Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
Liquid Turbine Flow Meters
Daniel® Liquid Turbine
Flow Meter Technical
Guide
www.daniel.com
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Turbine Meter Parameters ............................................................................................................................. 1
The Daniel Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Systems ........................................................ 2
Turbine Meter Theory .................................................................................................................................... 3
Patented Floating Rotor................................................................................................................................. 4
Magnetic Pickoff of Rotor Velocity ................................................................................................................. 5
Turbine Meter Rotor and Bearing Design ...................................................................................................... 6
Rimmed Rotors for Higher Resolution ........................................................................................................... 7
Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter .............................................................................................. 8
Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Design Features .................................................................. 9
Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Materials of Construction ................................................... 10
Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter ............................................................................................ 11
Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Design Features ................................................................ 12
Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Materials of Construction ................................................... 13
Rangability of Liquid Turbine Flow Meters...................................................................................................14
Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Performance with Different Specic Gravities ...................................................14
Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Specic Gravity Adjustments ............................................. 15
Meter Performance in High Viscosity Liquids .............................................................................................. 16
Installation and Operating Recommendations............................................................................................. 17
Back Pressure .............................................................................................................................................18
Turbine Meter Instrumentation ....................................................................................................................19
FOREWORD
Daniel Measurement and Control is a recognized leader in the eld of ow measurement. The Company is
engaged solely in the design and manufacture of ow measurement equipment for custody transfer and scal
duty applications for both gas and liquid. Daniel offers both individual products and systems, with the largest
installed base of packaged meter and prover systems. Daniel continues to be the leader in measurement
systems.
Daniel liquid turbine ow meters are the product of a continuous development process, and offer the best solution
for modern liquid measurement requirements.
The range of liquid turbine ow meters includes the Daniel Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meters,
each of which is designed for specic industry segments. The Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter is
designed for applications in loading terminals and is used on a variety of rened product loading applications.
The Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter utilizes proven technology in a robust package designed for
pipeline applications.
Daniel turbine meters have been proven on a variety of liquid metering applications, including crude oil,
rened products, LPG, liquid ethylene and many other liquids. The characteristics of the turbine meter, which
include excellent repeatability, longevity and simplicity, lend the technology to an increasing number of liquid
measurement applications.
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
TURBINE METER PARAMETERS
These ve terms are the most widely discussed parameters of turbine meter applications.
Linearity is the measure of variation in signal output across the nominal ow range of the meter. The turbine
meter will have a nominal K-factor (number of pulses output for a given volume measured) and this value varies
across the ow range of the meter. Linearity is a measure of the variance of actual output from the average
K-factor. With modern electronics, linearization of the meter registration is possible within a ow computer, and
thus further improvements in measurement accuracy is possible.
Repeatability is the ability of a meter to indicate the same reading each time the same ow conditions exist.
Turbine meters exhibit excellent repeatability and, for many control applications, this is the most important
parameter to be considered.
Accuracy is a measure of how close to true or actual ow the instrument indication may be. It is generally
expressed as a percent of true volume for a specic ow range. This is a “worst case” rating. Accuracy at a
particular ow rate may be an order of magnitude better than “rated ow range accuracy.”
Resolution is a measure of the smallest increment of total ow that can be individually recognized, normally
dened by a single pulse. Turbine meters have an inherently high resolution.
Range is the ratio of maximum ow to minimum ow over which the specied linearity will be maintained. Normal
range (or “turn-down”) is given as 10:1, although this may be exceeded in many cases, depending on meter size
and required linearity.
Figure 1 - Flow Ranges
+0.15%
–0.15%
+0.02%
–0.02%
Page 1
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
THE DANIEL® SERIES 1200 AND 1500 LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER SYSTEMS
The Daniel Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Systems combine turbine meters and electronic
instrumentation to measure volumetric total ow and/or ow rate. Each Daniel turbine meter comprises of a
cylindrical housing containing a precise turbine rotor assembly. The magnetic pickoff, or pickoffs, are mounted
in a boss on the meter body. As uid passes smoothly through the ow meter, it causes the rotor to revolve with
an angular velocity proportional to ow. The rotor blades or rim buttons passing through the magnetic eld of the
pickoff generate a pulsing voltage in the coil of the pickoff assembly. Each voltage pulse represents a discrete
volume. The total number of pulses collected over a period of time represents the total volume metered.
The sinusoidal signal from each pickoff has low amplitude and may not normally be relied upon for
transmission distances over 20 feet (6 meters). The signal must, therefore, be amplied. This is achieved with a
preamplication board mounted on the turbine meter. These pulse signals are typically transmitted to control room
instrumentation such as ow computers, and may also be required to input to prover computers which calculate,
display, transmit, control or record the ow sensed by the rotor. The results may be displayed as pulse-counts or
standard engineering units, such as gallons, barrels, etc.
All Daniel Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meters have, as standard, the Universal Mounting Box
(UMB) which may be tted with one or two pickoffs and the dual channel preamplier. The pickoff mountings are
oriented so that the outputs from the pickups are 90º electrically out of phase. The Daniel Series 1500 Liquid
Turbine Flow Meter may be supplied with two UMBs, offering up to four pulse outputs. Alternate pairs across the 2
UMBs are also 90º electrically out of phase.
Figure 2 - Liquid Turbine Flow Meter System
Flow Computer
Daniel manufactures the Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meters, the adjacent tube sections, and the
electronic instrumentation. Each meter is precisely ow calibrated before shipment.
The Meter Systems are used to provide measurement information in uid transport, petroleum and chemical
processing, custody transfer of liquids, blending systems, and in product batching in eld or plant operations. The
repeatability of the systems ensures quality measurement of uids over a wide range of ow rates, temperatures,
compositions and viscosities.
Page 2
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
Daniel® Valves In Load Rack Duty
TURBINE METER THEORY
The basic theory behind Daniel’s electronic liquid turbine meters is relatively simple. Fluid ow through the meter
impinges upon the turbine blades which are free to rotate about an axis along the center line of the turbine
housing. The angular (rotational) velocity of the turbine rotor is directly proportional to the uid velocity through
the turbine. These features make the turbine meter an ideal device for measuring ow rate.
The output of the meter is taken by an electrical pickoff(s) mounted on the meter body. The output frequency of
this electrical pickoff is proportional to the ow rate. In addition to its excellent rangeability, a major advantage
of the turbine meter is that each electrical pulse is also proportional to a small incremental volume of ow. This
incremental output is digital in form, and as such, can be totalized with a maximum error of one pulse regardless
of the volume measured.
The turbine meter and associated digital electronics form the basis of any liquid metering system. An expanding
blade hanger assembly holds the turbine rotor in alignment with the uid ow. The angle of the turbine blades to
the stream governs the angular velocity and the output frequency of the meter. A sharper blade angle provides a
higher frequency output. In general, the blade angle is held between 20º and 40º to the ow. Lower angles cause
too low of an angular velocity and loss of repeatability, while larger angles cause excessive end thrust.
FLOW RATE IS PROPORTIONAL TO ANGULAR VELOCITY
Figure 3 below is a cross section of the internals of a Daniel turbine meter. Flow through the turbine meter is from
left to right. The forward and rear suspension act as ow guides so that uid motion through the meter is parallel
to the meter centerline. Flow impinging upon the angular blade causes the rotor to spin at an angular velocity
proportional to ow rate.
Figure 3 - Liquid Turbine Flow Meter Cross Section
Page 3
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
Figure 4 - Rotor Assembly Cross Section
PATENTED* FLOATING ROTOR
Flowing uid enters the turbine through the forward suspension. When it encounters the sharp angle of the cone,
the stream is deected outward, increasing in velocity and causing a slight static pressure drop. As the uid
leaves the blade area, ow has redistributed. Velocity is reduced slightly and the static pressure has increased
proportionally.
The difference between the two velocity pressures causes the rotor to move upstream into the uid ow. This
upstream force would be great enough to cause the rotor to strike the forward thrust bearing, were it not for
the slight offset. The cross sectional area of the cone is slightly smaller than that of the rotor hub so that some
of the ow impinges directly upon the rotor hub, generating a downstream thrust. As a result, the rotor oats in
balance between upstream and downstream cones, pushed forward by the pressure difference across the blades
and pushed backward by the ow impingement. The only bearing surface other than the measured uid is the
cemented carbide sleeve bearing insert. (See Figure 4)
In bi-directional meters, the downstream cone is replaced by a second upstream cone and rangeability in the
reverse ow direction is reduced.
* U.S. PATENT NO. 3,948,099, PATENTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES
Page 4
Technical Guide
MAGNETIC
SENSORS
(PICKOFFS)
CLAMP
O-RING
BLADES
PICKOFF #1 PICKOFF #2
INSULATOR
UNIVERSAL
MOUNTING
BOX
(UMB)
UMB
MOUNTING
BOX PAD
THIS 1/2 PULSE
IS NOT USED
BY READOUTS
A
B
C
A
ONE
PULSE
B
C
ONE
UNIT
VOLUME
THIS 1/2 PULSE
IS NOT USED
BY READOUTS
A
ONE
PULSE
B
C
ONE
UNIT
VOLUME
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
Surge And Pressure Relief Valves
MAGNETIC PICKOFF OF ROTOR VELOCITY
The angular velocity of the turbine rotor is taken through the turbine meter wall by means of a magnetic pickoff.
The stainless steel meter body is non-magnetic and offers negligible effect on a magnetic eld set up by a
permanent magnet in the pickoff coil.
Turbine blades, made of a paramagnetic material (which properties cause it to be attracted by a magnet),
rotate past the pickoff coil, generating irregular shaped voltage pulses. The frequency of these pulses is linearly
proportional to the angular velocity of the rotor and thus to the ow rate. Additionally, each pulse is incrementally
proportional to a small unit of volume. The amplitude of the pulses will vary in proportion to blade velocity but is
not considered in the measurement process. Flow rate and total ow information is transmitted by frequency and
by counting (totalizing) the pulses.
The permanent magnet produces a magnetic eld which passes through the coil and is concentrated to a small
point at the pickoffs. In Figures 5 and 6 below, as a turbine blade (A) moves into close proximity to the pickoff
point, its magnetic properties cause the magnetic eld to deect to accommodate its presence. This deection
causes a voltage to be generated in the coil. As the blade passes under the pickoff point (B), this voltage decays,
only to build back in the opposite polarity as the leaving blade - now in position (C). This causes the magnetic
eld to deect in the opposite direction. So as each blade passes the pickoff, it produces a separate and distinct
voltage pulse. Since the uid surrounding each blade represents a discrete unit of volume, each electrical pulse
also represents a discrete unit of volume. Turbine meter output is rated in pulses per gallon, pulses per liter, or
other standard engineering units.
Figure 5 - Assembly of Daniel® UMB showing
dual pickoff conguration
Figure 6 - Voltage Output, Peak to Peak
Page 5
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
TURBINE METER ROTOR AND BEARING DESIGN
The primary differences in turbine meter technology are in the design of the rotor and bearings.
The rotor is an assembly of up to twelve (in some designs this number is greater) blades locked into a hub, which rotates
on a bearing or bearings. For light liquid applications that require viscosities of 5 cSt or less, and specic gravities of less
than 0.75, the rotor does not normally need a rim (sometimes referred to as a shroud). For measuring the more viscous
liquids and in larger size turbine meters (i.e. 8” and above) a rim is tted to ensure sufcient rigidity in the rotor. A rim also
offers the advantage of higher pulse resolution; with a bladed rotor the number of pulses per revolution is limited to the
number of blades, and in a rimmed rotor the number of pulses per revolution corresponds to the number of buttons or
slots in the rim.
For intermittent duties on light, clean hydrocarbons that may be found at tank truck terminals, ball bearings may be used
for a rotor bearing. Proper design of rotors with ball bearings will use two ball races and a short axle upon which the rotor
is tted. Where space is constrained the ball races may be tted directly into the rotor hub. This design is particularly
suited to low and varying ow rate applications, and is utilized on the Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter,
designed primarily for distribution applications such as load racks. In these installations, liquids handled are typically light,
rened products.
Pipeline applications often require continuous operation at xed ow rates. Here the design of the turbine meter must offer
sufcient longevity to minimize maintenance intervals. In these applications, tungsten carbide journal bearings are used,
which offer exceptional longevity. As tungsten carbide is extremely hard wearing, designs utilizing this sort of bearing are
often applied to more demanding measurement applications, such as crude oil.
It should be noted here that the limitations on viscosity are related to the rangeability of the turbine ow meter. As the
viscosity of the measured liquid increases, the K-factor variations at different ow rates increase. Thus to maintain the
linearity of the meter at the required level, as the viscosity of the measured liquid increases, the turn-down, or rangeability
of the meter must be reduced. So for typical pipeline applications, where the ow meter will operate at just one ow rate
(or a very limited range of ow rates) a turbine meter may be used to measure ows of high viscosity liquids. The Daniel
Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter is designed for pipeline applications, and is equipped with robust internals suited
to continuous measurement of a wide range of liquids.
There may be a single hanger or hangers upstream and downstream of the rotor. In the Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine
Flow Meter there is a single upstream support for the rotor, and in the Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter there
are both upstream and downstream hangers.
Bearings may be either ball bearings or tungsten carbide journal bearings. Since ball bearings are used to provide
improved performance on low ow rates and on clean product, they are a reliable, cost effective solution.
The Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter deploys a cantilevered twin ball bearing design. Utilizing a rotating
shaft on two ball bearing units, the Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter is available in 1”, 1.5”, 2”, 3” and 4” line
sizes. For more demanding applications, a tungsten carbide journal bearing assembly is available as an option.
Lightweight bladed rotors of this type mounted on ball bearings are particularly suited to the intermittent duty cycles typical
in loading rack applications. The design application is limited to clean rened products. In the event that the turbine is
used on slightly dirty products, the use of tungsten carbide journal bearings is recommended. Tungsten carbide bearings
are extremely hard wearing and used in turbine meters on a range of applications from LPGs to crude oils.
Page 6
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
RIMMED ROTORS FOR HIGHER RESOLUTION
In the larger diameter Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter (normally above 6” in line size), the resolution
provided by a blade-type motor may be improved by the use of a rimmed (or shrouded) rotor. This construction is standard
for Daniel meters of 8” and up. A lightweight stainless steel rim (or shroud) carries small paramagnetic buttons which
provide a greater resolution of ow by generating more pulses per unit volume.
Daniel Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meters are supplied with one Universal Mounting Box (UMB) as
standard. This is attached to a boss, which in turn is attached to the meter body. This assembly may house two pickoffs,
which are oriented such that their outputs are 90º electrically out of phase.
®
Figure 7 - Daniel
1500 Liquid Turbine Flow
Meter internals showing
standard rimmed rotor
Series
®
Figure 8 - Daniel
Series
1500 Liquid Turbine Flow
Meter internals showing high
resolution rotor
The Daniel® Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter is also offered with a high resolution rotor. This rotor is designed
with slots in the rim in place of paramagnetic buttons and provides a higher number of pulses per unit volume than the
standard rotor which enables proving with a smaller pipe size prover.
Page 7
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
®
DANIEL
SERIES 1200 LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER
Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meters are designed specically for load rack service where a vital
characteristic is repeatability. The meter deploys a lightweight rotor which is supported on self-cleaning ow through
ball bearings. As a result, the meter is versatile and is particularly suited to batch loading of light hydrocarbons. The
meter has been used successfully on uids with viscosities up to 6 centistokes. The meter can also be supplied with
optional tungsten carbide bearings for more demanding applications
The meter features an upstream expanding hanger which centers the internals in the body, with cantilevered support
of the rotor. The stainless steel ball bearings or the tungsten carbide bearings and the shaft are housed in the meter
hub. The meter will operate in any plane, and is frequently used in the vertical orientation with ow upward to save
space at a load rack.
The design includes an integral ow conditioning plate which allows operation without upstream ow straightening
available on the 1.5”, 2”, 3” and 4” meters. This conguration is particularly valuable in vertical use at load racks.
SEE DANIEL SERIES 1200 LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER DATASHEET FOR MODEL SELECTION MATRIX
UMB Cover
®
Figure 9 - Daniel
Series 1200
Liquid Turbine Flow Meter
(Shown with tungsten carbide bearings)
Hanger
Flow
Conditioning Plate
Blades
Hanger
Hub
Shaft
Sleeve
Thrust
Washer
Dual Channel
Pre-amplifer
Pickoffs
UMB Housing
O-ring
Outlet
Diffuser
Cap
Rotor
Assembly
with
Bearing
Page 8
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
®
DANIEL
SERIES 1200 LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER DESIGN FEATURES
The following data is applicable for Daniel Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter calibrated on mineral spirits.
Size
(Inches)
Standard
Flow Range
Extended
Flow Range
Standard
Flow Range
Extended
Flow Range
Standard
Flow Range
Extended
Flow Range
BBL/Hr BBL/Hr M3/Hr M3/Hr USGPM USGPM
1 8.6 - 86 99 1.36 - 13.7 15.8 6.0 - 60 69
1.5 18.6 - 186 214 2.96 - 29.6 34 13 - 130 150
2 31.5 - 315 362 50 - 50 57.5 22 - 220 253
3 93 - 930 1.071 14.8 - 148 170 65 - 650 750
4 143 - 1,430 1,785 23 - 230 284 100 - 1,000 1,250
Linearity
Size (Inches) Standard Linearity Premium Linearity
1 +/-0.25% N/A
1.5 +/-0.25% +/-0.15%
2 +/-0.25% +/-0.15%
3 +/-0.15% N/A
4 +/-0.15% N/A
Repeatability: +/-0.02% at any point throughout the minimum to extended maximum ow range.
Nominal K- factor
Size K-factor
(Inches) Pulses/BBL Pulses/M
1 33,600 211,360 800
1.5 16,800 105,680 400
2 7,560 47,556 180
3 2,184 13,877 52
4 966 6,077 23
Page 9
3
Pulses/US Gal
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
®
DANIEL
Body/Flanges
Suspension Anodized Aluminum None
Rotor Blades 400 Series Stainless Steel None
Rotor Hub Aluminum None
Shaft 304 Stainless Steel None
Bearings 430 Stainless Steel Tungsten Carbide
Flow Conditioning Plate Delrin® 150 Aluminum
Viscosity and Specic Gravity
SERIES 1200 LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
Standard Optional
1” and 1.5” Stainless Steel
2” - 4” Carbon Steel 304 Stainless Steel
NA
Low specic gravities or high viscosities will reduce the ow range of the meter.
Daniel
®
Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter
Page 10
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
®
DANIEL
SERIES 1500 LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER
The Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter is designed for applications requiring rugged dependability with
high accuracy and throughput. Used on pipelines, marine loading and other demanding systems, the internals
used are well proven in the Daniel PT meter. The Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter utilizes these
internals in a body designed to accept a Universal Mounting Box (UMB) and the latest pickoff and pre-amplier
technology.
With upstream and downstream self-centering hangers, highly durable rotor assembly utilizing tungsten carbide
sleeve and journal bearings, and a oating rotor design, the Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter is
suited to those applications where downtime is unacceptable.
In such applications, dual pulse transmission is normally used to allow the meter instrumentation (normally a ow
computer) to check the delity of pulse transmission. The single UMB housing contains 1 or 2 pickoffs and a dual
channel preamplier. When congured with 2 pickoffs the square wave outputs are 90º electrically out of phase.
The Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter (2” and up) is available with a second UMB as an option.
For meters 3” and above in this conguration, it is thus possible to have up to 4 matched pulse outputs.
Corresponding pairs are then 90º electrically out of phase.
The Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter utilizes only tungsten carbide journal bearings. In applications
with uids of adequate lubricity, a lm of the measured uid lubricates the journal which contributes to the
enormous longevity of this design. These bearings are extremely hard (Rockwell A-94) and are polished with
diamond paste to a smoothness of two micro-inches (a mirror nish).
The rotor may be blade-type or rimmed-type. Rimmed (or shrouded) rotors have the advantages of greater
structural strength and the possibility of higher resolution, as a greater number of paramagnetic buttons than of
blades may be used on the stainless steel rim. A bladed rotor is limited to 1 pulse per blade per revolution, with
the practical limit for the blades being 12. With a rim, or shroud, there may be up to 64 pulses (buttons) per rotor
revolution.
The high resolution (HR) rotor option for the Series 1500 rotor is available in 6” through 16” sizes. In this design
the rotor rim is a slotted 400 series stainless steel, designed with twice as many slots in the HR rotor as buttons
on the standard rotor.
SEE DANIEL SERIES 1500 LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER DATASHEET FOR MODEL SELECTION MATRIX
®
Figure 10 - Daniel
Liquid Turbine Flow Meter
Flow
Conditioning
Plate
(optional)
Series 1500
Upstream Cone
Hanger Blades
Pickoff B
Pickoff A
Downstream
Cone
Rotor
Assembly
Hanger Blades
Shaft
Hanger Hub
Page 11
Deector Ring
Hanger Hub
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
The deployment of this high resolution rotor in each of the sizes available gives a nominal K-factor twice that of
the standard meter and allows for proving with a smaller size prover.
The rimmed design is available as an option on 3”-6” turbines, and is standard on 8” and larger.
Whatever the design of meter and rotor conguration, the blades are locked and welded into the desired angular
position, forming a solid, one piece rotor.
In the Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter both up and downstream shaft supports are deployed. The
expanding hanger principle is used to ensure positive self-centering of the internals. The shape of the internal
cones results in a reverse differential pressure that counterbalances the downstream thrust on the rotor, thus
allowing the rotor to oat on a uid cushion. This oating action ensures long life and minimal maintenance. (See
Figure 10)
®
DANIEL
SERIES 1500 LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER DESIGN FEATURES
The following data is applicable for Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter calibrated on mineral spirits or
water.
Extended
Size
(Inches)
Standard Flow
Range BBL/Hr
Extended
Max Flow
BPH w/20%
Duty Cycle
Standard Flow
Range M3/Hr
Min Flow
Range
USGPM
+ .75 (1”- 2.5”)
+ .50 (3”- 18”)
Standard Flow
Range USGPM
Extended Max
USGPM w/20%
Min Max Min Max Min Max
1 10 100 116 1 15 5.6 7 70 81
1.5 21 214 247 3 34 12 15 150 173
2 36 360 411 6 57 20 25 250 288
2.5 57 571 657 9 91 32 40 400 460
3 100 1,000 1,150 16 159 56 70 700 805
4 184 1,850 2,126 29 294 104 129 1,295 1,488
6 420 4,200 4,830 67 668 235 294 2,940 3,381
8 850 8,500 9,776 135 1,351 476 595 5,950 6,843
10 1,200 12,000 13,800 191 1,908 672 840 8,400 9,660
12 1,800 18,000 20,700 286 2,862 1,008 1,260 12,600 14,490
16 2,800 28,000 32,200 445 4,452 1,568 1,960 19,600 22,540
18 4,000 40,000 46,000 636 6,359 2,240 2,800 28,000 32,200
Linearity
Flow Range
Duty Cycle
Size
Standard Linearity Premium Linearity
(Inches)
1”- 2.5” +/-0.25% +/-0.15%
3”- 18” +/-0.15%
+/-0.1%*
+/-0.07%*
*5 to 1 turndown
Repeatability: +/-0.02% at any point throughout the
minimum to extended maximum owrange.
Viscosity and Specic Gravity
Low specic gravities or high viscosities will reduce
the ow range of the meter.
Page 12
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
Nominal K-Factor
Size Pulses/BBL Pulses/M
Nominal K-Factor
3
Pulses/US Gal
1 21,000 (BLADE) 132,100 (BLADE) 500 (BLADE)
1.5 9,660 (BLADE) 60,766 (BLADE) 230 (BLADE)
2 5,334 (BLADE) 33,553 (BLADE) 127 (BLADE)
2.5 2,730 (BLADE) 17,173 (BLADE) 75 (BLADE)
3 2,016 (BLADE)
4,620 (RIM)
4 1,000 (BLADE)
3,000 (RIM)
6 235 (BLADE)
1,000 (RIM)
2,000 (HR RIM)
8 500 (RIM)
1,000 (HR RIM)
10 250 (RIM)
500 (HR RIM)
12 200 (RIM)
400 (HR RIM)
16 100 (RIM)
200 (HR RIM)
12,682 (BLADE)
29,062 (RIM)
6,290 (BLADE)
18,864 (RIM)
1478 (BLADE)
6,290 (RIM)
12,580 (HR RIM)
3,145 (RIM)
6,290 (HR RIM)
1,572 (RIM)
3,144 (HR RIM)
1,258 (RIM)
2516 (HR RIM)
629 (RIM)
1,258 (HR RIM)
48 (BLADE)
110 (RIM)
23.8 (BLADE)
71.4 (RIM)
5.6 (BLADE)
23.8 (RIM)
47.6 (HR RIM)
11.9 (RIM)
23.8 (HR RIM)
6 (RIM)
12 (HR RIM)
4.8 (RIM)
9.6 (HR RIM)
2.4 (RIM)
4.8 (HR RIM)
18 100 (RIM) 629 (RIM) 2.4 (RIM)
®
DANIEL
SERIES 1500 LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
Item Standard Optional Optional
Meter body and anges
304 Standard 1”
and 1.5”
CS Standard 2”
and up
NA 316 SS
304 SS 316 SS
Suspension 304 SS 304 SS 316 SS
Rotor Blades (Rim Type) 304 SS 304 SS 316 SS
Rotor Blades (Blades Type) 430 SS 430 SS Nickel 200
Sleeve Bearings Tungsten Carbide Tungsten Carbide Tungsten Carbide
Journal Bearings Tungsten Carbide Tungsten Carbide Tungsten Carbide
Rotor Hub 430 SS 430 SS 316 SS
Rotor Rim 3” and 4” 316 SS 316 SS 316 SS
Rotor Rim 6” - 18” 304 SS 304 SS 316 SS
Rim Buttons Hi Mu 80 Hi Mu 80 Hi Mu 80
Cones 304 SS 304 SS 316 SS
Shaft 316 SS 316 SS 316 SS
Tolerance Ring 304 SS 304 SS 316 SS
Page 13
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
RANGEABILITY OF LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METERS
The ow ranges indicated in the previous tables show a nominal ow range -- with a turndown of 10:1 - at which
the turbine will report measurement repeatable to the indicated specication based on measurement of clean
liquids such as water (specic gravity 1, viscosity 1 cSt) and mineral spirits (specic gravity 0.78, viscosity 1.8
cSt).
Where liquids with properties outside of the range described by these liquids are to be measured, the meter ow
range will be affected.
Extended ow rates on intermittent duty cycles are permitted and shown in the ow meter design features table
on page 12. It should also be noted that the use of the meter in the extended ow range should be limited to a
20% duty cycle.
LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER PERFORMANCE WITH DIFFERENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
Liquid turbine meters are affected by changes in liquid density. When measuring liquids with specic gravities of
0.7 or less, the minimum ow rate of the meter must be increased to maintain the linearity of the meter within the
required limits. In this application, the maximum ow rate may be increased to allow for greater rangeability.
It is vital that proper back pressure be maintained (refer to page 18 for the formula for determining required back
pressure). Failure to do so may result in ashing and cavitation, which will cause over ranging of, and damage to,
the meter. Liquids with low specic gravities generally have high vapor pressures and high coefcients of thermal
expansion. When measuring these liquids, it is extremely important that proper installation, measurement and
proving practice be followed to provide stable temperatures and to negate the potential for poor measurement and
possible system damage.
The data on the following page are for the Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter, and similar effects will
be observed in all design of turbine meters.
Page 14
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
®
DANIEL
SERIES 1500 LIQUID TURBINE FLOW METER SPECIFIC GRAVITY ADJUSTMENTS
S.G. = 1 ( .7 to 1 )
Meter Size Minimum Linear Maximum Linear
BBL/Hr M3/Hr USGPM BBL/Hr M3/Hr USGPM
1 10 1.59 7 100 15.90 70
1.5 21.4 3.40 15 214 34 150
2 35.7 5.68 25 357 56.76 250
2.5 57.1 9.08 40 571 90.78 400
3* 100 15.9 70 1,000 159 700
4* 185.7 29.52 130 1,850 295 1,295
6* 420 66.77 294 4,192 667.7 2,935
S.G. = 0.5
Meter Size Minimum Linear Maximum Linear
BBL/Hr M3/Hr USGPM BBL/Hr M3/Hr USGPM
1 22.9 3.64 16 116 36.4 81
1.5 50 7.95 35 246 79.5 172
2 84.3 13.40 59 411 134 288
2.5 134.3 21.35 94 657 213.5 460
3* 235.7 37.47 165 1,150 374.7 805
4* 435.7 69.27 305 2,127 692.7 1,489
6* 988.6 157.2 692 4,830 1,572 3,381
S.G. = 0.3
Meter Size Minimum Linear Maximum Linear
BBL/Hr M3/Hr USGPM BBL/Hr M3/Hr USGPM
1 32.9 5.23 23 116 52.3 81
1.5 71.4 11.35 50 246 113.5 172
2 118.6 18.56 83 411 185.6 288
2.5 190 32.21 133 657 322.1 460
3* 331.4 52.69 232 1,150 526.9 805
4* 612.8 97.43 429 2,127 974.3 1,489
6* 1,393 221.5 975 4,830 2,215 3,381
* Rim type rotor not recommended, use blade type rotor only.
Page 15
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
METER PERFORMANCE IN HIGH VISCOSITY LIQUIDS
Increases in viscosity of the measured liquid will reduce the rangeability of the ow meter. Generally, the
minimum ow rate of the meter will have to be increased to maintain the linearity rating of the meter.
The increased ow rate may be determined according to the following ratio:
Sizing ratio = Liquid Viscosity (Centistokes)
Nominal Line Sizes
Sizing Ratio Minimum Flow (% of Normal Maximum Flow Rate)
1 Use Normal Minimum Flow Rate
1.5 20%
2 25%
2.5 30%
3 35%
4 40%
5 45%
6 50%
7 55%
8 60%
Example:
The sizing ratio of a 4-inch turbine meter measuring a liquid of 8 cSt is 8/4, or 2. The normal maximum ow
rate of this size of meter is 1450 GPM. The new minimum ow rate is 25% of 1450, or 362.5 GPM. The ow
rate for this application is now 362-1450 GPM, with standard linearity (+/-0.15%) and repeatability of (+/-0.02%)
maintained.
Note: Use of the turbine meter on high viscosity liquids at the maximum extended ow range is allowable, but
may increase the wear rate of the turbine.
The pressure drop through the meter may be estimated (for low to medium viscosities) according to the following
formula:
DP = (PD) x (μ)
1/4
x (SG)
3/4
or
DP = (PD) x (v)
1/4
x (SG)
Where:
DP = Estimated pressure drop
PD = Pressure drop for water at expected ow rate
μ = Absolute viscosity in centipoises
v = Kinematic viscosity in centistokes
SG = Specic gravity
Note: μ = (v) x (SG)
Page 16
Technical Guide
STRAINER
TURBINE METER
D= NOMINAL PIPE SIZE
FLOW
20D
MIN IMUM
5D
MIN IMUM
TURBI NE
METER
D= NOM INAL PIP E SIZE
FLOW
10D
MIN IMUM
5D
MIN IMUM
METER TUBE
STRA INER
TURBI NE
METER
FLOW
10D
MIN IMUM
5D
MIN IMUM
METER TUBE
FLANG E MODEL
STRAI GHTENING VANE
LINE MODEL
STRAI GHTENING VANE
METER TUBE
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
INSTALLATION AND OPERATING RECOMMENDATIONS
For a turbine meter to perform without increased uncertainty and in a repeatable and accurate manner, the owing
stream must be free of rotational components. The internal assembly supports of a turbine meter offer a slight
straightening effect, but additional ow straightening is normally required.
Generally, upstream ow straightening is effected through the use of adequate upstream straightening sections,
which often comprise a set of straightening vanes or a tube bundle. Guidance on this subject is offered in the API
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 5, Section 3.
For turbine ow meters of 2-inches and less, straightening vanes are not normally used. For most installations,
twenty diameters of upstream pipe should be provided for adequate ow straightening. (See Figure 11)
Figure 11 - Small Diameter
Meter Tube
For line sizes 2-inches and larger, upstream ow straightening sections are normally supplied with straightening
vanes. With this construction, the upstream straightening section need only be ten diameters in length.
Daniel supplies upstream and downstream ow straightening sections in either carbon steel or stainless steel, as
required by the application. The standard design offered is the two-section tube, with a single upstream and single
downstream straightening section. The upstream section contains the tube bundle, which is securely located within
the pipe section. (See Figure 12)
Flow straightening sections may in fact be supplied in any conguration, with any line connection and to any specied
length. In some installations, a three section ow straightening conguration is required. By using this conguration
ready access to the straightening vanes is afforded. (See Figure 13)
Figure 12 - Two-Section
Meter Tube
Figure 13 - Three-Section
Meter Tube
Page 17
Technical Guide
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
In some circumstances, the use of a Flow Conditioning Plate (FCP) is possible. The ow conditioning plate is
available from 3” to 6” for the Daniel Series 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter, and is standard on the Daniel
Series 1200 Liquid Turbine Flow Meter (with the exception of the 1”). When supplied, the FCP is an integral
part of the turbine meter. The FCP serves to reduce swirl in the same way as ow straightening sections, and is
of particular signicance where piping installations do not permit long upstream sections, such as in load racks
where space is at a premium.
BACK PRESSURE
It is essential to maintain sufcient back pressure on the turbine meter to prevent ashing and cavitation. This is
particularly important when measuring liquids with high vapor pressures, such as LPGs.
The necessary back pressure required is given by the equation:
BP = (meter ∆P X 2) + (VP X 1.25)
BP = Back pressure required
∆P = Meter pressure drop at maximum flow
VP = Equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid at the operating temperature, pounds per square inch absolute
(psia), (gauge pressure plus atmoshperic pressure.)
The pulses per unit volume / flow range curves below illustrate the effects of back pressure. Not only does
insufficient back pressure lead to measurement inaccuracy, the resultant flashing and cavitation is extremely
damaging to the flow meter and pipework.
Figure 14 - Effects of Back Pressure
Page 18
Technical Guide
DUAL CHANNEL PREAMP
TERMINAL IDENTIFICATION
CUSTOMER CONNECTIONS
BLACK OR
RED
PICKOFFPICKOFF
WHITE
WHITE
CHANNEL B CHANNEL A
BLACK OR
RED
T
U
P
T
UO
B
.
AH
C
TUP
T
UO
A.
AH
C
C
DV
03
OT
01+
NO
MMO
C
NO
MMO
C
TB1 1 2 3 4 5
2
1
21
TB2 TB3
DUAL CHANNEL PREAMP
TERMINAL IDENTIFICATION
CUSTOMER CONNECTIONS
BLACK OR
RED
PICKOFFPICKOFF
WHITE
WHITE
CHANNEL B CHANNEL A
BLACK OR
RED
T
U
P
T
UO
B
.
AH
C
TUP
T
UO
A.
AH
C
C
DV
03
OT
01+
NO
MMO
C
NO
MMO
C
TB1 1 2 3 4 5
2
1
21
TB2 TB3
J3 J4
J2
JUMPER POSITIONS
JUMPER A B OUT
J1-CHAN. A INPUT N/A 40mV. PP MIN N/A
J1-CHAN. B INPUT N/A 40mV. PP MIN N/A
J3-CHAN. A OUTPUT 5V.PULSE SUP. VOLT. PULSE (10-30 VDC) O.C.
J4-CHAN. B OUTPUT 5V.PULSE SUP. VOLT. PULSE (10-30 VDC) O.C.
J1
PREAMP JUMPER CONFIGURATIONS
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
August 2007
TURBINE METER INSTRUMENTATION
The turbine pickoff coil has a high impedance and
offers only a low voltage output. Transmission of ow
signals requires low impedance and high voltage, and
so amplication of the pickoff signal is required.
Daniel Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow
Meters are supplied with the UMB and a dual channel
preamplier as standard. The preamplier shapes and
conditions the pickoff output signal, rendering it suitable
for transmission over distances of up to 3,000 feet, with
the appropriate cabling.
The UMB allows for either one or two pickoffs. The
outputs from the two pickoffs are 90o electrically out
of phase, thus facilitating proper dual pulse delity
checking.
Pickoff Specifications
Type: 2-wire reluctance
Resistance: 600-900 Ohms
Inductance: 250 mH max.
Output: Sinusoidal 40mV p-p minimum @minimum
flow with preamplifier load
Powered Pulse Output
Output: 0 to 5V square wave
Frequency range: 0 to 5 kHz
Loading: 1 kOhm internal pull-up
Variable Voltage Output
Output: 0 to supply voltage square wave
Frequency range: 0 to 5 kHz
Loading: 1 kOhm internal pull-up
Open Collector Output
Output: Square wave
Frequency range: 0 to 5 kHz
Maximum voltage: 30 Vdc
Maximum current: 125 mA
Maximum power: 0.5 Watts
Transmission Distance
Without preamp: 20ft (6.1m)
Belden 88442 or equivalent
With preamp: 3,000ft (914m)
Belden 8770 or equivalent
Optional: 2, 3* or 4* pickoff coils
*with dual UMB
Hazardous Area Classifications
UL / CUL Class 1, Division 1, groups C&D
Preamplifier Performance Dual Channel Preamplifier
Nema 4 UL, CUL
CE certified EEx d IIB T6 (ATEX)
Inputs:
Supply voltage: 10 - 30 Vdc
Minimum input signal amplitude:
40mV p-p minimum
Figure 15 - Dual Channel Preamp Terminal Identication Customer Connections
Page 19
Emerson Process Management
Daniel Measurement and Control, Inc.
World Area Headquarters
Houston, Texas, USA
T: 713-467-6000, F: 713-827-3880
USA Toll Free 1-888-FLOW-001
www.daniel.com
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T: 403-279-1879, F: 403-236-1337
Alberta Toll Free 1-800-242-3197
Sales@Danielind-can.com
Service@Danielind-can.com
Stirling, Scotland - Europe, Middle East, Africa
T: +44 (0) 1786 433400, F: +44 (0) 1786 433401
Singapore - Asia Pacific
Emerson Process Management Asia Pacific Private Limited
T: +65-6777-8211, F: +65-6770-8001
Daniel Measurement and Control, Inc. (“Daniel”) is a wholly owned subsidiary
of Emerson Electric Co., and a division of Emerson Process Management.
The Daniel name and logo are registered trademarks of Daniel Industries,
Inc. The Emerson logo is a registered trademark and service mark
of Emerson Electric Co. All other trademarks are the property of their
respective companies. The contents of this publication are presented for
informational purposes only, and while every effort has been made to ensure
their accuracy, they are not to be construed as warranties or guarantees,
expressed or implied, regarding the products or services described herein
or their use or applicability. All sales are governed by Daniel’s terms and
conditions, which are available upon request. We reserve the right to modify
or improve the designs or specifications of such products at any time. Daniel
does not assume responsibility for the selection, use or maintenance of any
product. Responsibility for proper selection, use and maintenance of any
Daniel product remains solely with the purchaser and end-user. The Daniel
Series 1200 and 1500 Liquid Turbine Flow Meters are protected by United
States and International patents and patents pending.
©2007 Daniel Measurement and Control, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Printed in the USA.
DAN-LIQ-Turbine Meter-TG-0807
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