Cisco Systems OL-5650-02 User Manual

Cisco Content Services Switch Security Configuration Guide

Software Version 7.50 March 2005

Corporate Headquarters

Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000

800 553-NETS (6387)

Fax: 408 526-4100

Text Part Number: OL-5650-02

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Cisco Content Services Switch Security Configuration Guide

Preface xi

Audience xii

How to Use This Guide xii

Preface

This guide provides instructions for configuring the security features of the Cisco 11500 Series Content Services Switches (CSS). Information in this guide applies to all CSS models except where noted.

The CSS software is available in a Standard or optional Enhanced feature set.

Proximity Database and Secure Management, which includes Secure Shell Host and SSL strong encryption for the Device Management software, are optional

features.

This preface contains the following major sections:

• Audience

• How to Use This Guide

• Related Documentation

OL-5650-02

• Symbols and Conventions

• Obtaining Documentation

• Documentation Feedback

• Cisco Product Security Overview

• Obtaining Technical Assistance

• Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

Cisco Content Services Switch Security Configuration Guide

Audience

This guide is intended for the following trained and qualified service personnel who are responsible for configuring the CSS:

• Web mas t e r

• System administrator

• System operator

How to Use This Guide

This guide is organized as follows:

Chapter Description

Chapter 1, Controlling CSS Access

Chapter 2, Configuring the Secure Shell Daemon Protocol

Chapter 3, Configuring the CSS as a Client of a RADIUS Server

Chapter 4, Configuring the CSS as a Client of a TACACS+ Server

Chapter 5, Configuring Firewall Load Balancing

Preface

Control access to the CSS including user and network traffic access.

Configure Secure Shell Daemon (SSHD) protocol to provide secure encrypted communications between two hosts communicating over an insecure network.

Configure Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) protocol as a client on the CSS.

Configure Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS+) protocol as a client on the CSS.

Configure firewall load balancing between CSSs for enhanced security.

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Preface

Symbols and Conventions

Document Title Description

Cisco Content Services Switch SSL Configuration Guide

Cisco Content Services Switch Command Reference

Cisco Content Services Switch Device Management User’s Guide

This guide describes how to perform CSS SSL configuration tasks, including:

• SSL certificate and keys

• SSL termination

• Back-end SSL

• SSL initiation

This reference provides an alphabetical list of all CLI commands including syntax, options, and related commands.

This guide describes how to use the Device Management user interface, an HTML-based Web-based application that you use to configure and manage your CSS.

Preface

Symbols and Conventions

This guide uses the following symbols and conventions to identify different types of information.

Caution A caution means that a specific action you take could cause a loss of data or

adversely impact use of the equipment.

Warning

Note A note provides important related information, reminders, and recommendations.

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A warning describes an action that could cause you physical harm or damage the equipment.

Bold text indicates a command in a paragraph.

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Preface

Obtaining Documentation

Courier text

prompt.

Courier bold text indicates commands and text you enter in a command line.

Italics text indicates the first occurrence of a new term, book title, emphasized text, and variables for which you supply values.

1. A numbered list indicates that the order of the list items is important.

a. An alphabetical list indicates that the order of the secondary list items is

• A bulleted list indicates that the order of the list topics is unimportant.

–

indicates text that appears on a command line, including the CLI

important.

An indented list indicates that the order of the list subtopics is unimportant.

Obtaining Documentation

Cisco documentation and additional literature are available on Cisco.com. Cisco also provides several ways to obtain technical assistance and other technical resources. These sections explain how to obtain technical information from Cisco Systems.

Cisco.com

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You can access the most current Cisco documentation at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/univercd/home/home.htm

You can access the Cisco website at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com

You can access international Cisco websites at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/public/countries_languages.shtml

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Documentation Feedback

Documentation DVD

Cisco documentation and additional literature are available in a Documentation DVD package, which may have shipped with your product. The Documentation DVD is updated regularly and may be more current than printed documentation. The Documentation DVD package is available as a single unit.

Registered Cisco.com users (Cisco direct customers) can order a Cisco Documentation DVD (product number DOC-DOCDVD=) from the Ordering tool or Cisco Marketplace.

Cisco Ordering tool:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/ordering/

Cisco Marketplace:

http://www.cisco.com/go/marketplace/

Ordering Documentation

Preface

You can find instructions for ordering documentation at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/es_inpck/pdi.htm

You can order Cisco documentation in these ways:

• Registered Cisco.com users (Cisco direct customers) can order Cisco product

documentation from the Ordering tool:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/ordering/

• Nonregistered Cisco.com users can order documentation through a local

account representative by calling Cisco Systems Corporate Headquarters (California, USA) at 408 526-7208 or, elsewhere in North America, by calling 1 800 553-NETS (6387).

Documentation Feedback

You can send comments about technical documentation to bug-doc@cisco.com.

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Preface

You can submit comments by using the response card (if present) behind the front cover of your document or by writing to the following address:

Cisco Systems Attn: Customer Document Ordering 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-9883

We appreciate your comments.

Cisco Product Security Overview

Cisco provides a free online Security Vulnerability Policy portal at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/products_security_vulnerability_policy.ht ml

From this site, you can perform these tasks:

• Report security vulnerabilities in Cisco products.

• Obtain assistance with security incidents that involve Cisco products.

Cisco Product Security Overview

• Register to receive security information from Cisco.

A current list of security advisories and notices for Cisco products is available at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/go/psirt

If you prefer to see advisories and notices as they are updated in real time, you can access a Product Security Incident Response Team Really Simple Syndication (PSIRT RSS) feed from this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/products_psirt_rss_feed.html

Reporting Security Problems in Cisco Products

Cisco is committed to delivering secure products. We test our products internally before we release them, and we strive to correct all vulnerabilities quickly. If you think that you might have identified a vulnerability in a Cisco product, contact PSIRT:

• Emergencies— security-alert@cisco.com

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Obtaining Technical Assistance

• Nonemergencies— psirt@cisco.com

Tip We encourage you to use Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) or a compatible product to

encrypt any sensitive information that you send to Cisco. PSIRT can work from encrypted information that is compatible with PGP versions 2.x through 8.x.

Never use a revoked or an expired encryption key. The correct public key to use in your correspondence with PSIRT is the one that has the most recent creation date in this public key server list:

http://pgp.mit.edu:11371/pks/lookup?search=psirt%40cisco.com&op=index&ex act=on

In an emergency, you can also reach PSIRT by telephone:

• 1 877 228-7302

• 1 408 525-6532

Preface

Obtaining Technical Assistance

For all customers, partners, resellers, and distributors who hold valid Cisco service contracts, Cisco Technical Support provides 24-hour-a-day, award-winning technical assistance. The Cisco Technical Support Website on Cisco.com features extensive online support resources. In addition, Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC) engineers provide telephone support. If you do not hold a valid Cisco service contract, contact your reseller.

Cisco Technical Support Website

The Cisco Technical Support Website provides online documents and tools for troubleshooting and resolving technical issues with Cisco products and technologies. The website is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/techsupport

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Preface

Obtaining Technical Assistance

Access to all tools on the Cisco Technical Support Website requires a Cisco.com user ID and password. If you have a valid service contract but do not have a user ID or password, you can register at this URL:

http://tools.cisco.com/RPF/register/register.do

Note Use the Cisco Product Identification (CPI) tool to locate your product serial

number before submitting a web or phone request for service. You can access the CPI tool from the Cisco Technical Support Website by clicking the Too l s &

Resources link under Documentation & Tools. Choose Cisco Product Identification Tool from the Alphabetical Index drop-down list, or click the Cisco Product Identification Tool link under Alerts & RMAs. The CPI tool

offers three search options: by product ID or model name; by tree view; or for certain products, by copying and pasting show command output. Search results show an illustration of your product with the serial number label location highlighted. Locate the serial number label on your product and record the information before placing a service call.

Submitting a Service Request

Using the online TAC Service Request Tool is the fastest way to open S3 and S4 service requests. (S3 and S4 service requests are those in which your network is minimally impaired or for which you require product information.) After you describe your situation, the TAC Service Request Tool provides recommended solutions. If your issue is not resolved using the recommended resources, your service request is assigned to a Cisco TAC engineer. The TAC Service Request Tool is located at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/techsupport/servicerequest

For S1 or S2 service requests or if you do not have Internet access, contact the Cisco TAC by telephone. (S1 or S2 service requests are those in which your production network is down or severely degraded.) Cisco TAC engineers are assigned immediately to S1 and S2 service requests to help keep your business operations running smoothly.

To open a service request by telephone, use one of the following numbers:

Asia-Pacific: +61 2 8446 7411 (Australia: 1 800 805 227) EMEA: +32 2 704 55 55 USA: 1 800 553-2447

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Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

For a complete list of Cisco TAC contacts, go to this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/techsupport/contacts

Definitions of Service Request Severity

To ensure that all service requests are reported in a standard format, Cisco has established severity definitions.

Severity 1 (S1)—Your network is “down,” or there is a critical impact to your business operations. You and Cisco will commit all necessary resources around the clock to resolve the situation.

Severity 2 (S2)—Operation of an existing network is severely degraded, or significant aspects of your business operation are negatively affected by inadequate performance of Cisco products. You and Cisco will commit full-time resources during normal business hours to resolve the situation.

Severity 3 (S3)—Operational performance of your network is impaired, but most business operations remain functional. You and Cisco will commit resources during normal business hours to restore service to satisfactory levels.

Preface

Severity 4 (S4)—You require information or assistance with Cisco product capabilities, installation, or configuration. There is little or no effect on your business operations.

Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

Information about Cisco products, technologies, and network solutions is available from various online and printed sources.

• Cisco Marketplace provides a variety of Cisco books, reference guides, and

logo merchandise. Visit Cisco Marketplace, the company store, at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/go/marketplace/

• Cisco Press publishes a wide range of general networking, training and

certification titles. Both new and experienced users will benefit from these publications. For current Cisco Press titles and other information, go to Cisco Press at this URL:

http://www.ciscopress.com

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Preface

Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

• Pack et magazine is the Cisco Systems technical user magazine for

maximizing Internet and networking investments. Each quarter, Packet delivers coverage of the latest industry trends, technology breakthroughs, and Cisco products and solutions, as well as network deployment and troubleshooting tips, configuration examples, customer case studies, certification and training information, and links to scores of in-depth online resources. You can access Packet magazine at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/packet

• iQ Magazine is the quarterly publication from Cisco Systems designed to

help growing companies learn how they can use technology to increase revenue, streamline their business, and expand services. The publication identifies the challenges facing these companies and the technologies to help solve them, using real-world case studies and business strategies to help readers make sound technology investment decisions. You can access iQ Magazine at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/go/iqmagazine

• Internet Protocol Journal is a quarterly journal published by Cisco Systems

for engineering professionals involved in designing, developing, and operating public and private internets and intranets. You can access the Internet Protocol Journal at this URL:

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http://www.cisco.com/ipj

• World-class networking training is available from Cisco. You can view

current offerings at this URL:

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/index.html

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Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

Preface

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CHA P T ER

Controlling CSS Access

This chapter describes how to configure access to the CSS including network traffic. Information in this chapter applies to all models of the CSS, except where noted.

This chapter contains the following major sections:

• Changing the Administrative Username and Password

• Creating Usernames and Passwords

• Controlling Remote User Access to the CSS

• Controlling Administrative Access to the CSS

• Controlling CSS Network Traffic Through Access Control Lists

• Configuring Network Qualifier Lists for ACLs

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Chapter 1 Controlling CSS Access

Changing the Administrative Username and Password

During the initial log in to the CSS you enter the default user name admin and the default password system in lowercase text. For security reasons, you should change the administrative username and password. Security on your CSS can be compromised because the administrative username and password are configured to be the same for every CSS shipped from Cisco Systems.

The administrative username and password are stored in nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM). Each time you reboot the CSS, it reads the username and password from NVRAM and reinserts them in to the user database. SuperUser status is assigned to the administrative username by default.

You can change the administrative username and password, but because the information is stored in NVRAM, you cannot permanently delete them. If you delete the administrative username using the no username command, the CSS deletes the username from the running-config file, but restores the username from NVRAM when you reboot the CSS.

Use the username-offdm name password text command to change the administrative username or password.

1-2

Note You can also use the Security Options menu from the Offline DM menu (accessed

during the boot process) to change the administrative username and password. Refer to the Cisco Content Services Switch Administration Guide for information on the Offline DM menu.

For example, to change the default administrative username and password to a different username and password, enter.

(config)# username-offdm bobo password secret

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Chapter 1 Controlling CSS Access

Creating Usernames and Passwords

Logging into the CSS requires a username and password. The CSS supports a maximum of 32 usernames, including the administrator and technician usernames. You can assign each user with SuperUser or User status.

• User - Allows access to a limited set of commands that enable you to monitor

and display CSS parameters, but not change them. A User prompt ends with the > symbol.

• SuperUser - Allows access to the full set of CLI commands, including those

in User mode, that enable you to configure the CSS. A SuperUser prompt ends with the # symbol.

From SuperUser mode, you can enter global configuration mode and its subordinate configuration modes. If you do not specify superuser when configuring a new user, the new user has only user-level status by default.

Caution Creating or modifying a username and password is restricted to CSS users who

are identified as either administrators or technicians, and it is contingent on whether the restrict user-database command has been entered.

Creating Usernames and Passwords

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Use the username command to create usernames and passwords to log in to the CSS. The syntax for this global configuration mode command is:

username name [des-password|password] password {superuser}

{dir-access access}

The following example creates a SuperUser named picard with a password of captain.

(config)# username picard password “captain” superuser

The options and variables are as follows:

• name - Sets the username you want to assign or change. Enter an unquoted

text string with no spaces and a maximum of 16 characters. To see a list of existing usernames, enter username ?.

• des-password - Specifies the password is Data Encryption Standard (DES)

encrypted. Use this option only when you are creating a file for use as a script or a startup configuration file. Enter the DES password as a case-sensitive unquoted text string 6 to 64 characters in length.

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Creating Usernames and Passwords

• password - Specifies the password is not encrypted. Use this option when

you use the CLI to dynamically create users.

• password - The password. Enter an unquoted text string with no spaces and a

length of 6 to 16 characters. The CSS allows all special characters in a password except for the percent sign (%).

Note If you specify the des-password option, you must know the encrypted

• superuser - Specifies SuperUser privileges to allow a user to access

SuperUser mode. If you do not enter this option, the user can only access User mode.

• dir-access - (Optional) Defines the CSS directory access privileges for the

username. There are access privileges assigned to the seven CSS directories, in the following order: Script, Log, Root (installed CSS software), Archive, Release Root (configuration files), Core, and MIBs. By default, users have both read- and write-access privileges (B) to all seven directories. Administrators or technicians can use the dir-access option to selectively implement a set of directory access privileges for each user. Changing the access level also affects the use of the CLI commands associated with directories.

Chapter 1 Controlling CSS Access

form of this password to successfully log in to the CSS. You can find the CSS encrypted password in the running configuration. To display the CSS running configuration, use the show running-config command (see the

“Creating Usernames and Passwords” section).

1-4

To use the dir-access option, you must first specify the restrict user-database command to implement security restrictions for the CSS user

database.

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Chapter 1 Controlling CSS Access

• access - Specifies directory access privileges for the username. By default,

users have both read- and write-access privileges (B) to all seven directories. Enter, in order, one of the following access privilege codes for each of the seven CSS directories:

–

Figure 1-1 illustrates the directory access privileges for a username.

Figure 1-1 CSS Directory Access Privileges

NWBNNNR

Archive directory, set to None (no directory access)

Root directory, set to both read and write-access

Log directory, set to write-only access

Script directory, set to None (no directory access)

Creating Usernames and Passwords

R - Read-only access to the CSS directory

W - Write-only access to the CSS directory

B - Both read- and write-access privileges to the CSS directory

N - No access privileges to the CSS directory

MIBs directory, set to read-only access

Core directory, set to None (no directory access)

Release Root directory, set to None (no directory access)

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For example, to define directory access for username picard, enter:

(config)# username picard password “captain” superuser NWBNNNR

To display a list of existing usernames, enter:

(config)# username ?

To remove an existing username, enter:

(config)# no username picard

To change a user password, reenter the username command and specify the new password. Remember to include SuperUser privileges if required. For example:

(config)# username picard password “flute” superuser

Caution The no username command removes a user permanently. Make sure you want to

perform this action because you cannot undo this command.

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Chapter 1 Controlling CSS Access

Controlling Remote User Access to the CSS

To control access to the CSS, you can configure the CSS to authenticate remote (virtual) or console users. The CSS can authenticate users by using the local user database, RADIUS server, or TACACS+ server. You can also allow user access without authenticating or disallowing all remote user access to the CSS.

You can set a maximum of three authentication methods: a primary, secondary, or tertiary authentication method. The primary method is the first authentication method that the CSS tries. If the primary authentication method fails (for example, the RADIUS server is down or is unreachable), the CSS tries the secondary method. And if the secondary method fails, then the CSS tries the tertiary method. In the event the tertiary method also fails, the CSS displays a message that authentication has failed.

The CSS does not attempt a secondary or tertiary authentication method under the following conditions:

• If the authentication method is local, and the local username is not found in

the local user database.

• If the authentication method is local and the local username is found in the

local user database, but the password is invalid.

• If the authentication method is radius, and the RADIUS server rejects the

primary authentication request from the CSS.

1-6

• If the authentication method is tacacs, and the TACACS+ server rejects the

primary authentication request from the CSS.

Before you can use RADIUS or TACACS+ as either the virtual authentication method or the console authentication method, you must enable communication with the RADIUS or TACACS+ security server. Use either the radius-server command (refer to the Chapter 3, Configuring the CSS as a Client of a RADIUS

Server) or the tacacs-server command (see the Chapter 4, Configuring the CSS as a Client of a TACACS+ Server).

This section includes the following topics:

• Configuring Virtual Authentication

• Configuring Console Authentication

To display virtual and console authentication settings, use the show user-database command.

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Cisco Systems OL-5650-02 User Manual

CONTENTS

Preface

Audience

How to Use This Guide

Related Documentation

Symbols and Conventions

Obtaining Documentation

Cisco.com

Documentation Feedback

Documentation DVD

Ordering Documentation

Cisco Product Security Overview

Reporting Security Problems in Cisco Products

Obtaining Technical Assistance

Cisco Technical Support Website

Submitting a Service Request

Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

Definitions of Service Request Severity

Controlling CSS Access

Changing the Administrative Username and Password

Creating Usernames and Passwords

Controlling Remote User Access to the CSS