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A REFERENCE GUIDE FOR OPTIMIZING DELL™ SCSI SOLUTIONS VER A02
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A REFERENCE GUIDE FOR OPTIMIZING DELL SCSI SOLUTIONS............................................................... 3
2.STORAGE APPLICATIONS AND COMPONENTS.................................................................................................... 4
Identify customer usage model and needs............................................................................................................. 4
Picking a solution based on the application profile.............................................................................................. 4
General RAID Configuration Guidelines .............................................................................................................................. 5
Application specific guidelines............................................................................................................................... 6
Web Servers............................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Streaming Media Servers...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Hot Spares ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
SCSI Hard Drive Support..................................................................................................................................... 16
3rd Party Hardware support................................................................................................................................. 16
Server Support ......................................................................................................................................................16
Joined Bus Topology ............................................................................................................................................ 19
Split Bus Topology................................................................................................................................................ 20
PV22xS – Common Features and Capabilities................................................................................................... 22
SCSI ID Assignment.............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Multiple PV22xS Enclosures on a Single Host System .......................................................................................................23
Warm and Hot Pluggable Features ..................................................................................................................................... 24
PV22xS Configuration Topology and Application Attributes............................................................................................. 26
5.SCSIHOST BUS ADAPTERS /SCSIRAID....................................................................................................... 29
RAID: Hardware Vs Software .............................................................................................................................29
Considerations to Implement a RAID Solution................................................................................................... 29
Data Protection Strategy ......................................................................................................................................................32
High Availability Needs – Clustering................................................................................................................................... 33
Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous environments................................................................................................................. 33
10.APPENDIX –D:REVISION HISTORY ............................................................................................................. 44
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A REFERENCE GUIDE FOR OPTIMIZING DELL™ SCSI SOLUTIONS VER A02
A Reference Guide for Optimizing Dell SCSI Solutions
1. Introduction
Enterprise storage applications involve interconnection of multiple components – including
both software and hardware aspects which would complete a storage solution. Any given
storage application may be supported by one or more storage solutions. Thus, it becomes
essential to identify an optimum storage solution, one which would be ideal for a given
application.
Selection of storage components not only impacts the effectiveness of the solution for an
application but also would impact the performance of Enterprise IT infrastructure which
relies on that storage. Key storage components which impact a storage solution can be
categorized as:
• Physical Storage Device Technology – PowerVault™ Direct Attached Storage
PV22xS family
While selection of storage components is essential for building a storage solution, on the
other hand it is also critical to understand the requirements for a given application. In
general, effectiveness of all the applications is driven by the following key storage
attributes and the usage model for the application, which should then determine the
relative importance for each of these attributes:
• Reliability – Storage solution provides reliable access to data
• Availability – Data from storage devices readily available
• Serviceability – In case of failure of storage components, solution should allow
easy access to assemblies/components and be easy to service
•Redundancy – Solution provides redundancy for both the data storage, as well as
for hardware management capabilities
•Performance
o Bandwidth Utilization – Data Throughput/Available Bandwidth
o I/Os per second (IOPS)
•Data Protection – Data is protected against catastrophic failures on a storage or
system component
• Scalability – Storage capacity can be expanded as applications necessitate
• Cost – driven by RAID and other hardware configurations.
An optimum storage solution would be something comprised of storage components that
would address all the key attributes for a given application, keeping their relative
importance in mind. This paper presents a study of all storage components from
technological to functional, as well as behavioral differences, to help define an optimum
storage solution. In this paper, all the storage components are measured against the
attributes listed above which impact the overall effectiveness of an application.
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Understanding each of the storage components with respect to these attributes will help in
making intelligent decisions to determine an optimal configuration for a given application.
The paper presumes that the reader has a basic understanding of different levels of RAID
and interconnects technologies – Parallel SCSI (SPI-4), PCI vs. PCI-X vs. PCI-e. This
paper presents a study of all storage components, as identified earlier, against various
storage applications and different operating environments; however, specific behavior of
each of the storage applications and management functions is beyond the scope of this
document. In this document we present storage solution from Parallel SCSI perspective,
specifically for Dell’s Direct Attached Storage (DAS) products. Other storage technologies
such as SAS, SATA, or Fibre Channel, as well as topologies such as Network Attached
Storage (NAS) or Storage Area Network (SAN) are outside the scope of this document. All
storage applications referred to herein are treated independent of any specific host system
or server.
2. Storage Applications and Components
Identify customer usage model and needs
In order to select the correct storage solution for any given situation, it is important to
understand what the application and user requirements will be for that solution. A good
starting point is to have an understanding of basic storage profiling considerations.
•Table 2-1: Storage Profiling Considerations
Characteristic Values Description
Performance is the overall ability of the solution to read
and write data to disk. The performance requirements
are usually determined by the type of application being
utilized. Different applications have different
performance requirements. For example, a database
or e-mail server has mostly random disk access
operations while a streaming media server would have
mostly sequential disk access.
Performance
• Bandwidth (MB per
sec.)
• I/O size (KB/MB)
• I/O Profile (read/write
and random/sequential
access mix)
• Latency
Storage capacity is the current amount of storage
Storage Capacity
Needs
Gigabytes
space required by the application and user data. For
example, e-mail storage for 100 users would require
much less storage capacity than an e-mail store for
1000 users.
Storage growth is the expected increase in the amount
Storage Growth
Rate
Percent increase per
year
of capacity that will be required as usage of the server
increases. This is usually measured in the expected
number of users or clients accessing the server
Criticality defines the impact to mission critical business
Criticality
Low, Medium, High,
Very High
needs if the storage is offline. This characteristic is
important for choosing the right RAID level, and
determining if clustering is needed.
Picking a solution based on the application profile
One of the most important factors to consider when selecting a storage solution is the type
of application that will be utilizing the storage solution. This defines the overall purpose of
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A REFERENCE GUIDE FOR OPTIMIZING DELL™ SCSI SOLUTIONS VER A02
the server/storage solution and will determine what RAID configuration will be the most
optimal for the application. Table 2-2 outlines the recommended RAID solution based on
the usage of the server.
•Table 2-2: Application Vs RAID configurations
Application
Email
Database
Web
On-line
transaction
File Archival
File - User
File stores
Streaming
Media
RAID Level
Concatenated 0 1 10 5 50
Recommended Not Recommended Possible
General RAID Configuration Guidelines
RAID 0
RAID 0 is generally not a recommended solution due to lack of redundancy and data
protection. However, it may be utilized in situations where these are not required and
maximum storage capacity and performances are essential.
RAID 1
A RAID 1 solution, while not ideal for most servers, could be utilized for small workgroup
servers or servers with low storage capacity and growth requirements. Any servers
beyond a small workgroup server are likely to need more storage and consequently, a
more efficient RAID solution.
RAID 10
RAID 10 has good I/O performance, excellent availability and redundancy. The biggest
drawback is the higher relative cost for significantly lower storage capacity. This RAID
configuration should be used in situations where the maximum availability, redundancy
and performance are the priority considerations.
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A REFERENCE GUIDE FOR OPTIMIZING DELL™ SCSI SOLUTIONS VER A02
RAID 5
RAID 5 has good I/O performance, data protection and relative cost with excellent storage
capacity. RAID 5 should be used in situations where maximum storage capacity is
required along with a moderate amount of data protection.
RAID 50
A balance between RAID 5 and RAID 10, this solution offers good I/O performance,
availability and good storage capacity. This configuration offers slightly higher
performance than RAID 5, but at a slightly higher cost and reduced storage capacity. It
does however provide greater storage capacity than a RAID 10 solution with a decrease in
performance and data protection. This should be used in situations where greater
redundancy and data protection is required as well as reasonable storage capacity.
Note: For more details on RAID configurations refer to the Dell™ ‘Getting Started with
RAID’ document (http://support.dell.com/support/edocs/storage/RAID/RAIDbk0.pdf
).
Concatenated Container
This solution is not recommended due to lack of data protection and redundancy and no
performance gain. However for non-critical implementations that require high scalability
this type of solution will provide more ease of use than other RAID configurations.
Application specific guidelines
E-Mail Servers
The storage requirements for e-mail servers can vary depending on the size, the amount,
and type of users. While small departmental e-mail servers may work well with a small
amount of storage and limited features; large corporate e-mail servers normally require
greater storage capacity, very high availability, performance and scalability. IO profiles will
vary depending on the number of users and type of mail and attachments sent.
•Table 2-3: Email Server General I/O profile
I/O Profile
(Read/Write)
I/O Profile
(Sequential/Random)
Bandwidth
I/O
Size
Latency
Sensitivity
Growth
Rate
Critical
ity
60/40 Random Heavy 4k High High High
•Table 2-4: Email Sever RAID Guidelines
Application
E-Mail
Concatenated 0 1 10 5 50
RAID Level
Recommended Not Recommended Possible
Recommended:
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• RAID 10 – Recommended for enterprise mission critical e-mail servers where
availability and redundancy and/or performance are the highest priority and
reduce storage capacity is acceptable.
• RAID 5 – Recommended for e-mail servers that require maximum storage
capacity and only base data protection and performance.
• RAID 50 – Recommended for those solutions that require greater redundancy
and data protection and a balance between storage capacity and performance.
Possible:
• RAID 1 – Possible solution for small e-mail servers which do not require high
storage capacity.
Not recommended:
• RAID 0, Concatenated – Not recommended due to lack of redundancy and data
protection.
Note: While these configurations are not recommended, they can be configured
and utilized.
Database Servers
Database servers can range from simple workgroup databases like Microsoft® Access
with a few hundred users to mission critical enterprise databases like Oracle or SQL
Server with thousands of users. Database applications will always benefit from some data
protection while other requirements such as performance and availability will vary. As a
general rule, the more mission critical the database is, the more data protection is
required. Additionally, the performance requirements increase relative to the number of
users accessing the database.
•Table 2-5: Database General IO profile
I/O Profile
(Read/Write)
I/O Profile
(Sequential/Random)
Bandwidth IO Size
Latency
Sensitivity
Growth
Rate
Criticality
70/30 Random Heavy 8K High High High
•Table 2-6: Database sever RAID Guidelines
Application
Database
Concatenated 0 1 10 5 50
RAID Level
Recommended Not Recommended Possible
Recommended:
• RAID 10 – Recommended for enterprise mission critical database solutions
where availability and redundancy and/or performance are the highest priority.
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• RAID 5 – Recommended for databases that require maximum storage capacity
and only base data protection and performance.
• RAID 50 – Recommended for those solutions that require a balance between
storage capacity and performance.
Possible:
•RAID 1 – Possible solution for small databases which do not require high storage
capacity.
Not recommended:
• RAID0, Concatenated - Not recommended due to lack of redundancy and data
protection
Note: While these configurations are not recommended, they can be configured
and utilized.
Web Servers
Web severs are usually high traffic systems where read operations are the most common
disk activity as web pages are requested by users. They can be moderate intranet sites
with minimal traffic internal company traffic or global internet portal sites that receive
hundreds of thousands of users daily. Performance is generally the main concern with
redundancy and data protection being less a concern. For large web sites, usually there
are several web servers responding to client requests and as a result the need for
redundancy and data protection
is not as important. Also web servers may not require as
much scalability or disk capacity since website content is relatively static and changes are
usually minor content modifications.
•Table 2-7: Web General IO profile
I/O Profile
(Read/Write)
I/O Profile
(Sequential/Random)
Bandwidth IO Size
Latency
Sensitivity
Growth
Rate
Criticality
95/5 Random Moderate < 64K Moderate Low High
•Table 2-8: Web RAID Guidelines
Application
Database
Concatenated 0 1 10 5 50
RAID Level
Recommended Not Recommended Possible
Recommended:
• RAID 10 – Recommended for enterprise web server solutions where availability
and redundancy and performance are the highest priority, usually stand-alone
portal sites that is critical to the organization’s business.
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•RAID 5 – Recommended for web servers that require maximum storage capacity
and only base data protection and performance.
• RAID 50 – Recommended for those solutions that require a balance between
storage capacity and performance.
•RAID 0 – Recommended for solutions where web server will be part of a group of
web servers that service a large internet portal and performance is the highest
concern. In this situation, availability and redundancy is handled by the cluster
group and does not need to happen at the disk level.
• RAID 1 – Good solution for small websites which do not require high storage
capacity.
Not recommended:
•Concatenated - This solution is not recommended due to lack of redundancy and
data protection
Note: While this configuration is not recommended, it can be configured and utilized.
Online Transaction Processing Servers
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) oriented servers are used in a number of
industries for the entry and retrieval of transactions for example, OLTP is common in
banking, airlines, mail-order, and supermarkets. They are generally mission critical
servers that require the maximum availability and redundancy possible.
•Table 2-9: OLTP General IO profile
I/O Profile
(Read/Write)
I/O Profile
(Sequential/Random)
Bandwidth IO Size
Latency
Sensitivity
Growth
Rate
Criticality
80/20 Random Moderate 2k-8k Moderate Low High
•Table 2-10: OLTP RAID Guidelines
Application
OLTP
Concatenated 0 1 10 5 50
RAID Level
Recommended Not Recommended Possible
Recommended:
•RAID 10 – Since OLTP systems are very critical for most business, this RAID
configuration is highly recommended due to the high availability and
redundancy and good performance.
•RAID 5 – Recommended for OLTP servers that require maximum storage
capacity and only base data protection and performance.
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•RAID 50 – Recommended for those solutions that require a balance between
storage capacity and performance.
Possible:
•RAID 1 – Possible solution for situations which do not require high storage
capacity.
Not recommended:
•RAID 0, Concatenated - These are not recommended due to lack of
redundancy and data protection.
Note: While these configurations are not recommended, they can be configured and
utilized.
File Servers
File servers can be archival long term storage repositories or more dynamic user file
storage where files are changed, added and deleted on a daily basis. They can range
from workgroup to company level in their scope. A key factor for file servers is storage
capacity as users add more files. File servers are generally not mission critical systems so
reduced availability and redundancy or none at all is acceptable as the data is usually
backed up and can be restored in a matter of hours.
Archival file server characteristics and recommendations
•Table 2-11 Archival File Server General I/O profile
I/O Profile
(Read/Write)
I/O Profile
(Sequential/Random)
Bandwidth IO Size
Latency
Sensitivity
Growth
Rate
Criticality
90/10 Sequential Moderate >64K High Varies Low
•Table 2-12: Archival File Server RAID Guidelines
Application
File -
Archival
Concatenated 0 1 10 5 50
RAID Level
Recommended Not Recommended Possible
Recommended:
•RAID 10 – Recommended due to the high availability and redundancy and
good performance.
•RAID 5 – Recommended for file servers that require maximum storage
capacity and only base data protection and performance.
•RAID 50 – Recommended for those solutions that require a balance between
storage capacity and performance.
Possible:
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•RAID 1 – Possible solution in situations which do not require high storage
capacity.
Not recommended:
•RAID 0, Concatenated - These are not recommended due to lack of
redundancy and data protection. Since long term archival storage is indented
in some ways to be a backup of important files, it is not a recommended
solution.
Note: While these configurations are not recommended, they can be configured and
utilized.
User file store characteristics and recommendations
•Table 2-13 User Store File Server General IO profile
I/O Profile
(Read/Write)
I/O Profile
(Sequential/Random)
Bandwidth IO Size
Latency
Sensitivity
Growth
Rate
Criticality
80/20 Sequential Heavy >64K High Varies Moderate
•Table 2-14: User Store File Server RAID Guidelines
Application
File – User
file stores
Concatenated 0 1 10 5 50
RAID Level
Recommended Not Recommended Possible
Recommended:
•RAID 5 – Recommended for file servers that require maximum storage
capacity and only base data protection and performance.
•RAID 50 – Recommended for those solutions that require a balance between
storage capacity and performance.
Possible:
•RAID 1 – Possible solution situations which do not require high storage
capacity.
•RAID 10 – Possible solution for situations that require greater availability and
redundancy but not as much disk capacity.
•RAID 0 – While this solution is not fault tolerant, RAID 0 may be useful for file
servers that require better performance and maximum storage capacity, for
example, where backups are expected to maintain data in the event of a failure.
•Concatenated – This solution could be use for situations that require maximum
scalability as drives could be added as storage needs grow. For file servers
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A REFERENCE GUIDE FOR OPTIMIZING DELL™ SCSI SOLUTIONS VER A02
that can afford some downtime and rely on backups to restore data, this could
be a solution.
Streaming Media Servers
Streaming media servers are systems that provide web casting, video conferencing,
internet entertainment like TV or radio, and multimedia content oriented services. These
are systems that generally require a balance between storage capacity, availability,
redundancy and performance. Like web servers, they may also be part of a group of
systems that work together to provide content.
•Table 2-15 Database General IO profile
I/O Profile
(Read/Write)
I/O Profile
(Sequential/Random)
Bandwidth IO Size
Latency
Sensitivity
Growth
Rate
Criticality
98/2 Sequential Heavy >64K High High Varies
•Table 2-16: Database sever RAID Guidelines
Application
Streaming
Media
Concatenated 0 1 10 5 50
RAID Level
Recommended Not Recommended Possible
Recommended:
•RAID 5 – Recommended for streaming media servers that require maximum
storage capacity and only base data protection and performance. This would
be recommended RAID configuration for stand alone streaming media servers.
•RAID 50 – Recommended for those solutions that require a balance between
storage capacity and performance. This solution would provide greater
availability and redundancy but less storage capacity.
•RAID 0 – While this solution is not redundant, this may be useful for streaming
media servers that require better performance and are members of a cluster of
servers where availability and redundancy is handled at a higher level.
Possible:
•RAID 1, RAID 10 – Possible solutions in situations which do not require high
storage capacity. In general servers utilized for streaming media require large
amounts of storage capacity for content especially uncompressed video.
Not Recommended:
•Concatenated – This solution is not recommended due to lack of redundancy
and limited performance.
Note: While these configurations are not recommended, they can be configured and
utilized.
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Additional configuration factors
Hot Spares
Hot Spare functionality provides extra security availability and redundancy by replacing a
failed drive, allowing the rebuild of the degraded array to begin immediately. Both the
Adaptec and LSI based PERC controllers’ support this feature, but a simple SCSI
controller would not. See the controller user’s guide for details and limitations. Use of Hot
Spares is recommended whenever possible.
Clustering Considerations
In a cluster environment the cache being disabled on the controller poses a significant
performance impact to RAID 5 and RAID 50 configurations. If the system is to be clustered
RAID 10 is the optimal RAID level.
•Table 2-17: Cluster Solution Vs RAID Levels
RAID Level
Cluster
Concatenated 0 1 10 5 50
Solutions
Considerations for Optimal RAID Performance
The PowerVault™ 22xS is capable of offering increased performance by allowing multiple
channels to connect to the storage enclosure. This ability can increase the performance
of most configurations by allowing a multi channel RAID controller to increase the
bandwidth of the SCSI bus. For more information see Table 4-2: PV22xS Configuration Topologies vs RAID Level Performance.
A REFERENCE GUIDE FOR OPTIMIZING DELL™ SCSI SOLUTIONS VER A02
3. Dell’s Product Offering
PowerVault™ 220S & 221S Storage Enclosure
Dell™ PowerVault 220xS systems are flexible, external SCSI expansion enclosures
designed to support multiple Dell storage environments and RAID configurations. Each
system offers maximized drive-spindle count, hot-plug hard drives, optional redundant
power, redundant cooling, rack mount capability, systems management features, and a
modular design for easy upgrades. Most major components, including hard drives and
power supply/cooling modules are hot-pluggable and can be removed and replaced
easily.
The PV22xS is available as two model types: the PV220S which fits within an industry
standard 19 inch rack, and the PV221S which is a free standing floor tower. Both models
leverage the same base mechanical frame, but differ with respect to the mounting
hardware and front bezel features. Dell offers a conversion kit to change from a PV220S
to a PV221S. Basic features and options common to both models are shown in Figure
3-1.
Supports RAID 0, 1, 5, 10, 50 with PERC 3 or PERC 4 RAID cards
3+1 Fan Redundancy, optional redundant power supply
Supports cables up to 12 meters from host server
Configurable in joined bus, split bus or cluster mode
Leverages PERC 3 U160 or PERC 4 RAID controller card
Allows 32 hard disk drive per virtual disk
Up to forty (40) virtual disks per controller
Dual channel and Quad Channel
Host clustering support (Microsoft Cluster Support)
Externally accessible Ultra3 (Ultra160) or Ultra 320 (U320) SCSI
3U form factor for rack dense environments
PV 221S Tower
SCSI Storage Array
Figure 3-1 PV22xS Enclosure Features and Options
PERC – PowerEdge™ RAID Controllers
The PowerEdge RAID Controller (PERC) is a high-performance, intelligent peripheral
component interconnect (PCI) and PCI-Express to Small Computer System Interface
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