Comtech EF Data SDM-300A User Manual
SDM-300A
Satellite Modem
Installation and Operation Manual
Part Number MN/SDM300A.IOM Revision 6
Errata A
Comtech EF Data Documentation Update
Subject:
Date:
Document:
Part Number:
Collating Instructions:
Comments:
Change paragraphs A. 1and A.2 are highlighted to read:
Change Specifics:
Appendix A. Remote Control Operation
June 21, 2005
SDM-300A Satellite Data Modem Installation and Operation
Manual, Rev. 4, dated June 15, 2000
MN/SDM300A.EA6
Attach this page to page A-1
A.1 General
Remote control and status information is transferred via a RS-485 or RS-232 serial
communications link. Commands and data are transferred on the remote control communications
link as US ASCII encoded character strings. The remote communications link is operated in a half
duplex mode. A remote controller or terminal initiates communications on the remote link. The
SDM300A never transmits data on the link unless it is commanded to do so.
A.2 Message Structure
The ASCII character format requires 11 bits/character: 1 start bit, 7 information bits with 1 parity bit
(odd/even) or 8 information bits with no parity bits, and 2 stop bits.
Messages on the remote link fall into the categories of commands and responses. Commands are
messages transmitted to a satellite modem, while responses are messages returned by a satellite
modem in response to a command.The general message structure is as follows:
• Start Character ‘<’
• Device Address 'add'
• Address De-limiter ‘/’
• Command/Response
• Qualifier ‘_’
• Optional Arguments ‘n, m, x, y, z’
• End of Message Character
Filename: T_ERRATA 1
Comtech EF Data Documentation Update
Subject:
Date:
Document:
Part Number:
Collating Instructions:
Comments:
Change paragraph 4.1.1 to read:
Change Specifics:
Correct RS reference in 4.1.1 Remote Connector and Pinouts (J6)
June 21, 2005
SDM-300A Satellite Data Modem Installation and Operation
Manual, Rev. 6, dated June 7, 2004
MN/SDM300A.EB6
Attach this page to page 4-4
Errata B
4.1.1 Remote Connector and Pinouts (J6)
The remote connector is a 9-pin subminiature female D connector (J6) located on the rear panel of
the modem. Screw locks are provided for mechanical security of the mating connector.
The remote connector interfaces the M&C functions to a remote location. The remote location can
be an M&C computer located away from the modem, but attached via cable to the remote
connector. This DCE interface is user selectable for either RS-232 or RS-485. Refer to Appendix A
for a description of the remote interface commands.
Filename: T_ERRATA 1
Comtech EF Data is an ISO 9001
Registered Company.
SDM-300A
Satellite Modem
Installation and Operation Manual
Part Number MN/SDM300A.IOM
Revision 6
June 7, 2004
Copyright © Comtech EF Data, 2000, 2001, 2002. All rights reserved. Printed in the USA.
Comtech EF Data, 2114 West 7th Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281 USA, 480.333.2200, FAX: 480.333.2161.
Customer Support
Contact the Comtech EF Data Customer Support Department for:
• Product support or training
• Information on upgrading or returning a product
• Reporting comments or suggestions concerning manuals
A Customer Support representative may be reached at:
Comtech EF Data
Attention: Customer Support Department
2114 West 7th Street
Tempe, Arizona 85281 USA
480.333.2200 (Main Comtech EF Data Number)
480.333.4357 (Customer Support Desk)
480.333.2161 FAX
or, E-Mail can be sent to the Customer Support Department at:
service@comtechefdata.com
Contact us via the web at www.comtechefdata.com
To return a Comtech EF Data product (in-warranty and out-of-warranty) for repair or
replacement:
1. Request a Return Material Authorization (RMA) number from the Comtech EF
Data Customer Support Department.
Be prepared to supply the Customer Support representative with the model
number, serial number, and a description of the problem.
2. To ensure that the product is not damaged during shipping, pack the product in
its original shipping carton/packaging.
3. Ship the product back to Comtech EF Data. (Shipping charges should be
prepaid.)
For more information regarding the warranty policies, see Warranty Policy, p. xv.
.
ii
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1–1
1.1 Overview......................................................................................................................................................1–3
1.1.1
Modem Features ..................................................................................................................................1–3
1.1.2 Standard Features ...............................................................................................................................1–3
1.1.3 Description of Interface Functions........................................................................................................1–4
1.1.4 Modes of Operation..............................................................................................................................1–4
1.2 Options ........................................................................................................................................................1–6
1.2.1 Factory-Installed Options .....................................................................................................................1–7
1.2.2 Factory- or user-Installed Options ........................................................................................................1–7
1.3
Description of FAST Options.....................................................................................................................1–8
1.4
Compatibility ...............................................................................................................................................1–9
1.5
Breakout Panels..........................................................................................................................................1–9
1.5.1 UB-300 Universal Breakout Panel........................................................................................................1–9
1.5.2 UB-530 Breakout Panel........................................................................................................................1–9
UB-54 Breakout Panel .......................................................................................................................1–10
1.5.3
1.6 Comtech EF Data Part Numbers..............................................................................................................1–10
1.7 New in this Release ..................................................................................................................................1–13
CHAPTER 2.
2.1 Description of Monitor and Control (M&C) ...............................................................................................2–1
2.1.1
2.1.2 Remote Baud Rate...............................................................................................................................2–4
2.1.3
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION....................................................................................................2–1
Theory of Operation .............................................................................................................................2–1
Remote Address ..................................................................................................................................2–4
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2.2 Decription of the Modulator .......................................................................................................................2–5
2.2.1
Theory of Operation .............................................................................................................................2–6
2.2.2 Theory of Modulation Types.................................................................................................................2–7
2.3 Description of the Demodulator ................................................................................................................2–8
2.4 Description of the Decoder ......................................................................................................................2–10
2.5 Description of the Interface .....................................................................................................................2–11
2.5.1
Available Interfaces............................................................................................................................2–13
2.5.2 Plesiochronous/Doppler/Buffer...........................................................................................................2–13
2.5.3 Closed Network..................................................................................................................................2–14
2.5.4 Open Network ....................................................................................................................................2–14
2.6 Backward Alarm Theory and Connections.............................................................................................2–15
CHAPTER 3.
3.1 Unpacking....................................................................................................................................................3–1
3.2 Installation...................................................................................................................................................3–2
3.3 Software and Hardware Installation/Upgrades.........................................................................................3–4
3.3.1 Overhead Interface PCB Installation ....................................................................................................3–4
3.3.2 Hardware Upgrades .............................................................................................................................3–6
3.4
Reed-Solomon PCB ....................................................................................................................................3–6
3.4.1 Unpacking ............................................................................................................................................3–6
3.4.2 Installation............................................................................................................................................3–6
3.5
Turbo Codec Installation............................................................................................................................3–8
3.5.1 Unpacking ............................................................................................................................................3–8
3.5.2 Installation............................................................................................................................................3–9
3.6
Duplex Reed-Solomon Codec Installation..............................................................................................3–13
3.7 Data I/O Interface Connector (J8) Removal/Installation ........................................................................3–17
3.7.1 Data I/O Connector (J8) Removal ......................................................................................................3–17
3.7.2 Data I/O Connector (J8) Installation ...................................................................................................3–18
INSTALLATION/UPGRADES.....................................................................................................3–1
3.8
Hardware Upgrades ..................................................................................................................................3–20
3.8.1 Main PCB Firmware Chips.................................................................................................................3–20
3.8.2 Overhead Interface PCB ....................................................................................................................3–22
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CHAPTER 4. EXTERNAL CONNECTIONS......................................................................................................4–1
4.1 External Modem Connections....................................................................................................................4–1
4.1.1 Remote Connector and Pinouts (J6) ....................................................................................................4–4
4.1.2 Fault Connector and Pinouts (J7).........................................................................................................4–5
4.1.3 Data I/O Interface Connector (J8) ........................................................................................................4–6
4.1.4 G.703 ASYNC Interface .....................................................................................................................4–12
4.1.5 Auxiliary 1 Connector and Pinouts (J9) ..............................................................................................4–13
4.1.6 Alarms Connector and Pinouts (J10) .................................................................................................4–14
4.1.7 RF Output Connector (CP1)...............................................................................................................4–14
4.1.8 RF Input Connector (CP2)..................................................................................................................4–14
4.1.9 External Reference (CP3) ..................................................................................................................4–15
4.1.10 Power Entry........................................................................................................................................4–15
4.1.11 Ground Connector (GND) ..................................................................................................................4–15
CHAPTER 5. FRONT PANEL OPERATION.....................................................................................................5–1
5.1
Front Panel ..................................................................................................................................................5–1
5.1.1 LED Indicators......................................................................................................................................5–2
5.1.2 Front Panel Keypad .............................................................................................................................5–3
5.2 Menu System...............................................................................................................................................5–4
5.3
Revision Emulation Operation...................................................................................................................5–5
5.4 Opening Screen ..........................................................................................................................................5–7
5.4.1 Functional Select: Configuration ..........................................................................................................5–7
5.4.1.1 Functional Select: Configuration: Modulator................................................................................5–8
5.4.1.2 Functional Select: Configuration: Demodulator ........................................................................5–14
5.4.1.3 Functional Select: Configuration: Interface................................................................................5–22
5.4.1.4 Functional Select: Configuration: Local AUPC ..........................................................................5–42
5.4.1.5 Functional Select: Configuration: Mux ......................................................................................5–47
5.4.1.6 Functional Select: Configuration: Flex Mux ...............................................................................5–49
5.4.1.7 Functional Select: Configuration: Save .....................................................................................5–55
5.4.1.8 Functional Select: Configuration: Recall....................................................................................5–55
5.4.2
Functional Select: Monitor..................................................................................................................5–56
5.4.3 Functional Select: Faults/Alarms........................................................................................................5–60
5.4.4 Functional Select: Stored FLTS/ALMS...............................................................................................5–65
5.4.5 Functional Select: Remote AUPU (Conditional).................................................................................5–69
5.4.6
Functional Select: Utility.....................................................................................................................5–74
5.4.6.1 Functional Select: Utility: Fixed Modem Rate............................................................................5–74
5.4.6.2 Functional Select: Utility: Fixed Modem Rate: Code Rate/Data Rate .......................................5–74
5.4.6.3 Functional Select: Utility: Modulator ..........................................................................................5–75
5.4.6.4 Functional Select: Utility: Demodulator .....................................................................................5–80
5.4.6.5 Functional Select: Utility: Interface ............................................................................................5–84
5.4.6.6 Functional Select: Utility: System ..............................................................................................5–92
5.4.6.7 Functional Select: Utility: Modem Type ....................................................................................5–99
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5.4.6.8 Utility: Factory Set-Up..............................................................................................................5–109
5.5
Custom Modem Defaults........................................................................................................................5–110
CHAPTER 6. MODEM TYPES..........................................................................................................................6–1
6.1
Modem Types..............................................................................................................................................6–1
6.1.1 IDR Operation ......................................................................................................................................6–2
6.1.2 IBS Operation.......................................................................................................................................6–3
6.1.3 D&I Operation ......................................................................................................................................6–4
6.1.4
ASYNC/AUPC Operation .....................................................................................................................6–5
6.1.5 EFD Closed Network Configuration .....................................................................................................6–6
6.1.6 Custom Operation ................................................................................................................................6–7
6.1.7 SDM-100 Emulation Operation ............................................................................................................6–8
6.1.8 SDM-6000 Emulation Operation ..........................................................................................................6–9
6.2 Reed-Solomon Modes ..............................................................................................................................6–10
CHAPTER 7. CLOCKING OPTIONS ................................................................................................................7–1
7.1 Clocking Options ........................................................................................................................................7–1
7.1.1 EIA-232, EIA-422, or V.35 Master/Master............................................................................................7–1
7.1.2 EIA-232, EIA-422, or V.35 Master/Slave..............................................................................................7–1
7.1.3 IDR/IBS G.703 Master/Master..............................................................................................................7–2
7.1.4 IDR/IBS G.703 Master/Slave................................................................................................................7–2
7.1.5 D&I G.703 Master/Master.....................................................................................................................7–7
CHAPTER 8. BUFFERING................................................................................................................................8–1
8.1 Buffering ......................................................................................................................................................8–1
8.2
Buffer Size ...................................................................................................................................................8–4
8.3 Doppler ........................................................................................................................................................8–4
8.4
Plesiochronous...........................................................................................................................................8–5
8.5 Frame/Multiframe Length ...........................................................................................................................8–6
8.5.1
Multiples of the Frame Length..............................................................................................................8–6
8.5.2 Total Buffer Length...............................................................................................................................8–6
8.6 Converting Between Bits and Seconds ....................................................................................................8–6
8.6.1
Bits to Seconds..................................................................................................................................8–6
8.6.2 Seconds to Bits ....................................................................................................................................8–6
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CHAPTER 9. FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (OPTIONS) .......................................................................9–1
9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................9–1
9.2
Viterbi...........................................................................................................................................................9–2
9.3 Sequential....................................................................................................................................................9–3
9.4
Reed-Solomon Outer Codec ......................................................................................................................9–4
9.4.1
Closed Network Modes ........................................................................................................................9–5
9.4.2 Open Network Modes ..........................................................................................................................9–5
9.5 Trellis Coding (FAST Option).....................................................................................................................9–6
9.6
Turbo Product Codec (Hardware Option).................................................................................................9–7
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................9–7
9.6.1
9.6.2 End-to-End Processing Delay ..............................................................................................................9–7
Comparison of all TPC Modes.........................................................................................................9–8
9.6.3
9.7 Uncoded Operation (No FEC) ....................................................................................................................9–9
CHAPTER 10. OPEN NETWORK OPERATIONS ............................................................................................10–1
10.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................10–1
10.2
Intelsat Business System (IBS) ...............................................................................................................10–1
10.2.1 IBS Specification ................................................................................................................................10–4
10.2.2 IBS Modem Defaults ..........................................................................................................................10–5
10.2.3 IBS Primary Data Interface.................................................................................................................10–6
10.2.4 IBS Clock and Dejitter ........................................................................................................................10–6
10.2.5 IBS Framing .......................................................................................................................................10–6
10.2.6 IBS Engineering Service Channel......................................................................................................10–6
10.2.7 IBS Scrambling ..................................................................................................................................10–6
10.3 Intermediate Data Rate (IDR)....................................................................................................................10–7
10.3.1 IDR Specification..............................................................................................................................10–10
10.3.2 IDR Modem Defaults........................................................................................................................10–11
10.3.3 IDR Primary Data Interface ..............................................................................................................10–12
10.3.4 IDR Framing.....................................................................................................................................10–12
10.3.5 IDR Engineering Service Channel....................................................................................................10–12
10.4 Drop and Insert (D&I)..............................................................................................................................10–13
10.4.1 D&I Specification..............................................................................................................................10–14
10.4.2 Theory of Operation .........................................................................................................................10–18
10.4.3 Data Interference .............................................................................................................................10–18
10.4.4 Transmitted MUX .............................................................................................................................10–18
10.4.5 Receive DEMUX ..............................................................................................................................10–19
10.4.6 Plesiochronous Buffer ......................................................................................................................10–19
10.4.7 Engineering Service Channel...........................................................................................................10–20
10.4.8 Backward Alarm ...............................................................................................................................10–20
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10.4.9 D&I Framing Formats.......................................................................................................................10–20
10.4.10 D&I Modem Defaults ........................................................................................................................10–23
10.4.11 D&I Primary Data Interface ..............................................................................................................10–24
10.4.12 D&I Framing.....................................................................................................................................10–24
10.5
G.703........................................................................................................................................................10–25
CHAPTER 11. ASYNCHRONOUS INTERFACE/AUPC...................................................................................11–1
11.1
Asynchronous Interface/AUPC................................................................................................................11–1
11.2
AUPC..........................................................................................................................................................11–4
11.2.1
AUPC - Between Two Modems..........................................................................................................11–5
11.2.2 Self-Monitoring Local Modem AUPC Control .....................................................................................11–6
11.3 ASYNC .......................................................................................................................................................11–7
11.3.1 Terrestrial Data Interfaces..................................................................................................................11–7
11.3.2 ASYNC Data Interfaces......................................................................................................................11–7
11.3.3 Mux Operation....................................................................................................................................11–8
11.3.4 Demux Operation ...............................................................................................................................11–8
11.3.5 Buffer Operation.................................................................................................................................11–8
11.3.6 LoopTiming Operation........................................................................................................................11–9
11.3.7
Baseband Loopback Operation..........................................................................................................11–9
11.3.8 Non-ASYNC Operation ....................................................................................................................11–10
11.4
ASYNC Channel EIA-485 2- and 4-Wire operation ...............................................................................11–10
11.4.1 Valid ASYNC Baud Rates ................................................................................................................11–11
11.4.2 Front Panel Operation......................................................................................................................11–11
11.4.3 ASYNC Remote Operation...............................................................................................................11–12
11.4.4 ASYNC/AUPC Modem Defaults.......................................................................................................11–24
CHAPTER 12. ASYMMETRICAL LOOP TIMING .............................................................................................12–1
CHAPTER 13.
CHAPTER 14. 8-CHANNEL MULTIPLEXER ...................................................................................................14–1
14.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................14–1
14.2 Installation.................................................................................................................................................14–2
14.3 8-Channel Multiplexer Specifications .....................................................................................................14–4
14.4
8-Channel Multiplexer 100-pin Connector (J10).....................................................................................14–5
DUPLEX REED-SOLOMON CODEC .......................................................................................13–1
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CHAPTER 15. FLEX MUX ................................................................................................................................15–1
15.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................15–1
15.2 Installation.................................................................................................................................................15–6
15.3 50-Pin Connector Assignments...............................................................................................................15–8
CHAPTER 16. FAST ACCESSIBLE OPTIONS ................................................................................................16–1
16.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................16–1
16.2 FAST Accessible Options ........................................................................................................................16–1
16.3 FAST System Theory................................................................................................................................16–3
16.4
Implementation .........................................................................................................................................16–3
16.5 Variable Data Rates ......................................................................................................................................16–6
CHAPTER 17.
CHAPTER 18. TROUBLESHOOTING ..............................................................................................................18–1
18.1 System Checkout......................................................................................................................................18–1
18.2
Interface Checkout....................................................................................................................................18–2
18.2.1
18.2.2 Demodulator Checkout ......................................................................................................................18–6
18.3 Fault Isolation............................................................................................................................................18–8
18.3.1 System Faults/Alarms ........................................................................................................................18–8
18.3.2 Faults/Alarms Display ......................................................................................................................18–12
18.3.3 Faults/Alarms Analysis.....................................................................................................................18–12
18.3.4
18.3.5 Remove and Replace the Fan Assembly .........................................................................................18–20
CHAPTER 19. SPECIFICATION.......................................................................................................................19–1
19.1 Specification Summary ............................................................................................................................19–1
Environmental and Physical Specifications...........................................................................................19–3
19.2
FLASH UPGRADING................................................................................................................17–1
Modulator Checkout ...........................................................................................................................18–3
Remove and Replace Power Supply................................................................................................18–19
19.3
Remote Control Specifications................................................................................................................19–4
19.4 Modulator Specifications .........................................................................................................................19–5
19.4.1
Digital Data Rate................................................................................................................................19–5
19.4.2 Modulation and Encoding Types ........................................................................................................19–7
19.4.3 Scrambling Types ..............................................................................................................................19–8
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19.4.4 Differential Encoder............................................................................................................................19–8
19.4.5 BPSK BIT Ordering ............................................................................................................................19–8
19.4.6 Interleaver (Reed-Solomon Codec)....................................................................................................19–8
19.4.7 Transmit Frequency (IF).....................................................................................................................19–9
19.4.8 Frequency Reference.........................................................................................................................19–9
19.4.9
Transmit Frequency Change Time.....................................................................................................19–9
19.4.10 Phase Noise.......................................................................................................................................19–9
19.4.11 Transmit IF Output Switch................................................................................................................19–10
19.4.12 Transmit IF Power............................................................................................................................19–10
19.4.13 Modulator Power Offset ...................................................................................................................19–10
19.4.14
19.4.15 Spurious Emissions..........................................................................................................................19–10
19.4.16 Modulator Phase Error .....................................................................................................................19–10
19.4.17 Transmit IF Test Modes ...................................................................................................................19–11
19.4.18 Modulator Spectrum Rotation...........................................................................................................19–11
19.5
19.5.1
19.5.2 Demodulation and FEC Decoding Types .........................................................................................19–13
19.5.3 Descrambling Types ........................................................................................................................19–14
19.5.4
19.5.5 BPSK BIT Ordering ..........................................................................................................................19–14
19.5.6 Deinterleaver (Reed-Solomon Codec) .............................................................................................19–15
19.5.7 Demodulator Spectrum Rotation ......................................................................................................19–15
19.5.8 Frequency Reference.......................................................................................................................19–15
19.5.9
19.5.10 Phase Noise.....................................................................................................................................19–15
19.5.11 Transmit IF Output Switch................................................................................................................19–15
19.5.12
19.5.13 Channel Spacing/Adjacent Carrier Performance..............................................................................19–16
Modulated IF Output Shape .............................................................................................................19–10
Demodulator Specifications...................................................................................................................19–12
Digital Data Rate..............................................................................................................................19–12
Differential Encoder..........................................................................................................................19–14
Transmit Frequency Change Time...................................................................................................19–15
Demodulator IF Input Shape ............................................................................................................19–16
19.6 BER Performance Specifications ..........................................................................................................19–16
19.6.1
Performance with Noise, Viterbi Decoder, and Open Network Mode...............................................19–17
19.6.2 Performance with Noise, Viterbi Decoder, and Closed Network ......................................................19–17
19.6.3 Performance with Noise, Viterbi Decoder, and Reed-Solomon (Optional).......................................19–18
19.6.4
Performance with Noise, 56 kbps and Sequential Decoder (Optional) ............................................19–18
19.6.5 Performance with Noise, 1544 kbps and Sequential Decoder .........................................................19–19
19.6.6 Performance with Noise at 1544 kbps, Sequential Decoder, and Reed-Solomon ..........................19–19
19.6.7 8-PSK Performance with Noise and With/Without Reed-Solomon...................................................19–20
19.6.8 Performance with Noise, Viterbi Decoder, and Offset QPSK ...........................................................19–20
19.6.9
Performance with Noise, Uncoded (1/1) BPSK, QPSK, and Offset QPSK.......................................19–21
19.6.10 Performance with Noise Turbo Product Codec (Optional) ...............................................................19–21
19.6.11 BER Threshold.................................................................................................................................19–21
19.7
Acquisition Time.....................................................................................................................................19–22
19.7.1
Receive IF Carrier Acquisition Range ..............................................................................................19–22
19.7.2 Receive IF Carrier Reacquisition......................................................................................................19–22
19.7.3 AGC Output......................................................................................................................................19–24
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19.8 Interface Specifications..........................................................................................................................19–23
19.8.1
Transmit Clock Source.....................................................................................................................19–23
19.8.2 Send Clock Timing Source...............................................................................................................19–23
19.9 Terrestrial Interface Types.....................................................................................................................19–26
19.9.1
Universal ..........................................................................................................................................19–26
19.9.2 EIA-232 Specification.......................................................................................................................19–27
19.9.3 V.35 Specification V.10, V.11 Specification, Circuit Supported........................................................19–28
19.9.4
EIA-422/EIA-449 MIL-188-114A Specification .................................................................................19–29
19.9.5 G.703 (Optional with Overhead Card)..............................................................................................19–30
19.10 System Specifications............................................................................................................................19–31
19.10.1
19.10.2 Test Modes ......................................................................................................................................19–31
19.10.3 Remote Control ................................................................................................................................19–32
19.10.4
19.10.5 Monitored Signals ............................................................................................................................19–32
19.10.6
19.10.7 Inoperability Modes ..........................................................................................................................19–33
Loopback Modes..............................................................................................................................19–31
Modem Remote Address..................................................................................................................19–32
Modem Emulation Modes.................................................................................................................19–33
19.11
Dimensional Evelope..............................................................................................................................19–34
APPENDIX A.
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................................... g–1
INDEX .....................................................................................................................................................i–1
REMOTE CONTROL OPERATION ...........................................................................................A–1
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Figures
Figure 1-1. Block Diagram ....................................................................................................................................1–2
Figure 2-1. M&C Block Diagram ...........................................................................................................................2–2
Figure 2-2. Modulator Block Diagram ...................................................................................................................2–5
Figure 2-3. Demodulator Block Diagram...............................................................................................................2–8
Figure 2-4. Interface Block Diagram ...................................................................................................................2–12
Figure 3-1. Installation of the Mounting Bracket, KT/6228-1.................................................................................3–3
Figure 3-2. Overhead Interface PCB Installation ..................................................................................................3–5
Figure 3-3. Reed-Solomon Codec Installation...................................................................................................... 3–7
Figure 3-4. Turbo Codec Installation ..................................................................................................................3–10
Figure 3-5. Firmware Location............................................................................................................................3–11
Figure 3-6. PCB Location ...................................................................................................................................3–15
Figure 3-7. Installation of the Duplex Reed-Solomon Module ............................................................................3–16
Figure 3-8. Data I/O connector (J8) Removal/Installation...................................................................................3–19
Figure 3-9. Main Board Field-Changeable Chips................................................................................................3–21
Figure 3-10. Overhead Board Field-Changeable Chips...................................................................................... 3–22
Figure 4-1. Basic Modem, 25-Pin D Connector ....................................................................................................4–3
Figure 4-2. (V.35) 34-Pin Winchester Connector..................................................................................................4–3
Figure 4-3. EIA-422/449, 37-Pin D Connector ......................................................................................................4–3
Figure 4-4. Overhead Option, 50-Pin D Connector................................................................................................4–3
Figure 4-5. 8-Channel, 100-Pin MUX Connector ..................................................................................................4–3
Figure 5-1. Front Panel View ................................................................................................................................5–1
Figure 5-2. Keypad ...............................................................................................................................................5–3
Figure 5-3. Menu Tree.......................................................................................................................................... 5–6
Figure 5-4. RF Loopback.................................................................................................................................... 5–17
Figure 5-5. IF Loopback......................................................................................................................................5–18
Figure 5-6. Baseband Loopback......................................................................................................................... 5–27
Figure 5-7. Interface Loopback...........................................................................................................................5–28
Figure 7-1. EIA-422, EIA-232, or V.35 Master/Master Clocking Diagram.............................................................7–3
Figure 7-2. EIA-422, EIA-232, or Master/Slave Clocking Diagram .......................................................................7–4
Figure 7-3. IDR/IBS G.703 Master/Master Clocking Diagram...............................................................................7–5
Figure 7-4. IDR/IBS G.703 Master/Slave Clocking Diagram ................................................................................7–6
Figure 7-5. D&I G.703 Master/Master Clocking Diagram ..................................................................................... 7–8
Figure 8-1. Clock Slip ...........................................................................................................................................8–2
Figure 8-2. Doppler Shift.......................................................................................................................................8–3
Figure 9-1. Viterbi Decoder with Open Network BER Data ................................................................................9–11
Figure 9-2. Viterbi Decoder with Closed Netwrok BER Data ..............................................................................9–12
Figure 9-3. Viterbi Decoder with Reed-Solomon ................................................................................................9–13
Figure 9-4. Sequential BER Data (56 kbps)........................................................................................................ 9–14
Figure 9-5. Sequential Decoder, Reed-Solomon 1544 kbps ..............................................................................9–15
Figure 9-6. Sequential Decoder BER with Reed-Solomon 1544 kbps................................................................9–16
Figure 9-7 8-PSK with/without Reed-Solomon .................................................................................................9–17
Figure 9-8. Viterbi Decoder and Offset QPSK ....................................................................................................9–18
Figure 9-9. Uncoded 1/1 BPSK, QPSK, and Offset QPSK .................................................................................9–19
Figure 9-10. Turbo product Codec...................................................................................................................... 9–20
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Figure 10-1. IBS Interface Block Diagram ..........................................................................................................10–3
Figure 10-2. IDR Interface Block Diagram.......................................................................................................... 10–9
Figure 10-3. D&I with Asynchronous Overhead Block Diagram .......................................................................10–16
Figure 10-4. D&I with Asynchronous Overhead Data Flow ..............................................................................10–17
Figure 10-5. E1 Framing Formats..................................................................................................................... 10–21
Figure 10-6. T1 Framing Formats.....................................................................................................................10–22
Figure 11-1. ASYNC/AUPC Block Diagram........................................................................................................11–3
Figure 11-2. Remote ASYNC Connection Diagram for Y Cable....................................................................... 11–13
Figure 11-3. Remote ASYNC Connection Diagram for Breakout Panel ...........................................................11–13
Figure 12-1. Transmit Section of the Asymmetrical Loop Timing Block Diagram ...............................................12–3
Figure 12-2. Receive Section of the Asymmetrical Loop Timing Block Diagram ................................................12–4
Figure 14-1. 8-Channel Multiplexer PCB (AS/5985)........................................................................................... 14–2
Figure 14-2. 8-Channel Multiplexer Installation ..................................................................................................14–3
Figure 15-1. Flex MUX (AS/6450) ......................................................................................................................15–2
Figure 15-2. Flex Mux Multiplexer Installation ....................................................................................................15–7
Figure 18-1. Fault Isolation Test Setup............................................................................................................... 18–2
Figure 18-2. Typical Output Spectrum (with Noise) ............................................................................................18–5
Figure 18-3. Typical Output Spectrum (without Noise) .......................................................................................18–5
Figure 18-4. Typical Eye Constellations .............................................................................................................18–7
Figure 19-1. Dimensional Envelope Pre-1999.................................................................................................. 19–35
Figure 19-2. Dimensional Envelope Post-1999 ................................................................................................19–36
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Tables
Table 1-1. Options ................................................................................................................................................1–6
Table 1-2. FAST Options and Required Configurations .......................................................................................1–8
Table 1-3. Comtech EF Data Part Numbers ....................................................................................................... 1–10
Table 1-4. Data Interface Connector (J8) Matrix.................................................................................................1–11
Table 1-5. SDM-300A Software Selection Table ................................................................................................1–11
Table 1-6. SDM-300A Spares/Accessories ........................................................................................................1–12
Table 3-1. Connector (J8) Matrix ........................................................................................................................3–17
Table 4-1. Modem Rear Panel Connection...........................................................................................................4–2
Table 4-2. Remote Connector and Pinouts (J6) ...................................................................................................4–4
Table 4-3. Fault Connector and Pinouts (J7)........................................................................................................ 4–5
Table 4-4. 25-Pin D Connector Pinouts ................................................................................................................4–7
Table 4-5. 34-Pin Winchester Connector Pinouts (V.35) ......................................................................................4–8
Table 4-6. 37-Pin Connector Pinouts (Optional) ...................................................................................................4–9
Table 4-7. 50-Pin Connector Pinouts.................................................................................................................. 4–10
Table 4-8. Flex Mux 50-Pin Connector Definition ...............................................................................................4–12
Table 4-9. AUX 1 Connector and Pinouts (J9)....................................................................................................4–13
Table 4-10. Alarms Connector and Pinouts (J10)...............................................................................................4–14
Table 5-1. LED Indicators .....................................................................................................................................5–2
Table 5-2. Revision Emulation Operation .............................................................................................................5–5
Table 5-3. Custom Modem Defaults .................................................................................................................5–110
Table 6-1. Modem Types......................................................................................................................................6–1
Table 6-2. IDR Parameter Settings....................................................................................................................... 6–2
Table 6-3. IBS Parameter Settings .......................................................................................................................6–3
Table 6-4. D&I Parameter Settings.......................................................................................................................6–4
Table 6-5. N x 64 Chart ........................................................................................................................................6–4
Table 6-6. Asynchronous Parameter Settings ......................................................................................................6–5
Table 6-7. Comtech EF Data Closed Network Parameter Settings ......................................................................6–7
Table 6-8. SDM-100 Emulation Parameter Settings.............................................................................................6–8
Table 6-9. SDM-6000 Emulation Parameter Settings...........................................................................................6–9
Table 6-10. Reed-Solomon Modes.....................................................................................................................6–10
Table 8-1. Minimum Doppler/Plesiochronous Buffer Capacity Requirements ......................................................8–7
Table 9-1. Turbo Product Coding Processing Delay Comparison ........................................................................9–8
Table 10-1. IBS Specifications............................................................................................................................10–4
Table 10-2. IBS Modem Defaults........................................................................................................................ 10–5
Table 10-3. IDR Specifications .........................................................................................................................10–10
Table 10-4. IDR Modem Defaults .....................................................................................................................10–11
Table 10-5. D&I Specifications .........................................................................................................................10–14
Table 10-6. D&I Modem Defaults ......................................................................................................................10–23
Table 10-7. G.703 Specifications....................................................................................................................... 10–25
Table 11-1. Setting AUPC Parameters................................................................................................................ 11–4
Table 11-2. ASYNC Remote Operation............................................................................................................. 11–12
Table 11-3. Local EIA-232 to Remote EIA-232.................................................................................................11–14
Table 11-4. Local EIA-232 to Remote EIA-485 (4-Wire)................................................................................... 11–15
Table 11-5. Local EIA-232 to Remote EIA-485 (2-Wire)................................................................................... 11–16
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Table 11-6. Local EIA-485 (4-Wire) to Remote EIA-232...................................................................................11–17
Table 11-7. Local EIA-485 (4-Wire) to Remote EIA-485 (4-Wire).....................................................................11–18
Table 11-8. Local EIA-485 (4-Wire) to Remote EIA-485 (2-Wire).....................................................................11–19
Table 11-9. Local EIA-485 (2-Wire) to Remote EIA-232...................................................................................11–20
Table 11-10. Local EIA-485 (2-Wire) to Remote EIA-485 (4-Wire)...................................................................11–22
Table 11-11. ASYNC/AUPC Modem Defaults ..................................................................................................11–24
Table 15-1. System Specification .......................................................................................................................15–3
Table 15-2. Multiplexer Specification..................................................................................................................15–4
Table 15-3. Demultiplexer Specific Specifications.............................................................................................. 15–5
Table 15-4. 50-Pin Connector Assignments .......................................................................................................15–8
Table 16-1. FAST Option and Required Configurations .....................................................................................16–2
Table 18-1. Conversion to S/N and Eb/No Chart................................................................................................18–4
Table 18-2. SDM-300A Fault Tree...................................................................................................................... 18–9
Table 19-1. Specification Summary.................................................................................................................... 19–1
Table 19-2. Environmental and Physical Specifications .....................................................................................19–3
Table 19-3. Remote Control Specifications ........................................................................................................19–4
Table 19-4. Modulator Specifications .................................................................................................................19–5
Table 19-5. Modulator Digital Data Rate.............................................................................................................19–5
Table 19-6. Modulation and Encoding Types .....................................................................................................19–7
Table 19-7. Demodulator Digital Data Rate.......................................................................................................19–12
Table 19-8. Demodulation FEC Decoding .........................................................................................................19–14
Table 19-9. BER Performance Reference Tables .............................................................................................19–17
Table 19-10. Viterbi Decoder with Open Network BER Data............................................................................. 19–18
Table 19-11. Viterbi Decoder with Closed Network BER Data .........................................................................19–18
Table 19-12. Viterbi Decoder with Reed-Solomon............................................................................................19–19
Table 19-13. Sequential BER Data (56 kbps)................................................................................................... 19–19
Table 19-14. Sequential Decoder BER Data (1544 kbps) ................................................................................19–20
Table 19-15. Sequentail Decoder BER Data (Reed-Solomon)......................................................................... 19–20
Table 19-16. 8-PSK Specification.....................................................................................................................19–21
Table 19-17. Viterbi Decoder and Offset QPSK ...............................................................................................19–21
Table 19-18. Uncoded (1/1) BPSK, QPSK, and Offset QPSK.......................................................................... 19–22
Table 19-19. Turbo Product Code ....................................................................................................................19–22
Table 19-20. Acquisition Time ..........................................................................................................................19–23
Table 19-21. Test Modes..................................................................................................................................19–32
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SDM-300A Satellite Modem Revision 6
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About this Manual
This manual provides installation and operation information for the Comtech EF Data
SDM-300A Satellite Modem. This is a technical document intended for earth station
engineers, technicians, and operators responsible for the operation and maintenance of
the SDM-300A.
Related Documents
The following documents are referenced in this manual:
• Comtech EF Data UB-300 Universal Breakout Panel Installation and Operation
Manual
• Comtech EF Data UB-54 Universal Breakout Panel Installation and Operation
Manual
• Comtech EF Data SDR-54A Satellite Demodulator Installation and Operation
Manual
• Comtech EF Data Space Link Remote System User’s Guide
• INTELSAT Earth Station Standards 308, 309, 310, and 314
• International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee V.35 and G.721
• UB-530 Universal Breakout Panel Installation and Operation Manual
Conventions and References
Cautions and Warnings
CAUTION indicates a hazardous situation that, if not avoided, may result in
minor or moderate injury. CAUTION may also be used to indicate other
CAUTION
unsafe practices or risks of property damage.
WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation that, if not avoided,
could result in death or serious injury.
WARN ING
IMPORTANT indicates a statement that is associated with the task
IMPORTANT
being performed. .
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SDM-300A Satellite Modem Revision 6
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Examples of
Multi-Hazard
Formats
Metric Conversion
Metric conversion information is located on the inside back cover of this manual. This
information is provided to assist the operator in cross-referencing English to Metric
conversions.
Recommended Standard Designations
Recommended Standard (RS) Designations are interchangeable with the designation of
the Electronic Industries Association (EIA).
Trademarks
Product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered trademarks of
their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged.
Reporting Comments or Suggestions Concerning this Manual
Comments and suggestions regarding the content and design of this manual will be
appreciated. To submit comments, please contact the Comtech EF Data Technical
Publications department: tpubs@comtechefdata.com
xviii
SDM-300A Satellite Modem Revision 6
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
The SDM-300A Satellite Modem has been shown to comply with the following safety standard:
• EN 60950: Safety of Information Technology Equipment, including electrical business
machines.
The equipment is rated for operation over the range 85 to 264 volts AC. It has a maximum
power consumption of 60 watts.
FUSES
The SDM-300A Satellite Modem is fitted with two fuses, one each for line and neutral
connections. These are contained within the body of the IEC power connector, behind a small
plastic flap.
• For 230 volt AC operation, use T0.75A, 20mm fuses.
• For 115 volt AC operation, use T1.25A fuses, 20mm fuses.
IMPORTANT
Environmental
The SDM-300A shall not be operated in an environment where the unit is exposed to
extremes of temperature outside the ambient range 0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F), precipitation,
condensation, or humid atmospheres above 95% RH, altitudes (un-pressurised) greater
than 2000 metres, excessive dust or vibration, flammable gases, corrosive or explosive
atmospheres.
Operation in vehicles or other transportable installations that are equipped to provide a
stable environment is permitted. If such vehicles do not provide a stable environment,
safety of the equipment to EN60950 may not be guaranteed.
For continued operator safety, always replace the fuses with the
correct type and rating.
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Installation
The installation and connection to the line supply must be made in compliance to local or
national wiring codes and regulations.
The SDM-300A is designed for connection to a power system that has separate ground,
line and neutral conductors. The equipment is not designed for connection to power
system that has no direct connection to ground.
The SDM-300A is shipped with a line inlet cable suitable for use in the country of
operation. If it is necessary to replace this cable, ensure the replacement has an equivalent
specification. Examples of acceptable ratings for the cable include HAR, BASEC and
HOXXX-X. Examples of acceptable connector ratings include VDE, NF-USE, UL, CSA,
OVE, CEBEC, NEMKO, DEMKO, BS1636A, BSI, SETI, IMQ, KEMA-KEUR and
SEV.
International Symbols:
Symbol Definition Symbol Definition
~
Alternating Current
Fuse
Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive
In accordance with the Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive 91/263/EEC,
this equipment should not be directly connected to the Public Telecommunications
Network.
Protective Earth
Chassis Ground
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EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility)
In accordance with European Directive 89/336/EEC, the SDM-300A Satellite Modem
has been shown, by independent testing, to comply with the following standards:
Emissions: EN 55022 Class B - Limits and methods of measurement of radio interference
characteristics of Information Technology Equipment.
(Also tested to FCC Part 15 Class B)
Immunity: EN 50082 Part 1 - Generic immunity standard, Part 1: Domestic, commercial
and light industrial environment.
Additionally, the SDM-300A has been shown to comply with the following standards:
EN 61000-3-2 Harmonic Currents Emission
EN 61000-3-3 Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker
EN 61000-4-2 ESD Immunity
EN 61000-4-4 EFT Burst Immunity
EN 61000-4-5 Surge Immunity
EN 61000-4-6 RF Conducted Immunity
EN 61000-4-8 Power frequency Magnetic Field Immunity
EN 61000-4-9 Pulse Magnetic Field Immunity
EN 61000-4-11 Voltage Dips, Interruptions, and Variations Immunity
EN 61000-4-13 Immunity to Harmonics
In order that the Modem continues to comply with these standards,
observe the following instructions:
IMPORTANT
• Connections to the transmit and receive IF ports (Type N, Type F, TNC or BNC,
connectors) should be made using a good quality coaxial cable - for example
RG58/U (50Ω) or RG59/U (75Ω).
• All 'D' type connectors attached to the rear panel must have back-shells that
provide continuous metallic shielding. Cable with a continuous outer shield
(either foil or braid, or both) must be used, and the shield must be bonded to the
back-shell.
• The equipment must be operated with its cover on at all times. If it becomes
necessary to remove the cover, the user should ensure that the cover is correctly
re-fitted before normal operation commences.
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Warranty Policy
This Comtech EF Data product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship
for a period of two years from the date of shipment. During the warranty period, Comtech
EF Data will, at its option, repair or replace products that prove to be defective.
For equipment under warranty, the customer is responsible for freight to Comtech EF
Data and all related custom, taxes, tariffs, insurance, etc. Comtech EF Data is responsible
for the freight charges only for return of the equipment from the factory to the customer.
Comtech EF Data will return the equipment by the same method (i.e., Air, Express,
Surface) as the equipment was sent to Comtech EF Data.
Limitations of Warranty
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper installation or
maintenance, abuse, unauthorized modification, or operation outside of environmental
specifications for the product, or, for damages that occur due to improper repackaging of
equipment for return to Comtech EF Data.
No other warranty is expressed or implied. Comtech EF Data specifically disclaims the
implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for particular purpose.
Exclusive Remedies
The remedies provided herein are the buyer's sole and exclusive remedies. Comtech EF
Data shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential
damages, whether based on contract, tort, or any other legal theory.
Disclaimer
Comtech EF Data has reviewed this manual thoroughly in order that it will be an easy-touse guide to your equipment. All statements, technical information, and
recommendations in this manual and in any guides or related documents are believed
reliable, but the accuracy and completeness thereof are not guaranteed or warranted, and
they are not intended to be, nor should they be understood to be, representations or
warranties concerning the products described. Further, Comtech EF Data reserves the
right to make changes in the specifications of the products described in this manual at any
time without notice and without obligation to notify any person of such changes.
If you have any questions regarding your equipment or the information in this manual,
please contact the Comtech EF Data Customer Support Department.
xxii
The SDM-300A is a complete, self-contained unit in a standard, one-rack unit (1 RU), 19-inch
(48 cm), rack-mountable enclosure weighing approximately 9 lbs (4 kg). The unit was
constructed using modular design and consists of from two to five Printed Circuit Boards
(PCBs), depending on the configuration. The modem consists of two major, replaceable
assemblies as follows:
• Rear panel, main PCB, and power supply
• Upper and lower enclosures (chassis) and the front panel
The front panel of the modem contains all Monitor and Control (M&C) function indicators used
for operating the modem. The modem can be operated remotely via the M&C connection on the
rear panel.
SDM-300A
Satellite Modem
Chapter 1. Introduction
1–1
SDM-300A Satellite Modem Revision 6
Introduction MN/SDM300A.IOM
Refer to Figure 1-1for a system block diagram.
-5
2x10 REFERENCE
2x10 R EF (OPT )
DATA
I/Q
AGC
-7
ENCODER/
MODULATOR
DEMOD/
DECODER
POWER
SUPPLY
IF OUTPUT
CP 1
50 TO 18 0 MHZ
-5 TO -30 DBM
+5 TO -20 DBM OPTION
CP3 EXT REF
(OPTION)
90 TO 26 4 VAC,
47 TO 63 HZ
IF INPUT
CP2
50 TO180 MHZ
-30 TO-55 DBM
TRANSMIT
RF
EQUIPMENT
RECEIVE
RF
EQUIPMENT
ANTENNA
BOP
(Optional)
CUSTOMER
DATA I\O
AUX 1
TTL FAULTS
x
FAULT
FORM C
CONTACTS
x
ALARMS
FORM C
CONTACTS
x
REMOTE
SERIAL
INTERFACE
SDM-300A
SATELLITE
MODEM
J8
J8
x
J9
x
J7
x
J10
x
J6
INTERFACE
FAULT
RELAYS
ALARM
RELAYS
M&C
AUX
CIRCUITS
DATA
CLK
SCT
SAT CLK
1
Figure 1-1. Block Diagram
Notes:
1. The UB-530 universal breakout panel (BOP) is an option for breaking out the V.35,
G.703, RS-232, or RS-422 signals from the 50-pin data I/O connector.
2. When the modem is equipped with a 50-pin data I/O connector, the use of the BOP is
required to interface the customer data connector to the modem.
3. Contact Comtech EF Data Customer Support department for information concerning
universal breakout panels.
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SDM-300A Satellite Modem Revision 6
Introduction MN/SDM300A.IOM
1.1 Overview
The SDM-300A Satellite Modem is a high performance, full-duplex, digital-vector,
modulator/demodulator that meets the open network requirements of the INTELSAT Earth
Station Standards (IESS) -308, -309, and -310 emulation specifications for the following:
• Intermediate Data Rate (IDR)
• INTELSAT Business Services (IBS)
• Satellite Multiservice System (SMS)
Additionally, the modem is used for many closed network satellite communication systems.
1.1.1 Modem Functions
Modulator Demodulator
Performs filtered BPSK, QPSK, Offset QPSK, and 8-PSK
modulation onto a variable frequency/amplitude carrier.
Encodes the data for the appropriate decoder. Decodes the data.
Scrambles the data. Descrambles the data.
Monitors and displays the modulator status without
interrupting service.
Performs self-test. Performs self-test.
Provide send clock timing.
Performs filtered BPSK, QPSK, Offset QPSK, and 8-PSK
demodulation from carriers of variable frequencies/amplitudes.
Monitors and displays the demodulator status without interrupting
service
1.1.2 Standard Features
• Differential encoder/decoder
• Built-in scramblers/descramblers
• TX and RX frequency synthesizers
• Multi-rate FEC convolutional Viterbi and Sequential Decoder
• Fully Accessible System Topology (FAST)
• Built-in self test
• Asymmetrical loop timing
• IDR Engineering Service Circuit (ESC) channel option of 64k data or two audio
channels
• Space Link Remote Control (SLRC)
• Selectable near or far end, baseband or interface loopback with any overhead option
enabled
1–3
SDM-300A Satellite Modem Revision 6
Introduction MN/SDM300A.IOM
1.1.3 Description of Interface Functions
An interface consists of a device having the following functions:
• Terrestrial Data Interface or a Terrestrial Voice Interface including terrestrial interface
to Engineering Service Channels (ESC).
• Multiplex various types of ESCs into the data.
• Demultiplex various types of ESCs from the data.
• Buffer the RX data.
• Monitor and display the interface status without interrupting service.
• Perform Self-Test.
1.1.4 Modes of Operation
The following modes of operation are supported:
• ASYNC Overhead Interface with AUPC (see Note 1) • SDM-100 Emulation
• CDM Compatibile • SDM-650 Emulation
• Custom (see Note 2) • SDM-6000 Emulation
• Drop & Insert (D&I) • SDM-300 Emulation
• EFD Closed Network • SDM-308 Emulation
• IDR • SDM-309 Emulation
• IBS • CDM Compatible
Notes:
1. The ASYNC/AUPC option allows an additional overhead channel to be multiplexed
and demultiplexed from the data carrier.
2. The Custom mode of operation enables the programming of the modem for emulating
most proprietary modems.
Two mechanisms are provided for uplink power control within a closed network.
• One method, which requires the optional ASYNC/AUPC interface card, is used for
control between two links to sustain sufficient transmit power to maintain a
programmed Eb/No at both ends.
• The second method is used for self-monitoring the carrier from the same uplink with the
local demodulator, requires no additional hardware, and is software-selectable. This
method is appropriate for applications such as paging networks, where the uplink is
transmitting to receive-only devices.
The modem interfaces between the channel unit or Multiplexer (MUX) and Intermediate
Frequency (IF) converter equipment operating in a 50 to 180 MHz band. An internal channel
unit, conforming to IESS-308, -309, and -310 emulation specifications, provides overhead
designated for an ESC.
1–4
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