EXFO P3-VF-DSL User Manual
Copyright © 2006 EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, be it electronically, mechanically, or
by any other means such as photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. (EXFO).
Information provided by EXFO is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed
by EXFO for its use or for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its
use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent rights of EXFO.
EXFO’s Commerce and Government Entities (CAGE) code under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) is 0L8C3.
The information contained in this publication is subject to change without notice.
Trademarks
EXFO’s trademarks have been identified as such. However, the presence or absence of such identification
does not affect the legal status of any trademark.
Units of Measurement
Units of measurement in this publication conform to SI standards and practices.
CableSHARK P3 User Guide
CableSHARK P3
VF / DSL Cable Qualifier
November 2006, Rev. 0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................................I
PATENT INFORMATION...............................................................................................................IX
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................1
1.1 HOW TO USE THIS OPERATING MANUAL ............................................................................... 1
1.2 UNPACKING THE CABLESHARK ........................................................................................... 1
1.3 CARING FOR THE CABLESHARK .......................................................................................... 2
SECTION 2 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) OVERVIEW............................................3
1048835
S/W: 3.91
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SECTION 3 TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY OVERVIEW..............................................9
SECTION 4 PHYSICAL FEATURES AND POWER SUPPLY............................................15
4.1 PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE CABLESHARK....................................................................... 15
4.1.1 The Front Panel............................................................................................................15
4.1.2 The Rear Panel.............................................................................................................17
4.1.3 The Serial Interface Connection...................................................................................18
4.1.4 The Ethernet 10BaseT Connection..............................................................................19
TIA/EIA T568A.............................................................................................................................. 20
TIA/EIA T568B.............................................................................................................................. 20
4.2 POWERING THE CABLESHARK............................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 The CableSHARK’s External Mains Adapter ...............................................................21
4.2.2 The CableSHARK’s Internal Battery.............................................................................21
4.2.2.1 Replacing the CableSHARK’S Internal Battery..................................................................... 22
4.2.3 The LED Power Status Indicator..................................................................................23
SECTION 5 GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS......................................................25
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5.1
SELF TESTS AND RESETTING THE CABLESHARK .................................................................... 25
5.1.1 Self Tests......................................................................................................................25
5.1.2 Resetting the CableSHARK..........................................................................................25
5.2 CONNECTING THE CABLESHARK TO THE LINE ........................................................................26
5.2.1 Test Cable and Connector Requirements....................................................................26
5.2.2 Single-Ended Testing ...................................................................................................27
5.2.3 End-to-End Testing.......................................................................................................28
5.2.4 High Voltage Detection.................................................................................................28
5.3 SAVING AND RECALLING RESULTS ...................................................................................... 29
5.3.1 Saving Results..............................................................................................................29
5.3.2 Recalling Results..........................................................................................................31
5.3.3 Renaming and Deleting Results...................................................................................33
5.3.4 Bulk Transfer of Results ...............................................................................................33
5.4 REFERENCE MASKS........................................................................................................... 33
5.4.1 Comparing a Result to a Reference Mask ...................................................................34
5.5 INDUSTRY STANDARD TEST LOOPS..................................................................................... 38
5.6 BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS ..............................................................................................38
SECTION 6 MAIN MENU........................................................................................................39
6.1 THE CABLE TEST MENU .....................................................................................................42
6.2 RESPONDER MODE............................................................................................................ 46
6.3 RECALL RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 47
6.4 THE SYSTEM SETUP MENU................................................................................................. 47
SECTION 7 QUICK START GUIDE TO CABLESHARK TESTS........................................53
7.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 53
7.2 TDR TESTS....................................................................................................................... 53
7.2.1 Automatic TDR Test .....................................................................................................53
7.2.2 Manual TDR Test..........................................................................................................54
7.3 FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTS ..........................................................................................55
7.3.1 Single Ended Frequency Response Test.....................................................................55
7.3.2 End to End Frequency Response Test ........................................................................55
7.4 ADSL DATA RATE PREDICTION (DMT) TESTS .................................................................... 56
7.4.1 Single-Ended DMT Test (Optional) ..............................................................................57
7.4.2 End-to-End DMT Test...................................................................................................57
7.5 NOISE TESTS..................................................................................................................... 58
7.6 LONGITUDINAL BALANCE TEST............................................................................................ 58
7.7 LOAD COIL DETECTION TEST.............................................................................................. 59
7.8 SPECTRAL DETECTIVE ....................................................................................................... 60
7.9 DIGITAL MULTIMETER (DMM) TEST .................................................................................... 60
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RETURN LOSS................................................................................................................ 61
7.10
7.11 SHDSL DATA RATE PREDICTION.................................................................................... 61
7.12 4 WIRE XTALK................................................................................................................ 61
7.13 ISOLATION TEST OR STRESS LEAKAGE TEST.................................................................... 62
7.14 ADSL AUTO TEST..........................................................................................................62
7.15 SHDSL AUTO TEST .......................................................................................................63
7.16 VF AUTO TEST............................................................................................................... 64
7.17 GROUND RESISTANCE TEST ........................................................................................... 65
7.18 RESISTANCE FAULT LOCATOR (RFL) .............................................................................. 66
7.19 K-TEST.......................................................................................................................... 66
7.20 RINGER DETECTION ....................................................................................................... 67
7.21 VF TESTS ...................................................................................................................... 67
7.22 LOOPMAPPER™ TESTS.................................................................................................. 67
SECTION 8 IN DEPTH GUIDE TO CABLE TESTING WITH THE CABLESHARK .............69
8.1 FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING ....................................................................................... 69
8.1.1 Setting up a Frequency Response Test.......................................................................69
8.1.2 Running a Frequency Response Test..........................................................................74
8.1.3 Examples of Frequency Response Test Results.........................................................76
8.2 TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY TESTING ............................................................................ 77
8.2.1 Setting up a TDR Test..................................................................................................77
8.2.2 Manual TDR Testing................................................................................................83
8.2.2.1 Testing Cables with the Manual TDR ................................................................................ 87
8.2.3 Auto TDR Testing.........................................................................................................89
8.2.4 TDR Application Hints ..................................................................................................90
8.2.4.1 Blind Spots ........................................................................................................................ 90
8.2.4.2 Pulse Width ....................................................................................................................... 90
8.2.4.3 Reflection polarity .............................................................................................................. 91
8.2.4.4 Detecting Load Coils ......................................................................................................... 91
8.2.4.5 Test from Both Ends of the Cable...................................................................................... 91
8.2.4.6 How to Determine the VOP of a Cable .............................................................................. 92
8.3 ADSL DATA RATE PREDICTION (ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+) MEASUREMENTS.......................93
8.3.1 Setting up a DMT Test..................................................................................................93
8.3.2 Running an ADSL Test.................................................................................................98
8.3.3 ADSL2 and ADSL2+ Data Rate Prediction ................................................................101
Example of a ADSL2 ATU-C (downstream) mask (non-overlapped spectrum) ............................... 103
Example of a ADSL2 ATU-R (downstream) mask (non-overlapped spectrum) ............................... 103
Example of a ADSL2+ ATU-C (downstream) mask (non-overlapped spectrum) ............................. 104
Example of a ADSL2+ ATU-R (downstream) mask (non-overlapped spectrum) ............................. 104
8.3.4 CPE Modem Detection and DSLAM Detection..........................................................105
8.3.5 DMT Test Application Hints........................................................................................106
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8.4..N
OISE MEASUREMENTS .......................................................................................................106
8.4.1 Setting up a Noise Test ..............................................................................................107
8.4.2 Running a Noise Test.................................................................................................112
8.5..LONGITUDINAL BALANCE TEST ............................................................................................. 119
8.5.1 Setting up a Longitudinal Balance Test......................................................................119
8.5.2 Running a Longitudinal Balance Test.........................................................................120
8.6..LOAD COIL DETECTION TEST................................................................................................ 124
8.6.1 Setting up a Load Coil Detection Test........................................................................124
8.6.2 Running a Load Coil Detection Test...........................................................................125
8.7 DIGITAL MULTIMETER (DMM) TEST................................................................................. 130
8.7.1 Setting up a DMM Test...............................................................................................130
8.7.2 Running a DMM Test..................................................................................................136
8.8.. 4-WIRE CROSSTALK TEST...................................................................................................139
8.8.1 Setting up a 4-Wire Crosstalk Test.............................................................................139
8.8.2 Running a 4-Wire Crosstalk Test ...............................................................................141
8.9 ISOLATION RESISTANCE TEST .............................................................................................. 144
8.9.1 Setting up an Isolation Resistance Test.....................................................................144
8.9.2 Running an Isolation Resistance Test........................................................................145
8.10 LOOPMAPPER™ ..........................................................................................................147
8.10.1 Setting up a LoopMapper Test.................................................................................147
8.10.2 LoopMapper Testing.................................................................................................149
8.10.2.1 Testing Cables with the LoopMapper ............................................................................... 152
8.11 AUTOMATIC TESTING .................................................................................................... 156
8.11.1 Auto Test Setup........................................................................................................156
8.11.1.1 ADSL Auto, ADSL2 Auto, ADSL2+ Auto Test Setup.................................................. 156
8.11.1.2 SHDSL Auto Test Setup.............................................................................................. 159
8.11.1.3 VF Auto Test Setup ..................................................................................................... 160
8.11.2 Running an ADSL, ADSL2 or ADSL2+ AUTO Test .................................................163
8.11.3 Running a VF AUTO Test.........................................................................................166
8.11.4 Running an SHDSL AUTO Test...............................................................................168
SECTION 9 SPECTRAL DETECTIVE ...............................................................................173
9.1 RUNNING A SPECTRAL DETECTIVE TEST.......................................................................... 175
9.2 SPECTRAL DETECTIVE SAMPLES .......................................................................................... 179
SECTION 10 RETURN LOSS............................................................................................181
10.1 RUNNING A RETURN LOSS TEST ........................................................................................ 182
SECTION 11 SHDSL DATA RATE PREDICTION ............................................................185
11.1..RUNNING A SHDSL TEST .................................................................................................. 187
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SECTION 12 RESISTIVE FAULT LOCATION ..................................................................189
12.1 RESISTIVE FAULT LOCATION (RFL) TESTING ....................................................................... 189
12.1.1 Setting up for a RFL Test .........................................................................................190
12.1.1.1 Disconnecting the Station Battery and the Customer ....................................................... 190
12.1.1.2..Connecting the CableSHARK to a Suspect Faulty Pair.................................................... 190
12.1.1.3 Connecting to a Good Pair ............................................................................................... 191
12.1.1.4 Connecting the CableSHARK to the Faulty Pair and a Good Pair.................................... 191
12.1.1.5 Initial RFL Testing............................................................................................................. 192
12.1.1.6 Connecting the Strap................................................................................................... 194
12.1.1.7 Setting up Cable Characteristics ................................................................................. 196
12.1.1.8 Setup the RFL Test for Multi-Section Testing................................................................... 197
12.2 RUNNING A RFL TEST ..................................................................................................198
SECTION 13 GROUND RESISTANCE..............................................................................203
13.1 GROUND RESISTANCE TESTING .......................................................................................... 203
13.1.1 Setting up a Ground Resistance Test ......................................................................203
13.2 RUNNING A GROUND RESISTANCE TEST.............................................................................. 205
13.2.1 Constant Voltage Source..........................................................................................206
13.2.2 Constant Current Source..........................................................................................207
13.2.3 Voltage Source plus Ground ....................................................................................208
13.2.4 Current Source plus Ground.....................................................................................209
SECTION 14 RINGER DETECTION TESTING .................................................................213
14.1 RINGER DETECTION TESTING ............................................................................................. 213
14.1.1 Setting up a Ringer Detection Test ..........................................................................213
14.2 RUNNING A RINGER DETECTION TEST.......................................................................... 214
SECTION 15 VF TESTING.................................................................................................217
15.1 SENDING TONE (TRANSMITTING LEVEL/FREQUENCY)........................................................... 217
15.1.1 Sending Spot Frequencies.......................................................................................217
15.1.2 Sending Variable Frequencies .................................................................................219
15.1.3 Sending 3 Tone Slope..............................................................................................221
15.1.4 Sending a Tracing Tone...........................................................................................222
15.2 RECEIVE TONE (RECEIVING LEVEL/FREQUENCY) ................................................................. 224
15.2.1 Numerical Level/Frequency......................................................................................224
15.2.2 Graphical Level/Frequency.......................................................................................226
15.2.3 RX 3 Tone Slope .....................................................................................................228
15.3 NOISE TEST ...................................................................................................................... 231
15.4 IMPULSE NOISE TEST ........................................................................................................233
15.5 POWER INFLUENCE ........................................................................................................... 235
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SECTION 16 K-TEST..........................................................................................................237
16.1 K-TEST ......................................................................................................................237
16.2 Setting up a K-test....................................................................................................237
16.2.1 Disconnecting the Station Battery and the Customer ...................................................... 237
16.3 Running the K-test....................................................................................................238
16.3.1 Connecting the Strap....................................................................................................... 240
16.3.2 Setting up Cable Characteristics ..................................................................................... 241
16.3.2.1 Setup the K_test Test for Multi-Section Testing ............................................................... 244
16.3.3 Running a Test .........................................................................................................244
APPENDIX A IDEAL CABLE RESULTS...........................................................................247
A.1 LOOP TOPOLOGIES ..........................................................................................................247
A.2 ATTENUATION RESPONSES............................................................................................... 249
APPENDIX B LOOP CHARACTERISTICS.......................................................................257
APPENDIX C CABLESHARK SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................259
APPENDIX D SAFETY.......................................................................................................271
APPENDIX E WARRANTY................................................................................................275
GENERAL INFORMATION .............................................................................................................. 275
IMPORTANT ............................................................................................................................ 275
LIABILITY .................................................................................................................................... 275
EXCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................... 275
CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................................... 276
APPENDIX F SOFTWARE POLICY AND UPGRADES....................................................277
F.1 SOFTWARE POLICY ..........................................................................................................277
F.2 UPGRADING SOFTWARE ................................................................................................... 277
EXFO SERVICE CENTERS WORLDWIDE....................................................................................... 281
APPENDIX J VISI-SHARK SOFTWARE...........................................................................283
J.1 INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE ............................................................................................. 283
J.2 CONNECTING THE CABLESHARK TO THE PC.................................................................... 283
J.3 OPERATION ..................................................................................................................... 284
J.3.1 Running Visi-SHARK..................................................................................................284
J.3.1.1 Running Visi-SHARK from a Shortcut Icon on the Desktop................................................ 284
J.3.1.2 Running Visi-SHARK from the Start Menu ......................................................................... 284
J.3.1.3 Running Visi-SHARK from Explorer ............................................................................... 284
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SETTING UP A NEW CONNECTION WITH VISI-SHARK ......................................................285
J.4
J.4.1 Setup Connection Via COM Ports..............................................................................286
J.4.2 Connecting Through a Network via Ethernet..............................................................288
J.4.3 Connecting Through a MODEM .................................................................................289
J.5 CONTROLLING THE CABLESHARK WITH VISI-SHARK ......................................................291
J.6 MENU BAR AND TOOLBAR FUNCTIONS ............................................................................292
J.6.1 File Menu.....................................................................................................................293
J.6.1.1 Upload Result ...................................................................................................................... 293
J.6.1.2 Print ................................................................................................................................ 294
J.6.1.3 Print Preview .................................................................................................................. 294
J.6.1.4 Print Setup.......................................................................................................................... 295
J.6.1.5 Exit...................................................................................................................................... 295
J.6.2 Screen Image menu....................................................................................................295
J.6.2.1 Recall from file… ............................................................................................................ 296
J.6.2.2 Capture to file….............................................................................................................. 297
J.6.3 New Connection Menu ...............................................................................................298
J.6.4 View Menu..................................................................................................................299
J.6.4.1 View Toolbar....................................................................................................................... 299
13.6.4.2 View Status Bar................................................................................................................ 299
J.6.5 Window Menu.............................................................................................................299
J.6.5.1 Cascade ......................................................................................................................... 300
J.6.5.2 Tile.................................................................................................................................. 300
APPENDIX K GLOSSARY OF TERMS.............................................................................301
APPENDIX L RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL...................................................................... 305
NOTES.........................................................................................................................................307
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Patent Information
The End-to-End DMT test used by the EXFO CableSHARK is patent protected.
ADSL Data Rate Prediction (End to End): United States Patent # US 6,445,773 B1 September 3, 2002
ADSL Data Rate Prediction (End to End): Canada Patent # 2,297,871 December 28, 2004
The Single-Ended DMT test used by the EXFO CableSHARK is patent pending.
ADSL Data Rate Prediction (Single End): United States Patent Pending # 10/133,408
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CableSHARK P3 User Guide
Section 1 Introduction
The EXFO CableSHARK P3 VF/DSL Cable Qualifier (called CableSHARK hereafter) is designed to measure
frequency response and perform time domain reflectometry on twisted pair telecommunication cable in the
local subscriber loop. These measurements determine the capability of the cable to carry digitized xDSL
technology. In addition, the CableSHARK utilizes Noise Measurements, a DSL Data Rate Prediction Tests
(ADSL, SHDSL, ADSL2, and ADSL2+), Longitudinal Balance testing and Power Spectral Density tests to
further assist in the installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of copper cable.
The CableSHARK features a lightweight plastic molded case, large 640 x 480 pixel backlit graphic LCD
display, internal rechargeable battery and a USB slot for easy storage of results to external USB memory.
The CableSHARK is extremely easy to use, however it is recommended that you read this operating manual
in order to fully understand all the features of the unit. Once familiar with the CableSHARK, this manual can
be used as a reference guide. Notice that each function of the tester is listed in the Table of Contents.
Section 5.2 explains connecting the CableSHARK to the local loop while Section 7 features a ‘Quick Start’
guide to performing all the available tests with the CableSHARK P3 VF/DSL Cable Qualifier.
1.1 How to Use This Operating Manual
Upon initial receipt of your CableSHARK, it is recommended that you read Section 1 of this operating
manual as it explains unpacking of the instrument. Failure to do this may cause improper operation of the
instrument and perhaps damage to the unit.
If you are unfamiliar with, and require background information on xDSL technology, then it is recommended
that you read through Section 2, which offers a brief overview of xDSL technologies and Section 3 looks at
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR).
1.2 Unpacking the CableSHARK
EXFO has shipped the CableSHARK with a soft-pack carrying case (optional accessory), internal
rechargeable battery, AC mains power adapter, testing cable(s) (optional accessory), and this operating
manual.
The CableSHARK has been shipped in a recyclable cardboard shipping container, which may be saved for
reuse in the event that you need to transport the CableSHARK by commercial courier in the future. It is
recommended that for day-to-day use, the CableSHARK need not be repackaged into its shipping carton,
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VF / DSL Cable Qualifier
but use of the optional CableSHARK softpack case offers enough protection against damage. A Samsonite
carrying case is also available as an optional accessory. It is a lightweight briefcase style unit.
Be certain when unpacking the instrument that you identify all of the pieces that have been shipped with the
unit. Also, inspect the instrument for damage during shipment. Any damage should be reported
immediately to the carrier and your EXFO representative as soon as possible in order to institute an
insurance claim.
After unpacking, the user can refer to Section 4.0 “Physical Features and Power Supply”. It is strongly
suggested that Section 4.0 be read before operating the unit.
1.3 Caring for the CableSHARK
The CableSHARK has been designed to be a rugged and portable piece of test equipment. However, the
unit should be kept away from extremes of heat, cold, moisture and dust. Failure to do this may shorten the
life of the instrument.
The CableSHARK’s display should be cleaned using a soft, lint-free cloth and an anti-static cleaning
solution. Ordinary detergents and other cleaning solutions may cloud or scratch the surface and should be
avoided.
If the CableSHARK needs to be stored for a long period of time, the internal battery pack should be
periodically charged. Failure to do this may lead to damage of either the battery or the CableSHARK itself.
The CableSHARK should be stored in a cool, dry place.
If the CableSHARK is to be transported in the optional soft pack carrying case, please do not place the
shoulder strap of the soft pack in the same compartment as the CableSHARK unit itself. The clips on the
shoulder strap may scratch the CableSHARK’s display. If the shoulder strap is not used, place the strap in
the front pouch of the soft pack carrying case. This also applies to the CableSHARK’s test cables.
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CableSHARK P3 User Guide
Section 2 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Overview
The need for faster and cheaper Internet access, video-on-demand, simplex video, remote LAN access and
interactive multimedia by residential and business customers alike has been a driving force in the creation of
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies.
xDSL (the "x" in xDSL stands for the various kinds of digital subscriber line technologies) is a digital public
end-to-end network technology that delivers high bandwidth over conventional copper local loop wiring
(currently used for plain old telephone service (POTS)) at limited distances. By utilizing higher frequencies
than that of a POTS network, xDSL can encode more information to achieve higher data rates than would
otherwise be possible. This is a more economical venture than the use of fiber optic technology to get the
speed necessary for large bandwidth applications.
There are several different kinds of DSL technologies such as ADSL and HDSL. These technologies all are
provisioned via modem pairs, with one modem located at the Central Office (CO) and the other at the
customer premise. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is very similar to that of xDSL in that it is a
digital technology and uses the existing telephone company copper cabling infrastructure. However, ISDN
differs from pure xDSL technologies in that it is a public switched service, whereas xDSL is a point-to-point
digital access service. Some of the more popular xDSL technologies are described here.
Integrated Services Digital Network - ISDN can be considered one of the first xDSL technologies
developed to simultaneously carry digital voice, data, and images over conventional copper cables. Basic
Rate ISDN is comprised of three logical channels operating over a single copper pair. Two bearer channels
(B Channels) carry voice, data, and images while the one D channel is used for signaling; commonly referred
to as 2B+D. Basic Rate ISDN offers speeds of up to 160 kbps symmetrically. ISDN is also available with a
Primary Rate Interface (PRI). The PRI interface offers data / voice / image transfers of up to 1.544 Mbps
(T1) over 23 B channels and one D channel or up to 2.048 Mbps (E1) over 30 B channels and one D
channel. Each channel in PRI operates at 64 kbps and is commonly referred to as 23B+D or 30B+D.
Figure 2A – Basic Rate ISDN Architecture
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ISDN uses a 2B1Q line coding (2 Binary, 1 Quaternary) to represent information. 2B1Q maps two bits of
data into one quaternary symbol. (for example, onto four voltage levels at a regular clocking rate).
High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line - HDSL is a symmetric DSL similar to T1 or E1 in that it delivers a bit
rate of 1.544 or 2.048 Mbps of bandwidth. Most systems use two copper twisted pairs, although some early
2.048 Mbps systems required three copper twisted pairs. HDSL is comprised of an HTU-C (HDSL
Transceiver Unit – CO) in the Central Office and a HTU-R (HDSL Transceiver Unit – Remote). Because
HDSL's speeds match those of T1 or E1 pipes, local telcos have been using the technology to provision
local access to T1 / E1 services whenever possible. It should also be noted that traditional T1 transmission
uses 2 copper pairs as well, so the transition from traditional T1 to HDSL T1 is fairly easy. HDSL's operating
range is more limited than that of ADSL since that after 15,000 feet signal repeaters are needed to extend
the service. Because HDSL requires two twisted pairs it is deployed primarily for businesses that require
PBX network connections, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), Frame Relay Circuits, Internet Access, and
private data networks. HDSL is also preferred over traditional T1 because it is more spectrally compatible
with other technologies in the loop than AMI or B8ZS coded T1 or E1.
Figure 2B – HDSL Architecture
HDSL uses 2B1Q or CAP based line coding.
HDSL2 / SDSL– Similar to HDSL in operation but is capable of achieving HDSL rates over a single pair of
wires. This tends to limit transmission distances but it is still a successful technology. Most HDSL-2 systems
are based on non-standard, proprietary protocols. Little or no interoperability exists between vendors.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line - ADSL provides delivery of high bit rate digital technology for
consumer based Internet access. ADSL delivers more bandwidth downstream (from the CO to the Customer
Premise) than upstream (Customer Premise to the CO). As most users view far more information than they
create ADSL is optimal. Downstream rates range from 256 kbits/s to 9 Mbps, while upstream bandwidth
ranges from 16 kbps to 640 kbps. ADSL transmissions may work at distances of more than 18,000 feet over
a single copper twisted pair, although it should be noted that only the lowest bit rates are available at these
lengths.
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CableSHARK P3 User Guide
Figure 2C – ADSL Architecture
For service providers and customers alike, ADSL allows users to use their existing phone line to have both
high-speed Internet access as well as regular (including vital life-line) Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS).
ADSL signals are able to co-exist on the same loop with POTS service because they occupy a higher
frequency band than does POTS. ADSL typically will use the band of about 25 kHz to 1.104 MHz while
POTS uses 300 Hz to 3400 Hz. As a necessary precaution, a low pass filter is placed on the line to separate
ADSL signals from POTS signals. These so called POTS splitters or micro-filters must be in place for correct
operation. These small devices allow voice band frequencies to pass through to analog telephones while
keeping the high frequency signals of ADSL away from the phones. Likewise the input filters in ADSL
modems eliminate telephone signals from entering. In a similar fashion to ADSL and POTS on the same line,
ADSL can also co-exist with ISDN. However, since ISDN operates in the bandwidth up to 150 kHz, there are
fewer ADSL sub-channels that can be used resulting in a lower achievable data rate.
Two types of line coding exist for ADSL. An early scheme used a non-standards compliant CAP (Carrier-less
Amplitude / Phase Modulation) method. These days most ADSL DSLAMs and modems use the DMT
(Discrete Multi-Tone) technique. This book focuses on the DMT line coding as it is the DMT line code that is
recommended by ADSL standards bodies. These include ITU-T (G.992.1, G.992.2), ETSI, and ANSI /
Committee T1 (North America) (T1.413 Issue 2).
The DMT transmission scheme divides the frequency band from 0 Hz to 1.104 MHz into equally spaced subchannels or bins; this works out to 256 bins. Each bin occupies 4.3125 kHz of bandwidth. Since ADSL is
asymmetrical, the 1.104 MHz band is split once again into Upstream and Downstream bands. The Upstream
band carries information from the Customer Premise to the Network. The Downstream band carries
information from the Network to the Customer Premise.
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Figure 2D – Asymmetric Nature of ADSL
There are actually 32 bins allocated for Upstream and up to 250 bins allocated for Downstream; 250 can
only be used with echo cancellation. For the most part, however, DMT implementations will use 218 bins for
Downstream. Guard bands that separate the POTS signals from the ADSL signals use some of the possible
carrier allocations. There is also a guard band between the upstream and downstream carriers.
ADSL uses 256 amplitude modulated carriers. The dark bars represent a “snapshot” of the modulation at any one point in
time. The light bars represent the maximum modulation state amplitude available for each carrier frequency. Notice how at
higher frequencies there are fewer available positions due to the diminishing signal to noise ratio.
Figure 2E – ADSL DMT
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CableSHARK P3 User Guide
DMT standards suggest that equipment can use up to 15 bits/bin to encode data per sub-channel. However,
using the maximum 15 bits/bin may result in the ADSL modems having to transmit at a higher power than
would be practical or allowed in a cable bundle. For the most part, ADSL makers have limited their designs
to use 13 or 14 bits/bin. This lowers the power transmitted between modems and maximizes the reach of
transmission without compromising potential data rates.
Rate adaptive Digital Subscriber Line - R-ADSL. This was an early name for a specific type of ADSL. These
days most ADSL modems are rate adaptive. They adjust the transmission speed dynamically to the length
and quality of the local loop. Most DSLAM network management systems allow the transmission speed to be
set or limited to a maximum bit rate.
G.Lite – A ‘lighter’ version of ADSL where downstream rates are limited to approx. 1.5 Mbps. G.Lite uses
128 bins rather than 256 (still using 4.3125 kHz sub-channel bandwidth) and only up to 8 bits/bin can be
encoded per sub-channel.
ADSL2 – ADSL2 offers data rates of up to 12 – 15 Mbps.
ADSL2+ – ADSL2+ offers data rates of up to 24 Mbps by increasing the frequency range to 2.2 MHz.
Symmetrical High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line – SHDSL is a technology that is similar to HDSL and
HDSL2. SHDSL operates over a single pair or 2 pairs of wire depending upon the application. For single pair
operation, SHDSL offers data rates from 192 kbps to 2.3 Mbps while two pair operation offers data rates
ranging from 384 kbps to 4.72 Mbps.
SME
PSTN
Internet
Voice
Switch
ISP
ATM
Backbone
Voice
Gateway
DSLAM
G.SHDSL
IAD
PBX
Figure 2F – SHDSL Architecture
G.SHDSL
Analog Phone
IAD
Router
PC
7
VF / DSL Cable Qualifier
SHDSL is designed to be more of a business solution than a residential service due to its symmetry. It can
be used as a T1 / E1 replacement technology and is also well suited for VoDSL solutions.
SHDSL has been developed to be spectrally compatible with other technologies within bundles of local
loops. SHDSL owes this to the Trellis Coded Pulse Amplitude Modulation (TC-PAM) line coding. This coding
technique maximizes the use of the lower frequencies of available loop bandwidth thus avoiding higher
frequencies where signals are more susceptible to crosstalk.
The key benefit of xDSL is that by transmitting on an existing telephone line, there is no cable installation
costs to be incurred whereas if fibre optic cable were installed to achieve the higher bit rates, the cable
installation cost would be great.
8
CableSHARK P3 User Guide
000
305
000
305
Section 3 Time Domain Reflectometry Overview
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is a cable testing technique that is used to detect faults along power
transmission lines. Using this technique, voltage pulses are sent out over the line and voltage reflections
caused by cable abnormalities are monitored. Reflection times are measured from the reflection location on
the cable to the TDR device, which is attached to one end of the cable.
TDR technology can be compared to sonar. In sonar, a ship sends out an energy pulse through the water. If
an object, such a submarine, fish, ship, or underwater mountain is in close proximity, part or all of the pulse
is reflected back. The distance to the object can be calculated from a measurement of the time that it takes
for sound to travel through water.
In TDR, a pulse of energy is transmitted down a length of cable. When the energy pulse encounters the end
of the cable or a possible problem area (like a bridge tap or an open circuit), part or all of the energy is
reflected back to the TDR device. The TDR device measures the time it takes for the energy pulse to travel
down the cable and to be reflected. A calculation is made using the total pulse travel time and the Velocity
of Propagation (VOP) of the cable to determine the distance from the TDR equipment to the cable problem.
The VOP varies and depends on the cable size, material, etc.
VF/DSL Cable Qualifier
CableSHARK P3
Copyright Consultronics Limited 2000 - 2006
Software Version 3.86
AUTO
CABLE
AUTO
TESTS
TESTS
SETUP
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
EF
13:16:20
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STOP
1
ft /
m
Figure 3A - CableSHARK using TDR on a 1000 ft (305 m) cable
VF/DSL Cable Qualifier
CableSHARK P3
Copyright Consultronics Limited 2000 - 2006
Software Version 3.86
CABLE
AUTO
AUTO
TESTS
TESTS
SETUP
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
EF
13:16:20
12
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9
VF / DSL Cable Qualifier
Figure 3B - A Pulse Reflection indicates a load coil at 500 ft (152 m)
TDR’s can use various methods of testing to determine the location of problems along the length of the cable
under test. Impedance is a major player. The TDR equipment looks for a change in impedance which could
be caused by improper installation, cable damage (caused by water, etc.), end of cable, and a bridged tap.
The magnitude of the impedance changes determines the amplitude of the reflection.
There is a direct relationship between voltage pulse width sent down the cable and the distance that it travels
along the cable. The smaller the pulse, the less the energy it contains, and therefore, the distance that it
travels along the cable is less. Voltage pulses of greater width travel further distances. When using this
technique, it is best to start testing with voltage pulse of small width and to work up to pulses of larger width.
Voltage pulse width is typically measured in nanoseconds.
Several factors affect the operation of TDR devices and the results they display. As mentioned earlier in this
section, VOP, or Velocity of Propagation is a very important value to know in determining the distance to an
impairment. VOP represents the speed at which energy travels through a medium. In the case of xDSL, the
medium is a copper twisted pair. VOP is measured as a percentage of the speed of light in a vacuum. Users
of TDR’s may see the VOP expressed as 0.66 or 66%; both are acceptable.
VOP is an extremely important parameter. It must be correct, as any deviations may give the user false
readings. Most cable manufactures will indicate the VOP for their particular cable. The VOP depends upon
cable diameter, material out of which the cable is made, and on impurities in this material.
1000 ft (300 m)
VOP = 62%
VOP = 64%
X
X
VOP = 66%
Figure 3C – Selecting the correct VOP means knowing the correct distance
When using the TDR technique, the cable under test should not be terminated. Cables that are terminated
absorb most or all of the energy pulse sent down the cable which, in turn, means that no energy is reflected
back to the TDR device. When using the CableSHARK’s TDR function, ensure that the far end of the cable
is configured as an OPEN or SHORT circuit.
10
CableSHARK P3 User Guide
A
Not all cables are the same, hence the variations in VOP. Conversely, not all local loops are the same.
Some local loops are longer than others and susceptibility to noisy environments varies. All signals on these
loops, regardless of cable length or environment, are subject to attenuation. Attenuation affects both
transmitted and reflected signals and, if the signal-to-noise ratio is low enough, impairments may not be
identifiable. To overcome the affects of attenuation, use a larger pulse width (more energy) to locate
impairments or take measure from both ends of the cable.
The following diagrams depict possible TDR traces and their causes.
EF
CHG
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
-0.250
-0.500
-0.750
-1.000
0.0 1250.0 2500.0 5000.03750.0
Cursor position =
Cursor position =
Marker position =
Cursor / Marker Delta =
Reflections at ft(dBRL): 1998. 7 (33.8+)
ZOOM IN
VERT
ZOOM IN
HORIZ
1998.7
0
1998.7
ft
SELECT
MARKER
Pulse Width:ft
Press or to move cursor
MORE
300 ns
AUTO
REPEAT
MAIN
MENU
The above figure depicts an OPEN circuit or a
high impedance fault. Depending upon the size of
the reflected pulse, the OPEN could be an partial
(small pulse) or complete (large pulse) open
circuit. Of course, the length of the cable,
attenuation on the line, and the size of the
outgoing pulse will play a big role in determining
the reflection.
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
-0.250
-0.500
-0.750
-1.000
0.0 1250.0 2500.0 5000.03750.0
Cursor position =
Cursor position =
Marker position =
Cursor / Marker Delta =
Reflections at ft(dBRL): 19 98.7 (33.8+)
ZOOM IN
VERT
ZOOM IN
HORIZ
1998.7
0
1998.7
Pulse Width:ft
ft
Press or to move cursor
SELECT
MORE
MARKER
The above figure depicts a SHORT circuit or a
low impedance fault. Depending upon the size of
the reflected pulse, the SHORT could be an
partial (small pulse) or complete (large pulse)
short circuit. Of course, the length of the cable,
attenuation on the line, and the size of the
outgoing pulse will play a big role in determining
the reflection.
EF
CHG
300 ns
MAIN
UTO
MENU
REPEAT
11
VF / DSL Cable Qualifier
A
A
A
A
EF
CHG
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
-0.250
-0.500
-0.750
-1.000
0.0 1250.0 2500.0 5000.03750.0
Cursor position =
Cursor position =
Marker position =
Cursor / Marker Delta =
Reflections at ft(dBRL ): 2195.3 (24.2-), 2500.0 (32.1+)
ZOOM IN
VERT
ZOOM IN
HORIZ
2500.0
2195.3
304.7
ft
SELECT
MARKER
Pulse Width:ft
Press or to move cursor
MORE
300 ns
UTO
REPEAT
MAIN
MENU
The above figure depicts a bridge tap. The bridge
tap is composed of a negative pulse (start of the
bridged tap) and a positive pulse (end of the
bridged tap).
EF
CHG
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
-0.250
-0.500
-0.750
-1.000
0.0 1250.0 2500.0 5000.03750.0
Cursor position =
Cursor position =
Marker position =
Cursor / Marker Delta =
Reflections at ft(dBRL ): 2719.1 (32.1+)
ZOOM IN
VERT
ZOOM IN
HORIZ
2719.1
2195.3
523.8
ft
SELECT
MARKER
Pulse Width:ft
Press or to move cursor
MORE
300 ns
UTO
REPEAT
MAIN
MENU
The above figure depicts a water soaked cable
with a OPEN circuit. The water section could
have appear anywhere along the cable.
Generally, a ‘noisy’ reflection could mean water.
EF
CHG
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
-0.250
-0.500
-0.750
-1.000
0.0 1250.0 2500.0 5000.03750.0
Cursor position =
Cursor position =
Marker position =
Cursor / Marker Delta =
Reflections at ft(dBRL ): 2195.3 (24.2+)
ZOOM IN
VERT
ZOOM IN
HORIZ
2195.3
0
2195.3
ft
SELECT
MARKER
Pulse Width:ft
Press or to move cursor
MORE
300 ns
UTO
REPEAT
MAIN
MENU
This figure shows a HIGH RESISTANCE JOINT
or SPLICE. This is composed of a high
impedance reflection followed by a low
impedance reflection. Generally, the better the
splice, the smaller the reflection. A large
reflection, as denoted above, would signify a poor
splice.
EF
CHG
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
-0.250
-0.500
-0.750
-1.000
0.0 1250.0 2500.0 5000.03750.0
Cursor position =
Cursor position =
Marker position =
Cursor / Marker Delta =
Reflections at ft(dBRL ): 1998.7 (33.8+)
ZOOM IN
VERT
ZOOM IN
HORIZ
1998.7
0
1998.7
ft
SELECT
MARKER
Pulse Width:ft
Press or to move cursor
MORE
300 ns
UTO
REPEAT
MAIN
MENU
This figure depicts a terminated cable. The
terminated cable absorbs the send pulse and
causes no reflection. For the purposes of TDR
testing, it is best to use an un-terminated cable to
ensure a reflection is send to the CableSHARK.
12
EF
A
A
CHG
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
-0.250
-0.500
-0.750
-1.000
0.0 2500.0 5000.0 10000.07500.0
Cursor position =
Cursor position =
Marker position =
Cursor / Marker Delta =
Reflections at ft(dBRL): 1998. 7 (33.8+)
ZOOM IN
VERT
ZOOM IN
HORIZ
2995.2
0
2995.2
ft
SELECT
MARKER
Pulse Width:ft
Press or to move cursor
MORE
300 ns
UTO
REPEAT
MAIN
MENU
This figure shows a typical response from a
LOAD COIL. It resembles a complete OPEN.
Although LOAD COILS are placed at specific
intervals, a TDR will typically not ‘see’ past the
first LOAD COIL.
CableSHARK P3 User Guide
EF
CHG
1.000
0.750
0.500
0.250
0.000
-0.250
-0.500
-0.750
-1.000
0.0 1250.0 2500.0 5000.03750.0
Cursor position =
Cursor position =
Marker position =
Cursor / Marker Delta =
Reflections at ft(dBRL): 39 99.4 (24.2+)
ZOOM IN
VERT
ZOOM IN
HORIZ
3999.4
0
3999.4
ft
SELECT
MARKER
Pulse Width:ft
Press or to move cursor
MORE
300 ns
UTO
REPEAT
MAIN
MENU
This figure shows a test run through a POTS
Splitter, ending in a complete OPEN circuit.
13
VF / DSL Cable Qualifier
14
CableSHARK P3 User Guide
Section 4 Physical Features and Power Supply
4.1 Physical Features of the CableSHARK
4.1.1 The Front Panel
The illustration below shows the front panel features of the CableSHARK. These features are described
following the illustration.
1
2
3
MAIN MENU
CABLE
AUTO
TESTS
TESTS
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
Figure 4.1.1A - CableSHARK Front Panel
1. AC Mains Plug Symbol
This symbol indicates if the CableSHARK is receiving power from an AC mains supply. There will
be no symbol if power is disconnected from the unit.
2. Battery Status Indicator
Indicates status of battery. Battery Gas Gauge will move between E and F. E represents EMPTY
(battery needs recharging) and F represents FULL (battery is fully recharged). A percentage will
appear indicating the amount of battery capacity left.
CableSHARK P3
CableSHARK P3
Co pyrigh t Con sult ronic s Lim ited 20 00 - 200 6
AUTO
SETUP
Software Version 3.86
RESPON D.
MODE
VF/DSL Cable Qualifier
EF
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RESULTS
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15
VF / DSL Cable Qualifier
3. Power On LED
This LED indicates the ON/Off status of the CableSHARK. It also shows the status of the internal
battery and the condition of the charging circuit.
4. Power On/Off Button
This push button switch turns the instrument on or off.
5. Contrast Controls
Adjusts the contrast of the LCD display. The contrast required will depend on the lighting conditions
of the environment. Battery life will be enhanced if the LCD Backlighting is turned off when not
needed (i.e. when there is sufficient ambient light). Press the
on and off.
symbol to toggle the backlight
6. Volume Controls
Not used.
7. Integral Keypad
Used for entering alphanumeric values, names, and other information.
8. LCD Display
640 x 480 pixel backlit LCD display. The CableSHARK can be ordered with either a monochrome
display or a colour display.
9. Cursor Pad
The arrow keys move the cursor through the displayed menu options. A Run/Stop button is located
in the center of the cursor pad, which is used to start and stop tests.
10. Function Buttons
Used in conjunction with the screen menu, the eight buttons provide the majority of the functions
that control the CableSHARK.
16
CableSHARK P3 User Guide
4.1.2 The Rear Panel
The illustration below shows the back panel features of the latest CableSHARK. Each item is described
following the illustration.
12
3
4
2 WIRE
LINE
Tx / Rx
18 V
DC IN
-
+
RJ11RJ45
5 6
GND GND
RING TIP
RS232/V.24
ETHERNET
SERIAL
RING TIP
Rx (AUX.)
8
7
Figure 4.1.2A – The CableSHARK’s Rear Panel
1. Power Connector for AC Adapter
Provides connection of the CableSHARK to the power mains via the AC adapter provided with the
unit. The internal battery is automatically charged once the instrument is plugged in, even when
the instrument is switched off.
2. Universal Serial Bus (USB) Series A Receptacle
This USB connection provides the user with the ability to save results to a USB Memory. Users
can save results to the optional 256 MB USB Memory available from EXFO. Users can also
upgrade the CableSHARK via the USB port using the USB Memory.
The CableSHARK works with the following other USB Memory devices:
• Universal Smart Drive USB1.1 (64 Meg)
• Universal Smart Drive USB1.1 (32 Meg)
• Sandisk cruzer mini USB2.0 (32 Meg)
• USB 007 USB1.1 (32 Meg)
• Shikatronics Flash Drive USB2.0 (32 Meg)
• Kingston USB1.1 (32 Meg)
• Intelligent Stick USB1.1 (32 Meg)
17
VF / DSL Cable Qualifier
3. Serial Communication Port (Male)
The 9-pin connector provides serial communication with a computer. The CableSHARK can
download its results to a terminal program or be remote controlled via the optional Microsoft
Windows® based Visi-SHARK program. This port is also used to upgrade the software version
resident within the CableSHARK.
4. Ethernet 10BaseT Port
The Ethernet connector provides high-speed communication with a computer. The CableSHARK
can download its results to a terminal program or be remote controlled via the optional Microsoft
Windows® based Visi-SHARK program. This port is also used to upgrade the software version
resident within the CableSHARK.. Users will have to define their IP address, Gateway address
and subnet mask under System Setup.
5. RJ-45 connector
RJ-45 connector for connection to the line. Supports 2 wire TX and RX functionality.
6. RJ-11 connector
RJ-11 connector for connection to the line. Supports 2 wire TX and RX functionality.
7. 2 Wire TX & RX 3 Pin Connector
3 Pin connector for connection to the line and acting as a transmitter and receiver. This connector
can be used in conjunction with the Rx (AUX.) connector and acts as the transmitter for 4 Wire
implementations.
8. Rx (AUX.) 3 Pin Connector
3 Pin connector for connection to the line and acting as a receiver (RX) only. This allows access
to the 4 wire features of the CableSHARK . Features Tip, Ring, and Ground connections. The Rx
(AUX) connector is also used for the “Good Pair” connection in RFL (Yellow and Green telco clip
cable).
4.1.3 The Serial Interface Connection
The serial interface is used to connect the CableSHARK to a PC terminal. The connector for this is a male 9
pin D-type on the rear panel. When connecting to your equipment, a 9 pin “D” to 25 pin “D” type cable or
conversion adapter may be required. The serial interface is compatible with the EIA RS-232 and ITU V.24
specifications. The pin assignments for this are as follows:
18
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