The RF109, a fully integrated transceiver device, provides the transmit, receive, and
frequency synthesis functions for 2400 MHz digital spread spectrum systems operating
in the 2400–2483.5 MHz portion of the ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band. The
device has a direct conversion architecture that minimizes circuit complexity and cost.
The receive path of the RF109 provides complete RF-to-baseband I/Q demodulation,
including an LNA, double-balanced quadrature mixers, fully integrated baseband filters,
and baseband variable-gain amplifiers. The transmit path is a variable-gain direct
conversion modulator. Figure 1 shows the RF109’s pin signals. Figure 2 shows the
RF109 block diagram.
The RF109 generates the Local Oscillator (LO) frequencies using a Phase Lock Loop
(PLL) frequency synthesizer and an external 2.4 GHz Voltage Controlled Oscillator
(VCO). The PLL provides a full frequency range of 2392.2–2505.6 MHz.
The RF109 features low-voltage operation (3.0–4.5V) for low power consumption. A
complete RF system solution for 2.4 GHz cordless telephone applications can be
constructed with the RF109, a power amplifier, a differential 2.4 GHz frequency source
and a Transmit/Receive (T/R) switch.
The LNA provides two gain levels for coarse Automatic Gain
Control (AGC), which are selected via the LNAATTN control.
The signal is down-converted to In-phase and Quadraturephase (I/Q) baseband signals using a matched pair of mixers
and the LO.
The receive baseband bandwidth has a bandpass characteristic.
The I/Q baseband signals are internally low-pass and high-pass
filtered to attenuate out-of-channel signals and to remove DC
components. The low-pass cutoff is determined by the GmC
filters and is set by the R
high-pass cutoff is set by the value of the C
connected between pins 32–33, and pins 34–35.
The baseband high-pass cutoff frequency should be set much
lower than the low-pass cutoff frequency or else the servo loop
will become unstable.
The transmit path consists of an amplifier and a mixer. The
mixer modulates the LO with baseband data supplied to pin 8.
The transmit RF outputs from the RF109 are differential and
matched for a 100Ω differential load. If a single-ended
connection is required, then the unused output must be suitably
terminated by a 50Ω resistor (as shown in Figure 5).
The transmit output power is determined by the output power
control inputs, PS1 (pin 21) and PS2 (pin 22), and by the value
mod
of R
(connected to pin 20). R
mod
sets the bias current into the
modulator which is then multiplied by a factor set by the state of
PS1 and PS2. PS1 and PS2 input programming is given in the
Transmitter Section of Table 3.
LO Generation ______________________________________
The LO is generated by a programmable PLL frequency
synthesizer and a 2.4 GHz external VCO. Synthesizer
performance parameters are determined by the loop filter, the
external reference oscillator, the sensitivity and phase noise of
the VCO, and the frequency synthesizer programming.
A matched pair of VGAs provide fine AGC. The differential I/Q
baseband signals are DC-coupled to the RXI+, RXI-, RXQ+, and
RXQ- outputs, respectively.
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The RF109 requires differential inputs for VCO1 (pin 38) and
VCO2 (pin 39). The typical differential input level is 200 mVp-p.
A BALUN transformer, shown in Figure 5, is used to generate
differential signals from a single-ended VCO output.
The frequency synthesizer block is comprised of a divide-by-3
counter (D), 9.6 MHz reference frequency (FREF) source, a
fixed reference divider of 16 (R), 16/17 prescaler (M), a fixed
counter of 83 (N), a programmable counter of 64 (A),an external
loop filter, and a 2.4 GHz external VCO.
The synthesizer can be programmed to cover 64 channels
(channel spacing = 1.8 MHz) from 2392.2 MHz to 2505.6 MHz
Table 1).
The LO frequency is given by the following equation:
The synthesizer is programmed with a halfduplex 3-wire serial interface. The three signals are DATA, CLK,
and STROBE. Each rising edge of the CLK signal shifts one bit
of the data into a shift register. When the STROBE input is
toggled from low to high, the data latched in the shift register is
transferred to the A counter. The data format is as follows:
Synthesizer Loop Filter.
A typical loop filter design is shown
below in Figure 3. The loop bandwidth is approximately 5 kHz
with a nominal phase margin of 45 degrees for a VCO sensitivity
of 60 MHz/V.
CHPO
pin 43
0.01µF
390
pF
Figure 3. Typical Loop Fi lter
10k
10k
Ω
Ω
VCO
TUNE
330
pF
Power Management__________________________________
Independent power-up/power-down control of the transmit path,
receive path, and frequency synthesizer is provided by the
TXEN, RXEN and SYNTHEN controls, respectively. When all of
the functions are powered down, the current drain from the
voltage supply (Vcc) is at a minimum.
MSB
S7S6S5S4S3S2S1S0
LSB
The timing relationship is shown in Figure 4. Programming bits
S0 to S5, used for the A counter, are defined in Table 1. Bits S6
and S7 are reserved.
MSBLSB
DATA
CLK
STROBE
t1t2t3
t1 =Data setup time
t2 =Data hold time
t3 =Clock pulse-width
t4 =STROBE enable pulse-width
t5 =STROBE setup time to the rising edge of the last clock
>
t1 to t5
1µs each
Figure 4. Timing Diagram
t5
t4
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RF1092400 MHz Digital Spread Spectrum Transceiver
Table 1. Swallow C ounter Data Input
Synth. Channel No. (A)Frequency (MHz)S5S4S3S2S1S0
02392.2000000
12394.0000001
22395.8000010
.
.
.
62403.0000110
72404.8000111
82406.6001000
.
.
.
252437.2011001
262439.0011010
272440.8011011
.
.
.
452473.2101101
462475.0101110
472476.8101111
.
.
.
612502.0111101
622503.8111110
632505.6111111
.
.
.
.
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2400 MHz Digital Spread Spectrum TransceiverRF109
Recommendations on Layout and Implementation _______
A typical applications schematic is shown in Figure 5.
Decouple all Vcc pins as close as possible to the supply pin.
All ground pins should have minimum trace inductance to
ground. If a ground plane cannot be provided right at the pins,
the vias to the ground plane should be placed as close to the
pins as possible. There should be one via for each ground pin. If
the ground plane is at the bottom layer, it is recommended to
have two vias in parallel for each ground pin.
Connect all no connect (NC) pins to the ground.
VCC1 (pin 6), VCC2 (pin 7), VCC3 (pin 25), and VCC4 (pin 31)
should be connected to the common Vcc supply through
individual decoupling networks.
R
should be chosen to provide a typical baseband spread
TXD
spectrum signal level of 0.10 Vp-p, to the TXD pin (pin 8).
The routing of the trace to pin 3 (FREF) is very important to
minimize the coupling of the reference clock (9.6 MHz) into the
VBAT
SYNTHEN
STROBE
CLK
FREF
DATA
VBAT
RXEN
47nF
LNAATTN
47nF
TXD
8.2
pF
8.2pF
8.2pF
8.2pF
8.2pF
8.2pF
10
R
3.6k
Ω
TXD
Ω
Ω
402
3V REGULATOR
CTRL
GND1
BYP
0.056µF
47nF
0.01µF
8.2pF
8.2pF
8.2pF
82µH
820pF
820pF
VCC
GND2
OUT
1500pF
1500pF
402
47
pF
1.0pF
Ω
1.8pF
+
1000
pF
-
VREG
Ω
10
0.01
µF
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Rgmc
Ω
825
12pF12pF
8.2
47
pF
µF
Ω
10
8.2
pF
390pF0.01µF
48474645444342
RF109
13141516171819
Rmod
1.2k
2200
pF
0.047
µF
Ω
LO. The FREF trace should be well isolated from all other
traces, preferably by grounded strips on either side of the trace.
All traces from the VCO to pins 38 and 39 should be as short as
possible with a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω.
The RF109 48-pin TQFP package has an exposed (metal)
paddle on the bottom. The footprint dimensions of the exposed
paddle are shown in Figure 6. The printed circuit board should
provide through hole connections to the ground plane to ground
the exposed paddle. The solder mask opening should have the
same size as the exposed paddle. All relevant manufacturing
considerations for this type of package should be taken into
account.
The RF109 is a static-sensitive electronic device. Do not operate
or store near strong electrostatic fields. Take proper
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) precautions.
8.2
pF
10k
4137403938
2024212223
Ω
Ω
100
36
35
34
33
12pF
12pF
Cservo
0.082µF
Cservo
0.082µF
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
0.047
µF
0.047µF
Ω
470
VCO SHIELD AREA
BALUN
OUT
GND
INPUT
OUT
GND
NC
8.2pF
75Ω
Ω
91
VCO
OUT
VCC
Ω
91
GND
GND
NC
TUNE
330pF
Ω
10k
VREG
Ω
10
8.2pF
1000
pF
VBAT
PS1PS2AGCRXI+RXI-RXQ+RXQ-LNAIN RFO1 RFO2 TXEN
Figure 5. Typical Application Diagram – RF109
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RF1092400 MHz Digital Spread Spectrum Transceiver
Interface Description
Table 2. RF109 Pin Signal Description (1 of 2)
PinSignalTypeDescription
1
This differenti al signal pair is the in-phase portion of
1: Low gain, attenuator enabled
0: High gain, attenuator disabled
Reference Oscillator.
clock provi des channel spacing of 1. 8 MHz (see Table 1).
Synthesizer Programming Cl ock.
synthesizer input register. The rising edge of CLK is used to load each data bit.
Synthesizer Programming Dat a.
from MSB first t o LSB. The DATA bit is loaded into t he synthesizer i nput register on the ri sing edge of the CLK signal.
Synthesizer Programming St robe.
swallow counter, after all of the data bits have been shifted in. The data is transferred on the rising edge of the STROBE signal.
Transmit Data.
baseband modem. The TXD signal shall be filtered first if any data/s pectral shaping is desired. A resistor divider should be us ed
to provide the desired signal level at t he TXD input of the RF109.
Tx Reference.
Gain Control Reference.
Received In-Phase Signal Negative, Received In-Phase Signal Positive.
the baseband output of the receiver. The differential output signal level is typically 0.5 Vp-p, within the AGC operating range of
1.35–1.9 V.
Received Quadrature Signal Negati ve, Received Quadrature Signal Posit ive.
portion of the baseband output of the receiver. The differential output signal level is typically 0.5 Vp-p, within the AGC operating
range of 1.35–1.9 V.
Auto Gain Control.
generated by the baseband ASIC as part of the AGC control loop. An increase in the AGC voltage decreases the baseband VGA
gain. The control loop pr ovides a typical receive baseband diff erential signal of 0. 5 Vp-p over the VAGC range of 1.35–1.9 V.
Voltage Controlled Oscillator.
mixers. An external BALUN may be used to conver t a single-ended external VCO signal to the differ ential signals, VCO1 and
VCO2, required by the RF109. The di fferential input s ignal level required i s typically 200 mVp-p.
Charge Pump Output.
RF Input.
50 Ω. The received signal must be AC coupled into LNAIN wi th a 12 pF series capaci tor.
RF Output.
RF output signals are internally AC-coupl ed. The unused signal should be t erminated to ground through a 50 Ω resistor.
Switches on/off bias power to the transmi tter circuitry.
Switches on/off bias power to the receiver circuitry.
Switches on/off bias power to the synthesizer circuitry.
These two control bits select the PA output power.
This control signal toggles the LNA gain between t he low gain state and the high gain state.
This digital input clock signal i s used to provide the r eference frequency f or the synthesizer. A 9.6 MHz
This is the clock input signal us ed to serially s hift the synthes izer data bits into the
This is the serial data input bit st ream used to program the sy nthesizer. Data bits are shifted
This signal is used to transfer the synthesizer data bits from the input register to the pulse
Analog Signals
This input signal i s used as the modulating s ignal. TXD is a single-ended, 1.2 Mbps NRZ signal fr om the
This is the reference for the TXD input. I t is AC-coupled to ground.
This is the reference for the gain control input. It is connected to ground.
This analog input signal is used to control the gain of the baseband VGAs in the receiver. This signal is
This differential input provides the local oscillator signal from an external VCO to the RF109
This output signal i s used to control the external 2.4 GHz VCO. The CHPO current is typically ±250 µA.
This is the received RF input signal that is routed to the LNA of t he RF109. This pin should be ext ernally matched to
These are the differential transmit output signals from the RF109. The single-ended output impedance is 50 Ω. The
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2400 MHz Digital Spread Spectrum TransceiverRF109
Table 2. RF109 Pin Signal Description (2 of 2)
PinSignalTypeDescription
Miscellaneous
20MODSET—
13GMCRES—GMC resistor to set the cutoff fr equency of the baseband filter.
19MIXBPC—Mixer bias bypass capacitor.
32
Input low current, PS1, PS2, TXENIIL–10
Input high current TXENIIH
Input low current TXENIIL–10
Synthesizer frequency range2392.22505.6MHz
Differential LO input power across VCO1 and VCO2–17–13–9dBm
Input reference fr equency, FREF9.6MHz
Frequency step, F
Comparison frequency (600 kHz) spur level–60dBc
Input high voltage, STROBE, CLK, DATA, SYNTHENVIH
Sleep mode (RXEN, TXEN, SYNTHEN, LNAATTN = 0)
Power supply range
Notes:
1. The specifications in Table 3 are guaranteed at a supply voltage of 3.6 VDC, and T
2. Gain settled to within 90% of final value, DC set tled to within 10% of desir ed signal’s final value.
3. TXD input signal 120 mVpp, 300 kHz sinusoidal at pin 8, Rmod = 1.2 kΩ.
(1)
(3)
High power mode
Medium power mode
Low power mode
67
31
3.03.64.5VDC
A
= 25oC.
89
41
33
31
25
5
111
51
100
mA
mA
mA
mA
mA
µA
Table 4. Absolute Maximum Ratings
ParameterMinMaxUnit
Supply voltage (Vcc)
Input voltage range
Power dissipation700mW
LNA input power+5dBm
Operating temperature range (TA)–1070
Storage temperature–40125°C
Notes:
1.Voltages are referenced to GND.
1
1
–0.35V
–0.3VCCV
°
C
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2400 MHz Digital Spread Spectrum TransceiverRF109
Device Dimensions
RF109 device dimensions are shown below in Figure 6.
D
D1
D2
Exposed
paddle
(bottom side)
D2D1D
Exposed
paddle
eb
A2
A
A1
DETAIL A
D3
DETAIL A
c
L
L1
* Metric values (millimeters) should be used for
PCB layout. English values (inches) are
converted from metric values and may contain
round-off errors.
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