The controller is a self-acting pressure reduction
controller primarily for use in district heating
systems. The controller is normally open and
closes on rising pressure.
The controller has a control valve, an actuator
with one control diaphragm and a spring for
pressure setting.
Further on three valve versions are available:
– VFG 2 for water, with metallic sealing cone
– VFG 21 for water, with soft sealing cone
– VFGS 2 for steam, with metallic sealing cone
Data sheet Pressure reduction controller AFD/VFG, VFGS
Sizing – steam
Max. ∆p in low pressure steam application variance from 0.5 bar to 6 bar (see page 2)
mass flow of saturated water steam (kg/h)
mass flow of superheated water steam (kg/h)
Critical Pressure Drop (kPa)
Critical Pressure Drop (kPa)
Absolute Inlet Pressure (bar)
Super heated
steam
temperature (°C)
Saturated Steam Temperature (°C)
Steam valve sizing is based on 40 % of the
absolute steam pressure (immediately upstream
of the valve) being dropped across the valve
when fully open. At this condition the steam
is travelling at or close to its critical velocity
(approx. 300 m/s) and throttling will occur over
the full valve stroke. If the steam is travelling
slower than this then the first part of the valve
stroke will merely increase the velocity of the
steam without reducing the volumetric flow.
The absolute inlet pressure is 500 kPa. 40% of
this is 200 kPa.
Locate the diagonal line corresponding to the
pressure drop of 200 kPa (line A-A).
Read the absolute inlet pressure on the lower left
hand scale (point B), and draw a horizontal line
across until it meets the pressure drop diagonal
(A-A) at point C.
From this point extend a vertical line upwards
until it meets the horizontal line representing
the steam flow of 600 kg/h from point D. The
intersection of this is point E.
The nearest diagonal kvs line above this is line
F-F with a kvs 16 (point E’). If the ideal valve size
is not available the next largest size should be
selected to ensure design flow.
The pressure drop through valve at the flow
rate is found by the intersection of the 600 kg/h
line with F-F (point E’) and dropping a vertical;
this actually hits the horizontal line for 500 kPa
(point E’’) inlet pressure at a pressure drop
diagonal of 70 kPa (point M). This is only 14 %
of the inlet pressure and the control quality will
not be good until the valve has partially closed.
As with all steam valves this compromise is
necessary since the next smaller valve would not
pass the required flow (maximum flow would
have been about 480 kg/h).
The maximum flow for same inlet pressure
is found by extending the vertical line (C-E)
through point E until it crosses the kVS 16 line
F-F (point E’’’) and reading off the flow 900 kg/h
(point D’ ).
2 For superheated steam
Design data:
Flow rate: 400 kg/h
Absolute inlet pressure: 5 bar (500 kPa)
Steam temperature: 190 °C
The procedure for superheated steam is much
the same as for saturated steam, but uses a
different flow scale which slightly elevates the
readings according to the degree of superheat.
– follow dotted line –
As before, the diagonal pressure drop line
A-A is located as before for 40 % of 500
(200 kg/h). The horizontal inlet pressure line
through point B is now extended to the left to
read off the corresponding saturated steam
temperature at point G (150 °C). The difference
between the saturated steam temperature and
the superheated steam temperature is
190 °C – 150 °C = 40 °C (point N).
The superheated steam flow is found on the
upper right hand scale, point H, and the diagonal
line is followed down from here until it meets
a vertical line from the steam temperature
elevation (40 °C) at point J.
As before, the horizontal line through point B is
drawn to cut line A-A at point C and the point
where the vertical line from this point meets the
horizontal line from point J is the operating point
(point K). This horizontal line, J-K, is the corrected
flow line. The nearest diagonal line above this is
for kvs 8 (point K’). A vertical line
dropped from the
intersection of J-K with the kvs 8 line intersects the
500 kPa inlet pressure line (point K’’) at a pressure
drop diagonal of about 150 kPa (point P). This
is about 30% of the inlet pressure which will
give reasonable control quality (compared to
recommended ratio of 40%).
Solution:
The example selects AFD DN 32, kVS value 16,
with pressure setting range 0.15-1.5 bar
Solution:
The example selects AFD DN 25, kVS value 8, with
pressure setting range 0.15-1.5 bar
Data sheet Pressure reduction controller AFD/VFG, VFGS
1
14
18
16
10
11
12
15
17
8
2
13
20
21
92
Design
1. Valve body
2. Cover
3. Valve seat
4. Valve insert
5. Pressure relieved valve cone
6. Valve stem
7. Bellows for pressure relief of
valve cone
8. Actuator
9. Diaphragm for pressure relief
of valve cone
10. Control diaphragm for
pressure control
11. Setting spring for pressure
control
12. Adjuster for pressure setting,
prepared for sealing
13. Stuffing cone
14. Union nut
15. Compression fitting for
impulse tube
16. Upper casing of diaphragm
17. Lower casing of diaphragm
18. Air space bore
19. Valve body extension
20. Shut off valve for water filling
21. Closing plug
AFD /VFG(S) DN 15-125
3
5
6
4
7
FunctionThe pressure behind of the control valve is
being transferred through the impulse tube
to the actuator chamber and act on control
diaphragm for pressure control. On the other
side of the diaphragm atmospheric pressure is
acting (through air space bore). Control valve is
normally opened. It closes on rising pressure and
opens on falling pressure to maintain constant
pressure.
VFG DN 150-250, T
max
150 °C
VFG DN 150-250, T
VFGS DN 150-250 T
max
max
19
9
2
200 °C
300 °C
SettingsPressure setting
Pressure setting is being done by the adjustment
of the setting spring for pressure control. The
adjustment can be done by means of spring for
pressure setting and pressure indicators.