: support@hartscientific.com
Fluke Nederland B.V.
Customer Support Services
5
9140 Dry-well Calibrator
User’s Guide
Fluke Int'l Corporation
Science Park Eindhoven 5108
5692 EC Son
NETHERLANDS
Phone: +31-402-675300
Telefax: +31-402-675321
E-mail: ServiceDesk@fluke.nl
Service Center - Instrimpex
Room 2301 Sciteck Tower
22 Jianguomenwai Dajie
Chao Yang District
Beijing 100004, PRC
CHINA
Phone: +86-10-6-512-3436
Telefax: +86-10-6-512-3437
E-mail: xingye.han@fluke.com.cn
Fluke South East Asia Pte Ltd.
Fluke ASEAN Regional Office
Service Center
60 Alexandra Terrace #03-16
The Comtech (Lobby D)
118502
SINGAPORE
Phone: +65 6799-5588
Telefax: +65 6799-5588
E-mail: antng@singa.fluke.com
When contacting these Service Centers for support, please have the following
information available:
•
Model Number
•
Serial Number
•
Voltage
•
Complete description of the problem
6
2 Introduction
The Hart Scientific 9140 Mid-Range Field Calibrator may be used as a portable
instrument or bench top temperature calibrator for calibrating thermocouple
and RTD temperature probes. The 9140 is small enough to use in the field, and
accurate enough to use in the lab.
The instrument features:
Rapid heating and cooling
•
Interchangeable multiple hole aluminum probe sleeves
•
Convenient hand strap
•
RS-232 interface capability
•
Built in programmable features include:
Temperature scan rate control
•
• Temperature switch hold
• Eight Setpoint memory
• Adjustable readout in °C or °F
The temperature is accurately controlled by Hart’s hybrid analog/digital controller. The controller uses a precision platinum RTD as a sensor and controls
the well temperature with a solid state relay (triac) driven heater.
The LED front panel continuously shows the current well temperature. The
temperature may be easily set with the control buttons to any desired temperature within the specified range. The instrument’s multiple fault protection devices insure user and instrument safety and protection.
The 9140 dry-well calibrator was designed for portability, low cost, and ease of
operation. Through proper use the instrument will provide continued accurate
calibration of temperature sensors and devices. The user should be familiar
with the safety guidelines and operating procedures of the calibrator as de
scribed in the instruction manual.
2 Introduction
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7
3 Specifications and Environmental Conditions
3 Specifications and Environmental
Conditions
3.1 Specifications
Specifications
The following table lists the specifications for this instrument. Accuracy speci
fications are applicable for a one-year calibration interval. In line with normal
prudent metrology practices, Hart Scientific recommends a short-cycle interval
of six months for new units during the first year.
Power
Ambient Temperature
Operating Range
Resolution
Readout
Accuracy
Stability
Uniformity
Controller
Heater
Heating Time
Cooling Time
Cooling
Stabilization Time
Immersion Depth
Fault Protection
Test Wells
Exterior Dimension
Weight
Fuse Rating
Safety
115 VAC (±10%), 4.4 A or 230 VAC (±10%), 2.2 A, switchable 500 W
5–50°C (41–122°F)
35–350°C (95–662°F)
0.1°C or °F resolution
Switchable°C or °F
±
0.5°C (±0.9°F), in holes greater than 1/4" (6.35 mm) accuracy is ±1°C
(±1.8°F)
±
0.03°C at 50°C,±0.05°C at 350°C
±0.4°C typical, ±0.1°C with similarly sized wells
Digital controller with data retention
500W
12 minutes from ambient to 350°C
15 minutes from 350°C to 100°C
2 speed internal fan
7 minutes
124 mm (4.88 inches)
Sensor burnout and short protection, over temperature thermal cut-out, elec
trical fuses
31.8 mm dia. x 123.7 mm deep (1.25" x 4.87"). Multi-hole inserts are
available.
152.4 mm H x 85.7 mm W x 196.9 mm D (6" x 3.375" x 7.75")
2.7kg(6lbs.)
115 V: 6 A (fast acting), 250 V
230 V: 3.15 A (fast acting), 250 V
OVERVOLTAGE (Installation) CATEGORY II, Pollution Degree 2 per
IEC1010-1
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-
3.2 Environmental Conditions
Although the instrument has been designed for optimum durability and trou
ble-free operation, it must be handled with care. The instrument should not be
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9
9140 Dry-well Calibrator
User’s Guide
operated in an excessively dusty or dirty environment. Maintenance and clean
ing recommendations can be found in the Maintenance Section of this manual.
The instrument operates safely under the following conditions:
temperature range: 5–50°C (41–122°F)
•
ambient relative humidity: 15–50%
•
pressure: 75kPa–106kPa
•
mains voltage within ±10% of nominal
•
vibrations in the calibration environment should be minimized
•
altitude does not effect the performance or safety of the unit
•
3.3 Warranty
Fluke Corporation, Hart Scientific Division (Hart) warrants this product to be
free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and service
for a period as stated in our current product catalog from the date of shipment.
This warranty extends only to the original purchaser and shall not apply to any
product which, in Hart’s sole opinion, has been subject to misuse, alteration,
abuse or abnormal conditions of operation or handling.
Software is warranted to operate in accordance with its programmed instructions on appropriate Hart products. It is not warranted to be error free.
Hart’s obligation under this warranty is limited to repair or replacement of a
product which is returned to Hart within the warranty period and is determined,
upon examination by Hart, to be defective. If Hart determines that the defect or
malfunction has been caused by misuse, alteration, abuse or abnormal conditions or operation or handling, Hart will repair the product and bill the purchaser for the reasonable cost of repair.
To exercise this warranty, contact an Authorized Service Center (see Section
1.3). Service Centers assume NO risk for in-transit damage.
THE FOREGOING WARRANTY IS PURCHASER’S SOLE AND EXCLU
SIVE REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EX
PRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY
IMPLIED WARRANTY OR MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR ANY
PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE. HART SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR
ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAM
AGES OR LOSS WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT, OR OTHERWISE.
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