FLIR BCAM, BCAM SD User Manual

User’s manual – Benutzerhandbuch – Manual del usuario – Manuel de l’utilisateur – Manuale dell’utente – Manual do utilizador – Felhas-

ználói kézikönyv – Käyttäjän opas –

Betjeningsvejledning – Brukerveiledning – Instrukcja obsługi – Bruksanvisning – Kullanım

Kılavuzu – Uživatelská příručka –

Gebruikershandleiding

User’s manual

FLIR BCAM

FLIR BCAM SD

1558324Publ. No.

a267Revision

English (EN)Language

March 12, 2008Issue date

In some market regions these products are sold under the Extech
brand. For more information about Extech’s additional product lines,
please visit:

http://www.extech.com

Warnings & Cautions

1

Notice to user

Customer help

Important note about this manual

Contents of the transport case

Camera parts

Screen elements

Connecting the cables

Operating the camera

Cleaning the camera

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Technical data

Dimensional drawings

Introduction to building thermography

About FLIR Systems

History of infrared technology

11

12

13

14

15

User’s manual

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

Legal disclaimer

All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the
delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with
FLIR Systems instruction.

All products not manufactured by FLIR Systems included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty,
if any, of the particular supplier only and FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.

The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to
misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal conditions of operation. Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty.

In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage. The
purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply.

FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in
material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.

FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above.

No other warranty is expressed or implied. FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
particular purpose.

FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential loss or damage, whether based on contract, tort
or any other legal theory.

Copyright

© FLIR Systems,2008. All rights reservedworldwide. No parts of thesoftware including source code maybe reproduced, transmitted, transcribed
or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems.

This manual must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine
readable form without prior consent, in writing, from FLIR Systems.

Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and/or its subsidiaries.
All other trademarks,trade names or companynames referenced herein areusedfor identification only andarethe property of theirrespective
owners.

Quality assurance

The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the
ISO 9001 standard.

FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on
any of the products described in this manual without prior notice.

Patents

This product is protected by patents, design patents, patents pending, or design patents pending.

One or several of the following patents, design patents, patents pending, or design patents pending apply to the products and/or features
described in this manual:

Reg. No.StatusDesignation

00809178.1ApplicationChina

01823221.3ApplicationChina

01823226.4ApplicationChina

235308Design PatentChina

ZL02331553.9Design PatentChina

ZL02331554.7Design PatentChina

200530018812.0PendingChina

1188086PatentEPC

01930377.5ApplicationEPO

01934715.2ApplicationEPO

27282912ApplicationEPO

000279476-0001Design PatentEU

1188086PatentFrance

viii Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

Reg. No.StatusDesignation

60004227.8PatentGermany

106017Design PatentGreat Britain

3006596Design PatentGreat Britain

3006597Design PatentGreat Britain

1188086PatentGreat Britain

DM/057692Design PatentInternational

DM/061609Design PatentInternational

2000-620406ApplicationJapan

2002-588123ApplicationJapan

2002-588070ApplicationJapan

1144833Design PatentJapan

1182246Design PatentJapan

1182620Design PatentJapan

2005-020460PendingJapan

PCT/SE01/00983ApplicationPCT

PCT/SE01/00984ApplicationPCT

PCT/SE02/00857ApplicationPCT

PCT/SE03/00307ApplicationPCT

PCT/SE/00/00739ApplicationPCT

0302837-0ApplicationSweden

68657Design PatentSweden

75530Design PatentSweden

518836PatentSweden

522971PatentSweden

524024PatentSweden

09/576266ApplicationU.S.

10/476,760ApplicationU.S.

466540Design PatentU.S.

483782Design PatentU.S.

484155Design PatentU.S.

5,386,117PatentU.S.

5,637,871PatentU.S.

5,756,999PatentU.S.

6,028,309PatentU.S.

6,707,044PatentU.S.

6,812,465PatentU.S.

7,034,300PatentU.S.

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

Reg. No.StatusDesignation

29/233,400PendingU.S.

EULA Terms

You have acquired a device (“INFRARED CAMERA”) that includes software licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing, GP

■

or its affiliates (“MS”). Those installed software products of MS origin, as well as associated media, printed materials, and “online” or
electronic documentation (“SOFTWARE”)are protected by international intellectualproperty laws and treaties. TheSOFTWARE is licensed,
not sold. All rights reserved.

IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT (“EULA”), DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE.

■

INSTEAD, PROMPTLY CONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE(S) FOR A REFUND.

ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE, WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT
TO THIS EULA (OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT).

GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE. This EULA grants you the following license:

■

You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE.

■

NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED

■

HOW TOUSE THE SOFTWAREIN THE DEVICE,AND MS HASRELIED UPON FLIRSystems AB TOCONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING
TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.

NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is provided “AS IS” and with all faults. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SAT-

■

ISFACTORY QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE) IS WITH YOU. ALSO,
THERE ISNO WARRANTY AGAINSTINTERFERENCE WITH YOURENJOYMENT OF THESOF TWAREOR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.

IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE, THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT
ORIGINATE FROM, AND ARE NOT BINDING ON, MS.

No Liability for Certain Damages. EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW, MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT,

■

SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFOR­MANCE OF THE SOFTWARE. THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE.
IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U.S. TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS (U.S.$250.00).

Limitations on Reverse Engineering, Decompilation, and Disassembly. You maynot reverse engineer,decompile, or disassemble

■

the SOFTWARE, exceptand only to the extentthat such activity is expresslypermitted by applicable law notwithstandingthis limitation.

SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRICTIONS. You may permanently transferrights under this EULA only as part

■

of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device, and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA. If the SOF TWARE is an upgrade, any
transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE.

EXPORT RESTRICTIONS. You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U.S. export jurisdiction. You agree to comply with all

■

applicable international and national laws that apply to the SOFTWARE, includingthe U.S. Export Administration Regulations, as well
as end-user, end-use and destination restrictions issued by U.S. and other governments. For additional information see
http://www.microsoft.com/exporting/.

x Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

Table of contents

9.3.1 Using the combined power supply & battery charger to charge the battery when

it is inside the camera ...........................................................................................

9.3.2 Using the combined power supply & battery charger to charge the battery when

it is outside the camera .........................................................................................

9.10.3 Changing both the maximum and minimum temperature level at the same

time .......................................................................................................................

11 Warnings & Cautions .....................................................................................................................

32 Notice to user ..................................................................................................................................

53 Customer help ................................................................................................................................

74 Important note about this manual .................................................................................................

95 Contents of the transport case .....................................................................................................

116 Camera parts ...................................................................................................................................

116.1 Front view .............................................................................................................................

136.2 Side view ...............................................................................................................................

146.3 Keypad ..................................................................................................................................

156.4 Controls & functions .............................................................................................................

166.5 Power indicator .....................................................................................................................

176.6 Battery condition indicator ...................................................................................................

186.7 Laser pointer .........................................................................................................................

207 Screen elements .............................................................................................................................

238 Connecting the cables ...................................................................................................................

238.1 Power cable ..........................................................................................................................

248.2 USB cable .............................................................................................................................

259 Operating the camera ....................................................................................................................

259.1 Installing the battery .............................................................................................................

269.2 Removing the battery ...........................................................................................................

279.3 Charging the battery .............................................................................................................

28

29

309.3.3 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery ..............................

319.4 Starting the camera ..............................................................................................................

319.5 Stopping the camera ............................................................................................................

329.6 Adjusting camera focus ........................................................................................................

339.7 Operating the laser pointer ...................................................................................................

349.8 Saving an image ...................................................................................................................

369.9 Auto-adjusting an image ......................................................................................................

379.10 Adjusting an image manually ...............................................................................................

389.10.1 Increasing or decreasing the maximum temperature level ..................................

399.10.2 Increasing or decreasing the minimum temperature level ..................................

40

419.11 Measuring a temperature using a spot meter ......................................................................

429.12 Setting a color alarm ............................................................................................................

439.13 Setting a dewpoint alarm ......................................................................................................

449.14 Setting an insulation alarm ...................................................................................................

459.15 Changing the colors .............................................................................................................

469.16 Changing emissivity .............................................................................................................

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 xi

13.2.1.2 Guidelines for moisture detection, mold detection & detection of

water damages ..................................................................................

489.17 Changing the reflected apparent temperature ....................................................................

509.18 Opening an image ................................................................................................................

519.19 Deleting an image .................................................................................................................

529.20 Deleting all images ...............................................................................................................

539.21 Changing camera settings ...................................................................................................

549.22 Moving images to a PC ........................................................................................................

569.23 Viewing streaming MPEG4 live video from the camera .......................................................

5710 Cleaning the camera ......................................................................................................................

5710.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items ...........................................................................

5810.2 Infrared lens ..........................................................................................................................

5911 Technical data .................................................................................................................................

6512 Dimensional drawings ...................................................................................................................

6512.1 Camera .................................................................................................................................

6912.2 Battery ...................................................................................................................................

7012.3 Stand-alone battery charger .................................................................................................

7112.4 Stand-alone battery charger with battery .............................................................................

7313 Introduction to building thermography ........................................................................................

7313.1 Important note ......................................................................................................................

7313.2 Typical field investigations ....................................................................................................

7313.2.1 Guidelines .............................................................................................................

7313.2.1.1 General guidelines ............................................................................

74

7413.2.1.3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration & insulation deficiencies ...

7513.2.2 About moisture detection .....................................................................................

7513.2.3 Moisture detection (1): Low-slope commercial roofs ..........................................

7513.2.3.1 General information ...........................................................................

7613.2.3.2 Safety precautions ............................................................................

7713.2.3.3 Commented building structures .......................................................

7813.2.3.4 Commented infrared images ............................................................

8013.2.4 Moisture detection (2): Commercial & residential façades ..................................

8013.2.4.1 General information ...........................................................................

8013.2.4.2 Commented building structures .......................................................

8213.2.4.3 Commented infrared images ............................................................

8213.2.5 Moisture detection (3): Decks & balconies ..........................................................

8213.2.5.1 General information ...........................................................................

8313.2.5.2 Commented building structures .......................................................

8513.2.5.3 Commented infrared images ............................................................

8513.2.6 Moisture detection (4): Plumbing breaks & leaks ................................................

8513.2.6.1 General information ...........................................................................

8613.2.6.2 Commented infrared images ............................................................

8813.2.7 Air infiltration .........................................................................................................

8813.2.7.1 General information ...........................................................................

8813.2.7.2 Commented building structures .......................................................

9013.2.7.3 Commented infrared images ............................................................

9113.2.8 Insulation deficiencies ..........................................................................................

9113.2.8.1 General information ...........................................................................

9113.2.8.2 Commented building structures .......................................................

9313.2.8.3 Commented infrared images ............................................................

9513.3 Theory of building science ...................................................................................................

xii Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

13.3.8 Excerpt from Technical Note ‘Assessing thermal bridging and insulation

continuity’ (UK example) ......................................................................................

9513.3.1 General information ..............................................................................................

9613.3.2 The effects of testing and checking .....................................................................

9713.3.3 Sources of disruption in thermography ................................................................

9913.3.4 Surface temperature and air leaks .......................................................................

9913.3.4.1 Pressure conditions in a building .....................................................

10513.3.5 Measuring conditions & measuring season .........................................................

10513.3.6 Interpretation of infrared images ..........................................................................

10713.3.7 Humidity & dew point ...........................................................................................

10713.3.7.1 Relative & absolute humidity ............................................................

10813.3.7.2 Definition of dew point ......................................................................

108

10813.3.8.1 Credits ...............................................................................................

10913.3.8.2 Introduction .......................................................................................

10913.3.8.3 Background information ...................................................................

11013.3.8.4 Quantitative appraisal of thermal anomalies ....................................

11313.3.8.5 Conditions and equipment ...............................................................

11413.3.8.6 Survey and analysis ..........................................................................

11513.3.8.7 Reporting ...........................................................................................

11713.4 Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................

11713.4.1 Copyright notice ...................................................................................................

11713.4.2 Training & certification ..........................................................................................

11713.4.3 National or regional building codes .....................................................................

11914 About FLIR Systems .......................................................................................................................

12014.1 More than just an infrared camera .......................................................................................

12014.2 Sharing our knowledge ........................................................................................................

12014.3 Supporting our customers ...................................................................................................

12114.4 A few images from our facilities ...........................................................................................

12315 History of infrared technology ......................................................................................................

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 xiii

xiv Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

1 Warnings & Cautions

This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if

WARNING

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not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause in­terference to radio communications. It has been tested and found to comply with
the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC
Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interfer­ence when operated in a commercial environment. Operation of this equipment
in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his
own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to
correct the interference.
(Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Do not look directly into the laser

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beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation.
Applies only to cameras with battery:

■

Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery. The battery contains

■

safety and protection devices which, if they become damaged, can cause the
battery to become hot, or cause an explosion or an ignition.
If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes, do not rub

■

your eyes. Flush well with water and immediately get medical care. The battery
fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this.
Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the

■

specified charging time. If you continue to charge the battery, it can become
hot and cause an explosion or ignition.
Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery. If you do not use the

■

correct equipment, you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the
battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, an incorrect flow of current
to the battery can occur. This can cause the battery to become hot, or cause
an explosion and injury to persons.

Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and

■

warning labels on containersbefore you usea liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.

1

Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at intensive energy

CAUTION

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sources, for example devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun. This can have
an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to
the detector in the camera.
Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than +50°C (+122°F), unless

■

specified otherwise in the technical data section. High temperatures can cause
damage to the camera.
(Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Protect the laser pointer with the

■

protective cap when you do not operate the laser pointer.
Applies only to cameras with battery:

■

Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket.

■

Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery

■

to each other with a metal object (such as wire).
Do not get water or salt water on the battery, or permit the battery to get wet.

■

Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Do not hit the battery with a

■

hammer. Do not step on the battery, or apply strong impacts or shocks to it.

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 1

1 – Warnings & Cautions

1

Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery

■

becomes hot, the built-in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop
the battery charging process. If the battery becomes hot, damage can occur
to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of
the battery.
Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with

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heat.
Do not put the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature loca-

■

tions.
Do not solder directly onto the battery.

■

Do not use the battery if, when you use, charge, or store the battery, there is

■

an unusual smell from the battery, the battery feels hot, changes color, changes
shape, or is in an unusual condition. Contact your sales office if one or more
of these problems occurs.
Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery.

■

The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is ±0°C to

■

+45°C (+32°F to +113°F). If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this
range, it can cause the battery to become hot or to break. It can also decrease
the performance or the life cycle of the battery.
The temperature range through which you can discharge the battery is −15°C

■

to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F). Use of the battery out of this temperature range
can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery.
When the battery is worn, apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape

■

or similar materials before you discard it.

Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items.

■

This can cause damage.
Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective

■

coating.
Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective

■

coating.

2 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

2 Notice to user

Typographical
conventions

User-to-user
forums

PC software
updates

Calibration

Accuracy

Disposal of
electronic waste

This manual uses the following typographical conventions:

Semibold is used for menu names, menu commands and labels, and buttons in

■

dialog boxes.
Italic is used for important information.

■

Monospace is used for code samples.

■

UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons.

■

Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around
the world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit:

http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/

FLIR Systems regularly issues PC software updates and service releases on the
support pages of the company website:

http://www.flirthermography.com

To find the latest updates and service releases, make that sure you select USA in
the Select country box in the top right corner of the page.

(This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities.)

We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact
your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera.

(This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities.)

For very accurate results, we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have
started the camera before measuring a temperature.

10742803;a1

2

As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environ­mentally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste.

Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details.

Training

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 3

To read about infrared training, visit:

http://www.infraredtraining.com

2 – Notice to user

2

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

4 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

3 Customer help

General

Figure

For customer help, visit:

http://flir.custhelp.com

To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It
only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledge­base for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.

When you want to submit a question, make sure that you have the following informa­tion to hand:

The camera model

■

The camera serial number

■

The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your PC (for

■

example, Ethernet, USB™, or FireWire™)
Operating system on your PC

■

Microsoft®Office version

■

Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual

■

On the customer help site you will also be able to download program updates for
your camera.

This figure shows the welcome page of FLIR Systems customer help site:

10776203;a1

3

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 5

3 – Customer help

3

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

6 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

4 Important note about this manual

General

NOTE

FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model
line.

This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not
apply to your particular camera model.

FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and
other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice.

4

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 7

4 – Important note about this manual

4

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

8 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

5 Contents of the transport case

Contents

NOTE

Item

Battery

Combined power supply & battery charger

FLIR BCAM/ BCAM SD infrared camera

Power cable

Printed Getting Started Guide

SD Card

Stand-alone battery charger (extra option)

ThermaCAM™ QuickReport CD-ROM

USB cable

User Documentation CD-ROM

Contact your local sales office if any item is damaged or missing. You can find

■

the addresses and telephone numbers of local sales offices on the back cover of
this manual.
The contents of the transport case is subject to customer configuration.

■

FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and

■

other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice.
The stand-alone battery charger is an item that is not included in the standard

■

package.

5

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 9

5 – Contents of the transport case

5

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

10 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

6 Camera parts

6.1 Front view

Figure

10601703;a2

6

Explanation

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 11

This table gives an explanation to the figure above:

Laser pointer with lens cap1

Focus ring2

Infrared lens3

Lens cap for infrared lens. To prevent losing the lens cap, you can attach

4

it to the tripod mount.

6 – Camera parts

(Applies only to models with SD Memory Card:)

5

Slot for SD Memory Card

USB mini-B connector6

NOTE

The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.

6

12 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

6.2 Side view

6 – Camera parts

Figure

Explanation

10601803;a2

6

This table gives an explanation to the figure above:

Tripod mount 1/4"-201

Top trigger to operate the laser pointer2

Bottom trigger to save an image3

Battery compartment lid4

Rubber lid for power connector5

Locking mechanism for battery compartment lid6

Camera serial number behind rubber lid7

The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.

NOTE

■

When you attach the camera to a tripod, use a tripod ball head where the top part

■

does not prevent the operation of the laser trigger.

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 13

6 – Camera parts

6.3 Keypad

6

Figure

Explanation

10602903;a2

This table gives an explanation to the figure above:

Text that indicates the current function of the left selection button.1

Navigation pad2

Left selection button. This button is context-sensitive.3

Camera/archive button. This button is used to go between camera mode

4

and archive mode.

Text that indicates the current function of the right selection button.5

Right selection button. This button is context-sensitive.6

Power button7

14 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

6.4 Controls & functions

6 – Camera parts

General

Explanation

The camera has the following controls:

Four push-buttons

■

One navigation pad

■

Two triggers

■

This table gives an explanation to the figures on page 13 and 14:

FunctionsButton or trigger

Left selection button

The left selection button has the following context­sensitive functions:

Menu

■

Select

■

Options

■

Cancel

■

Delete

■

Push to go between camera mode and archive mode.Camera/archive button

Right selection button

The right selection button has the following context­sensitive functions:

Man/Auto

■

Close

■

Open

■

Overview

■

OK

■

Delete

■

Restore

■

Power button

Push the power button to start the camera.

■

Push and hold the power button for more than 0.5

■

seconds to stop the camera.

Navigation pad

Push up/down or left/right to navigate on menus

■

and in dialog boxes.
Push up/down to change a value.

■

Push left/right to select a menu command in a

■

menu.

Top trigger

Bottom trigger

Pull the top trigger to start the laser pointer.

■

Release the top trigger to stop the laser pointer.

■

Pull and release the bottomtrigger to save oneimage
to the camera memory, or SD Memory Card (depend­ing on camera model).

6

NOTE

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 15

The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.

6 – Camera parts

6.5 Power indicator

6

General

Figure

Explanation

The camera has two power modes. An indicator shows these modes.

10715803;a3

This table gives an explanation about the indicator:

ExplanationSignal type

The camera is on.The green light is continuous.

The camera is off.The green light is off.

NOTE

If the green light flashes 10 times per second the camera has a hardware problem.
Contact your local sales office for instructions where to send the camera for service.

16 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

6.6 Battery condition indicator

6 – Camera parts

General

Figure

Explanation

The battery has a battery condition indicator.

10715703;a3

6

This table gives an explanation about the battery condition indicator:

ExplanationType of signal

The green light flashes two times per
second.

The green light is off.

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 17

The power supply or the stand-alone
battery charger charges the battery.

The battery is fully charged.The green light is continuous.

The camera uses the battery (instead
of the power supply).

6 – Camera parts

6.7 Laser pointer

General

Figure

The camera has a laser pointer. When the laser pointer is on, you can see a laser
dot approximately 37 mm (1.5 in.) above the target.

This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical
center of the infrared lens:

10602503;a2

6

WARNING

CAUTION

NOTE

Do not look directly into the laser beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation.

Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you do not operate the laser
pointer.

The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.

■

The symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on.

■

The distance between the laser beam and the image center changes because of

■

the target distance. Look at the screen to make sure that it displays the correct
target.

18 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

6 – Camera parts

Laser warning
label

Laser rules and
regulations

This laser warning label is attached to the camera:

10376403;a2

Wavelength: 635 nm. Max. output power: 1 mW.

This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 except for deviations pur­suant to Laser Notice No. 50, dated July 26th, 2001.

6

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 19

7 Screen elements

General

Figure

You use screen elements—tools, menus and selections in dialog boxes—to control
the camera program. This section describes the typical set of screen objects.

10715603;a5

7

Explanation

This table gives an explanation to the figure above:

Current function of the left selection button of the keypad1

Laser symbol2

Main menu3

20 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

7 – Screen elements

Measured temperature

4

If the symbol > or < precedes the temperature value, the value is above
or below the camera’s temperature range.

The remaining number of images that you can save in the camera

5

■

memory (applies only to models without SD Memory Card)
Free memory on the SD Memory Card in per cent (applies only to

■

models with SD Memory Card)

Indicator that shows battery status and that the camera uses the battery. If

6

the camera uses the power supply, a different indicator is displayed.

Indicator that shows that a USB cable is connected between the camera

7

and a PC

Date and time8

Submenu9

Temperature level for the the color alarm (above or below)10

Maximum temperature in the temperature range. In this figure, the minimum

11

temperature is hidden under the main menu.

Indicator that shows if the camera is in auto-adjust mode (A) or manual

12

adjust mode (M)

Current function of the right selection button of the keypad13

7

Temperature scale14

Tool to change the maximum temperature15

Tool to change the maximum and minimum temperature at the same time16

Indicator that shows the relative width of the measured temperature span

17

compared to the temperature scale values

Tool to change the minimum temperature18

Tool to change the temperature level for the color alarm (above or below)19

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 21

7 – Screen elements

7

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

22 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

8 Connecting the cables

8.1 Power cable

General

Figure

SEE ALSO

You connect a power cable to the camera

when you charge the battery;

■

when you use the power supply to operate the camera.

■

10601403;a2

For information about pin configuration, see section 11 – Power connector on
page 62.

8

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 23

8 – Connecting the cables

8.2 USB cable

General

Figure

You connect a USB cable to the camera when you move images from the camera
memory to a computer.

10601303;a3

8

SEE ALSO

The camera can stream MPEG4 live video through the USB cable. For more informa­tion, see section 9.23 – Viewing streaming MPEG4 live video from the camera on
page 56.

24 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9 Operating the camera

9.1 Installing the battery

NOTE

Procedure

Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you
install it.

Follow this procedure to install the battery:

To open the battery compartment lid, push down the locking mechanism.

1

10600803;a1

Push the battery into the battery compartment.

2

10601603;a1

Push the battery compartment lid into position.

3

10601103;a1

9

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9 – Operating the camera

9.2 Removing the battery

9

Procedure

Follow this procedure to remove the battery:

To open the battery compartment lid, push down the locking mechanism.

1

10600803;a1

Pull out the battery from the battery compartment.

2

10601003;a1

Push the battery compartment lid into position.

3

10601103;a1

26 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9.3 Charging the battery

9 – Operating the camera

NOTE

General

SEE ALSO

You must charge the battery for four hours before you start the camera the first time.

You must charge the battery when the message Battery voltage is low! is displayed
on the screen.

Do one of these procedures to charge the battery:

Use the combined power supply & battery charger to charge the battery when it

■

is inside the camera.
Use the combined power supply & battery charger to charge the battery when it

■

is outside the camera.
Use the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery (The stand-alone battery

■

charger is an item that is not included in the standard package.).

For information how to charge the battery, see the following sections:

Section 9.3.1 – Using the combined power supply & battery charger to charge

■

the battery when it is inside the camera on page 28
Section 9.3.2 – Using the combined power supply & battery charger to charge

■

the battery when it is outside the camera on page 29
Section 9.3.3 – Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery on

■

page 30

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 27

9 – Operating the camera

9.3.1 Using the combined power supply & battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera

9

NOTE

Procedure

NOTE

SEE ALSO

For the clarity of the procedure, the ‘combined power supply & battery charger’ is
called ‘power supply’ below.

Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is inside
the camera:

To open the battery compartment lid, push down the locking mechanism.1

Push the battery into the battery compartment.2

Push the battery compartment lid into position.3

On the battery compartment lid, open the rubber lid to find the connector

4

on the battery.

Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the battery.5

Connect the power supply wall plug to a wall outlet box.6

Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery

7

condition indicator is continuous.

The battery has a battery condition indicator. When the green light is continuous, the
battery is fully charged.

For information about the battery condition indicator, see section 6.6 – Battery

■

condition indicator on page 17.
For information about how to install and remove the battery, see section 9.1 – In-

■

stalling the battery on page 25 and section 9.2 – Removing the battery on page 26.

28 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9 – Operating the camera

9.3.2 Using the combined power supply & battery charger to charge the battery when it is outside the camera

NOTE

Procedure

NOTE

SEE ALSO

For the clarity of the procedure, the ‘combined power supply & battery charger’ is
called ‘power supply’ below.

Follow this procedure to use the powersupply to charge the battery when it is outside
the camera:

Put the battery on a flat surface.1

Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the battery.2

Connect the power supply wall plug to a wall outlet box.3

Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery

4

condition indicator is continuous.

The battery has a battery condition indicator. When the green light is continuous, the
battery is fully charged.

For information about the battery condition indicator, see section 6.6 – Battery con­dition indicator on page 17.

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 29

9 – Operating the camera

9.3.3 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery

9

Procedure

NOTE

SEE ALSO

Follow this procedure to use the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery:

Put the battery in the stand-alone battery charger.1

Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand-alone

2

battery charger.

Connect the power supply wall plug to a wall outlet box.3

Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery

4

condition indicator is continuous.

The stand-alone battery charger is an item that is not included in the standard

■

package.
The battery has a battery condition indicator. When the green light is continuous,

■

the battery is fully charged.

For information about the battery condition indicator, see section 6.6 – Battery con­dition indicator on page 17.

30 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9.4 Starting the camera

9 – Operating the camera

Procedure

Push the power button to start the camera.

9.5 Stopping the camera

Procedure

NOTE

Push and hold the power button for more than 0.5 seconds to stop the camera.

If you do not use the camera, the power goes off after a time period that you can set
in the menu system (See section 9.21 – Changing camera settings on page 53.).

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 31

9 – Operating the camera

9.6 Adjusting camera focus

Figure

10602803;a1

9

Procedure

Follow this procedure to adjust camera focus:

Hold the camera tightly in your hand.1

Hold the focus ring with the other hand.2

Do one of the following:

3

Turn the focus ring counter-clockwise for far focus.

■

Turn the focus ring clock-wise for near focus.

■

32 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9.7 Operating the laser pointer

9 – Operating the camera

Figure

Procedure

10601203;a3

Follow this procedure to operate the laser pointer:

Pull the top trigger to start the laser pointer.1

9

Release the top trigger to stop the laser pointer.2

NOTE

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 33

The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.

9 – Operating the camera

9.8 Saving an image

9

General

Naming
convention

Figure

Depending on your camera model, you can save one image or many images to the
camera memory, or on the SD Memory Card.

The naming convention for images is IR_xxxx.jpg, where xxxx is a unique counter.
When you select Restore default the camera resets the counter and assigns the first
highest free file name for the new file.

10601503;a1

Procedure

Pull and release the bottom trigger to save one image to the camera memory, or SD
Memory Card (depending on camera model).

34 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

NOTE

9 – Operating the camera

When you save an image to the cameramemory, you save the measured value too.

■

You can save 50 images to the camera memory (applies only to models without

■

SD Memory Card).
You can save 1,000 images to the SD Memory Card (applies only to models with

■

SD Memory Card). More than 1,000 images can be saved on larger SD Memory
Cards, but this will decrease the performance of the camera.
The image file format is compatible with ThermaCAM™ Reporter 8.0 and later

■

(applies only to models with SD Memory Card).

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 35

9

9 – Operating the camera

9.9 Auto-adjusting an image

9

General

Procedure

NOTE

For best image brightness and contrast, auto-adjust the camera before you measure
a temperature and save an image.

If the letter M is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push Man/Auto
one time to auto-adjust the image.

If the letter A is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, the camera is al­ready auto-adjusted for best image brightness and contrast.

36 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9.10 Adjusting an image manually

9 – Operating the camera

General

Figure

SEE ALSO

If you want to analyze an object with many different temperatures, you can use the
colors of the scale on different parts of the object.

In the left image below a correct analysis of the left cable is difficult to make if you
only auto-adjust the image.You can analyze the left cable more in detailif you increase
or decrease

the maximum temperature level;

■

the minimum temperature level;

■

the maximum and minimum temperature level at the same time.

■

This figure shows two infrared images of cable connection points.

In the image to the left, the image is auto-adjusted. In the right image the maximum
and minimum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the
object. In the temperature scale to the right of each image you can see how the
temperature levels were changed.

10577503;a2

For procedures about how to adjust the image manually, see these sections:

Section 9.10.1 – Increasing or decreasing the maximum temperature level on

■

page 38
Section 9.10.2 – Increasing or decreasing the minimum temperature level on

■

page 39
Section 9.10.3 – Changing both the maximum and minimum temperature level at

■

the same time on page 40

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 37

9 – Operating the camera

9.10.1 Increasing or decreasing the maximum temperature level

9

Procedure

Follow this procedure to increase or decrease the maximum temperature level:

Do one of the following:

1

If the letter A is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push

■

Man/Auto one time.
If the letter M is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, go

■

to the next step below.

2

To select , push the navigation pad left/right.

To change the value, push the navigation pad up/down.3

38 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9 – Operating the camera

9.10.2 Increasing or decreasing the minimum temperature level

Procedure

Follow this procedure to increase or decrease the minimum temperature level:

Do one of the following:

1

If the letter A is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push

■

Man/Auto one time.
If the letter M is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, go

■

to the next step below.

2

To select , push the navigation pad left/right.

To change the value, push the navigation pad up/down.3

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 39

9 – Operating the camera

9.10.3 Changing both the maximum and minimum temperature level at the same time

9

Procedure

Follow this procedure to change both the maximum and minimum temperature at
the same time:

Do one of the following:

1

If the letter A is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push

■

Man/Auto one time.
If the letter M is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, go

■

to the next step below.

2

To select , push the navigation pad left/right.

To change the value, push the navigation pad up/down.3

40 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9 – Operating the camera

9.11 Measuring a temperature using a spot meter

General

Procedure

NOTE

You can measure the temperatureusing a fixed spot meter in the middle of the screen.

Follow this procedure to measure the temperature using a fixed spot meter:

To display the main menu, push Menu.1

2

To select , push the navigation pad up/down.

To enable the menu, push Select.3

To select No, push the navigation pad up/down.4

To save the changes and close the menu, push Close.5

Point the camera at the object you want to measure. The temperature is

6

displayed in the top left corner of the screen.

To display the temperature correctly, the circle in the middle of the spot meter must
be completely filled by the object.

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 41

9 – Operating the camera

9.12 Setting a color alarm

9

General

Procedure

NOTE

A color alarm applies a special color to all temperatures above or below a set tem­perature level.

Follow this procedure to set a color alarm:

To display the main menu, push Menu.1

2

To select , push the navigation pad up/down.

To enable the menu, push Select.3

Do one of the following:

4

To set a color alarm below a set temperature level, push the navigation

■

pad up/down to select Cold.
To set a color alarm above a set temperature level, push the navigation

■

pad up/down to select Hot.

Push the navigation pad up/down to change the temperature level.5

You can set a color alarm where the temperature level lies outside the current tem­perature range. This means that the image will be completely covered by the alarm
color, or that the alarm color is not visible at all.

If this happens by mistake, do one of the following:

Change the temperature level for the color alarm again.

■

Change the temperature scale range (see section 9.10 – Adjusting an image

■

manually on page 37).

42 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9.13 Setting a dewpoint alarm

9 – Operating the camera

NOTE

General

Procedure

SEE ALSO

This feature may not be enabled in all camera models.

Dewpoint can be regarded as the temperature at which the humidity in a certain
volume of air will condense as liquid water. At this point, the relative humidity is 100%.

When you have set a number of environmental parameters, the Dewpoint alarm can
detect these areas and warn you that there may be a deficiency in the building
structure.

Follow this procedure to set a dewpoint alarm:

To display the main menu, push Menu.1

2

To select , push the navigation pad up/down.

To enable the menu, push Select.3

Push the navigation pad up/down to select Dewpoint.4

To enable the menu, push Select.5

Use the navigation pad and the left and right selection buttons to set relative

6

humidity and atmospheric temperature.

When you change these parameters, thedewpoint is changed accordingly.

To save your changes and close the menu, push Close.7

Point the camera to the area of interest. A green color indicates critical areas.8

For information about the theory behind dewpoint alarms, see section 13.3.7 – Hu­midity & dew point on page 107.

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 43

9 – Operating the camera

9.14 Setting an insulation alarm

9

NOTE

General

Procedure

This feature may not be enabled in all camera models.

The Insulation alarm can detect areas where there may be an insulation deficiency
in the building. It will trigger when the insulation level falls below a preset value of
the energy leakage through the wall.

Different building codes recommend different values, but typical values are 0.6–0.8
for new buildings. Refer to your national building code for recommendations.

Follow this procedure to set an insulation alarm:

To display the main menu, push Menu.1

2

To select , push the navigation pad up/down.

To enable the menu, push Select.3

Push the navigation pad up/down to select Insulation.4

To enable the menu, push Select.5

Use the navigation pad and the left and right selection buttons to set the

6

following parameters:

Outdoor Temp.

■

Indoor Temp.

■

Insul. Level (%)

■

When you change these parameters, the insulation temperature (Insul.
Temp.) is changed automatically.

To save your changes and close the menu, push Close.7

Point the camera to the area of interest. A green color indicates critical areas.8

SEE ALSO

For information about the theory behind insulation alarms,see section 13.3.8 – Excerpt
from Technical Note ‘Assessing thermal bridging and insulation continuity’ (UK ex­ample) on page 108.

44 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9.15 Changing the colors

9 – Operating the camera

General

Procedure

You can change the colors that the camera uses to display different temperatures.
A different set of colors can make it easier to make an analysis of the image.

Follow this procedure to change the color:

To display the main menu, push Menu.1

2

To select , push the navigation pad up/down.

To enable the menu, push Select.3

To select a different color, push the navigation pad up/down.4

To close the menu, push Select.5

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 45

9 – Operating the camera

9.16 Changing emissivity

General

Example values

Procedure

9

Emissivity is a value that specifies how much radiation an object emits, compared
to the radiation of a theoretical reference object of the same temperature (called a
‘blackbody’).

Except for shiny metals, a value of 0.96 is acceptable for most applications.

Asphalt paving 0.97

0.93Brick, masonry, paint, plastic

0.78Copper, heavily oxidized

0.95Rubber, concrete

0.91Stucco

0.96Tape, electrical black

0.85Wood

Follow this procedure to change emissivity:

To display the main menu, push Menu.1

2

To select , push the navigation pad up/down.

To enable the menu, push Select.3

To select Emissivity, push the navigation pad up/down.4

To enable the Emissivity menu, push Select.5

Do one of the following:

6

Select an emissivity value in the menu.

■

Select Set value to set an arbitrary emissivity value.

■

To close the menu, push Select.7

NOTE

If you set the emissivity to a value lower than 0.5 a warning is displayed on the screen.
This is to remind you that the value is unusually low.

46 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

9 – Operating the camera

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 47

9

9 – Operating the camera

9.17 Changing the reflected apparent temperature

General

Typical examples

Procedure

9

For very accurate measurements, you must set the reflected apparent temperature.

The reflected apparent temperature compensates for the radiation from the surround­ings reflected by the object into the camera.

If emissivity is low and the object temperature differs very much from the reflected
apparent temperature, it is even more important to setthe reflected apparent temper­ature correctly.

It is, for example, important to set the reflected apparent temperature in the following
situations:

When you use the camera to inspect a hot item under a cold winter sky.

■

When you use the camera to inspect an item in a room where there are hot fur-

■

naces or electrical cabinets at the other end of the room.

Follow this procedure to change the reflected apparent temperature:

Do one of the following:

1

If you already know the reflected apparent temperature, go to step 7

■

below.
If you do not know the reflected apparent temperature, go to step 2 be-

■

low.

Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil.2

Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the

3

same size.

Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure. Make

4

sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera.

Set the emissivity to 1.0 (See section 9.16 – Changing emissivity on

5

page 46.).

Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminium foil and write it down.

6

You will need this value when you set Reflected temp. in step 12 below.

To display the main menu, push Menu.7

8

To select , push the navigation pad up/down.

To enable the menu, push Select.9

To select Reflected temp., push the navigation pad up/down.10

To enable the Reflected temp. box, push Select.11

To select a different value, push the navigation pad up/down.12

To close the menu, push OK.13

48 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9 – Operating the camera

NOTE

SEE ALSO

Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at intensive energy
sources, for example devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun. This can have an
unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to the
detector in the camera.

For more information about how to measure reflected apparent tempetature, see the
ISO standard DIS 18434-1 and the ASTM standard ASTM E1862-97.

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 49

9 – Operating the camera

9.18 Opening an image

9

General

Procedure

When you save an image, you store the image in the camera memory, or on the SD
Memory Card, depending on your camera model.

To display the image again, you can open the image from the camera memory, or
SD Memory Card.

Follow this procedure to open an image:

To open the image archive, push the camera/archive button.1

Do one of the following:

2

To find the image you want to open, push the navigation pad left/right.

■

To display thumbnails of all images, push Overview, and follow this

■

procedure:

1 To select the image you want to open, push the navigation pad

up/down or left/right.

2 To open the image, push Open.

To go back to live IR image, push the camera/archive button.3

50 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9.19 Deleting an image

9 – Operating the camera

General

Procedure

You can delete an image from the camera memory.

Follow this procedure to delete an image:

To open the image archive, push the camera/archive button.1

Do one of the following:

2

To delete this image, push Delete.

■

To delete another image, go to Step 3 below.

■

To display thumbnails of all images, push Overview.3

To select the image you want to delete, push the navigation pad up/down

4

or left/right.

Push Options.5

Push Delete.6

Confirm Delete.7

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 51

9 – Operating the camera

9.20 Deleting all images

9

General

Procedure

You can delete all images from the camera memory.

Follow this procedure to delete all images:

To open the image archive, push the camera/archive button.1

To display thumbnails of all images, push Overview.2

Push Options.3

Push Delete all images.4

Confirm Delete all images.5

52 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9.21 Changing camera settings

9 – Operating the camera

General

Applicability

Procedure

Camera settings have an effect on images and how the camera operates.

The procedure below is applicable to these settings:

Auto off (to set time period after which the camera power goes off)

■

Display intensity (to set intensity of the display)

■

Language (to change language)

■

Unit (to change units)

■

Time format (to change time format)

■

Set time (to set time)

■

Time stamp (to set time-stamping of images)

■

Restore default (to restore factory default values)

■

USB cable (to set USB mode)

■

Follow this procedure to change the camera settings above:

To display the main menu, push Menu.1

2

To select , push the navigation pad up/down.

To enable the Settings menu, push Select.3

To select the setting you want to change, push the navigationpad up/down.4

Use the navigation pad and the following buttons to change the setting:

5

Select

■

Close

■

OK

■

Cancel

■

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 53

9 – Operating the camera

9.22 Moving images to a PC

9

General

Overview of
methods

Equipment

Method 1

You can move one or many images from the camera to a computer.

You can use two different methods when you move images from the camera to a
computer:

Method 1: Move images when the camera works as a USB disk. With this method

■

you don’t need to install ThermaCAM™ QuickReport on your computer.
Method 2: Move images when the camera is connected to a PC with ThermaCAM™

■

QuickReport. ThermaCAM™ QuickReport contains features for image handling
and creation of PDF reports.
Method 3: Use the SD Memory Card to move images (applies only to models

■

with SD Memory Card).

To move the images from the camera, you need this equipment:

A computer with an IBM-PC, Mac or Linux operating system

■

The program ThermaCAM™ QuickReport (Method 2 only)

■

A USB cable

■

Follow this procedure to move images when the camera works as a USB disk:

To display the main menu, push Menu.1

2

To select , push the navigation pad up/down.

To enable the Settings menu, push Select.3

To select USB cable, push the navigation pad up/down.4

To select Standard, push the navigation pad up/down.5

Click OK.6

Connect the camera and use Windows® Explorer to drag-and-drop images

7

from the camera to the computer.

NOTE

When you select Standard a help text is displayed in the camera. Read the help text
carefully.

54 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

9 – Operating the camera

Method 2

NOTE

SEE ALSO

Follow this procedure to move images to a PC with ThermaCAM™ QuickReport:

To display the main menu, push Menu.1

2

To select , push the navigation pad up/down.

To enable the Settings menu, push Select.3

To select USB cable, push the navigation pad up/down.4

To select Network disk. push the navigation pad up/down.5

Click OK.6

Connect the camera to the computeraccording to ThermaCAM™ QuickRe-

7

port User’s manual, Publ. No. 1558629.

See ThermaCAM™ QuickReport User’s manual,Publ. No. 1558629 for more

8

instructions.

When you select Network disk a help text is displayed in the camera. Read the help
text carefully.

For information about how to install and use ThermaCAM™ QuickReport, see Ther­maCAM™ QuickReport User’s manual, Publ. No. 1558629. FLIR Systems ships this
manual with your camera.

9

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 55

9 – Operating the camera

9.23 Viewing streaming MPEG4 live video from the camera

9

General

Procedure

NOTE

The camera can stream MPEG4 live video through the USB cable.

Follow this procedure to view streaming MPEG4 live video from the camera:

Go to http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/win.html and download

1

the latest version of Apple® QuickTime.

Install the program according to the instructions.2

In the camera, make sure that you select Network disk (USB cable →

3

Network disk).

Connect your camera to your computer.4

Start Apple® QuickTime Player.5

On the File menu, click Open URL.6

In the text box, type rtsp://192.168.0.2.7

Click OK.8

If rtsp://192.168.0.2 does not work in step 7 above, try rtsp://192.168.1.2.

56 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

10 Cleaning the camera

10.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items

Liquids

Equipment

Procedure

CAUTION

Use one of these liquids:

Warm water

■

A weak detergent solution

■

A soft cloth

Follow this procedure:

Soak the cloth in the liquid.1

Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid.2

Clean the part with the cloth.3

Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items.
This can cause damage.

10

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 57

10 – Cleaning the camera

10.2 Infrared lens

Liquids

Equipment

Procedure

WARNING

CAUTION

Use one of these liquids:

96% isopropyl alcohol.

■

A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol.

■

Cotton wool

Follow this procedure:

Soak the cotton wool in the liquid.1

Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.2

Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool.3

Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and
warning labels on containers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.

Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective

■

coating.
Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective

■

coating.

10

58 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

11 Technical data

Disclaimer

Imaging
performance

Image
presentation

Object
temperature
ranges

Laser pointer

FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and
other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice.

Spectral range 7.5–13 μm

Detector type

Thermal sensitivity

Screen 89 mm (3.5 in.) color LCD, 18-bit colors

Object temperature
ranges

Classification Class 2

Type

Focal Plane Array (FPA), uncooled microbolometer
120 × 120 pixels

9 HzImage frequency

± 2.0°C (± 3.6°F) or ± 2% of readingAccuracy

BCAM: 0.15℃ (0.27℉)

■

BCAM SD: 0.10℃ (0.18℉)

■

Detector image interpolated to 240 × 240 pixelsInterpolation

−10 to +100°C (+14 to +212°F)

Semiconductor AlGaInP diode laser, 1 mW, 635 nm
(red)

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 59

11

11 – Technical data

Power system

Battery type Rechargeable Li/Ion battery

2200 mAh, at +20°C to +25°C (+68°F to +77°F)Battery capacity

Battery operating time

Battery charging

Auto off

Approximately 7 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient
temperature and typical use

Use the combined power supply & battery charger

■

to charge the battery when it is inside the camera.
Use the combined power supply & battery charger

■

to charge the battery when it is outside the camera.
Use the stand-alone battery charger to charge the

■

battery (The stand-alone battery charger is an item
that is not included in the standard package.).

AC adapter, 90–260 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 12 VDC outAC operation

11–16 VDCVoltage

The camera power goes off after a time period that
the user can set.

11

60 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

11 – Technical data

Environmental
data

Physical data

Operating temperature
range

range

Humidity (operating &
storage)

EMC

Total weight 0.55 kg (1.21 lb.), including battery

Size (L × W × H)

Housing material

−15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F)

−40°C to +70°C (−40°F to +158°F)Storage temperature

IEC 68-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C to
+40°C (+77°F to +104°F)

EN 61000-6-2:2001 (Immunity)
EN 61000-6-3:2001 (Emission)
FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)

IP 54 (IEC 60529)Encapsulation

25 g (IEC 60068-2-29)Bump

2 g (IEC 60068-2-6)Vibration

0.12 kg (0.26 lb.)Weight of battery

103.0 × 81.2 × 243.0 mm
(4.1 × 3.2 × 9.6 in.)

Standard, 1/4"-20Tripod mount

Polycarbonate + Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC­ABS)

TPE Thermoplastic Elastomer PlasticsGrip material

Communication

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 61

USB Image transfer to PC

USB 1.1 Full Speed (12 Mbps)

11

11 – Technical data

Power connector

10601903;a1

Signal namePin

+12V1

11

GND2

GND3

62 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

11 – Technical data

Field of view &
distance

10602703;a2

Figure 11.1 Relationship between field of view and distance. 1: Distance to target;
2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instan-

taneous field of view (size of one detector element).

This table gives an explanation of field of view at certain distances to targets. D =
distance to target.

10603003;a2

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 63

11

11 – Technical data

Optical data

25° × 25°Field of view

10.28 mm (0.40 in.)Focal length

0.125 m (0.409 ft.)Close focus limit

1.5F-number

3.66 mradOptical resolution

11

64 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

12 Dimensional drawings

12.1 Camera

Figure

10602403;a2

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 65

12

12 – Dimensional drawings

Figure

10602603;a3

12

66 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

12 – Dimensional drawings

Figure

10726103;a1

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 67

12

12 – Dimensional drawings

Figure

10726203;a1

NOTE

The tripod mount thread is 1/4"-20.

12

68 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

12.2 Battery

12 – Dimensional drawings

Figure

NOTE

10602103;a2

Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you
install it.

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 69

12

12 – Dimensional drawings

12.3 Stand-alone battery charger

Figure

10602203;a3

The stand-alone battery charger is an item that is not included in the standard

NOTE

■

package.

Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before

■

you put it in the battery charger.

12

70 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

12 – Dimensional drawings

12.4 Stand-alone battery charger with battery

Figure

NOTE

10602303;a3

The stand-alone battery charger is an item that is not included in the standard

■

package.

Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before

■

you put it in the battery charger.

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 71

12

12 – Dimensional drawings

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

12

72 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

13 Introduction to building

thermography

13.1 Important note

All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup­ported by your particular camera configuration.

13.2 Typical field investigations

13.2.1 Guidelines

As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the
user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection. This
section gives a summary of these guidelines.

13.2.1.1 General guidelines

■ The emissivity of the majority of building materials fall between 0.85 and 0.95.

Setting the emissivity value in the camera to 0.90 can be regarded as a good
starting point.

■ An infrared inspection alone should never be used as a decision point for further

actions. Always verify suspicions and findings using other methods, such as con­struction drawings, moisture meters, humidity & temperature datalogging, tracer
gas testing etc.

■ Change level and span to thermally tune the infrared image and reveal more details.

The figure below shows the difference between a thermally untuned and a thermally
tuned infrared image.

10552103;a2

Figure 13.1 LEFT: A thermally untuned infrared image; RIGHT: A thermally tuned infrared image, after
having changed level and span.

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 73

13

13 – Introduction to building thermography

13.2.1.2 Guidelines for moisture detection, mold detection & detection of water damages

■ Building defects related to moisture and water damages may only show up when

heat has been applied to the surface, e.g. from the sun.

■ The presence of water changes the thermal conductivity and the thermal mass of

the building material. It may also change the surface temperature of building mate­rial due to evaporative cooling. Thermal conductivity is a material’s ability to conduct
heat, while thermal mass is its ability to store heat.

■ Infrared inspection does not directly detect the presence of mold, rather it may be

used to find moisture where mold may develop or has already developed. Mold
requires temperatures between +4°C to +38°C (+40°F to +100°F), nutrients and
moisture to grow. Humidity levels above 50% can provide sufficient moisture to
enable mold to grow.

10556003;a1

Figure 13.2 Microscopic view of mold spore

13.2.1.3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration & insulation deficiencies

■ For very accurate camera measurements, take measurements of the temperature

and enter this value in the camera.

■ It is recommended that there is a difference in pressure between the outside and

13

the inside of the building structure. This facilitates the analysis of the infrared images
and reveals deficiencies that would not be visible otherwise. Although a negative
pressure of between 10 and 50 Pa is recommended, carrying out the inspection
at a lower negative pressure may be acceptable. To do this, close all windows,
doors and ventilation ducts and then run the kitchen exhaust fan for some time to
reach a negative pressure of 5–10 Pa (applies to residential houses only).

74 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

13 – Introduction to building thermography

■ A difference in temperature between the inside and the outside of 10–15°C (18–27°F)

is recommended. Inspections can be carried out at a lower temperature difference,
but will make the analysis of the infrared images somewhat more difficult.

■ Avoid direct sunlight on a part of a building structure—e.g. a façade—that is to be

inspected from the inside. The sunlight will heat the façade which will equalize the
temperature differences on the inside and mask deficiencies in the building structure.
Spring seasons with low nighttime temperatures (±0°C (+32°F)) and high daytime
temperatures (+14°C (+57°F)) are especially risky.

13.2.2 About moisture detection

Moisture in a building structure can originate from several different sources, e.g.:

■ External leaks, such as floods, leaking fire hydrants etc.

■ Internal leaks, such as freshwater piping, waste water piping etc.

■ Condensation, which is humidity in the air falling out as liquid water due to conden-

sation on cold surfaces.

■ Building moisture, which is any moisture in the building material prior to erecting

the building structure.

■ Water remaining from firefighting.

As a non-destructive detection method, using an infrared camera has a number of
advantages over other methods, and a few disadvantages:

DisadvantageAdvantage

The method is quick.

■

The method is a non-intrusivemeans of investi-

■

gation.
The method does not require relocation of the

■

occupants.
The method features an illustrative visual pre-

■

sentation of findings.
The method confirms failure points and mois-

■

ture migration paths.

The method only detects surface temperature

■

differentials and can not see through walls.
The method can not detectsubsurface damage,

■

i.e. mold or structural damage.

13.2.3 Moisture detection (1): Low-slope commercial roofs

13.2.3.1 General information

Low-slope commercial roofing is one of the most common roof types for industrial
building, such as warehouses, industrial plants, machinery shops etc. Its major ad­vantages over a pitched roof is the lower cost in material and building. However, due
to its design where snow and ice will not fall off by itself—as is the case for the major­ity of pitched roofs—it must be strongly built to support the accumulated weight of
both roof structure and any snow, ice and rain.

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 75

13

13 – Introduction to building thermography

Although a basic understanding of the construction of low-slope commercial roofs is
desirable when carrying out a roof thermography inspection, expert knowledge is not
necessary. There is a large number of different design principles for low-slope com­mercial roofs—both when it comes to material and design—and it would be impossible
for the infrared inspection person to know them all. If additional information about a
certain roof is needed, the architect or contractor of the building can usually supply
the relevant information.

Common causes of roof failure are outlined in the table below (from SPIE Thermosense
Proceedings Vol. 371 (1982), p. 177).

%Cause

47.6Poor workmanship

2.6Roof traffic

16.7Poor design

7.8Trapped moisture

8.0Materials

8.4Age & weathering

Potential leak locations include the following:

■ Flashing

■ Drains

■ Penetrations

■ Seams

■ Blisters

13.2.3.2 Safety precautions

■ Recommend a minimum of two people on a roof, preferably three or more.

■ Inspect the underside of the roof for structural integrity prior to walking on it.

■ Avoid stepping on blisters that are common on built up bitumen and gravel roofs.

■ Have a cell phone or radio available in case of emergency.

■ Inform local police and plant security prior to doing nighttime roof survey.

13

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13 – Introduction to building thermography

13.2.3.3 Commented building structures

This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low-slope
commercial roofs.

CommentStructural drawing

10553603;a2

Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around
conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local
leakage around the conduit or duct.

10553703;a2

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 77

Roof membrane inadequately sealed around roof
access hatch.

13

13 – Introduction to building thermography

10553803;a2

CommentStructural drawing

Drainage channels located too high and with too
low an inclination. Some water will remain in the
drainage channel after rain, which may lead to local
leakage around the channel.

10553903;a2

Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and
roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof
outlet.

13.2.3.4 Commented infrared images

How do you find wet insulation below the surface of the roof? When the surface itself
is dry, including any gravel or ballast, a sunny day will warm the entire roof. Early in
the evening, if the sky is clear, the roof will begin to cool down by radiation. Because

13

of its higher thermal capacity the wet insulation will stay warmer longer than the dry
and will be visible in the infrared imager (see photos below). The technique is partic­ularly effective on roofs having absorbent insulation—such as wood fiber, fiberglass,
and perlite—where thermal patterns correlate almost perfectly with moisture.

78 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

13 – Introduction to building thermography

Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations, common in many single­ply systems, are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse.

This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low-slope
commercial roofs:

CommentInfrared image

10554003;a1

Moisture detection on a roof, recorded during the
evening.

Since the building material affected by moisture
has a higher thermal mass,its temperature decreas­es slower than surrounding areas.

10554103;a1

10554203;a1

Water-damaged roofing components and insula­tion identified from infrared scan from the under­side of the built-up roof on a structural concrete
tee deck.

Affected areas are cooler than the surrounding
sound areas, due to conductive and/or thermal
capacitive effect.

Daytime survey of built-up low-slope commercial
roof.

Affected areas are cooler than the surrounding dry
areas, due to conductiveand/or thermal capacitive
effect.

13

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13 – Introduction to building thermography

13.2.4 Moisture detection (2): Commercial & residential façades

13.2.4.1 General information

Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration
into commercial and residential façades. Being able to provide a physical illustration
of the moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter
probe locations and more cost-effective than large intrusive test cuts.

13.2.4.2 Commented building structures

This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on commercial
and residential façades.

CommentStructural drawing

10554303;a2

Pelting rain penetrates the façade due to badly
executed bed joints. Moisture builds up in the
masonry above the window.

10554403;a2

Pelting rain hits the window at an angle. Most of
the rain runs off the window edge flashing but
some finds its way into the masonry where the
plaster meets the underside of the flashing.

13

80 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

10554503;a2

13 – Introduction to building thermography

CommentStructural drawing

Rain hits the façade at an angle and penetrates
the plaster through cracks. The water then follows
the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion.

10554603;a2

Rain splashes on the façade and penetrates the
plaster and masonry by absorption, whicheventu­ally leads to frost erosion.

13

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13 – Introduction to building thermography

13.2.4.3 Commented infrared images

This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial
& residential façades.

CommentInfrared image

10554703;a1

Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to
window frame and missing flashings has resulted
in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte­rior living space.

10554803;a1

Moisture migration into drywall from capillary drive
and interior finish components from inadequate
clearance and slope of grade from vinyl siding
façade on an apartment complex.

13.2.5 Moisture detection (3): Decks & balconies

13.2.5.1 General information

Although there are differences in design, materials and construction, decks—plaza
decks, courtyard decks etc—suffer from the same moisture and leaking problems as
low-slope commercial roofs. Improper flashing, inadequately sealed membranes,
and insufficient drainage may lead to substantial damage in the building structures

13

below.

Balconies, although smaller in size, require the same care in design, choice of mate­rial, and workmanship as any other building structure. Since balconies are usually
supported on one side only, moisture leading to corrosion of struts and concrete re­inforcement can cause problems and lead to hazardous situations.

82 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008

13 – Introduction to building thermography

13.2.5.2 Commented building structures

This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and
balconies.

CommentStructural drawing

10555203;a2

Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof
outlet, leading to leakage during rain.

10555103;a2

Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008 83

No flashing at deck-to-wall connection, leading to
rain penetrating the concrete and insulation.

13

13 – Introduction to building thermography

10555003;a2

CommentStructural drawing

Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade­quately sized drop apron and has led to concrete
disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement.

SECURITY RISK!

13

10554903;a2

Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying
masonry at the pointwhere the handrailis fastened
to the wall.

SECURITY RISK!

84 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008