Casio FX-CP400 Service Manual

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ClassPad II

fx-CP400

User’s Guide

CASIO Education website URL

https://edu.casio.com

Download Free trial software and Support software

https://edu.casio.com/dl/

Manuals are available in multi languages at

https://world.casio.com/manual/calc/

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Be sure to keep physical records of all important data!

Low battery power or incorrect replacement of the batteries that power the ClassPad can cause the data stored in memory to be corrupted or even lost entirely. Stored data can also be affected by strong electrostatic charge or strong impact. It is up to you to keep backup copies of data to protect against its loss.

Backing Up Data

ClassPad data can be converted to a VCP file or XCP file and transferred to a computer for storage. For details, see “19-2 Performing Data Communication between the ClassPad and a Personal Computer”.

• Be sure to keep all user documentation handy for future reference.

• The sample screens shown in this manual are for illustrative purposes only, and may not be exactly the same as the screens actually produced by the ClassPad.

• The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice.

• No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of the manufacturer.

• In no event shall CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. be liable to anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the purchase or use of these materials. Moreover, CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. shall not be liable for any claim of any kind whatsoever against the use of these materials by any other party.

• Windows® is a registered trademark or trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.

• Mac OS, OS X and macOS are registered trademarks or trademarks of Apple Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.

Company and product names used in this manual may be registered trademarks or trademarks of their

• respective owners.

• Note that trademark ™ and registered trademark ® are not used within the text of this manual.

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About This User’s Guide ..........................................................................................................................11

Chapter 1: Basics ................................................................................................................ 12

1-1 General Guide .........................................................................................................................12

ClassPad at a Glance...............................................................................................................................12

Turning Power On or Off .......................................................................................................................... 13

1-2 Power Supply ..........................................................................................................................13

1-3 Built-in Application Basic Operations .................................................................................. 14

Using the Application Menu......................................................................................................................14

Built-in Applications ..................................................................................................................................14

Add-in Applications...................................................................................................................................15

Application Window ..................................................................................................................................16

Using the O Menu ...................................................................................................................................17

Interpreting Status Bar Information ..........................................................................................................17

Pausing and Terminating an Operation ....................................................................................................17

1-4 Input .........................................................................................................................................18

Using the Soft Keyboard ..........................................................................................................................18

Soft Keyboard Key Sets ........................................................................................................................... 18

Input Basics .............................................................................................................................................. 19

Various Soft Keyboard Operations ........................................................................................................... 22

1-5 ClassPad Data ......................................................................................................................... 27

Data Types and Storage Locations (Memory Areas) ............................................................................... 27

Main Memory Data Types ........................................................................................................................ 28

Main Memory Folders ...............................................................................................................................28

Using Variable Manager ........................................................................................................................... 29

Managing Application Files ......................................................................................................................32

1-6 Creating and Using Variables ................................................................................................ 33

Creating a New Variable ..........................................................................................................................33

Variable Usage Example .......................................................................................................................... 34

“library” Folder Variables .......................................................................................................................... 34

Rules Governing Variable Access ............................................................................................................ 35

1-7 Configuring Application Format Settings .............................................................................36

Application Format Settings .....................................................................................................................36

Initializing All Application Format Settings ................................................................................................42

1-8 When you keep having problems… ...................................................................................... 43

Chapter 2: Main Application ............................................................................................... 44

Main Application-Specific Menus and Buttons ......................................................................................... 44

2-1 Basic Calculations .................................................................................................................. 44

Arithmetic Calculations and Parentheses Calculations ............................................................................ 44

Using the e Key .................................................................................................................................. 45

Omitting the Multiplication Sign ................................................................................................................ 45

Using the Answer Variable (ans) .............................................................................................................. 45

Assigning a Value to a Variable ...............................................................................................................45

Calculation Priority Sequence .................................................................................................................. 46

Calculation Modes .................................................................................................................................... 46

2-2 Using the Calculation History ................................................................................................48

2-3 Function Calculations ............................................................................................................ 48

2-4 List Calculations ..................................................................................................................... 57

Inputting List Data in the Work Area .........................................................................................................57

LIST Variable Element Operations ........................................................................................................... 57

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Using a List in a Calculation ..................................................................................................................... 57

Using a List to Assign Different Values to Multiple Variables ................................................................... 57

2-5 Matrix and Vector Calculations ............................................................................................. 58

Inputting Matrix Data ................................................................................................................................ 58

Performing Matrix Calculations ................................................................................................................58

Using a Matrix to Assign Different Values to Multiple Variables ...............................................................59

2-6 Specifying a Number Base ....................................................................................................59

Binary, Octal, Decimal, and Hexadecimal Calculation Ranges ................................................................ 59

Selecting a Number Base.........................................................................................................................60

Arithmetic Operations ............................................................................................................................... 60

Bitwise Operations ...................................................................................................................................60

Using the baseConvert Function (Number System Transform) ...............................................................61

2-7 Using the Action Menu ........................................................................................................... 61

Abbreviations and Punctuation Used in This Section ...............................................................................61

Example Screenshots ..............................................................................................................................62

Using the Transformation Submenu .........................................................................................................62

Using the Advanced Submenu ................................................................................................................. 64

Using the Calculation Submenu ............................................................................................................... 67

Using the Complex Submenu ...................................................................................................................70

Using the List-Create Submenu ............................................................................................................... 71

Using the List-Statistics and List-Calculation Submenus ......................................................................... 72

Using the Matrix-Create Submenu ........................................................................................................... 75

Using the Matrix-Calculation and Matrix-Row&Column Submenus ......................................................... 76

Using the Vector Submenu ......................................................................................................................79

Using the Equation/Inequality Submenu ................................................................................................. 81

Using the Assistant Submenu .................................................................................................................. 84

Using the Distribution/Inv.Dist Submenu .................................................................................................. 85

Using the Financial Submenu ..................................................................................................................90

Using the Command Submenu ................................................................................................................ 90

2-8 Using the Interactive Menu ................................................................................................... 91

Interactive Menu Example ........................................................................................................................ 91

Using the “apply” Command .....................................................................................................................91

2-9 Using the Main Application in Combination with Other Applications ...............................92

Using Another Application’s Window ........................................................................................................92

Using the Stat Editor Window ...................................................................................................................93

Using the Geometry Window ....................................................................................................................93

2-10 Using Verify ........................................................................................................................... 94

2-11 Using Probability ..................................................................................................................95

2-12 Running a Program in the Main Application ...................................................................... 96

Chapter 3: Graph & Table Application ............................................................................... 97

Graph & Table Application-Specific Menus and Buttons ..........................................................................97

3-1 Storing Functions ................................................................................................................... 99

Using Graph Editor Sheets.......................................................................................................................99

Storing a Function .................................................................................................................................... 99

Graphing a Stored Function ................................................................................................................... 100

Shading the Region Bounded by Two Expressions ............................................................................... 101

Overlaying Two Inequalities in an Intersection Plot / Union Plot ............................................................ 101

Saving Graph Editor Data to Graph Memory .........................................................................................102

3-2 Using the Graph Window ..................................................................................................... 102

Configuring View Window Parameters for the Graph Window ............................................................... 102

Using View Window Memory ..................................................................................................................104

Panning the Graph Window ...................................................................................................................104

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Scrolling the Graph Window ................................................................................................................... 105

Zooming the Graph Window ...................................................................................................................105

Using Quick Zoom .................................................................................................................................. 106

Using Built-in Functions for Graphing .....................................................................................................106

Saving a Screenshot of a Graph ............................................................................................................ 107

Adjusting the Lightness (Fade I/O) of the Graph Window Background Image ....................................... 107

3-3 Using Table & Graph.............................................................................................................108

Generating a Number Table ................................................................................................................... 108

Showing Linked Displays of Number Table Coordinates and Graph Coordinates (Link Trace) .............109

Generating Number Table Values from a Graph ....................................................................................110

Generating a Summary Table ................................................................................................................ 110

3-4 Using Trace ........................................................................................................................... 111

Using Trace to Read Graph Coordinates ............................................................................................... 111

3-5 Using the Sketch Menu ........................................................................................................ 112

Using Sketch Menu Commands ............................................................................................................. 112

3-6 Analyzing a Function Used to Draw a Graph .....................................................................114

What You Can Do Using the G-Solve Menu Commands ....................................................................... 114

Using G-Solve Menu Commands ........................................................................................................... 114

3-7 Modifying a Graph ................................................................................................................ 115

Modifying a Single Graph (Direct Modify) ...............................................................................................115

Modifying Multiple Graphs Simultaneously (Dynamic Modify) ...............................................................115

Chapter 4: Conics Application ..........................................................................................118

Conics Application-Specific Menus and Buttons .................................................................................... 118

4-1 Inputting an Equation ........................................................................................................... 119

4-2 Drawing a Conics Graph ...................................................................................................... 119

Drawing a Parabola ................................................................................................................................ 119

Drawing a Circle ..................................................................................................................................... 120

Drawing an Ellipse..................................................................................................................................120

Drawing a Hyperbola .............................................................................................................................. 120

Drawing a General Conics .....................................................................................................................120

4-3 Using G-Solve to Analyze a Conics Graph .........................................................................120

What You Can Do Using the G-Solve Menu Commands ....................................................................... 120

Using G-Solve Menu Commands ........................................................................................................... 121

4-4 Modifying a Graph (Dynamic Modify) ................................................................................. 121

Chapter 5: Differential Equation Graph Application....................................................... 122

Differential Equation Editor Window-Specific Menus and Buttons ......................................................... 122

Differential Equation Graph Window-Specific Menus and Buttons ........................................................122

5-1 Graphing a Differential Equation .........................................................................................123

Graphing a First Order Differential Equation .......................................................................................... 123

Graphing a Second Order Differential Equation ..................................................................................... 124

Graphing an Nth-order Differential Equation .......................................................................................... 124

Configuring and Modifying Initial Conditions .......................................................................................... 125

Configuring Differential Equation Graph View Window Parameters ......................................................126

5-2 Drawing f ( x) Type Function Graphs and Parametric Function Graphs ...........................127

5-3 Using Trace to Read Graph Coordinates ............................................................................127

5-4 Graphing an Expression or Value by Dropping It into the Differential Equation Graph

Window ..................................................................................................................................128

Chapter 6: Sequence Application .................................................................................... 129

Sequence Application-Specific Menus and Buttons ............................................................................... 129

6-1 Recursive and Explicit Form of a Sequence ...................................................................... 130

Generating a Number Table ................................................................................................................... 130

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Determining the General Term of a Recursion Expression .................................................................... 131

Calculating the Sum of a Sequence ....................................................................................................... 131

6-2 Graphing a Recursion ..........................................................................................................131

Chapter 7: Statistics Application ..................................................................................... 132

7-1 Using Stat Editor ...................................................................................................................132

Basic List Operations .............................................................................................................................132

Menus and Buttons Used for List Editing ............................................................................................... 133

Using CSV Files ..................................................................................................................................... 134

7-2 Drawing a Statistical Graph ................................................................................................. 135

Operation Flow Up to Statistical Graphing ............................................................................................. 135

Graphing Single-Variable Statistical Data .............................................................................................. 136

Graphing Paired-Variable Statistical Data .............................................................................................. 137

Overlaying a Regression Graph on a Scatter Plot .................................................................................139

Overlaying a Function Graph on a Statistical Graph .............................................................................. 140

Stat Graph Window Menus and Buttons ................................................................................................ 140

7-3 Performing Basic Statistical Calculations ..........................................................................141

Calculating Statistical Values ................................................................................................................. 141

Performing Regression Calculations ...................................................................................................... 143

Viewing the Results of the Last Statistical Calculation Performed (DispStat) ........................................ 145

7-4 Performing Advanced Statistical Calculations .................................................................. 145

Performing Test, Confidence Interval and Distribution Calculations Using the Wizard .......................... 145

Tests.......................................................................................................................................................146

Confidence Intervals...............................................................................................................................149

Distributions............................................................................................................................................151

Input and Output Terms .........................................................................................................................154

Chapter 8: Geometry Application .................................................................................... 156

Geometry Application-Specific Menus and Buttons ............................................................................... 156

Configuring Geometry View Window Settings ........................................................................................157

About the Geometry Format Dialog Box ................................................................................................157

8-1 Drawing Figures ....................................................................................................................157

Drawing a Figure .................................................................................................................................... 157

Inserting Text Strings into the Screen .................................................................................................... 161

Attaching an Angle Measurement to a Figure ........................................................................................ 161

Displaying the Measurements of a Figure .............................................................................................. 161

Displaying the Result of a Calculation that Uses On-screen Measurement Values ............................... 162

Using the Special Polygon Submenu ..................................................................................................... 162

Using the Construct Submenu ...............................................................................................................163

8-2 Editing Figures ......................................................................................................................167

Selecting and Deselecting Figures ......................................................................................................... 167

Moving and Copying Figures ..................................................................................................................168

Pinning an Annotation on the Geometry Window ...................................................................................168

Specifying the Number Format of a Measurement .................................................................................168

Specifying the Color and Line Type of a Displayed Object .................................................................... 169

Changing the Display Priority of Objects ................................................................................................ 169

8-3 Using the Measurement Box ...............................................................................................170

Viewing the Measurements of a Figure .................................................................................................. 170

Specifying and Constraining a Measurement of a Figure ......................................................................171

Using Sliders .......................................................................................................................................... 172

Changing a Label or Adding a Name to an Element .............................................................................. 174

8-4 Working with Animations .....................................................................................................174

Using Animation Commands .................................................................................................................. 174

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8-5 Using the Geometry Application with Other Applications ................................................177

Drag and Drop ........................................................................................................................................ 177

Copy and Paste ...................................................................................................................................... 177

Chapter 9: Numeric Solver Application ........................................................................... 178

Numeric Solver Application-Specific Menus and Buttons ......................................................................178

Inputting an Equation .............................................................................................................................178

Solving an Equation ...............................................................................................................................178

Chapter 10: eActivity Application .................................................................................... 180

eActivity Application-Specific Menus and Buttons ..................................................................................180

10-1 Creating an eActivity .......................................................................................................... 180

Basic Steps for Creating an eActivity ..................................................................................................... 180

Inserting Data into an eActivity ............................................................................................................... 181

Inserting an Application Data Strip ......................................................................................................... 182

Inserting a Geometry Link Row .............................................................................................................. 184

10-2 Transferring eActivity Files ................................................................................................185

File Compatibility .................................................................................................................................... 185

Transferring eActivity Files between a ClassPad Unit and a Computer ................................................. 185

Transferring eActivity Files between Two ClassPad Units ..................................................................... 185

Chapter 11: Financial Application .................................................................................... 186

11-1 Financial Application Basic Operations ...........................................................................186

Page Operations ....................................................................................................................................187

Configuring Financial Application Settings ............................................................................................. 188

11-2 Performing Financial Calculations ....................................................................................189

11-3 Calculation Formulas .........................................................................................................189

Simple Interest .......................................................................................................................................189

Compound Interest ................................................................................................................................. 190

Cash Flow ..............................................................................................................................................190

Amortization ...........................................................................................................................................191

Interest Conversion ................................................................................................................................ 191

Cost/Sell/Margin .....................................................................................................................................192

Depreciation ...........................................................................................................................................192

Bond Calculation .................................................................................................................................... 192

Break-Even Point ...................................................................................................................................193

Margin of Safety ..................................................................................................................................... 193

Financial Leverage ................................................................................................................................. 193

Operating Leverage................................................................................................................................193

Combined Leverage ............................................................................................................................... 193

Quantity Conversion ............................................................................................................................... 193

11-4 Financial Calculation Functions ........................................................................................194

11-5 Input and Output Field Names ...........................................................................................195

Chapter 12:Program Application .................................................................................... 196

Program Application-Specific Menus and Buttons ................................................................................. 196

12-1 Creating and Running Program ........................................................................................197

Creating a Program ................................................................................................................................ 197

Running a Program ................................................................................................................................ 199

Terminating Program Execution ............................................................................................................. 200

Creating a Text File ................................................................................................................................ 200

Using Text Files......................................................................................................................................201

Converting a Text File to a Program File ................................................................................................201

Converting a Program File to an Executable File ................................................................................... 201

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12-2 Debugging a Program ........................................................................................................ 202

Debugging After an Error Message Appears .........................................................................................202

Debugging a Program Following Unexpected Results ........................................................................... 202

Editing a Program...................................................................................................................................202

12-3 User-defined Functions ......................................................................................................203

Creating a New User-defined Function .................................................................................................. 203

Executing a User-defined Function ........................................................................................................ 204

Editing a User-defined Function ............................................................................................................. 204

12-4 Program Command Reference .......................................................................................... 205

Using This Reference ............................................................................................................................. 205

Syntax Conventions ...............................................................................................................................205

Command List ........................................................................................................................................ 206

12-5 Including ClassPad Functions in Programs ....................................................................225

Including Graphing Functions in a Program ........................................................................................... 225

Including Table & Graph Functions in a Program ..................................................................................225

Including Recursion Table and Recursion Graph Functions in a Program ............................................225

Including Statistical Graphing and Calculation Functions in a Program ................................................. 225

Including Financial Calculation Functions in a Program .........................................................................225

Chapter 13: Spreadsheet Application .............................................................................. 226

Spreadsheet Window-Specific Menus and Buttons ...............................................................................226

Changing the Width of a Column ...........................................................................................................227

Option Settings ....................................................................................................................................... 228

13-1 Inputting and Editing Cell Contents ..................................................................................228

Selecting Cells........................................................................................................................................228

Inputting Data into a Cell ........................................................................................................................ 229

Inputting a Formula ................................................................................................................................229

Inputting a Cell Reference ...................................................................................................................... 230

Cell Data Types (Text Data and Calculation Data) ................................................................................231

Inputting a Constant into a Calculation Data Type Cell .......................................................................... 231

Using the Cell Viewer Window ............................................................................................................... 233

Changing the Text Color and Fill Color of Specific Cells ........................................................................233

Copying or Cutting Cells and Pasting Them to Another Location .......................................................... 234

Recalculating Spreadsheet Expressions ................................................................................................ 234

Transferring Data between a Spreadsheet and CSV Files ....................................................................235

Importing and Exporting Variable Values ............................................................................................... 235

13-2 Graphing ..............................................................................................................................237

Basic Graphing Steps ............................................................................................................................237

Column Series and Row Series .............................................................................................................237

Graph Colors and Color Link .................................................................................................................. 238

Spreadsheet Graph Window-Specific Menus and Buttons ....................................................................239

Graph Menu and Graph Examples .........................................................................................................239

Regression Graph Operations (Curve Fitting) ........................................................................................ 242

Other Graph Window Operations ........................................................................................................... 243

13-3 Statistical Calculations ......................................................................................................244

Single-variable, Paired-variable and Regression Calculations ...............................................................245

Test and Interval Calculations ................................................................................................................ 246

Distribution Calculations ......................................................................................................................... 248

About DispStat Command ...................................................................................................................... 248

13-4 Cell and List Calculations .................................................................................................. 249

Using the Cell Calculation Functions ......................................................................................................249

Using the List Calculation Functions ...................................................................................................... 249

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Chapter 14: 3D Graph Application ................................................................................... 250

3D Graph Application-Specific Menus and Buttons ...............................................................................250

14-1 Inputting an Expression ..................................................................................................... 251

Using 3D Graph Editor Sheets ............................................................................................................... 251

Storing a Function .................................................................................................................................. 251

Graphing a Stored Function ................................................................................................................... 252

14-2 Using the 3D Graph Window .............................................................................................253

Configuring 3D Graph View Window Parameters .................................................................................. 253

Showing and Hiding Axes and Labels .................................................................................................... 254

Rotating the Graph ................................................................................................................................. 255

3D Graph Example ................................................................................................................................. 255

Using Trace to Read Graph Coordinates ............................................................................................... 255

Inserting Text into a 3D Graph Window .................................................................................................256

Calculating a

z-value for Particular x- and y-values, or s- and t-values .................................................256

Chapter 15: Picture Plot Application ............................................................................... 257

Picture Plot Application-Specific Menus and Buttons .............................................................................258

15-1 Using the Plot Function .....................................................................................................259

Starting a Picture Plot Operation ............................................................................................................ 259

Plotting Points on a c2p File Image ........................................................................................................ 259

Plotting Points on a c2b File Image ........................................................................................................ 260

Editing Plots on a Background Image .................................................................................................... 261

Overlaying a Graph on Background Image Plots ................................................................................... 261

G-Solve ..................................................................................................................................................263

Scrolling the Picture Plot Window ..........................................................................................................263

15-2 Using the Plot List ..............................................................................................................264

Using the Plot List Window to Edit Plots ................................................................................................264

Saving Data to and Importing Data from a Spreadsheet ........................................................................264

Exporting Plot Data to and Importing Plot Data from a Variable ............................................................ 265

15-3 Displaying Plots on t-y or t-x Coordinates ........................................................................265

15-4 Picture Plot Application Files ............................................................................................ 266

Chapter 16: Interactive Differential Calculus Application.............................................. 267

DiffCalc Table Window-Specific Menus and Buttons ............................................................................. 267

16-1 Learning about Tangents Using the [Tangent] Tab .........................................................268

16-2 Deriving the Derivative Using the [Deriv] Tab .................................................................. 269

16-3 Generating a Number Table and Graphing the First Derivative and Second Derivative

Using the [D Trace] Tab ......................................................................................................271

Chapter 17: Physium Application .................................................................................... 273

Physium Application Menus and Buttons ............................................................................................... 273

17-1 Periodic Table......................................................................................................................274

17-2 Fundamental Physical Constants ..................................................................................... 275

17-3 Precautions .........................................................................................................................277

Chapter 18: System Application ...................................................................................... 279

18-1 Managing Memory Usage ..................................................................................................279

Using the Storage Sheet ........................................................................................................................ 279

Using the Main Memory Sheet and eActivity Sheet ............................................................................... 280

18-2 Configuring System Settings ............................................................................................281

System Application Menus and Buttons ................................................................................................. 281

Configuring System Settings .................................................................................................................. 281

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Chapter 19: Performing Data Communication ................................................................ 285

19-1 Data Communication Overview ......................................................................................... 285

Using the ClassPad Communication Application ................................................................................... 285

Select Connection Mode Dialog Box ...................................................................................................... 286

19-2 Performing Data Communication between the ClassPad and a Personal Computer ..286

Connecting and Disconnecting with a Computer in the USB Flash Mode .............................................287

Transferring Data between the ClassPad and a Personal Computer ....................................................288

Installing an Add-in Application .............................................................................................................. 289

Auto Import of VCP Files ........................................................................................................................ 289

Rules for ClassPad Files and Folders .................................................................................................... 289

VCP and XCP File Operations ............................................................................................................... 289

19-3 Performing Data Communication between Two ClassPads ........................................... 291

Connecting to Another ClassPad Unit .................................................................................................... 291

Transferring Data between Two ClassPads ........................................................................................... 291

Communication Standby ........................................................................................................................ 293

Interrupting an Ongoing Data Communication Operation ...................................................................... 293

19-4 Connecting the ClassPad to a Data Logger .....................................................................293

Connecting a ClassPad to a Data Logger .............................................................................................. 293

19-5 Connecting the ClassPad to a Projector .......................................................................... 294

Projecting ClassPad Screen Contents from a Projector .........................................................................294

Precautions when Connecting................................................................................................................294

Appendix ............................................................................................................................ 295

Character Code Table .................................................................................................................. 295

System Variable Table ................................................................................................................. 299

Graph Types and Executable Functions.................................................................................... 302

Error and Warning Message Tables ........................................................................................... 303

Error Message Table ............................................................................................................................. 303

Warning Message Table ........................................................................................................................307

Low Memory Error Processing ............................................................................................................... 307

Resetting and Initializing the ClassPad ..................................................................................... 307

Number of Digits and Precision ................................................................................................. 308

Number of Digits.....................................................................................................................................308

Precision.................................................................................................................................................308

Display Brightness and Battery Life .......................................................................................... 309

Display Brightness..................................................................................................................................309

Battery Life ............................................................................................................................................. 309

Specifications ..............................................................................................................................309

Exam Mode ..........................................................................................................................311

Communication Application - Exam Mode Menu ...................................................................................311

Entering the Exam Mode ........................................................................................................................ 311

ClassPad Operation in the Exam Mode ................................................................................................. 312

Exiting the Exam Mode ..........................................................................................................................313

Displaying Exam Mode Help .................................................................................................................. 314

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About This User’s Guide

• The four digit boldface example numbers (such as 0201 ) that appear in Chapters 2 through 14 indicate operation examples that can be found in the separate “Examples” booklet. You can use the “Examples”

booklet in conjunction with this manual by referring to the applicable example numbers.

• In this manual, cursor key operations are indicated as f, c, d, e (1-1 General Guide).

Page 12

Chapter 1: Basics

This chapter provides a general overview of the ClassPad and application operations, as well as information about input operations, the handling of data (variables and folders), file operations, and how to configure application format settings.

1-1 General Guide

ClassPad at a Glance

3-pin data communication port

See Chapter 19 for details.

Touch screen

Icon panel

See “1-3 Built-in Application Basic Operations”.

Cursor key*

k key

f key*

4-pin mini USB port

See Chapter 19 for details.

Stylus

K key

c key

Keypad

*1 In this manual, cursor key operations are indicated as f, c, d, e. *2 Certain functions (cut, paste, undo, etc.) or key input operations can be assigned to key combinations that

consist of pressing the f key and a keypad key. For more information, see “18-2 Configuring System Settings”.

Chapter 1: Basics 12

Page 13

Turning Power On or Off

While the ClassPad is turned off, press c to turn it on. To turn off the ClassPad, press f and then c.

Auto Power Off

The ClassPad also has an Auto Power Off feature. This feature automatically turns the ClassPad off when it is idle for a specified amount of time. For details, see “To configure power properties” on page 282.

Note

Any temporary information in ClassPad RAM (graphs drawn on an application’s graph window, a dialog box displayed, etc.) is retained for approximately 30 seconds whenever power is turned off manually or by Auto Power Off. This means you will be able to restore the temporary information in RAM if you turn ClassPad back on within about 30 seconds after it is turned off. After about 30 seconds, the temporary information in RAM is cleared automatically, so turning ClassPad back on will display the startup screen of the application you were using when you last turned it off, and the previous information in RAM will no longer be available.

1-2 Power Supply

Your ClassPad is powered by four AAA-size batteries LR03 (AM4), or four nickel-metal hydride batteries.

The battery level indicator is displayed in the status bar.

full medium low dead

Important!

• Be sure to replace batteries as soon as possible whenever the battery level indicator shows (low).

• Replace batteries immediately whenever the battery level indicator shows not be able to perform data communication or other functions.

• For information about initial setup operations required after replacing batteries, see “Loading Batteries and Setting Up the ClassPad” in the separate Quick Start Guide.

• When battery power is very low, your ClassPad may not turn back on when you press its c happens, immediately replace its batteries.

• The following message indicates that batteries are about to go dead. Replace batteries immediately whenever this message appears.

If you try to continue using the ClassPad, it will automatically turn off. You will not be able to turn power back on until you replace batteries.

• Be sure to replace batteries at least once a year, no matter how much you use the ClassPad during that time.

(dead). At this level, you will

key. If this

Note: The batteries that come with the ClassPad discharge slightly during shipment and storage. Because of

this, they may require replacement sooner than the normal expected battery life.

Backing Up Data

Chapter 1: Basics 13

Page 14

1-3 Built-in Application Basic Operations

This section explains basic information and operations that are common to all of the built-in applications.

Using the Application Menu

Tapping m on the icon panel displays the application menu. You can perform the operations below with the application menu.

Tap a button to start up an application. See “Built-in Applications” below.

Tapping here scrolls between application menu pages. The application menu page can also be changed by swiping the screen left or right with the stylus or your finger.

Tap here (or tap s on the icon panel) to display the next menu.

VCP file operations. See page 289.

Starts touch panel alignment. See page 284.

Displays version information. See page 284.

Built-in Applications

The table below shows the application icons displayed on the application menu, and explains what you can do with each application.

Tap this icon:

To start this application:

Main

eActivity

Statistics

Spreadsheet

Graph & Table

3D Graph

Geometry

To perform this type of operation:

• General calculations, including function calculations

• Matrix calculations

• Computer Algebra System

• Create an eActivity file that can be used for input of formulas, text, and other ClassPad application data

• Create a list

• Perform statistical calculations

• Draw a statistical graph

• Input data into a spreadsheet

• Manipulate and/or graph spreadsheet data

• Perform statistical calculations and/or draw a statistical graph

• Draw a graph

• Register a function and create a table of solutions by substituting different values for the function’s variables

• Draw a 3-dimensional graph of an equation in the form

z = f ( x, y) or of

a parametric equation

• Draw geometric figures

• Build animated figures

Chapter 1: Basics 14

Page 15

Tap this icon:

To start this application:

Picture Plot

Interactive Differential Calculus

Conics • Draw the graph of a conics section

To perform this type of operation:

• Plot points (that represent coordinates) on a photograph, illustration, or other graphic and perform various types of analysis based on the plotted data (coordinate values)

• Learn about the differential coefficients and/or derivative formulas that are the foundation of differentiation

Differential Equation Graph

Numeric Solver

Sequence

Financial

Program

E-CON3

Communication • Exchange data with another ClassPad, a computer, or another device

System

• Draw vector fields and solution curves to explore differential equations

• Obtain the value of any variable in an equation, without transforming or simplifying the equation

• Perform sequence calculations

• Solve recursion expressions

• Perform simple interest, compound interest, and other financial calculations

• Input a program or run a program

• Create a user-defined function

• Control the optionally available Data Logger (See the separate E-CON3 User’s Guide.)

• Manage ClassPad memory (main memory, eActivity area, storage area)

• Configure system settings

Tip: You can also start up the Main application by tapping M on the icon panel.

Add-in Applications

You can download add-in applications (as c2a files) from the CASIO website, install them on your ClassPad, and use them the same way you use built-in applications. The table below shows the add-in applications that are currently available.

Icon Application Description

• Find elements and display the atomic number, chemical symbol,

Physium

atomic weight and other information from the periodic table of elements

• Display various physical constants

Note

You can delete all add-in applications using one of the procedures below.

• Reset - Storage Memory or Reset - All (“To batch delete specific data (Reset)”, page 281)

• Initialize (“To initialize your ClassPad”, page 282)

After deleting add-in applications, you can use the procedure under “Installing an Add-in Application” (page 289) to re-install them.

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Application Window

The following shows the basic configuration of a built-in application window.

Menu bar

Tool bar

Application window(s)

Upper window

Soft keyboard

See page 18.

Status bar

See page 17.

Lower window

Many applications split the display between an upper window and a lower window, each of which shows different information. When using two windows, the currently selected window (the one where you can perform operations) is called the “active window”. The menu bar, toolbar, and status bar contents are all applicable to the active window. The active window is indicated by a thick boundary around it.

You can perform the operations below on an Application window.

To do this: Perform this operation:

Switch the active window While a dual window is on the display, tap anywhere inside the window that does

not have a thick boundary around it to make it the active window. Note that you cannot switch the active window while an operation is being performed in the current active window.

Resize the active window so it fills the display

Swap the upper and lower windows

While a dual window is on the display, tap r. This causes the active window to fill the display. To return to the dual window display, tap r again.

While a dual window is on the display, tap S. This causes the upper window to become the lower window, and vice versa. Swapping windows does not have any effect on their active status. If the upper window is active when you tap S for example, that window will remain active after it becomes the lower window.

Close the active windows

While a dual window is on the display, tap C at the top right corner of the window to close the active window. This will cause the other (inactive) window to fill the display.

Tip: When you tap the r icon while a dual window is on the display, the currently active window will fill the display, but

the other (inactive) window does not close. It remains open, hidden behind the active window. This means you can tap S to bring the hidden window forward and make it the active window, and send the current active window to the background.

u Changing the Display Orientation (Application Menu and Some Applications Only)

You can change the display orientation to horizontal while any one of the following is displayed: application menu, or the Main, Graph & Table, Conics, or Physium application. Tap g to switch to horizontal (landscape)

display orientation. To return to vertical (portrait) display orientation, tap g again.

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Using the O Menu

The O menu appears at the top left of the window of each application, except for the System application. You can access the O menu by tapping m on the icon panel, or by tapping the menu bar’s O menu.

The following describes all of the items that appear on the O menu.

1 Tapping [Variable Manager] starts up Variable Manager. See “Using

Variable Manager” (page 29) for details.

2 Tapping [View Window] displays a dialog box for configuring

the display range and other graph settings. For details, see the explanations for the various applications with graphing capabilities (Graph & Table, Differential Equation Graph, Statistics, etc.)

3 Tapping a menu selection displays a dialog box for configuring the

corresponding setup settings. See “1-7 Configuring Application Format Settings” for details.

4 Tapping [Default Setup] returns all settings to their initial defaults

(except for the current folder setting). See “1-7 Configuring Application Format Settings” for details.

5 Tapping [Window] displays a list of all of the windows that can be accessed from the current application

(Statistics application in this example). Tapping a menu selection displays the corresponding window and makes it active.

6 Tap [Keyboard] to toggle display of the soft keyboard on or off.

1 2

4 5 6 7

7 Tapping [Close] closes the currently active window, except in the following cases.

• When only one window is on the display

• When the currently active window cannot be closed by the application being used You cannot, for example, close the Graph Editor window from the Graph & Table application.

Interpreting Status Bar Information

The status bar appears along the bottom of the window of each application.

123

1 Information about the currently running application

You can change the configuration of a setting indicated in the status bar by tapping it. Tapping “Cplx” (indicating complex number calculations) while the Main application is running will toggle the setting to “Real” (indicating real number calculations). Tapping again will toggle back to “Cplx”. For more details about the current application information, see “1-7 Configuring Application Format Settings”.

2 This indicator rotates while processing in progress.

appears here to indicate when an operation is paused.

3 Battery level indicator (See “1-2 Power Supply”.)

Pausing and Terminating an Operation

Many of the built-in applications provide operations to pause and terminate (break) expression processing, graphing, and other operations.

u To pause an operation

Pressing the K key while an expression processing, graphing, or other operation is being performed pauses the operation. appears on the right side of the status bar to indicate when an operation is paused. Pressing K again resumes the operation.

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u To terminate an operation

Pressing the c key while an expression processing, graphing, or other operation is being performed terminates the operation and displays a “Break” dialog box like the one shown nearby.

Tap the [OK] button on the dialog box to exit the Break state.

1-4 Input

You can input data on the ClassPad using its keypad or by using the on-screen soft keyboard.

Virtually all data input required by your ClassPad can be performed using the soft keyboard. The keypad keys are used for input of frequently used data like numbers, arithmetic operators, etc.

Using the Soft Keyboard

The soft keyboard is displayed in the lower part of the touch screen.

u To display the soft keyboard

When the soft keyboard is not on the touch screen, press the k key, or tap the O menu and then tap [Keyboard]. This causes the soft keyboard to appear.

• The soft keyboard has a number of different key sets such as [Math1], [abc], and [Catalog], which you can use to input of functions and text. To select a key set, tap one of the tabs along the left side of the soft keyboard.

• Pressing the k key or tapping the O menu, and then [Keyboard] again hides the soft keyboard.

Soft keyboard

Soft Keyboard Key Sets

The soft keyboard has a variety of different key sets that support various data input needs. Each of the available key sets is shown below.

[Math1], [Math2], [Math3], [Trig] (trigonometric), [Advance] key sets

These key sets include keys for inputting functions, operators, and symbols required for numerical formulas.

Math1 Math2 Math3

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Trig Advance

For details above the above key sets, see “Using Math, Trig, and Advance Key Sets” (page 23).

[Var] (variable) key set

This key set includes only keys for the input of single-character variables. For more information, see “Using Single-character Variables” (page 25).

[abc] key set

Use this key set to input alphabetic characters. Tap one of the tabs along the top of the keyboard (along the right when using horizontal display orientation) to see additional characters, for example, tap [Math]. For more information, see “Using the Alphabet Keyboard” (page 26).

[Catalog] key set

This key set provides a scrollable list that can be used to input built-in functions, built-in commands, system variables, and user-defined functions. Tap a command to select it and then tap it again to insert it. Selecting an item from the Form list changes the available commands. For more information, see “Using the Catalog Keyboard” (page 27).

[Number] key set

This key set provides the same keys as those on the keypad. Use this key set when you want to use only the touch screen for input or in place of the keypad while using horizontal (landscape) display orientation.

Input Basics

This section includes a number of examples that illustrate how to perform basic input procedures. All of the procedures assume the following.

• The Main application is running. See “Built-in Applications” (page 14).

• The soft keyboard is displayed. See “Using the Soft Keyboard” (page 18).

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kInputting a Calculation Expression

You can input a calculation expression just as it is written, and press the E key to execute it. The ClassPad automatically determines the priority sequence of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and parenthetical expressions.

Example: To simplify −2 + 3 − 4 + 10

u Using the keypad keys

cz2+3-4+10E

If the line where you want to input the calculation expression already contains input, be sure to press

c to clear it.

u Using the soft keyboard

Tap the keys of the [Number] keyboard to input the calculation expression.

c4-c+d-e+baw

As shown in the above Example, you can input simple arithmetic calculations using either the keypad keys or the soft keyboard. Input using the soft keyboard is required to input higher level calculation expressions, functions, variables, etc. See Chapter 2 for more information about inputting expressions.

Tip: In some cases, the input expression and output expression (result) may not fit in

the display area. If this happens, tap the left or right arrows that appear on the display to scroll the expression screen and view the part that does not fit.

You can also change the display orientation to horizontal

(landscape) for easier-to-read display of long input formulas and calculation results. See “Changing the Display Orientation” (page 16).

kEditing Input

u To delete a single character

Move the cursor so it is directly to the right of the character you want to delete, and then press K. Each press of K deletes one character to the left of the cursor.

Example: To change the expression 369 × × 2 to 369 × 2

1. c369**2

2. dK

After you make all of the changes you want, press E to calculate the result. To add more characters to the calculation, press e to move the cursor to the end of the calculation, and input what you want.

Tip: You can move the cursor without using the cursor key by tapping at the destination with the stylus. This causes the

cursor to jump to the location where you tap.

u To insert new input into the middle of an existing calculation expression

Use d or e to move the cursor to the location where you want to insert new input, and then input what you want.

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Example: To change 30

1. c30x

2. dddds

3. ee)

to sin(30)2 (For input, use the keypad and the [Math1] soft keyboard set.)

u To replace a range of input with new input

After you drag the stylus across the range of input that you want to replace, enter the new input.

Example: To change “1234567” to “10567”

1. c1234567

2. Drag the stylus across “234” to select it.

3. 0

k Using the Clipboard for Copy and Paste

You can copy (or cut) a function, command, or other input to the ClassPad’s clipboard, and then paste the clipboard contents at another location. Performing a copy or cut operation causes the current clipboard contents to be replaced by the newly copied or cut characters.

u To copy characters

1. Drag the stylus across the characters you want to copy to select them.

2. On the soft keyboard, tap p. Or tap the [Edit] menu and then tap [Copy].

• This puts a copy of the selected characters onto the clipboard.

u To cut characters

1. Drag the stylus across the characters you want to cut to select them.

2. Tap the [Edit] menu and then tap [Cut].

• This causes the selected characters to be deleted, and moves them onto the clipboard.

u To paste the clipboard contents

1. Move the cursor to the location where you want to paste the clipboard contents.

2. On the soft keyboard, tap q. Or tap the [Edit] menu and then tap [Paste].

• This pastes the clipboard contents at the current cursor location.

Tip: The clipboard contents remain on the clipboard after you paste them. This means you can paste the current contents

as many times as you like.

Copying and pasting in the message box

The “message box” is a 1-line input and display area under the Graph window (see Chapter 3).

You can use the two buttons to the right of the message box to copy the message box contents (p button), or to paste the clipboard contents to the message box (q button). Copy and paste are performed the same way as the copy and paste operations using the soft keyboard.

Message box

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kCopying with Drag and Drop

You can also copy a string of text by simply selecting it and then dragging it to another location that allows text input.

Example 1: To use the Main application to perform the calculation 15 + 6 × 2, edit to (15 + 6) × 2, and then

re-calculate

1. In the Main application work area, perform the calculation below.

c15+6*2E

2. Drag across the 15 + 6 × 2 expression to select it, and then drag the

expression to the .

• This will copy 15 + 6 × 2 to the location where you dropped it.

3. Add parentheses before and after 15 + 6 and then press E.

Tip: You can use drag and drop to copy both input formulas and calculation results.

Example 2: To copy an expression you input with the Main application to the Graph Editor window

1. In the Main application work area, input: 2

x^2 + 2x − 1.

c2x{2+2x-1E

2. On the right end of the toolbar, tap the down arrow button. On the button

palette that appears, tap !.

• This will display the Graph Editor window in the bottom half of the screen.

3. Select the 2

x^2 + 2x − 1 expression you input with the Main application by

dragging across it, and then drag the expression to the located to the right of y1: on the Graph Editor window.

• This will copy 2

x^2 + 2x − 1 to the location where you dropped it.

Tip

• An expression you copy using the operation above is registered to the Graph Editor window of the Graph & Table application. For information about Graph Editor window operations, see Chapter 3.

• Depending on the destination to which you drag a character string or an expression, the drop operation may cause it to be converted automatically to a graph or a figure. For example, dropping the expression in Example 2 into the Graph window will graph the expression. Refer to the locations provided below to see examples using drag and drop.

- “2-9 Using the Main Application in Combination with Other Applications” (Chapter 2, page 92)

- “5-4 Graphing an Expression or Value by Dropping It into the Differential Equation Graph Window” (Chapter 5, page 128)

- “8-5 Using the Geometry Application with Other Applications” (Chapter 8, page 177)

- “13-1 Inputting and Editing Cell Contents” (Chapter 13, page 228), “13-2 Graphing” (Chapter 13, page 237)

Various Soft Keyboard Operations

This section explains how to use each of the soft keyboard key sets. For information about key set types and a general overview of key sets, see “Soft Keyboard Key Sets” (page 18). All of the examples in this section assume the following conditions.

• The Main application is running. See “Built-in Applications” (page 14).

• The soft keyboard is displayed. See “Using the Soft Keyboard” (page 18).

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k Using Math, Trig, and Advance Key Sets

The [Math1], [Math2], [Math3], [Trig] (trigonometric), and [Advance] key sets contain keys for inputting numeric expressions.

The L key in the upper left corner and all of the keys in the bottom row are common to all key sets. Their functions are described below.

L Switches between template input and line input. See “Template Input

and Line Input” (page 24).

h Performs the same operation as the keypad’s K key. Deletes the

character to the left of the current cursor position.

pq See “Using the Clipboard for Copy and Paste” (page 21).

D Inputs “ans”. See “Using the Answer Variable (ans)” (page 45). w Performs the same operation as the keypad’s E key, which executes calculations.

The keys in the following table are found on different key sets and are used to input functions and commands for performing particular calculations and operations.

Key set Key Description

Math1, Math2, Math3, Trig

Math1, Math2, Trig

Math1, Math2

Math1, Math3

Math1, Trig

Math1

sct

(

)

V"%

“Template Input and Line Input” (page 24), “Other Functions” (page 50)

Inputs pi (π). Inputs the substitution symbol (⇒). “Creating a New Variable”

(page 33)

“Logarithmic Functions and Exponential Functions” (page 49)

“Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions” (page 49)

“Logarithmic Functions and Exponential Functions” (page 49)

Inputs the absolute value symbol (| |) or function (abs().

“solve [Action][Equation/Inequality][solve]” (page 81)

Inputs parentheses (( )).

Inputs brackets ({ }). “2-4 List Calculations” (page 57)

“Angle Conversion (°,

)” (page 48)

“Logarithmic Functions and Exponential Functions” (page 49)

“Other Functions” (page 50)

Math1

Math2, Math3, Trig

Math2, Trig

[

“dms [Action][Transformation][DMS][dms]” (page 64)

“toDMS [Action][Transformation][DMS][toDMS]” (page 64)

“solve [Action][Equation/Inequality][solve]” (page 81)

Inputs the imaginary unit (

i).

Inputs the infinity symbol (∞).

Inputs the

Inputs the single-character variable (page 25)

variable.

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Key set Key Description

Math2

Math3

Trig

`*7 ]_)

678

[

<>;:=/

SCT

123

!@#

“Using the Calculation Submenu” (page 67)

“2-5 Matrix and Vector Calculations” (page 58)

“To create a user-defined function using the Define command” (page 203)

Inputs the “f” of f(

“Derivative Symbol (’)” (page 54)

“dSolve [Action][Equation/Inequality][dSolve]” (page 82)

“piecewise Function” (page 54)

“with Operator ( | )” (page 55)

Inputs square brackets ([ ]). “2-5 Matrix and Vector Calculations” (page 58)

“Equal Symbols and Unequal Symbols” (page 55)

“Angle Symbol (∠)” (page 54)

“Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions” (page 49)

“Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions” (page 49)

x), or the “g” of g(x).

Advance

NM<

hin

5%(^

“Other Functions” (page 50)

“Permutation (

“Chapter 6: Sequence Application”

“About rSolve” (page 131)

“Using the Advanced Submenu” (page 64)

“Gamma Function” (page 57)

“Dirac Delta Function” (page 56)

nth-Delta Function” (page 56)

“

“Heaviside Unit Step Function” (page 56)

nPr) and Combination (nCr)” (page 53)

k Template Input and Line Input

ClassPad supports two different input methods: template input and line input. Template input lets you input fractions, powers, and other functions using formats that are the same as those in textbooks. Line input uses a linear format for inputting expressions.

2'2

2+

( )

Template Input Line Input



2+ 1

2+ (2 (2) / ( (2) + 1))^2

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u Switching between Template Input and Line Input

∫

Tap the L key. Each toggles the key color between white (L) and light blue ( ). A white key indicates the template input mode, while a light blue key indicates the line input mode.



In the template input mode, you can perform template input using keys with such as N and !. Other keys input the same functions or commands as they do in the line mode.

2'2

Example 1: To use the template input mode to input

1. Tap the [Math1] tab and then enter the template input mode (white L key).

2. Perform the key operation below:

2+(N2!2c!2e+1 eem2E

Example 2: To use the line input mode to input the same expression as in Example 1

(

2+ (2 (2) / ( (2) + 1))^2

)

2+

( )



2+ 1

or  marked on their key tops,

1. Tap the [Math1] tab and then enter the line input mode (light blue

2. Perform the key operation below:

2+(d2!2)N (!2)+1)ewE



Example 3: To use the template input mode to input

1. Tap the [Math2] tab and then enter the template input mode (white L key).

2. Perform the key operation below:

Oxe1f10exE

Example 4: To use the template input mode to input

1. Tap the [Math2] tab and then enter the template input mode (white L key).

2. Perform the key operation below:

7(1-xm2e)Qxeex

3. Tap the upper right input box of

right input box of

4. To execute the calculation, press E.

and then press 0.

and then press 1. Next, tap the lower

()



(1 − 2)

∫

key).





Tip: For information about the contents and input formats of the functions in Example 3 and Example 4, see “2-7 Using

the Action Menu” (page 61).

k Using Single-character Variables

As its name suggests, a single-character variable is a variable name that consists of a single character like “a” or “x”. Input of single-character variable names is subject to different rules than input of a series of multiple characters (like “abc”).

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u To input a single-character variable name

Any character you input using any one of the following techniques is always treated as a single-character variable.

• Tapping any key in the [Var] (variable) key set (page 19)

• Tapping the X, Y, or Z key of the [Number] key set

• Tapping the [ key of the [Math2] key set

• Pressing the x, y, or Z keypad key

If you use the above key operations to input a series of characters, each one is treated as a single-character variable. Inputting A, B, C using the [Var] key set, for example, is treated as the mathematical expression

a × b × c, and not as the characters “abc”.

Tip: The single-character variables described above make it possible for you to perform calculations as they appear in

your textbook.

Example 1: ABCw

Example 2: 2xyE

Tip: When you input a single-character variable, its name appears on the display as an italicized character. This is simply

to let you know that the letter is a single-character variable name.

u To input a series of multiple characters

A series of multiple characters (like “list1”) can be used for variable names, program commands, comment text, etc. Always use the [abc] key set when you want to input a series of characters.

Example: abcE

You can also use the [abc] key set to input single-character variable names. To do so, simply input a single character, or follow a single character with a mathematical operator.

Example: a*b+cE

Tip: A single-character variable you input using the [abc] key set is identical to a single-character variable you input using

the [Var] key set.

k Using the Alphabet Keyboard

Tap the [abc] tab to the left of the soft keyboard to display the alphabet keyboard [abc] key set. In addition to the [abc] key set, you can also select from among three other key sets named [αβγ] (character symbols), [Math] (mathematics symbols), and [Symbol] (extra symbols).

Use the tabs above the alphabet keyboard (to the right of the keyboard when using horizontal screen orientation) to select a key set. To return to the [Math1] key set from the alphabet keyboard, tap the I key in the lower left corner.

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k Using the Catalog Keyboard

The “Form” menu of the catalog keyboard lets you select one of the five categories described below.

Func ........ built-in functions (pages 48 and 61)

Cmd ........ built-in commands and operators (page 206)

Sys .......... system variables (page 299)

User ........ user-defined functions (page 203)

All ............ all commands, functions, etc.

After selecting a category, you can choose the item you want from the alphabetized list that appears on the catalog keyboard.

Tip: Note that user-defined variables and user-defined programs cannot be input using the catalog keyboard. Use

Variable Manager (page 29) instead.

Catalog keyboard configuration

Tapping a letter button displays the commands, functions, or other items that begin with that letter.

This is an alphabetized list of commands, functions, and other items available in the category currently selected with “Form”.

Tap the down arrow button and then select the category you want ([Func], [Cmd], [Sys], [User], or [All]) from the list that appears.

Tap this key to input the item that is currently selected in the alphabetized list.

u To use the catalog keyboard

Example: To input the built-in command “Plot”

1. On the catalog keyboard, tap the “Form” down arrow button and then select [Cmd] from the list of categories

that appears.

2. Tap the + button in the upper right corner until the P button is visible.

3. Tap P.

4. In the alphabetized list, tap “Plot” and then tap [INPUT] to input the command.

• Instead of tapping [INPUT], you could also tap the command a second time to input the command.

1-5 ClassPad Data

This section provides information about the various types of data that can be stored in ClassPad memory, and the location where each type of data is stored. It also explains how to use Variable Manager, which is a tool for managing stored data, as well as file operations (file save, recall, delete, rename, etc.) that are common to a number of different applications.

Data Types and Storage Locations (Memory Areas)

ClassPad uses a “main memory” memory area to store various types of data.

Examples:

• Executing “10⇒ causes variable x to be stored in main memory as “EXPR” (expression) type data.

• Creating a user-defined function (page 203) causes the function to be stored in main memory as “FUNC” (function) type data.

x” (which assigns a value of 10 to variable x) in the Main application or eActivity application

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• Saving a spreadsheet to a file (by executing [File] - [Save] with the Spreadsheet application) saves the file in main memory as “MEM” (memory) type data.

An eActivity file created with the eActivity is stored in a separate eActivity memory area in order to keep it separate from other application data.

Accessing Data

Besides the application that originally created it, data in main memory can also be accessed by any other application. It can also be deleted, renamed, copied, moved and otherwise accessed using Variable Manager (page 29). eActivity files can be accessed from the eActivity application only.

Main Memory Data Types

Data stored in main memory has a data type attribute that is assigned in accordance with the application that created the data and the actual content of the data. The data type is indicated by a data type name. Data type names are shown on the Variable Manager variable list, and on the Select Data dialog box that appears when you are specifying a variable in any ClassPad application. The following table lists all of the data type names and explains the meaning of each.

Data Type Name Data Type

EXPR Real number, complex number or expression data

STR String data

LIST List data created using the Statistics application, Main application, etc.

MAT Matrix data created using the Main application, etc.

PRGM* General program

EXE* Edit prohibited program

TEXT* Text data

FUNC* User-defined function

GMEM* Graph memory data saved using the Graph & Table application

For more information, see “Saving Graph Editor Data to Graph Memory” (page 102).

GEO* Geometry application data

MEM* Data saved to a file using one of the following applications: Spreadsheet, Geometry,

Verify (page 94), Probability (page 95).

OTHR Data other than that described above

Protected variable types

Some data types are protected. A variable whose data type is protected cannot be overwritten with another variable, which protects variable contents from being inadvertently altered. Data types whose names are marked with an asterisk in the above table are protected. Note that whether or not a data type is protected is determined by the system. You cannot change the protection status of a data type.

Tip: Even when a variable is a protected data type, you can rename, delete, or move it. To disable these operations, you

need to lock the variable. See “Variable Manager operations” on page 30.

Main Memory Folders

Your ClassPad stores data in one of the following types of folders described below.

“main” folder: The “main” folder is a ClassPad reserved folder, and acts as the default current folder (see “Current Folder” below).

“library” folder: Also a ClassPad reserved folder, the “library” folder can be used for storing user-created data (variables, programs, user functions, etc.). Data stored in the “library” folder can be accessed without specifying a path, regardless of the current folder setting.

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User folder: This is a folder created and named by you. You can make a user folder the current folder, move data to a user folder, etc. You can also delete and rename a user folder as required. You can have up to 87 user folders in main memory at one time.

Tip: You cannot put a folder inside of another folder.

Current Folder

The current folder is the folder where the data (excluding eActivity files) created by applications are stored and from which such data can be accessed. The initial default current folder is the “main” folder. You can also select a user folder you created as the current folder. For more information about how to do this, see “Variable Manager operations” on page 30.

Using Variable Manager

Variable Manager is a tool for managing user variables, programs, user functions, and other types of data. Though this section uses only the term “variables”, the explanations provided here also refer to the other types of data that can be managed by Variable Manager.

With Variable Manager you can:

• Create, delete, rename, lock, and unlock folders, and configure current folder settings.

• Delete, copy, rename, move, lock, unlock, search for variables, and view the contents of variables.

About Variable Types

A variable with a letter name like x and y can be a user-created user variable, a system variable, or a local variable.

• System variables are pre-defined reserved variables, and cannot be renamed. For the names of and detailed information about system variables, see the “System Variable Table” on page 299.

• A local variable is a variable that is temporarily created by a defining function, program, or other operation for a particular purpose. For more information about local variables, see the “Local” command under the “12-4 Program Command Reference”.

u To start up Variable Manager

1. While any application (except for the System

application) is running, tap O and then tap [Variable Manager].

• This displays the folder list. The folder list always appears first whenever you start up Variable Manager.

Folder list

2. Tap a folder name twice to open the folder contents; a variable list.

Folder name

Variable name

• To close the variable list and return to the

folder list, tap [Close].

Folder name

Number of variables contained in the folder

Data types (page 28) and sizes (bytes)

3. To exit Variable Manager, tap [Close] on the folder list.

Variable list

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u Variable Manager operations

The operations described in the table below can be performed while Variable Manager is displayed.

To do this: Do this:

Specify the current folder On the folder list, tap the [Current] down arrow button. On the list that appears,

select the folder that you want to specify as the current folder.

Create a folder On the folder list, tap [Edit] - [Create Folder]. On the dialog box that appears,

enter the name you want to assign to the folder and then tap [OK].

Open a folder On the folder list, tap the name of the folder you want to open so it is

highlighted, and then tap it again.

Open the “library” folder Tap [View] and then [“library” Folder]. This opens the “library” folder and

displays a variable list showing its contents.

Select a folder or variable Select the check box next to the folder or variable name. To select all the

folders or variables in the list, tap [All] and then [Select All].

Deselect a folder or variable

Delete a folder See “To delete a folder” (page 31).

Delete a variable Select the check box next to the variable you want to delete, and then tap [Edit]

Rename a folder or variable

Lock a folder or variable Select the check box next to the folder or variable you want to lock, and then

Unlock a folder or variable Select the check box next to the folder or variable you want to unlock, and then

Display a list of a particular type of variable

Copy or move a variable On the variable list, tap [Edit] and then [Copy] or [Move]. On the dialog box that

Clear the check box next to the folder or variable name. To deselect all the folders or variables in the list, tap [All] and then [Deselect All].

- [Delete]. In response to the confirmation dialog box that appears, tap [OK] to delete the selected variable.

Highlight the folder or variable you want to rename and then tap [File] - [Rename]. On the dialog box that appears, enter the name you want to assign to it and then tap [OK].

tap [Edit] - [Lock]. This locks the currently selected folder or variable, and adds a b icon to the left of its name to indicate that it is locked.

tap [Edit] - [Unlock].

On the variable list, tap [View] - [Variable Type]. On the dialog box that appears, tap the down arrow button and then select the data type from the list that appears and then tap [OK].

appears, tap the down arrow button and then select the destination folder from the list that appears and then tap [OK].

Tip

• If a variable with the same name already exists in the destination folder, the variable in the destination folder is replaced with the one that you are copying or moving.

• A variable that is locked cannot be moved.

View the contents of a variable

Input a folder name or variable name into an application

Search for a variable On the folder list, tap [Search]. On the dialog box that appears, enter the

On the variable list, tap the name of the variable whose contents you want to view so it is highlighted, and then tap it again. This displays a dialog box that shows the contents of the variable.

See “To input a folder name or variable name into an application” (page 31).

variable name you want to find and then tap [OK]. An exclamation point (!) appears in front of all folders containing a variable name that matches the name in your search.

Note: You can use the above procedure to search the “main” folder or a user

defined folder for a particular variable name. Note that you cannot search the “library” folder.

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Selecting a Folder

• If no check box is selected on the folder list, any folder operation that is performed affects the folder whose name is currently highlighted on the list. If any folder check box is selected, only that folder is affected by a folder operation, and the folder whose name is highlighted on the list is not affected.

• Selecting the check box of a folder causes the check boxes of all of the variables inside of it also to become selected.

• When renaming a folder, only the folder whose name is highlighted on the folder list is renamed. Other folders whose check boxes are selected are not affected.

Selecting a Variable

• If no check box is selected on the variable list, any variable operation that is performed affects the variable whose name is currently highlighted on the list. If any variable check box is selected, only that variable is affected by a variable operation, and the variable whose name is highlighted on the list is not affected.

• When renaming a variable, only the variable whose name is highlighted on the variable list is renamed. If other variables are selected (checked), they will not be affected.

Folder and Variable Name Rules

The following are the rules that apply to folder and variable names.

• Folder or variable names can be up to 8 bytes long.

• The following characters are allowed in a folder or variable name: Upper-case and lower-case characters, subscript characters, numbers, underscore (_).

• Folder or variable names are case-sensitive. For example, each of the following is treated as a different folder/variable name: abc, Abc, aBc, ABC.

• A reserved word (system variable names, built-in function names, command names, etc.) cannot be used as a folder or variable name.

• A number, subscript characters or the underscore (_) cannot be used as the first character of a folder or variable name.

u To delete a folder

Important!

Before deleting a folder, make sure you no longer need any of the variables contained inside it. It is probably a good idea to first delete the variables you don’t need, move the variables you do need to another folder, and then delete the empty folder.

1. Open the folder you want to delete and check its contents.

• Make sure you no longer need any of the variables in the folder. If any of the variables are locked, unlock them.

• After checking the contents of the folder, close it to return to the folder list.

2. Select the check box next to the folder you want to delete.

• You can select and delete multiple folders, if you want.

3. On the folder list, tap [Edit] and then [Delete].

4. In response to the confirmation dialog box that appears, tap [OK] to delete the folder.

Tip: You cannot delete the “library” folder or the “main” folder.

u To input a folder name or variable name into an application

1. In the Main application, Graph & Table application, or some other application, move the cursor to the location where you want to input the variable name.

2. Start up Variable Manager to display the folder list.

3. If you want to input a variable name, double-tap the folder that includes the variable whose name you want to input. If you want to input a folder name, advance to the next step.

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4. Tap the folder or variable whose name you want to input, so its name is highlighted.

5. Tap [INPUT].

• This exits Variable Manager and inputs the name of the folder or variable you selected in step 4 into the

application at the current cursor position.

Managing Application Files

The applications below can save data to files. Geometry (Chapter 8), eActivity (Chapter 10), Spreadsheet (Chapter 13), Verify (page 94), Probability (page 95),

Picture Plot (Chapter 15) This section explains the common operations that can be performed on data files created with these

applications.

Tip: The eActivity file save dialog box is slightly different from the save dialog box of the other applications, but operations

are basically the same.

u To save a file

1. Tap [File] and then [Save].

2. On the dialog box that appears, tap the name of the folder where you want to save the file so it is selected.

3. Input up to 8 bytes for the file name in the file name edit box, and then tap [Save].

u To open an existing file

1. Tap [File] and then [Open].

2. On the dialog box that appears, open the folder that contains the file you want to open.

3. Tap the name of the file you want to open so it is selected, and then tap [Open].

u To search for a file

1. Tap [File] and then [Open].

2. On the dialog box that appears, tap [Search]. This displays the Search dialog box.

3. Enter the file name you want to find and then tap [Search].

• File names that match the one you enter become highlighted on the display. Tapping [Open] opens the

highlighted file.

• To search for the next occurrence of the file name, tap [Search] again and then tap [Next] on the Search

dialog box.

u To delete a folder or file

Important!

Deleting a folder also deletes all files inside of it. Please double-check to make sure you no longer need the contents of a folder before deleting it.

1. Tap [File] and then [Open].

2. On the dialog box that appears, select the check box next to the folder or file you want to delete.

• You can select multiple folders/files for deletion, if you want.

• Selecting a check box next to a folder name automatically checks the boxes for all files inside that folder.

3. Tap [File] and then [Delete].

4. In response to the confirmation dialog box that appears, tap [OK] to delete the folder(s) or file(s).

Tip: Selecting a folder in the above procedure deletes the folder and all of its contents. Note, however, that the “main”

folder cannot be deleted, even if you check it.

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u To rename a folder or file

1. Tap [File] and then [Open].

2. On the dialog box that appears, tap the name of the folder or file you want to rename so it is selected.

3. Tap [File] and then [Rename]. This displays the Rename dialog box.

4. Enter the name you want to assign to it and then tap [OK].

u To move a file to another folder

1. Tap [File] and then [Open].

2. On the dialog box that appears, select the check box next to the file you want to move.

• To move multiple files, select all of their check boxes.

3. Tap [File] and then [Move].

• This causes a dialog box for selecting the destination folder to appear.

4. On the dialog box, tap the down arrow button and then select the destination folder from the list that appears.

5. Tap [OK] to move the files.

u To switch the file menu view between List View and Detail View (eActivity application only)

1. Tap [File] and then [Open].

2. On the dialog box that appears, open the folder that contains the files you want to list.

3. To display both the file name and file size, tap [View] - [Detail View]. To display file names only, tap [View] - [List View].

u To create a new folder

1. Tap [File] and then [Open].

2. On the dialog box that appears, tap [File] and then [Create Folder], or tap {.

• This displays the Create Folder dialog box.

3. Enter up to 8 bytes for the folder name, and then tap [OK] to create a folder.

1-6 Creating and Using Variables

This section explains how to create a new variable (user variable), and provides a simple sample calculation that illustrates how to use a variable.

Creating a New Variable

The most common way to create a new variable is assigning a value or expression to the applicable variable name. Use the variable assignment key (W) to assign data to a variable.

The following is an example of assignment to a variable while “main” is specified as the current folder.

Example: To create a new variable named “eq1” and assign the expression 2

The following assumes that there are no variables named “eq1” or “x” currently in the “main” folder.

x + 1 to it

u ClassPad Operation

1. Start the Main application.

2. Press k to display the soft keyboard, and then perform the following key operation.

2x+11W0eqbw

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• This creates a variable named “eq1” in the current folder (the “main” folder

in this example), and assigns the expression 2x + 1 to it.

Tip

• If a variable with the specified name already exists in the current folder, the contents of the existing variable are replaced

with the newly assigned data, unless the existing variable is locked or protected. For more information, see “Variable Manager operations” (page 30) and “Protected variable types” (page 28).

• To store the newly created variable in a folder other than the current folder, specify the variable name as follows:

<folder name>\<variable name>.

• You can use Variable Manager to view the contents of a variable you create. For more information, see “Variable Manager

operations” (page 30).

• For information about rules for naming variables, see “Folder and Variable Name Rules” (page 31).

Variable Usage Example

The following example uses the variable we created in the example under “Creating a New Variable” above.

Example: To assign values of 5 and 10 to

x and check the results of eq1 (= 2x + 1)

u ClassPad Operation

1. Assign 5 to x.

51WxE

2. Check the contents of variable “eq1”.

0eqbw

• This displays the calculation result of 2

3. Assign 10 to

101WxE

4. Check the contents of variable “eq1”.

0eqbw

x + 1 when x = 5.

“library” Folder Variables

Variables in the “library” folder can be accessed without specifying a path name, regardless of the current folder.

Example: To create and access two variables, one located in the “library” folder and one located in another

folder

u ClassPad Operation

1. With “main” specified as the current folder, perform the following operation to create a variable named “eq1” and assign the indicated list data to it.

{1, 2, 3} W eq1w

2. Keeping “main” specified as the current folder, perform the following operation to create a variable named “eq2” in the “library” folder, and assign the indicated list data to it.

{4, 5, 6} W library\eq2w

3. Check the contents of the two variables. eq1w

eq2w (Since variable “eq2” is stored in the “library” folder, you do not need to

indicate a path to access it.)

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4. Change the current folder specification to “Test”.

• Use Variable Manager (page 29) to create a folder named “Test” and change the current folder specification.

5. Perform the following operations to view the contents of variables “eq1” and “eq2”. eq1E

(Since this key operation does not access the “main” folder, the variable

name (“eq1”) is displayed without showing the variable contents.)

main\eq1E (Specifying the path to the “main” folder where “eq1” is located displays

the contents of the variable.)

eq2E (Since variable “eq2” is stored in the “library” folder, you do not need to

indicate a path to access it.)

Tip: Specifying a variable name that exists in both the current folder and the “library” folder causes the variable in the

current folder to be accessed. For details about the variable access priority sequence and how to access variables in particular folders, see “Rules Governing Variable Access” below.

Rules Governing Variable Access

Normally, you access a variable by specifying its variable name. The rules in this section apply when you need to reference a variable that is not located in the current folder or to access a variable that has the same name as one or more variables located in other folders.

kVariable Search Priority Sequence

Specifying a variable name to access a variable causes variables to be searched in the sequence below.

(1) Local variables (2) Current folder variables (3) “library” folder variables

• Multiple variables with the same name can exist simultaneously as a local variable, as a variable in the

current folder, and as a variable in the “library” folder. In this case, the ClassPad searches folders according to the sequence shown above and accesses the first instance of the variable that it finds. If you want to access such a variable when it occurs lower in the above sequence, you need to specify the folder name along with the variable name as shown in “Specifying a Variable in a Particular Folder” below.

• If a variable you specify cannot be found, it is treated as an “undefined variable”.

• Note that “system” variables are not included in the above variable search. When accessing a system

variable, you need to specify the variable name only, without specifying the folder name.

Tip: Only local variables and current folder variables are searched in the case of an operation that stores variable data

or a command that performs an operation on a variable (like “DelVar”). Normally, “library” folder variables are not searched. If you want to include “library” folders in the search, you need to specify the “library” folder as the variable location as explained below.

kSpecifying a Variable in a Particular Folder

You can access a variable located inside the “main” folder, “library” folder, or a particular user folder by specifying the folder name along with the variable name.

Use the following syntax when specifying a folder name:

Example: To specify variable “abc” located in the “main” folder

main\abc

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1-7 Configuring Application Format Settings

The O menu includes format settings for configuring the number of calculation result display digits and the angle unit, as well as application-specific commands. The following describes each of the settings and commands that are available on the O menu.

To do this:

Specify folder for variables, and to configure number format, angle, and other basic settings for all built-in applications

Configure Graph window and graph drawing settings for Graph & Table, Conics, and other graphing applications

Configure number format, angle, and other settings for Geometry application Geometry Format

Configure Fourier transform and FFT settings Advanced Format

Configure Financial application settings Financial Format

Return all the above menu settings to their initial default values (except for the current folder setting specified on Basic Format dialog box)

Select this O menu command:

Basic Format

Graph Format

Default Setup

u To configure application format settings

1. Open any application (except the System application).

2. Tap O. Next, tap the menu command you want: Basic Format, Graph Format, Geometry Format, Advanced Format, or Financial Format.

3. Use the dialog box to configure the settings you want.

• For details about the settings you can configure on each of the dialog boxes, see “Application Format

Settings” below.

4. To close a dialog box and apply its settings, tap [Set]. To close a dialog box without applying its settings, tap [Cancel] or the C button in the upper right corner of the dialog box.

Application Format Settings

This section provides details about all of the settings you can configure using the application format settings. Settings marked with an asterisk (*) in the following explanations are ClassPad initial default settings.

k Basic Format Dialog Box

Use the Basic Format dialog box to configure basic settings for calculations, cells, and other parameters.

To specify the current folder

Tap 1 and then tap the name of the folder (main*) you want.

To specify the numeric value display format

Tap 2 and then tap one of the settings described below.

Normal 1*: Automatically uses exponential display format when calculation

result

x is: 10

Normal 2: Automatically uses exponential display format when calculation

result

x is: 10

Fix 0 – Fix 9: Fixed number of decimal places Sci 0 – Sci 9: Fixed number of significant digits

To specify the angle unit

Tap 3, and then tap “Radian*”, “Degree”, or “Grad”.

−2

> |x| or |x| t 1010.

−9

> |x| or |x| t 1010.

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To do this: Do this:

Switch between complex number calculations (Complex mode) and real number calculations (Real mode)

Display results as a decimal value (Decimal mode) or leave calculation results as expressions (Standard mode)

Turn auto simplification of expressions on (Algebra mode) or off (Assistant mode)

Select the “Complex Format” check box to enter the Complex mode, or clear the check box* to enter the Real mode*.

Select the “Decimal Calculation” check box to enter the Decimal mode, or clear the check box* to enter the Standard mode.

Select the “Assistant” check box to enter the Assistant mode, or clear the check box* to enter the Algebra mode. See page 47 for details.

Specify descending order or ascending order for the calculation result expression

Select the “Descending Order” check box* to display calculation result expressions in descending order

(like ascending order (like 1 + x + x2).

Specify whether variables in Complex Mode calculation should be treated as real numbers or complex numbers

Select the “Variable is Real” check box to treat variables as real numbers, or clear the check box* to treat variables as complex numbers.

+ x + 1), or clear the check box to display in

Tip: For information about the “Q

, Q3 on Data” check box, see “Calculation Methods for Q1, Q3 and Median” (page 141).

Using Status Bar to Change Application Format Settings

With the applications listed in the table below, you can use the status bar to check and modify a number of Basic Format dialog box settings.

For this application: You can check and change these settings:

Main, eActivity Algebra mode/Assistant mode setting, Standard mode/Decimal mode

setting, Complex mode/Real mode setting, angle unit setting

Statistics Standard mode/Decimal mode setting, angle unit setting

Graph & Table, Conics,

Complex mode/Real mode setting, angle unit setting Differential Equation Graph, Numeric Solver, Sequence

u To use the status bar to change application format settings

On the status bar, tap the text of the setting you want to change.

Main application Graph & Table application

Each tap changes the tapped item as described below.

• “Alg” ↔ “Assist” ... Toggles between the Algebra mode and Assistant mode.

• “Standard” ↔ “Decimal” ... Toggles between the Standard mode and Decimal mode.

• “Real” ↔ “Cplx” ... Toggles between the Real mode and Complex mode.

• “Rad” → “Deg” → “Gra” ... Cycles the angle unit setting between Radian, Degree, and Grad.

Tip: Changing a setting using the status bar has the same effect as changing the corresponding setting on the Basic

Format dialog box. This means the setting will be changed for all applications.

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k Graph Format Dialog Box

Use the Graph Format dialog box to configure settings for the Graph window and for drawing graphs.

[Basic] tab

To specify display of Graph window axes

Tap 1 and then tap one of the settings described below. On: show axis Off: hide axis

Number*: show axis along with maximum and minimum value of each axis

To specify display of Graph window grid

Tap 2 and then tap one of the settings described below.

On: show grid as dots Off: hide grid

Line*: show grid as lines

To select inequality fill specification (Inequality Plot)

Tap 3 and then tap one of the settings described below. Union*: fill areas where all inequality conditions are satisfied when

graphing multiple inequalities

Intersection: fill areas where each inequality condition is satisfied when

graphing multiple inequalities

To specify the color of figures and graphs drawn with the Sketch function (page 112)

Tap 4. On the dialog box that appears, select the color you want and then tap [OK].

To do this: Do this:

Turn display of Graph window axis labels on or off

Turn display of graph controller arrows on

Select the “Labels” check box* to show labels, or clear the check box to hide labels.

Tip: Regardless of the “Labels” setting, labels are never displayed on the Sequence

application Graph window. Also, labels are not displayed for the following types of graph drawn with the Statistics application: NPPlot, Histogram, MedBox, NDist Broken.

Select the “G-Controller” check box to show graph controller arrows (page 105), or clear the check box* to hide graph controller arrows.

or off

Specify plotted points or solid lines for graph

Select the “Draw Plot” check box to specify plotted points, or clear the check box* to specify solid lines for graphing.

drawing

Turn display of the function name and

Select the “Graph Function” check box* to show the function name and function on the graph, or clear the check box to hide the function name and function.

function on or off

Turn display of Graph window pointer

Select the “Coordinates” check box* to show Graph window pointer coordinates, or clear the check box to hide the coordinates.

coordinates on or off

Turn display of the leading cursor during

Select the “Leading Cursor” check box to show the leading cursor, or clear the check box* to hide the leading cursor.

graphing on or off

Specify the draw method when drawing

Select the “Simultaneous Graphs” check box to draw multiple graphs simultaneously, or clear the check box* to draw graphs in sequence, one at a time.

multiple graphs

Show or hide derivative values on the Graph window and Table window

Select the “Derivative/Slope” check box to show derivative values in the Graph window and Table window, or clear the check box* to hide derivative values. For details about display contents, see “Using Trace to Read Graph Coordinates” (page 111) and “Generating a Number Table” (page 108).

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[Special] tab

To specify the row width for Stat Editor and data table displays

Tap 1 and then select a cell width pattern: 2 Cells, 3 Cells*, or 4 Cells for vertical display orientation, or 4 Cells, 5 Cells*, or 6 Cells for horizontal

orientation (see “Changing the Display Orientation” on page 16).

To specify a source for table data

Tap 2 and then tap one of the settings described below.

Table Input*: Uses the data input in a Table Input dialog box as the source

for number table generation.

list1 through list6: Uses list data in list1 through list6 as the source for

number table generation.

<list name>: Uses the list data in a selected list as the source for number

table generation.

For details about how to generate a number table using each setting, see “Generating a Number Table” (page 108).

To specify a source for summary table data

Tap 3 and then tap one of the settings described below. View Window*: Uses View Window settings as the source for summary table generation. list1 through list6: Uses list data in list1 through list6 as the source for summary table generation. <list name>: Uses the list data in a selected list as the source for summary table generation. For details about how to generate a summary table using each setting, see “Generating a Summary Table”

(page 110).

To show or hide the second derivative for summary tables Select the On button* under “Summary Table

To specify auto setting or manual setting of Statistics application View Window settings

Select the “Stat Window Auto” check box* to specify automatic setting configuration, or clear the check box for manual settings.

[3D Format] tab

To specify display of coordinate values

Tap 1, and then select “Rectangular*” (display rectangular coordinate values), “Polar” (display polar coordinate values), or “Off” (turn off display

of coordinates).

To specify display of axes

Tap 2 and then select “On” (display axes normally), “Box” (display box

type coordinate axes), or “Off*” (turn off display of axes).

To turn display of Graph window axis labels on or off

Tap 3 and then select “On” or “Off*”.

f (x)” to show the second derivative, or the Off button to hide it.

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k Geometry Format Dialog Box

Use the Geometry Format dialog box to configure settings for the Geometry application.

Tip: The information that appears in the preview area at the bottom of the dialog box shows a preview of the Geometry

application window, based on the settings configured in upper part of the dialog box.

To specify the Geometry window numeric value display format

Tap 1 and then select the format you want. The initial default Number

Format setting is Fix2. For more information, see “To specify the numeric value display format” (page 36).

To specify the unit of the displayed length value

Tap 2 and then tap one of the settings described below.

Off*: Length value unit not displayed. mm, cm, m, km, in, ft, yd, mi: Displays the length value in the selected

To specify the initial status of Graph window axes when the Geometry application is started up

Tap 5 and then tap one of the settings described below. On: Show the axes Off*: Hide the axes Number: Show the axes along with the maximum and minimum value of each

unit.

To specify the angle unit for the measurement box

Tap 3, and then tap “Radian”, “Degree*”, or “Grad”.

To specify the angle unit for graphing

Tap 4, and then tap “Radian*”, “Degree”, or “Grad”.

To specify the initial status of the grid when the Geometry application is started up

Tap 6 and then tap one of the settings described below. On: Show the grid as dots Off*: Hide the grid Line: Show the grid as lines

k Advanced Format Dialog Box

Use the Advanced Format dialog box to configure settings for Fourier transform and FFT settings.

To specify the Fourier transform formula

Tap 1 and then tap “Modern Physics”, “Pure Math*”, “Probability”, “Classical Physics”, or “Signal Processing”.

To specify the FFT scaling constant

Tap 2 and then tap “Pure Math”, “Signal Processing*”, or “Data Analysis”.

To specify how Fourier calculation variables are treated

Select the “Assume positive real” check box* to specify that Fourier calculation variables should be treated as positive reals only. Clear the check box to specify that complex numbers are allowed for Fourier

calculation variables.

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k Financial Format Dialog Box

Use the Financial Format dialog box to configure settings for the Financial application.

[Basic] tab

To specify the number of days in a year

Tap 1, and then tap “360 days” or “365 days*”.

To specify the beginning or the period or the end of the period as the

payment date

Tap 2 and then tap “Beginning of period” or “End of period*”.

To specify the date format

Tap 3 and then tap one of the settings described below. MM/DD/YYYY*: month/day/year DD/MM/YYYY: day/month/year YYYY/MM/DD: year/month/day

To specify the status of input fields when starting a new calculation

To do this: Do this:

When changing to another calculation type, automatically copy the contents of all fields in the current calculation whose names match the names of fields in the new calculation.

When changing to another calculation type, clear all fields.

Select the [Automatically copy common fields to new calculation] check box*.

Clear the [Automatically copy common fields to new calculation] check box.

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[Special] tab

To specify odd period handling

Tap 1 and then tap one of the settings described below. Compound (CI): Apply compound interest to the odd period when

To specify whether to use the amount (PRF) or profit ratio (r%) when performing break-even point calculations

Tap 4, and then tap “Amount (PRF)*” or “Ratio (r%)”.

To specify whether to calculate sales quantity ([QBE]) or sales amount ([SBE]) first when performing break-even point calculations

Tap 5, and then tap “Quantity*” or “Sales”. When “Quantity” is selected, sales quantity can be calculated before calculating the sales amount. When “Sales” is selected, sales amount can be calculated before calculating the sales quantity.

performing a Compound Interest calculation

Simple (SI): Apply simple interest to the odd period when performing a

Compound Interest calculation

Off*: Apply no interest to the odd period when performing a Compound

Interest calculation

To specify the compounding frequency

Tap 2, and then tap “Annual*” (once a year) or “Semi-annual” (twice a year).

To specify the bond interval

Tap 3 and then tap one of the settings described below. Term*: Specifies use of the number of payments as the duration for bond

calculation.

Date: Specifies use of a date as the duration for bond calculation.

Tip: When performing a financial calculation, you can change settings using the Financial application status bar and

[Format] tab. For more information, see “Configuring Financial Application Settings” (page 188).

Initializing All Application Format Settings

Perform the following procedure when you want to return all application format settings to their initial defaults.

u ClassPad Operation

1. Tap O and then tap [Default Setup].

2. In response to the “Reset Setup Data?” message that appears, tap [OK] to initialize all settings.

• The settings are initialized except for the current folder setting specified on Basic Format dialog box.

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1-8 When you keep having problems…

If you keep having problems when you are trying to perform operations, try the following before assuming that there is something wrong with the ClassPad.

1. Initialize all application format settings.

Perform the procedure under “Initializing All Application Format Settings” (page 42).

2. Perform the RAM reset (RESTART) operation.

Perform RAM reset when the ClassPad freezes up or otherwise fails to perform as expected for some reason.

To perform the RAM reset operation

Important!

• The RAM reset operation deletes all data that is temporarily stored in ClassPad RAM. Performing the RAM reset operation while a calculation is in progress will cause any data stored in RAM by the calculation to be lost.

• Perform the RAM reset operation only when your ClassPad freezes up or when it begins to operate abnormally for some reason.

1. Use the stylus to press the RESTART button on the back of the

ClassPad.

• Following the RAM reset operation, the ClassPad restarts automatically.

RESTART Button

2. After the ClassPad restarts, perform the ClassPad setup operation. For more information about the procedures you need to perform here, see “Loading Batteries and Setting Up the ClassPad” in the separate Quick Start Guide.

• The application menu appears after you finish the setup operation.

3. Reset the ClassPad.

Before performing the reset operation, first make a written copy of all important data.

For details, see “To batch delete specific data (Reset)” (page 281).

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Chapter 2: Main Application

The Main application is a general-purpose numerical and mathematical calculation application that you can use to study mathematics and solve mathematical problems. You can use the Main application to perform general operations from basic arithmetic calculations, to calculations that involve lists, matrices, etc.

Starting up the Main application displays a large white work area. Use this area for inputting operations and commands. ClassPad also uses this area to output calculation results.

Basic Main application operations consist of inputting a calculation expression into the work area and pressing E. This performs the calculation and then displays its result on the right side of the work area.

Input expression

Calculation result

Work area

Main Application-Specific Menus and Buttons

• Clear variables that contain numbers, list and matrices ...........................................Edit - Clear All Variables

• Insert a command into the work area (page 61) .................................................................................... Action

• Execute an Interactive command for the expression selected in the work area (page 91) ............. Interactive

• Toggle calculation result display between the Standard mode and Decimal mode ....................................u

• Recalculate the equation just for the current line where the cursor is currently located ............................. 7

• Output an input expression as-is ................................................................................................................0

• Insert and execute the Simplify command .................................................................................................. S

• Switch between binary, octal, decimal or hexadecimal number bases

during normal calculation (page 60).......................................................................................................<

• Access ClassPad application windows from the Main application (page 92) .............................................$

2-1 Basic Calculations

This section explains how to perform basic mathematical operations in the Main application.

Arithmetic Calculations and Parentheses Calculations

You can perform arithmetic calculations by inputting expressions as they are written. The ClassPad automatically judges the calculation priority sequence for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, functions, and parentheses.

0201 Calculation examples

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• All of the example calculations shown in 0201 are performed using the keypad or the soft keyboard [Number] key set, unless noted otherwise.

• The example calculations are all performed using the Decimal mode (page 46).

Using the e Key

Use the e key to input exponential values. You can also input exponential values using the E key on the soft keyboard [Number] key set.

0202 Calculation examples

Omitting the Multiplication Sign

You can omit the multiplication sign in any of the following cases.

• In front of a function… 2sin (30), 10log (1.2), etc.

• In front of a constant or variable… aπ, 2ab, 3ans, etc.

• In front of an open parenthesis… 3(5 + 6), (a + 1)(b – 1), etc. Note that you must use a multiplication sign when the expression directly in front of the open parenthesis is a literal variable. Example: ab (3 + b) must be written ab × (3 + b). Otherwise, your input is considered to be in function notation (

f ( x )).

• In front of the e key or E key (See “Using the e Key” above.)

• In front of a matrix or list… a {1, 2, 3}, 3 [[1, 2] [3, 4]], etc.

Using the Answer Variable (ans)

Any time you execute a calculation in the Main application work area, the last result is assigned automatically to a variable named “ans” (answer). You can even recall current “ans” variable contents and input them into another calculation by tapping the D key on the soft keyboard.

0203 Calculation examples

Tip: Starting a calculation expression with +, −, ×, ÷, or ^ operator will cause the “ans” variable to be inserted automatically

to the left of the operator, even if you do not tap the D key.

Assigning a Value to a Variable

Besides using the variable assignment key (W, page 33), you can also use the syntax shown below in the Main application and eActivity application to assign a value to a variable.

Syntax: Variable: = value

0204 Assign 123 to variable

Important!

“:=” can be used only in Main and eActivity. It can NOT be used in a program. In the Program application, you must use W to store a value to a variable.

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Calculation Priority Sequence

Your ClassPad automatically performs calculations in the following sequence.

1 Commands with parentheses (sin(, diff(, etc.)

2 Factorials (

x! ), degree specifications (

o, r

percents (%)

3 Powers 4 π, memory, variable multiplication operations

that omit the multiplication sign (2π, 5A, etc.),

5 +, –, (–)

6 Relational operators (=, , <, >, s, t)

7 and

8 or, xor

9 with ( | )

command with parentheses multiplication operations that omit the multiplication sign (2'3, etc.), ×, ÷

Tip

• Expressions in parentheses are given priority.

• In cases where a series of calculations in the same expression includes more than one of the operators 4 through 9 that are the same priority sequence level, the same level operations are performed from left to right. A series of power calculations 3 (example: 5^2^3) is performed from right to left (5^(2^3)).

Example:

2 + 3 × (log (sin( 2π

)) + 6.8) = 22.07101691

(In Algebra mode, Decimal mode, Radian mode)

Calculation Modes

All of the following calculation examples are shown using the Algebra mode only.

Standard Mode and Decimal Mode

The Standard mode displays calculation results in mathematical expression format whenever possible, while the Decimal mode converts calculation results to a decimal form.

Expression Decimal Mode Result Standard Mode Result

50 ÷ 4 = 12.5 12.5

+ 2 = 3.414213562...

π = 3.1415926535...

sin (2.1π) × 5 = 1.5450849718...

3.414213562

3.141592654

1.545084972

(  − 1)

2 +

• The Decimal mode results in the above table show what would appear on the display when “Normal 1” is selected for the [Number Format] setting on the Basic Format dialog box.

u Using the u Button to Toggle between the Standard Mode and Decimal Mode

You can tap u to toggle a displayed value between Standard mode and Decimal mode format.

Note that tapping u toggles the format of a displayed value. It does not change the current Standard mode and Decimal mode setting.

0205 Tapping u while the ClassPad is configured for Standard mode (Normal 1) display

0206 Tapping u while the ClassPad is configured for Decimal mode (Normal 1) display

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u Number of Decimal Places, Number of Significant Digits, Normal Display Settings

The [Number Format] settings on the Basic Format dialog box specify the number of decimal places, the number of significant digits, and the normal display setting for Main application Decimal mode calculation results. The following shows how calculation results appear under each setting.

Expression Normal 1 Normal 2 Fix 3 Sci 3

50 ÷ 4 = 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.500 1.25

100 ÷ 6 = 16.6666666... 16.66666667 16.66666667 16.667 1.67

1 ÷ 600 = 0.00166666... 1.666666667

÷ 4 = 2.5E + 10 2.5E + 10 2.5E + 10 2.5E + 10 2.50E + 10

The allowable range for the number of decimal places is Fix 0 to Fix 9, and the range for the number of significant digits is Sci 0 to Sci 9. For details about the [Number Format] settings, see “Basic Format Dialog Box” on page 36.

–3 0.00166666666 0.002 1.67E – 3

+ 1

Complex Mode and Real Mode

The Complex mode is for complex number calculations, while the Real mode is limited to calculations within the range of real numbers. Performing a calculation in the Real mode that produces a result that is outside the range of real numbers causes an error (Non-Real in Calc).

0207 (Complex mode and Real mode calculation results)

Tip

• You can select “ i ” or “ j ” for the imaginary unit. See “To specify the complex number imaginary unit” on page 283.

• If the expression includes ⬔(

r ,  ), calculation results should be ⬔( r ,  ) form.

Radian Mode, Degree Mode and Grad Mode

You can specify radians, degrees or grads as the angle unit for display of trigonometric calculation results.

u Examples of Radian mode, Degree mode and Grad mode calculation results

Expression Radian Mode Degree Mode Grad Mode

sin (π/4)

sin (45) sin (45) sin (45)

sin (50) sin (50) sin (50)

'



sin

( )

'



sin

( )

'



Important!

Regardless of the currently selected angle unit setting, a calculation that includes an imaginary number power exponent (such as: e

) is performed using radians as the angle unit (e

= −1).

Assistant Mode and Algebra Mode

The Algebra mode automatically simplifies mathematical expressions produced by calculations. No simplification is performed in the Assistant mode. In the Assistant mode, you can view intermediate results as

well, which allows you to see the steps that lead to a particular result as shown in 0208 (see the “expand” example).

0208 (Assistant mode and Algebra mode calculation results)

Important!

The Assistant mode is available in the Main application and eActivity application only.

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2-2 Using the Calculation History

The Main application work area calculation history can contain up to 30 expression/result pairs. You can look up a previous calculation, edit, and then re-calculate it, if you want.

• Use the scroll bar or scroll buttons to scroll the work area window up and down. This brings current calculation history contents into view.

• You can edit a calculation expression in the calculation history and then re-calculate the resulting expression. Pressing E re-calculates the expression where the cursor is currently located, and also re-calculates all of the expressions below the current cursor location.

0209 To change the expression “ans × 2” to “ans × 3” in the example, and then re-calculate

Tip

• To re-calculate only a single specific line, tap 7. Tapping 7 re-calculates the calculation where the cursor is currently located only. It does not affect anything in calculation history that comes before or after the line.

• To re-calculate all of the expressions in the calculation history, locate the cursor in the top line, and then press E.

u To delete part of the calculation history contents

1. Move the cursor to the expression line or result line of the two-line unit you want to delete.

2. Tap [Edit] and then [Delete].

Important!

Even if the result of the deleted two-line unit has an effect on subsequent calculations, the affected calculations are not updated automatically following the deletion. When you want to update everything in the calculation history following the deleted unit, move the cursor to a line that is above the one you deleted and then press E.

u To clear all calculation history contents

Tap [Edit] and then [Clear All]. In response to the confirmation message that appears, tap [OK].

2-3 Function Calculations

This section explains how to perform function calculations in the Main application work area.

• You do not need to input the closing parenthesis that comes immediately before an E key operation. All of the calculation examples in this section omit the closing parentheses before E.

• The following example calculations are all performed using the Decimal mode. Using the Standard mode causes results to be displayed as fractions.

Angle Conversion (°, r)

The first two examples use “Degree” (indicated by “Deg” in the status bar) as the angle unit setting. The final example uses “Radian” (indicated by “Rad” in the status bar) as the angle unit setting. Note that using the wrong angle unit setting will make it impossible to produce correct calculation results.

u To change the angle unit setting

1. On the O menu, tap [Basic Format].

2. Tap the [Angle] down arrow button, and then select [Radian], [Degree] or [Grad].

• You can also change the angle unit setting by tapping the current setting (Rad, Deg, or Gra) on the status bar. Each tap will cycle through the available settings.

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Problem Operation

Convert 4.25 radians to degrees.

4.25 Rw

= 243.5070629

47.3° + 82.5rad = 4774.20181°

How many radians is 243.5070629°? = 4.249999999

47.3 + 82.5 Rw

Change the [Angle] setting to “Radian”, and then input 243.5070629 *w.

Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Problem Operation

cos((

) rad) = 0.5

sin45° × cos65° = 0.5976724775

Change the [Angle] setting to “Radian”.

c7/ 3 w or cN7c 3 w

Change the [Angle] setting to “Degree”.

2*s 45 )*c 65 w

Can be omitted.

–1

0.5 =30°

sin

S 0.5 w

(Determine x for sin x = 0.5.)

“.5” can also be used.

Logarithmic Functions and Exponential Functions

Problem Operation

log1.23 (log

ln90 (log

9 = 2

log

4.5

= 90.0171313

(–3)

= (–3) × (–3) × (–3) × (–3) = 81

123 (= 123

1.23) = 0.08990511144

90) = 4.49980967

1 7

) = 1.988647795

" 1.23 w or V 10 e 1.23 w

I 90 w or V`e 90 w

V 3 e 9 w or LV 3 , 9 w

Q 4.5 w

(- 3 ){ 4 w

123 {( 1 / 7 w or % 7 e 123 w

Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Problem Operation

sinh3.6 = 18.28545536



–1

(

cosh

) = 0.7953654612



1 3.6 w

@ 20 / 15 w or @N 20 c15 w

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Other Functions (%, ', x2, x –1, x!, abs, ⬔, signum, int, frac, intg, fRound, sRound)

Problem Operation

What is 12% of 1500? (180)

What percent of 880 is 660? (75%)

What value is 15% greater than 2500? (2875)

What value is 25% less than 3500? (2625)

'2 + '5 = 3.65028154

(3 + i ) = 1.755317302 + 0.2848487846 i Change to the Complex mode (“Cplx” indicated on

= (–3) × (–3) = 9

(–3)

= –(3 × 3) = –9

–3

= 12

–

8! (= 1 × 2 × 3 × … × 8) = 40320

What is the absolute value of the common

logarithm of

⎜log (

)⎟ = 0.1249387366

8⬔40° × 5⬔35° ⬔(8,40) × ⬔(5,35) = ⬔(40,75)

What is the sign of –3.4567? (–1) (signum returns –1 for a negative value, 1 for a

positive value, “Undefined” for 0, and imaginary number.)

$

²$´

for an

What is the integer part of –3.4567? (–3)

What is the decimal part of –3.4567? (–0.4567)

What is the greatest integer less than or equal to –3.4567? (–4)

What is –3.4567 rounded to two decimal places? (–3.46)

What is –34567 rounded to four significant digits? (–34570)

* To round to 10 digits, specify “0” for the second argument.

1500 * 12 &w

660 / 880 &w

2500 *( 1 + 15 &

3500 *( 1 - 25 &

5 2 e+5 5 w

the status bar).

5 3 +0w

(- 3 )xw

- 3 xw

( 3 X- 4 X)Xw or

N 1 cN 1 c 3 e-N 1 c 4 w

8 !w

4V 10 eN 3 c 4 w or L4V 3 / 4 w

Change to the Degree mode (“Deg” indicated on the status bar). ~ 8 , 40 )*~ 5 , 35 )w

[signum] - 3.4567 w

:- 3.4567 w

[frac] - 3.4567 w

[intg] - 3.4567 w

[fRound] - 3.4567 , 2 w

[sRound] - 34567 , 4 w*

Random Number Generator (rand, randList, randNorm, randBin, RandSeed)

The ClassPad random number generator can generate truly random numbers (non-sequential random numbers) and random numbers that follow a particular pattern (sequential random numbers).

u To switch between non-sequential and sequential random number generation

1. Use the “RandSeed” command to configure random number generation settings. See “RandSeed Command” on page 52.

2. Use the “rand”, “randList”, “randNorm”, or “randBin” function to generate the random numbers.

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u “rand” Function

The “rand” function generates random numbers. If you do not specify an argument, “rand” generates 10-digit decimal values 0 or greater and less than 1. Specifying two integer values for the argument generates random numbers between them.

Problem Operation

Generate random numbers between 0 and 1.

Generate random integers between 1 and 6.

[rand] w

[rand] 1 , 6 w

u “randList” Function

Syntax: randList( n [, a, b])

Function:

• Omitting arguments “a” and “b” returns a list of

• Specifying arguments “a” and “b” returns a list of

of “a” through “b”.

Description:

• “

n ” must be a positive integer.

• The random numbers of each element are generated in accordance with “RandSeed” specifications, as with

the “rand” function.

n elements that contain decimal random values.

n elements that contain integer random values in the range

Problem Operation

Generate a list of three elements that contain decimal random values.

Generate a list of five elements that contain random values in the range of 1 through 6.

[randList] 3 w

[randList] 5 , 1 , 6 w

u “randNorm” Function

The “randNorm” function generates a 10-digit normal random number based on a specified mean  and standard deviation  values.

Syntax: randNorm(

Function:

• Omitting a value for “

• Specifying a value for “

Description:

• “

n ” must be a positive integer, and “  ” must be greater than 0.

Problem Operation

Randomly produce a body length value obtained in accordance with the normal distribution of a group of infants less than one year old with a mean body length of 68 cm and standard deviation of 8.

Randomly produce the body lengths of five infants in the above example, and display them in a list.

 ,  [, n ])

n ” (or specifying 1 for “ n ”) returns the generated random number as-is.

n ” returns the specified number of random values in list format.

[randNorm] 8 , 68 w

[randNorm] 8 , 68 , 5 w

u “randBin” Function

The “randBin” function generates binomial random numbers based on values specified for the number of trials n and probability P.

Syntax: randBin( n , P [, m ])

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Function:

• Omitting a value for “

• Specifying a value for “

m ” (or specifying 1 for “ m ”) returns the generated random number as-is.

m ” returns the specified number of random values in list format.

Description:

• “

n ” and “ m ” must be positive integers.

Problem Operation

Randomly produce the number of heads that can be

[randBin] 5 , 0.5 w

expected in accordance with binomial distribution for five coin tosses where the probability of heads is 0.5.

Perform the same coin toss sequence described

[randBin] 5 , 0.5 , 3 w

above three times and display the results in a list.

u “RandSeed” Command

• You can specify an integer from 0 to 9 for the argument of this command. 0 specifies non-sequential random

number generation. An integer from 1 to 9 uses the specified value as a seed for specification of sequential random numbers. The initial default argument for this command is 0.

• The numbers generated by the ClassPad immediately after you specify sequential random number generation

always follow the same random pattern.

Problem Operation

Generate sequential random numbers using 3 as the seed value.

Generate the first value. Generate the second value. Generate the third value.

[RandSeed] 3 w

[rand] w [rand] w [rand] w

Tip

• Random values generated by these commands are pseudo random values.

• The arguments a and b of “rand(a,b)” and “randList(n,a,b)” must be integers, subject to the following conditions.

a < b

⎟ a⎟ , ⎟ b⎟ < 1

10 b – a < 1E10

Integer Functions

These functions take integers only as their arguments and return integers.

u “iGcd” Function

Syntax: iGcd(Exp-1, Exp-2[, Exp-3…Exp-10)]

(Exp-1 through Exp-10 all are integers.) iGcd(List-1, List-2[, List-3…List-10)] (All elements of List-1 through List-10 are integers.)

Function:

• The first syntax above returns the greatest common divisor for two to ten integers.

• The second syntax returns, in list format, the greatest common divisor (GCD) for each of the elements in two

to ten lists. When the arguments are { and c , and for b and d .

Description:

• All of the lists must have the same number of elements.

• When using the “iGcd(List-1, List-2[, List-3…List-10)]” syntax, one (and only one) expression (Exp) can be

include as an argument in place of a list.

a , b }, { c , d }, for example, a list will be returned showing the GCD for a

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Problem Operation

Determine the greatest common divisors of {4, 3}, {12, 6}, and {36, 9}.

[iGcd] { 4 , 3 },{ 12 , 6 },{ 36

, 9 })w

u “iLcm” Function

Syntax: iLcm(Exp-1, Exp-2[, Exp-3…Exp-10)]

(Exp-1 through Exp-10 all are integers.) iLcm(List-1, List-2[, List-3…List-10)] (All elements of List-1 through List-10 are integers.)

Function:

• The first syntax above returns the least common multiple for two to ten integers.

• The second syntax returns, in list format, the least common multiple (LCM) for each of the elements in two to

ten lists. When the arguments are { and for b and d .

Description:

• All of the lists must have the same number of elements.

• When using the “iLcm(List-1, List-2[, List-3…List-10)]” syntax, one (and only one) expression (Exp) can be

include as an argument in place of a list.

Problem Operation

Determine the least common multiples of {4, 3}, {12, 6}, and {36, 9}.

a , b }, { c , d }, for example, a list will be returned showing the LCM for a and c ,

[iLcm] { 4 , 3 },{ 12 , 6 },{ 36 , 9 })w

u “iMod” Function

Syntax: iMod(Exp-1/List-1, Exp-2/List-2[)]

Function:

• This function divides one or more integers by one or more other integers and returns the remainder(s).

Description:

• Exp-1 and Exp-2, and all of the elements of List-1 and List-2 must be integers.

• You can use Exp for one argument and List for the other argument (Exp, List or List, Exp) if you want.

• If both arguments are lists, both lists must have the same number of elements.

Problem Operation

Divide 21 by 6 and 7, and determine the remainder

[iMod] 21 ,{ 6 , 7 })w

of both operations. (iMod(21, {6, 7})

Permutation (nPr) and Combination (nCr)



u Total Number of Permutations

u Total Number of Combinations

3

&

Problem Operation

To determine the number of permutations and combinations possible when selecting four people from a group of 10



 ²²²²²

²



 ²²²²²²²





²

10P4

10C4

= 5040

= 210

} 10 , 4 w

{ 10 , 4 w

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Condition Judgment (judge, piecewise)

u “judge” Function

The “judge” function returns TRUE when an expression is true, and FALSE when it is false.

Problem Operation

Is the following expression true or false? 1 = 1 TRUE

Is the following expression true or false? 1 < 0 FALSE

[judge] 1 = 1 w

[judge] 1 < 0 w

u “piecewise” Function

The “piecewise” function returns one value when an expression is true, and another value when the expression is false.

The syntax of the “piecewise” function is shown below.

piecewise(<condition expression>, <return value when true>, <return value when false or indeterminate> [ ) ] or piecewise(<condition expression>, <return value when true>, <return value when false>, <return value when indeterminate> [ ) ]

Use the soft keyboard (1) to input “piecewise” function according to the syntax shown below.

Problem Operation

For the expression 0 t when x is 0 or less, and 2 when x is greater than 0 or undefined.

For the expression 1 t when x is 1 or less, and 2 when x is greater than 1.

x ( x = variable), return 1

[piecewise] 0 :X, 1 , 2 w or

1 1 c 2 ef 0 :X w

1 1 c 2 ef 1 :X c 1 <Xw

Angle Symbol (∠)

Use this symbol to specify the coordinate format required by an angle in a vector. You can use this symbol for a vector only.

Problem Operation

Convert the polar coordinates rectangular coordinates. [1, 1]

r = '2 ,

= π /4 to

Change the [Angle] setting to “Radian”. [toRect] [5 2 e,~7/ 4 )]w

Derivative Symbol (’)

A single derivative symbol indicates the first derivative of an equation in the format: <variable name>’.

Problem Operation

Solve the differential equation { y = 0.5 · x 2 + const (1)}

y ’ = x .

+Y'=X,X,Yw

Important!

The “dSolve” function can solve differential equations up to three degrees, so a maximum of three derivative symbols ( y ’’’) can be used. Executing a “dSolve” calculation that has more than three derivative symbols will result in an Invalid Syntax error.

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Primality Test (isPrime)

The “isPrime” function determines whether the number provided as the argument is prime (returns TRUE) or not (returns FALSE). The syntax of the “isPrime” function is shown below.

isPrime(Exp/List[ ) ]

• Exp or all of the elements of List must be integers.

Problem Operation

Determine whether the numbers 51 and 17 are

[isPrime] { 51 , 17 })w

prime. (isPrime({51, 17})

Equal Symbols and Unequal Symbols (=, ≠, <, >, s, t)

You can use these symbols to perform a number of different basic calculations.

Problem Operation

To add 3 to both sides of

x = 3. x + 3 = 6

(X= 3 )+ 3 w

Subtract 2 from both sides of

y s 5. y – 2 s 3 (Y; 5 )- 2 w

Tip

• In the “Syntax” explanations of each command under “2-7 Using the Action Menu”, the following operators are indicated

as “Eq/Ineq”: =, ≠, <, >, s, t. Whether or not the “Eq/Ineq” operators include the “≠” operator is specified for each command by a separate note.

• An expression that contains multiple equation or inequality operators cannot be input as a single expression. For output

expressions, an expression can be output with multiple operators only in the case of inequality operators that are facing in the same direction (example: –1 <

x < 1).

Example: solve( x 2 – 1 < 0, x ) w {–1 < x < 1}

“with” Operator ( | )

The “with” ( I ) operator temporarily assigns a value to a variable. You can use the “with” operator in the following cases.

• To assign the value specified on the right side of | to the variable on the left side of |

• To limit or restrict the range of a variable on the left side of | in accordance with conditions provided on the

right side of |

The following is the syntax for the “with” ( I ) operator.

Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat|Eq/Ineq/List/(and operator)

You can put plural conditions in a list or connected with the “and” operator on the right side.

“⫽” can be used on the left side or the right side of |.

Problem Operation

Evaluate

For

+ x + 1 when x = 3. 13

– 1 = 0, determine the value of x when x > 0.

X{ 2 +X+ 1 UX= 3 w

.X{ 2 - 1 = 0 ,X)UX> 0 w

{ x = 1}

– 1 = 0, determine the value of x when −2 <

For

x < 2. { x = −1, x = 1}

Determine the value of abs (

x ) when x > 0. x

.X{ 2 - 1 = 0 ,X)U

- 2 <XpandpX< 2 w

4XeUX> 0 w

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Solutions Supported by ClassPad (TRUE, FALSE, Undefined, No Solution, ∞, const, constn)

Solution Description Example

TRUE Output when a solution is true.

FALSE Output when a solution is false.

Undefined Output when a solution is undefined.

No Solution Output when there is no solution.

∞

const Constant displayed as const(1) when any value that is a

constn Constant displayed as constn(1) when the solution

Infinity

constant is included in the solution. In the case of multiple constants, they are indicated as const(1), const(2), and so on.

includes any integer value that is a constant. In the case of multiple constants, they are indicated as constn(1), constn(2), and so on.

judge (1 = 1) w

judge (1 < 0) w

1/0 w

solve (abs (

lim (1/

dSolve ( { y = 0.5· x 2 + const (1)}

Change the [Angle] setting to “Degree”. solve (sin ( { x = 180·constn (1)}

x ) = –1, x ) w

, x , 0) w

y  = x , x , y ) w

x ) = 0, x ) w

Dirac Delta Function

“delta” is the Dirac Delta function. The delta function evaluates numerically as shown below.









 

Non-numeric expressions passed to the delta function are left unevaluated. The integral of a linear delta function is a Heaviside function.











Syntax: delta(

0210 (Calculation example screenshot)

x )

x : variable or number

n th-Delta Function

The n th-delta function is the n th differential of the delta function.

Syntax: delta( x , n )

x : variable or number n : number of differentials

0211 (Calculation example screenshot)

Heaviside Unit Step Function

“heaviside” is the command for the Heaviside function, which evaluates only to numeric expressions as shown below.









H 

Any non-numeric expression passed to the Heaviside function will not be evaluated, and any numeric expression containing complex numbers will return undefined. The derivative of the Heaviside function is the Delta function.

 



 





Syntax: heaviside(

x : variable or number

0212 (Calculation example screenshot)

x )

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Gamma Function

The Gamma function is called “gamma” on the ClassPad.

+∞

x–1

–t

Γ(x) =

For an integer n the gamma is evaluated as shown below.

∫

²

 



The gamma is defined for all real numbers excluding zero and negative integers. It is also defined for all complex numbers where either the real or imaginary part of the complex number is not an integer. Gamma of a symbolic expression returns unevaluated.

Syntax: gamma(

x : variable or number

0213 (Calculation and graph example screenshots)



x )



2-4 List Calculations

This section explains how to input list data, and how to perform basic list calculations.

Inputting List Data in the Work Area

0214 To input the list {1, 2, 3} and assign it to LIST variable “lista” in the Main application work area

LIST Variable Element Operations

You can recall the value of any element of a LIST variable. You can also assign a value to any element in a list.

0215 To recall the second element of the “lista” list variable of example 0214

0216 To assign 5 to the second element of “lista”

Using a List in a Calculation

You can perform arithmetic operations between two lists, between a list and a numeric value, or between a list and an expression, equation, or inequality.

Important!

• When you perform an arithmetic operation between two lists, both of the lists need to have the same number

of cells. An error will occur if they do not.

• An error will also occur whenever an operation between any two cells of the two lists results in an error.

0217 Perform the operation list3 × {6, 0, 4} when list3 contains {41, 65, 22}

Using a List to Assign Different Values to Multiple Variables

Use the procedure in this section when you want to use a list to assign various different values to multiple variables.

Syntax: List with Numbers S List with Variables

0218 Assign the values 10, 20, and 30, to variables

x, y, and z respectively

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2-5 Matrix and Vector Calculations

This section explains how to create matrices, and how to perform basic matrix calculations.

Tip: Since a vector can be viewed as 1-row by n -column matrix or n -row by 1-column matrix, this section does not include

explanations specifically about vectors. For more information about vector-specific calculations, see the explanations about the applicable [Action] menu items in “2-7 Using the Action Menu”.

Inputting Matrix Data

You can input matrix values in a single line in the work area, or input matrix values using an actual on-screen matrix.

Inputting Matrix Values in a Single Line

0219 To input the matrix

1 2 3 4

and assign it to the variable “mat1” in the Main application work area

Matrix Variable Element Operations

You can recall the value of any element of a matrix variable. You can also assign a value to any element in a matrix.

0220 To recall the value in row 2, column 1 of the matrix variable “mat1” of example 0219

0221 To assign 5 to the element at row 1, column 2 of “mat1”

Inputting Matrix Values Using an Actual On-Screen Matrix

• Create a new 1-row × 2-column matrix ...................................................................................................... 6

• Create a new 2-row × 1-column matrix ...................................................................................................... 7

• Create a new 2-row × 2-column matrix ..................................................................................................... 8

• Add a column to the currently displayed matrix ......................................................................................... 6

• Add a row to the currently displayed matrix ............................................................................................... 7

• Add both a row and column to the currently displayed matrix ................................................................... 8

0222 To input the matrix

1 2 3 4 5 6

and assign it to the variable “mat2”

Performing Matrix Calculations

This section provides examples of how to perform the most basic types of matrix calculations.

Matrix Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division

0223 To calculate

0224 To calculate

0225 To multiply the matrix

1 1 2 1

2 3

2 1

2 3

2 1

1 2 3 4

in a single line

using an actual on-screen matrix

by 5

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Raising a Matrix to a Specific Power

Example: To raise

0226 Input in a single line

0227 Input using an actual on-screen matrix

1 2 3 4

to the power of 3

Tip: You can raise only a square matrix to a specific power. An error occurs when you try to raise a non-square matrix to a

specific power.

Using a Matrix to Assign Different Values to Multiple Variables

Use the procedure in this section when you want to use a matrix to assign various different values to multiple variables.

Syntax: Matrix with Numbers ⇒ Matrix with Variables

(The matrix can be one line with multiple columns, or multiple lines with one column.)

0228 Assign the values 10, 20, and 30, to variables

x , y , and z respectively

2-6 Specifying a Number Base

While using the Main application, you can specify a default number base (binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal). You can also convert between number bases and perform bitwise operations using logical operators (not, and, or, xor).

Note the following limitations, which all apply while a default number base (binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal) is specified in the Main application.

• You cannot use scientific functions, or [Action] or [Interactive] menu commands.

• Except for Ans (Answer Memory variable), you cannot use variables.

• You can input integers only. An error (Invalid Syntax) will occur if you try to input a non-integer value (like 1.5

or '2 ).

• If a calculation produces a non-integer result (with a decimal part), the ClassPad will cut off the decimal part

automatically. For example, the calculation 5 ÷ 2 while decimal is selected as the number base is 2.

• An error message is displayed if you try to enter a value that is invalid for the speicfied number base. The

following shows the numerals that can be used in each number system.

Binary: 0, 1 Octal: 0 to 7 Decimal: 0 to 9 Hexadecimal: 0 to 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

Binary, Octal, Decimal, and Hexadecimal Calculation Ranges

• The following are the display capacities and calculation ranges for each of the number bases.

Number Base Display Capacity Calculation Range (Positive ; Negative)

Binary 32 digits

Octal 11 digits

Decimal 10 digits

Hexadecimal 8 digits

x s 01111111111111111111111111111111 ;

0 s 10000000000000000000000000000000 s x s 11111111111111111111111111111111

x s 17777777777 ; 20000000000 s x s 37777777777

0 s

x s 2147483647 ; −2147483648 s x s −1

0 s

x s 7FFFFFFF ; 80000000 s x s FFFFFFFF

0 s

• Negative binary, octal, and hexadecimal values are produced using the two’s complement of the original

value.

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Selecting a Number Base

Specifying a default number base in the Main application will apply to the current line (expression/result pair), and to all subsequent lines until you change the default number base setting.

u To select the number base for the line where the cursor is located

1. Tap the down arrow button next to the < button.

2. Tap the button that corresponds to the number base you want to use: 1 (binary), 2 (octal), 3 (decimal), 4 (hexadecimal).

• The currently selected number base is indicated in the status bar.

3. Execute the calculation.

Important!

• A line for which a number base is not specified is called a “normal calculation line”. To return a line to a

normal calculation line, tap < in step 2 of the above procedure.

• Calculation results produced by a line for which a number base is specified are followed by one of the suffixes

listed below, to indicate its number system.

Number System Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal

Suffix bodh

u To specify a number base for an input value

You can input the following suffixes to specify the number base of a value as you input it: [b] (binary), [o] (octal), [d] (decimal), and [h] (hexadecimal). You can specify a number base for an input value only when a default number base (besides normal) is selected

Arithmetic Operations

You can use the following operators when performing binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal values: +, −, ×, ÷, ^. You can also use parenthetical expressions.

0229 To calculate 101112 + 11010

0230 To calculate (118 + 78)

0231 Perform the calculation 12310 + 10102 so it produces a hexadecimal result

Bitwise Operations

The logical operators (and, or, xor, not) can be used in calculations.

and ...Returns the result of a bitwise product.

or ...... Returns the result of a bitwise sum.

xor ....Returns the result of a bitwise exclusive logical sum.

not ....Returns the result of a complement (bitwise inversion).

0232 Calculation examples

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Using the baseConvert Function (Number System Transform)

The baseConvert function lets you convert a number in one base (number system) to its equivalent in another base.

Important!

• The baseConvert function works for positive integers only.

• The baseConvert function cannot be used in a line for which a particular number base is specified. It can be

used in a normal calculation line only.

Syntax: baseConvert (Number, Current base, Expected base)

• Number must be a positive integer consisting of digits 0 to 9 and/or A to F.

• The current base and expected base can be any whole number from 2 to 16.

0233 Calculation examples

2-7 Using the Action Menu

The [Action] menu helps to make transformation and expansion functions, calculus functions, statistical functions, and other frequently used mathematical menu operations easier to use. Simply select the function you want, and then enter expressions or variables in accordance with the syntax of the function.

Tip

• Unless specifically indicated otherwise, all of the explanations in this section are performed using the following modes:

Algebra mode, Standard mode, Complex mode, Radian mode, Descending Order.

• You can use the [Interactive] menu to select most of the commands that are included on the [Action] menu. For details

about using the [Interactive] menu, see page 91.

Abbreviations and Punctuation Used in This Section

The following are the meanings of the abbreviations and punctuation used in the syntax descriptions in this section.

Exp: Expression (Value, Variable, etc.) List: List Eq: Equation Mat: Matrix

Ineq: All types of inequalities (a>b, atb, a<b, asb, ab) Ineqⴝ: Inequality ab only [ ]: You can omit the item(s) inside the brackets. { }: Select one of the items inside the braces.

Some of the syntaxes in the following explanations indicate the following for parameters:

Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat

These abbreviations mean that you can use any of the following as a parameter: expression, equation, inequality, list, or matrix.

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Example Screenshots

The screenshots below show examples of how input and output expressions appear on the ClassPad display. All of the screenshots in this section show the “complete expression” version.

When the input expression does not fit:

Displayed expression

When the output expression does not fit:

Displayed expression

Complete expression

Using the Transformation Submenu

The [Transformation] submenu contains commands for expression transformation, like “expand” and “factor”.

u approx [Action][Transformation][approx]

Function: Transforms an expression into a numerical approximation.

)

Syntax: approx (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [

Example: To obtain the numerical value of '2

u simplify [Action][Transformation][simplify]

Function: Simplifies an expression.

Syntax: simplify (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

]

Example: To simplify (15'3 + 26)^(1/3)

u expand [Action][Transformation][expand]

Function: Expands an expression.

)

Syntax: expand (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [

expand (Exp,variable [ ) ]

• If you specify a variable, Exp is decomposed into partial fractions, with respect to the variable.

Example: To expand (

x + 2)

]

u factor [Action][Transformation][factor][factor]

Function: Factors an expression.

Syntax: factor (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To factor

 4 x + 4

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u rFactor [Action][Transformation][factor][rFactor]

Function: Factors an expression up to its roots, if any.

Syntax: rFactor (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To factor

 3

u factorOut [Action][Transformation][factor][factorOut]

Function: Factors out an expression with respect to a specified factor.

Syntax: factorOut (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat, Exp [ ) ]

Example: To factor “a” out a

+ b x + c

u combine [Action][Transformation][combine]

Function: Transforms multiple fractions into their common denominator equivalents and reduces them, if

possible.

Syntax: combine (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To transform and reduce (

x + 1)/( x + 2) + x ( x + 3)

u collect [Action][Transformation][collect]

Function: Rearranges an expression with respect to a specific variable.

Syntax: collect (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat[,Exp] [ ) ]

• “

x ” is the default when you omit “[,Exp]”.

Example: To rearrange

+ a x + b x with respect to x

u tExpand [Action][Transformation][tExpand]

Function: Employs the sum and difference formulas to expand a trigonometric function.

Syntax: tExpand(Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To expand sin (a + b)

u tCollect [Action][Transformation][tCollect]

Function: Employs the product to sum formulas to transform the product of a trigonometric function into an

expression in the sum form.

Syntax: tCollect (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ] Example: To transform cos(a) × cos(b) into an expression in the sum form

u expToTrig [Action][Transformation][expToTrig]

Function: Transforms an exponent into a trigonometric or hyperbolic function.

Syntax: expToTrig (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To transform

into a trigonometric function (Radian mode)

u trigToExp [Action][Transformation][trigToExp]

Function: Transforms a trigonometric or hyperbolic function into exponential form.

Syntax: trigToExp (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To transform cosh

x into exponential form

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u toFrac [Action][Transformation][Fraction][toFrac]

Function: Transforms a decimal value into its equivalent fraction value.

Syntax: toFrac (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To transform 5.28 into its equivalent fraction value

u propFrac [Action][Transformation][Fraction][propFrac]

Function: Transforms a decimal value into its equivalent proper fraction value.

Syntax: propFrac (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To transform 1.2 into its equivalent proper fraction value

u dms [Action][Transformation][DMS][dms]

Function: Transforms a DMS format value into its equivalent degrees-only

value.

Syntax: dms (Exp/List-1 [,Exp/List-2][,Exp/List-3] [ ) ]

Example: To transform 3° 5’ 6” into its equivalent degrees-only value

• Zero is the default when you omit [,Exp/List-2] or [,Exp/List-3][ ) ].

Tip: You can input 3° 5’ 6” using the / key on the soft keyboard.

/e 3 e 5 e 6 E

u toDMS [Action][Transformation][DMS][toDMS]

Function: Transforms a degrees-only value into its equivalent DMS format value.

Syntax: toDMS (Exp/List [ ) ]

Example: To transform 3.085 degrees into its equivalent DMS format value

Using the Advanced Submenu

u solve [Action][Advanced][solve]

For information about solve, see page 81.

u dSolve [Action][Advanced][dSolve]

For information about dSolve, see page 82.

u taylor [Action][Advanced][taylor]

Function: Finds a Taylor polynomial for an expression with respect to a specific variable.

)

Syntax: taylor (Exp/List, variable, order [,center point] [

Example: To find a 5th order Taylor polynomial for sin(x) with respect to x = 0

(in the Radian mode)

• Zero is the default when you omit “[,center point]”.

]

u laplace [Action][Advanced][laplace], invLaplace [Action][Advanced][invLaplace]

Function: “laplace” is the command for the Laplace transform, and

“invLaplace” is the command for the inverse of Laplace transform.

Chapter 2: Main Application 64

∞

∫

()

–

L[ ()] ()=

Page 65

Syntax:

laplace(

f ( t): expression ;

f ( t), t, s)

t: variable with respect to which the expression is

transformed ;

s: parameter of the transform

ClassPad supports transform of the following functions.

x), cos(x), sinh(x), cosh(x), x

sin(

ClassPad does not support transform of the following functions. tan(

x), sin

– 1

(x), cos

– 1

(x), tan

, 'x, ex, heaviside(x), delta(x), delta(x, n)

– 1

(x), tanh(x), sinh

– 1

(x), cosh

invLaplace(

L(s), s, t)

L(s): expression ; s: variable with respect to which the expression is

transformed ;

t: parameter of the transform

– 1

(x), tanh

– 1

(x), log(x), ln(x), 1/x, abs(x), gamma(x)

Laplace Transform of a Differential Equation

The laplace command can be used to solve ordinary differential equations. ClassPad does not support System of Differential Equations for laplace.

Syntax: laplace(diff eq,

diff eq: differential equation to solve ; x : independent variable in the diff eq ; y : dependent variable in the diff eq ; t : parameter of the transform

Example: To solve a differential equation

Laplace transform

Lp means F ( s ) = L [ f ( t )] in the result of transform for a differential equation.

x , y , t )

x ’ + 2 x = e

−

where x (0) = 3 using the

u fourier [Action][Advanced][fourier], invFourier [Action][Advanced][invFourier]

Function: “fourier” is the command for the Fourier Transform, and “invFourier” is the command for the inverse

Fourier Transform.

Syntax: fourier( f ( x), x, w, n) invFourier(F ( w), w, x, n)

x : variable with respect to which the expression is transformed with ; w : parameter of the transform ; n : 0 to 4, indicating Fourier parameter to use (optional)

ClassPad supports transform of the following functions.

t), cos(t), log(t), ln(t), abs(t), signum(t), heaviside(t), delta(t), delta(t,n), e

sin(

ClassPad does not support transform of the following functions. tan(t), sin

The Fourier Transform is defined as the following:

Some authors (especially physicists) prefer to write the transform in terms of angular frequency ω ≡ 2π  instead of the oscillation frequency  .

However, this destroys the symmetry, resulting in the transform pair shown below.

– 1

(t), cos

() =

– 1

(t), tan

∞

∫

–∞

– 1

()

(ω) = [()] =

(t), sinh(t), cosh(t), tanh(t), sinh

–2π



∞

∫

–∞

()

–ω



() =

() = –1[(ω)] =

– 1

(t), cosh

∫

–∞

∞

()

– 1

(t), tanh

2π

– 1

(t), gamma(t), 't , e



∞

∫

–∞

(ω)

ω

ω

Chapter 2: Main Application 65

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To restore the symmetry of the transforms, the convention shown below is sometimes used.

∞

∫

–∞

()





∞

–

()

∫

–∞



() = –1[()] =

() = [ ()] =

In general, the Fourier transform pair may be defined using two arbitrary constants a and b as shown below.

1–

∞

∫

–∞

()

ω



() =

n (optional) a b

⏐

⏐

π)

1+

∞

(ω)

∫

–∞

–ω

ω

–2π

⏐

(ω) =

The values of a and b depend on the scientific discipline, which can be specified by the value of n (optional fourth parameter of fourier and invFourier) as shown below.

Unfortunately, a number of conventions are in widespread use for a and b . For example, (0, 1) is used in modern physics, (1, –1) is used in pure mathematics and systems engineering, (1, 1) is used in probability theory for the computation of the characteristic function, (–1, 1) is used in classical physics, and (0, –2π) is used in signal processing.

Transform Definition

Modern Physics 0 0 1

Pure Math 1 1 –1

Probability 2 1 1

Classical Physics 3 –1 1

Signal Processing 4 0

Tip: The Advanced Format dialog box can be used to configure settings related to the Fourier Transform, such a Fourier

Transform definition, etc. For details, see “Advanced Format Dialog Box” on page 40.

u FFT [Action][Advanced][FFT], IFFT [Action][Advanced][IFFT]

Function: “FFT” is the command for the fast Fourier Transform, and “IFFT” is the command for the inverse fast

Fourier Transform. 2n data values are needed to perform FFT and IFFT. On the ClassPad, FFT and IFFT are calculated numerically.

⏐

π)

Syntax: FFT(list) or FFT(list, m ) IFFT(list) or IFFT(list, m )

• Data size must be 2

• The value for 0 (Signal Processing), 1 (Pure Math), 2 (Data Analysis).

The FTT and IFFT are defined as the following:

−1

() =

Tip: The Advanced Format dialog box can be used to configure Fast Fourier Transform settings. For details, see

“Advanced Format Dialog Box” on page 40.

∑

=0

()

for n = 1, 2, 3, ...

m is optional. It can be from 0 to 2, indicating the FFT parameter to use:

2π

–——



() =



−1

∑

=0

()

2π

——



Chapter 2: Main Application 66

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Using the Calculation Submenu

The [Calculation] submenu contains calculus related commands, such as “diff” (differentiation) and “  ” (integration).

u diff [Action][Calculation][diff]

Function: Differentiates an expression with respect to a specific variable.

Syntax: diff(Exp/List[,variable] [ ) ]

diff(Exp/List,variable,order[,a] [ ) ]

• “a” is the point for which you want to determine the derivative.

• “order” = 1 when you use the following syntax: diff(Exp/List[,variable][ ) ]. The default variable is “ “variable” is omitted.

Example: To differentiate

with respect to x

u impDiff [Action][Calculation][impDiff]

Function: Differentiates an equation or expression in implicit form with respect

to a specific variable.

Syntax: impDiff(Eq/Exp/List, independent variable, dependent variable)

x ” when

Example: To find

y ’ using implicit differentiation

Important!

The derivative symbol (’) cannot be used in the argument of “impDiff(”. Trying to use a derivative symbol would result in a Wrong Argument Type error.

u∫ [Action][Calculation][  ]

Function: Integrates an expression with respect to a specific variable.

Syntax:

 (Exp/List[,variable] [ ) ]  (Exp/List, variable, lower limit, upper limit [,tol ] [ ) ]

• “

x” is the default when you omit [,variable].

• “

tol” represents the allowable error range.

• This command returns an approximate value when a range is specified for “

• This command returns the true value of a definite interval when nothing is specified for “ value cannot be obtained, this command performs approximate calculation using tol = 1E – 5. If an approximate value can be obtained, that value is returned. An error message is returned if an approximate value cannot be obtained or if the calculation itself is not possible for some reason.

Example: To integrate x with respect to x

tol ”.

tol”. If a true

u lim [Action][Calculation][lim]

Function: Determines the limit of an expression.

)

Syntax: lim (Exp/List, variable, point [,direction] [

−

Example: To determine the limit of

• This function returns the limit from the left when “direction” < 0, the limit from the right when “direction” > 0, and the limit from both sides (left and right) when “direction” = 0 or when the direction is omitted.

as x approaches ∞

]

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uΣ [Action][Calculation][Σ]

Function: Evaluates an expression at discrete variable values within a range, and then calculates a sum. Syntax: Σ(Exp/List, variable, lower value, upper value [ ) ]

Example: To calculate the sum of

as the value of x changes from x = 1

through x =10

uΠ [Action][Calculation][Π]

Function: Evaluates an expression at discrete variable values within a range, and then calculates a product. Syntax: Π(Exp/List, variable, lower value, upper value [ ) ]

Example: To calculate the product of

as the value of x changes from x = 1

through x = 5

u rangeAppoint [Action][Calculation][rangeAppoint]

Function: Finds an expression or value that satisfies a condition in a specified range.

Syntax: rangeAppoint (Exp/Eq/List, start value, end value [ ) ]

• When using an equation (Eq) for the first argument, input the equation using the syntax Var = Exp. Evaluation will not be possible if any other syntax is used.

Example: To find the expression(s) in the list {

x = π, x = 2π,

x = 3π} that belong(s) to the closed range 0 s x s 5

u mod [Action][Calculation][mod]

Function: Returns the remainder when one expression is divided by another expression.

Syntax: mod ({Exp/List} -1, {Exp/List} -2 [ ) ]

Example: To determine the remainder when 26 is divided by 3 (26mod3)

u tanLine [Action][Calculation][line][tanLine]

Function: Returns the right side of the equation for the tangent line ( y = ‘expression’) to the curve at the

specified point.

Syntax: tanLine (Exp/List, variable, variable value at point of tangency [ ) ]

y = x

Example: To determine the function of the line tangent to

at x = 2

u normal [Action][Calculation][line][normal]

Function: Returns the right side of the equation for the line normal ( y = ‘expression’) to the curve at the

specified point.

Syntax: normal (Exp/List, variable, variable value at point of normal [ ) ]

y = x

Example: To determine the function of the line normal to

at x = 2

u arcLen [Action][Calculation][line][arcLen]

Function: Returns the arc length of an expression from a start value to an end value with respect to a

specified variable.

Syntax: arcLen (Exp/List, variable, start value, end value [ ) ]

3 2

y = x

Example: To determine the arc length for

from x = 0 to x = 4

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u fMin [Action][Calculation][fMin/fMax][fMin], fMax [Action][Calculation][fMin/fMax][fMax]

Function: Returns the minimum (fMin) / the maximum (fMax) point in a specific range of a function.

Syntax: fMin(Exp[,variable] [ ) ]

fMin(Exp, variable, start value, end value[, fMax(Exp[,variable] [ ) ] fMax(Exp, variable, start value, end value[,

• “

x ” is the default when you omit “[,variable]”.

• Negative infinity and positive infinity are the default when the syntax fMin(Exp[,variable] [ ) ] or fMax(Exp[,variable] [ ) ] is used.

• “ n ” is calculation precision, which you can specify as an integer in the range of 1 to 9. Using any value outside this range causes an error.

• This command returns an approximate value when calculation precision is specified for “

• This command returns a true value when nothing is specified for “ however, this command returns an approximate value along with n = 4.

• Discontinuous points or sections that fluctuate widely can adversely affect precision or even cause an error.

• Inputting a larger number for “ of time required to perform the calculation.

• The value you input for the end point of the interval must be greater than the value you input for the start point. Otherwise an error occurs.

n ” increases the precision of the calculation, but it also increases the amount

n] [ ) ]

n ”.

n ”. If the true value cannot be obtained,

Example: To find the minimum point of

Example: To find the maximum point of – x 2 + 1 with respect to x

– 1 with respect to x

u gcd [Action][Calculation][gcd/lcm][gcd]

Function: Returns the greatest common denominator of two expressions.

)

Syntax: gcd (Exp/List-1, Exp/List-2 [

Example: To obtain the greatest common denominator of

]

x + 1 and x

– 3 x – 4

u lcm [Action][Calculation][gcd/lcm][lcm]

Function: Returns the least common multiple of two expressions.

Syntax: lcm (Exp/List-1, Exp/List-2 [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the least common multiple of

– 1 and x 2 + 2 x – 3

u denominator [Action][Calculation][fraction][denominator]

Function: Extracts the denominator of a fraction.

Syntax: denominator (Exp/List [ ) ]

Example: To extract the denominator of the fraction (

y – 2)/( x + 1)

u numerator [Action][Calculation][fraction][numerator]

Function: Extracts the numerator of a fraction.

Syntax: numerator (Exp/List [ ) ]

Example: To extract the numerator of the fraction (

y – 2)/( x + 1)

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Using the Complex Submenu

The [Complex] submenu contains commands that relate to calculations that involve complex numbers.

u arg [Action][Complex][arg]

Function: Returns the argument of a complex number.

Syntax: arg (Exp/Eq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the argument of complex 2 +

i (in the Radian mode)

u conjg [Action][Complex][conjg]

Function: Returns the conjugate complex number.

Syntax: conjg (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ] (Ineq: Real mode only)

Example: To obtain the conjugate of complex number 1 +

u re [Action][Complex][re]

Function: Returns the real part of a complex number.

Syntax: re (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ] (Ineq: Real mode only)

Example: To obtain the real part of complex number 3 – 4

u im [Action][Complex][im]

Function: Returns the imaginary part of a complex number.

Syntax: im (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ] (Ineq: Real mode only)

Example: To obtain the imaginary part of complex number 3 – 4

u cExpand [Action][Complex][cExpand]

Function: Expands a complex expression to rectangular form (a + bi).

Syntax: cExpand (Exp/Eq/List/Mat [ ) ]

• The variables are regarded as real numbers.

Example: To expand cos

–1

(2) (in the Radian mode)

u compToPol [Action][Complex][compToPol]

Function: Transforms a complex number into its polar form.

Syntax: compToPol (Exp/Eq/List/Mat [ ) ]

• When the argument is Mat (Matrices), calculation can be performed using the Radian angle unit only.

Example: To transform 1 +

Radian mode Degree mode Grad mode

i into its polar form

u compToTrig [Action][Complex][compToTrig]

Function: Transforms a complex number into its trigonometric/hyperbolic form.

Syntax: compToTrig (Exp/Eq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To transform 1 +

i into its trigonometric form (in the Radian mode)

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u compToRect [Action][Complex][compToRect]

Function: Transforms a complex number into its rectangular form.

Syntax: compToRect (⬔(

Example: To transform a complex number

into its rectangular form

r ,  ) or r · e^(  · i ) form [ ) ]

Using the List-Create Submenu

The [List][Create] submenu contains commands that are related to creating lists.

u seq [Action][List][Create][seq]

Function: Generates a list in accordance with a numeric sequence expression.

Syntax: seq (Exp, variable, start value, end value [,step size] [ ) ]

Example: To generate a list in accordance with the expression

when the start value is 1, the end value is 5, and the step size is 2

• “1” is the default when you omit “[,step size]”.

• The step size must be a factor of the difference between the start value and the end value.

u augment [Action][List][Create][augment]

Function: Creates a new list by appending one list to another.

Syntax: augment (List-1, List-2 [ ) ]

+ 2x

Example: To combine list {1, 2} and list {3, 4}

u fill [Action][List][Create][fill]

Function: Replaces the elements of a list with a specified value or expression. This command can also be

used to create a new list whose elements all contain the same value or expression, or a new list in which the frequency of each element in the first list is determined by the corresponding element in the second list.

Syntax: fill (Exp/Eq/Ineq, number of elements [ ) ]

fill (Exp/Eq/Ineq, List [ ) ] fill (List, List [ ) ]

Example: To create a list consisting of four identical elements (2)

u subList [Action][List][Create][subList]

Function: Extracts a specific section of a list into a new list.

)

Syntax: subList (List [,start number] [,end number] [

Example: To extract the second through the fourth elements of the list

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

• The leftmost element is the default when you omit “[,start number]”, and the rightmost element is the default when you omit “[,end number]”.

]

u shift [Action][List][Create][shift]

Function: Returns a list in which elements have been shifted to the right or left by a specific amount.

Syntax: shift (List [,number of shifts] [ ) ]

• Specifying a negative value for “[,number of shifts]” shifts to the right, while a positive value shifts to the left.

• Right shift by one (–1) is the default when you omit “[,number of shifts]”.

Example: To shift the elements of the list {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} to the left by three

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u rotate [Action][List][Create][rotate]

Function: Returns a list in which the elements have been rotated to the right or to the left by a specific

amount.

Syntax: rotate (List [,number of rotations] [ ) ]

• Specifying a negative value for “[,number of rotations]” rotates to the right, while a positive value rotates to the left.

Example: To rotate the elements of the list {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} to the left by two

• Right rotation by one (–1) is the default when you omit “[,number of rotations]”.

u sortA [Action][List][Create][sortA]

Function: Sorts the elements of the list into ascending order.

Syntax: sortA (List [ ) ]

Example: To sort the elements of the list {1, 5, 3} into ascending order

u sortD [Action][List][Create][sortD]

Function: Sorts the elements of the list into descending order.

Syntax: sortD (List [ ) ]

Example: To sort the elements of the list {1, 5, 3} into descending order

u listToMat [Action][List][Create][listToMat]

Function: Transforms lists into a matrix.

Syntax: listToMat (List-1 [, List-2, ..., List-N] [ ) ]

Example: To transform the lists {3, 5} and {2, 4} into a matrix

u matToList [Action][List][Create][matToList]

• For information about matToList, see page 76.

Using the List-Statistics and List-Calculation Submenus

The [List][Statistics] and [List][Calculation] submenus contain commands related to list calculations.

u min [Action][List][Statistics][min]

Function: Returns the minimum value of an expression or the elements in a list.

Syntax: min (Exp/List-1[, Exp/List-2] [ ) ]

Example: To determine the minimum values of the elements in list {1, 2, 3}

u max [Action][List][Statistics][max]

Function: Returns the maximum value of an expression or the elements of a list.

)

Syntax: max (Exp/List-1[, Exp/List-2] [

Example: To determine the maximum value of the elements in list {1, 2, 3}

]

u mean [Action][List][Statistics][mean]

Function: Returns the mean of the elements in a list.

Syntax: mean (List-1[, List-2] [ ) ] (List-1: Data, List-2: Freq)

Example: To determine the mean of the elements in list {1, 2, 3}

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u median [Action][List][Statistics][median]

Function: Returns the median of the elements in a list.

Syntax: median (List-1[, List-2] [ ) ] (List-1: Data, List-2: Freq)

Example: To determine the median of the elements in the list {1, 2, 3}

u mode [Action][List][Statistics][mode]

Function: Returns the mode of the elements in a list. If there are multiple modes, they are returned in a list.

Syntax: mode (List-1[, List-2] [ ) ] (List-1: Data, List-2: Freq)

Example: To determine the mode of the elements in the list {1, 1, 2, 2, 2}

u Q1 [Action][List][Statistics][Q1]

Function: Returns the first quartile of the elements in a list.

Syntax: Q

Example: To determine the first quartile of the elements in the list {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(List-1[, List-2] [ ) ] (List-1: Data, List-2: Freq)

u Q3 [Action][List][Statistics][Q3]

Function: Returns the third quartile of the elements in a list.

Syntax: Q

Example: To determine the third quartile of the elements in the list {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(List-1[, List-2] [ ) ] (List-1: Data, List-2: Freq)

u percentile [Action][List][Statistics][percentile]

Function: Finds the n th percentile point in a list.

Syntax: percentile (list, number)

u stdDev [Action][List][Statistics][stdDev]

Function: Returns the sample standard deviation of the elements in a list.

)

Syntax: stdDev (List [

Example: To determine the sample standard deviation of the elements in the

list {1, 2, 4}

]

u variance [Action][List][Statistics][variance]

Function: Returns the sample variance of the elements in a list.

Syntax: variance (List [ ) ]

Example: To determine the sample variance of the elements in the list {1, 2, 4}

u dim [Action][List][Calculation][dim]

Function: Returns the dimension of a list.

Syntax: dim (List [ ) ]

Example: To determine the dimension of the list {1, 2, 3}

u sum [Action][List][Calculation][sum]

Function: Returns the sum of the elements in a list.

Syntax: sum (List-1[, List-2] [ ) ] (List-1: Data, List-2: Freq)

Example: To determine the sum of the elements in the list {1, 2, 3}

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u prod [Action][List][Calculation][prod]

Function: Returns the product of the elements in a list.

)

Syntax: prod (List-1[, List-2] [

Example: To determine the product of the elements in the list {1, 2, 3}

] (List-1: Data, List-2: Freq)

u cuml [Action][List][Calculation][cuml]

Function: Returns the cumulative sums of the elements in a list.

Syntax: cuml (List [ ) ]

Example: To determine the cumulative sums of the elements in the list {1, 2, 3}

u Alist [Action][List][Calculation][Alist]

Function: Returns a list whose elements are the differences between two adjacent elements in another list.

)

Syntax: Alist (List [

Example: To generate a list whose elements are the differences between two

adjacent elements in the list {1, 2, 4}

]

u percent [Action][List][Calculation][percent]

Function: Returns the percentage of each element in a list, the sum of which

is assumed to be 100.

)

Syntax: percent (List [

Example: To determine the percentage of each element in the list {1, 2, 3}

]

u polyEval [Action][List][Calculation][polyEval]

Function: Returns a polynomial arranged in the descending order of powers, so coefficients correspond

sequentially to each element in the input list.

Syntax: polyEval (List [,Exp/List] [

• “

x ” is the default when you omit “[,Exp/List]”.

Example: To create a second degree polynomial with the coefficients {1, 2, 3}

) ]

u sequence [Action][List][Calculation][sequence]

Function: Returns the lowest-degree polynomial that represents the sequence expressed by the input list.

When there are two lists, this command returns a polynomial that maps each element in the first list to its corresponding element in the second list.

Syntax: sequence (List-1[, List-2] [,variable] [ ) ]

• “

x ” is the default when you omit “[,variable]”.

Example: To determine a polynomial for a sequence expressed by the list

{3, 5, 7, 9}

u sumSeq [Action][List][Calculation][sumSeq]

Function: Finds the lowest-degree polynomial that represents the sequence expressed by the input list and

returns the sum of the polynomial. When there are two lists, this command returns a polynomial that maps each element in the first list to its corresponding element in the second list, and returns the sum of the polynomial.

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Syntax: sumSeq (List-1[, List-2] [,variable] [ ) ]

• “

x ” is the default when you omit “[,variable]”.

Example: To determine the sum of a polynomial for a sequence expressed by

the list {3, 5, 7, 9}

Using the Matrix-Create Submenu

The [Matrix][Create] submenu contains commands related to creation of matrices.

u trn [Action][Matrix][Create][trn]

Function: Returns a transposed matrix.

Syntax: trn (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To transpose the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4]]

u augment [Action][Matrix][Create][augment]

Function: Returns a matrix that combines two other matrices.

Syntax: augment (Mat-1, Mat-2 [ ) ]

Example: To combine the two matrices [[1, 2] [3, 4]] and [[5, 6]

[7, 8]]

u ident [Action][Matrix][Create][ident]

Function: Creates an identity matrix.

Syntax: ident (natural number [ ) ] Example: To create a 2 × 2 identity matrix

u fill [Action][Matrix][Create][fill]

Function: Creates a matrix with a specific number of rows and columns, or replaces the elements of a matrix

with a specific expression.

Syntax: fill (Exp, number of rows, number of columns [ ) ]

fill (Exp, Mat [ ) ]

Example: To create a 2 × 3 matrix, all whose elements are 2

u subMat [Action][Matrix][Create][subMat]

Function: Extracts a specific section of a matrix into a new matrix.

Syntax: subMat (Mat [,start row] [,start column] [,end row] [,end column] [ ) ]

• “1” is the default when you omit “[, start row]” and “[, start column]”.

• The last row number is the default when you omit “[, end row]”.

• The last column number is the default when you omit “[, end column]”.

Example: To extract the section from row 2, column 2, to row 3, column

3 from the matrix [[1, 4, 7] [2, 5, 8] [3, 6, 9]]

u diag [Action][Matrix][Create][diag]

Function: Returns a one-row matrix containing the elements from the main diagonal of a square matrix.

Syntax: diag (Mat[ ) ]

Example: To extract the diagonal elements of the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4]]

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u listToMat [Action][Matrix][Create][listToMat]

• For information about listToMat, see page 72.

u matToList [Action][Matrix][Create][matToList]

Function: Transforms a specific column of a matrix into a list.

Syntax: matToList (Mat, column number [ ) ]

Example: To transform column 2 of the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4]] into a list

Using the Matrix-Calculation and Matrix-Row&Column Submenus

The [Matrix][Calculation] and [Matrix][Row&Column] submenus contain commands that are related to matrix calculations.

u dim [Action][Matrix][Calculation][dim]

Function: Returns the dimensions of a matrix as a two-element list {number of rows, number of columns}.

)

Syntax: dim (Mat [

Example: To determine the dimensions of the matrix [[1, 2, 3] [4, 5, 6]]

u det [Action][Matrix][Calculation][det]

]

Function: Returns the determinant of a square matrix.

Syntax: det (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the determinant of the matrix [[1, 2] [4, 5]]

u norm [Action][Matrix][Calculation][norm]

Function: Returns the Frobenius norm of the matrix.

Syntax: norm (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To determine the norm of the matrix [[1, 2] [4, 5]]

u rank [Action][Matrix][Calculation][rank]

Function: Finds the rank of matrix.

The rank function computes the rank of a matrix by performing Gaussian elimination on the rows of the given matrix. The rank of matrix A is the number of non-zero rows in the resulting matrix.

Syntax: rank (Matrix)

u ref [Action][Matrix][Calculation][ref]

Function: Returns the row echelon form of a matrix.

Syntax: ref (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the row echelon form of the matrix [[1, 2, 3] [4, 5, 6]]

u rref [Action][Matrix][Calculation][rref]

Function: Returns the reduced row echelon form of a matrix.

Syntax: rref (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the reduced row echelon form of the matrix

[[2, –1, 3, 19] [1, 1, –5, –21] [0, 4, 3, 0]]

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u eigVl [Action][Matrix][Calculation][eigVl]

Function: Returns a list that contains the eigenvalue(s) of a square matrix.

Syntax: eigVl (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the eigenvalue(s) of the matrix [[3, 4] [1, 3]]

u eigVc [Action][Matrix][Calculation][eigVc]

Function: Returns a matrix in which each column represents an eigenvector of a square matrix.

• Since an eigenvector usually cannot be determined uniquely, it is standardized as follows to its norm, which is 1: When V = [

Syntax: eigVc (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the eigenvector(s) of the matrix [[3, 4] [1, 3]]

x 1, x 2, ..., xn ], (⎥ x 1⎥

+ ⎥ x 2⎥ 2 + .... + ⎥ xn ⎥ 2 ) = 1.

u LU [Action][Matrix][Calculation][LU]

Function: Returns the LU decomposition of a square matrix.

Syntax: LU (Mat, lVariableMem, uVariableMem [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the LU decomposition of the matrix [[1, 2, 3] [4, 5, 6] [7, 8, 9]]

• The lower matrix is assigned to the first variable L, while the upper matrix is assigned to the second variable U.

To display the lower matrix To display the upper matrix

u QR [Action][Matrix][Calculation][QR]

Function: Returns the QR decomposition of a square matrix.

Syntax: QR (Mat, qVariableMem, rVariableMem [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the QR decomposition of the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4]]

• The unitary matrix is assigned to variable Q, while the upper triangular matrix is assigned to variable R.

To display the unitary matrix To display the upper triangular matrix

u swap [Action][Matrix][Row&Column][swap]

Function: Swaps two rows of a matrix.

Syntax: swap (Mat, row number-1, row number-2 [ ) ]

Example: To swap row 1 with row 2 of the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4]]

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u mRow [Action][Matrix][Row&Column][mRow]

Function: Multiplies the elements of a specific row in a matrix by a specific

expression.

Syntax: mRow (Exp, Mat, row number [ ) ]

Example: To multiply row 1 of the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4]] by

u mRowAdd [Action][Matrix][Row&Column][mRowAdd]

Function: Multiplies the elements of a specific row in a matrix by a specific expression, and then adds the

result to another row.

Syntax: mRowAdd (Exp, Mat, row number-1, row number-2 [ ) ]

Example: To multiply row 1 of the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4]] by

result to row 2

x , and then add the

u rowAdd [Action][Matrix][Row&Column][rowAdd]

Function: Adds a specific matrix row to another row.

Syntax: rowAdd (Mat, row number-1, row number-2 [ ) ]

Example: To add row 1 of the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4]] to row 2

u rowDim [Action][Matrix][Row&Column][rowDim]

Function: Returns the number in rows in a matrix.

Syntax: rowDim (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the number of rows in the matrix [[1, 2, 3] [4, 5, 6]]

u rowNorm [Action][Matrix][Row&Column][rowNorm]

Function: Calculates the sums of the absolute values of the elements of each row of a matrix, and returns the

maximum value of the sums.

Syntax: rowNorm (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To calculate the sums of the absolute values of the elements

in each row of the matrix [[1, –2, 3] [4, –5, –6]], and obtain the maximum value of the sums

u colDim [Action][Matrix][Row&Column][colDim]

Function: Returns the number of columns in a matrix.

Syntax: colDim (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the number of columns in the matrix [[1, 2] [3, 4] [5, 6]]

u colNorm [Action][Matrix][Row&Column][colNorm]

Function: Calculates the sums of the absolute values of the elements of each column of a matrix, and returns

the maximum value of the sums.

Syntax: colNorm (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To calculate the sums of the absolute values of the elements

in each column of the matrix [[1, –2, 3][4, –5, –6][–7, 8, 9]], and obtain the maximum value of the sums

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Using the Vector Submenu

The [Vector] submenu contains commands that are related to vector calculations.

• A vector is handled as a 1 × N matrix or N × 1 matrix.

• A vector in the form of 1 × N can be entered as [……] or [[……]].

Example: [1, 2], [[1, 2]]

• Vectors are considered to be in rectangular form unless ∠() is used to indicate an angle measure.

u augment [Action][Vector][augment]

Function: Returns an augmented vector [Mat-1 Mat-2].

Syntax: augment (Mat-1, Mat-2 [ ) ]

Example: To augment vectors [1, 2] and [3, 4]

u fill [Action][Vector][fill]

Function: Creates a vector that contains a specific number of elements, or replaces the elements of a vector

with a specific expression.

Syntax: fill (Exp, Mat [ ) ]

fill (Exp, 1, number of columns [ ) ]

Example: To replace the elements of the vector [1, 2] with

Example: To create a 1 × 3 (1 row, 3 columns) vector, all of whose elements

are “3”

u dim [Action][Vector][dim]

Function: Returns the dimension of a vector.

Syntax: dim (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To determine the dimension of the vector [1, 2, 3]

• The vector [1, 2, 3] is handled as a 1 × 3 matrix.

u unitV [Action][Vector][unitV]

Function: Normalizes a vector.

Syntax: unitV (Mat [ ) ]

• This command can be used with a 1 × N or N × 1 matrix only.

Example: To normalize the vector [1, 3, 5]

u angle [Action][Vector][angle]

Function: Returns the angle formed by two vectors.

Syntax: angle (Mat-1, Mat-2 [ ) ]

• This command can be used with a 1 × N or N × 1 matrix only.

Example: To determine the angle formed by vectors [1, 2] and [3, 4] (in the

Radian mode)

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u norm [Action][Vector][norm]

Function: Returns the norm of a vector.

Syntax: norm (Mat [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the norm of the vector [1, 2, 3]

u crossP [Action][Vector][crossP]

Function: Returns the cross product of two vectors.

Syntax: crossP (Mat-1, Mat-2 [ ) ]

• This command can be used with a 1 × N or N × 1 matrix only (N = 2, 3).

• A two-element matrix [a, b] or [[a], [b]] is automatically converted into a three-element matrix [a, b, 0] or [[a], [b], [0]].

Example: To obtain the cross product of the two vectors [1, 3, 5] and [2, 4, 6]

u dotP [Action][Vector][dotP]

Function: Returns the dot product of two vectors.

Syntax: dotP (Mat-1, Mat-2 [ ) ]

• This command can be used with a 1 × N or N × 1 matrix only.

Example: To obtain the dot product of the two vectors [1, 3, 5] and [2, 4, 6]

u toRect [Action][Vector][toRect]

Function: Returns an equivalent rectangular form [ x y ] or [ x y z ].

Syntax: toRect (Mat [,natural number] [ ) ]

• This command can be used with a 1 × N or N × 1 matrix only (N = 2, 3).

• This command returns “ number” is 3.

• This command returns a rectangular form when you omit “natural number”.

Example: To transform the polar form ['2 , ∠(π/4)] into an equivalent

rectangular form (in the Radian mode)

x” when “natural number” is 1, “y” when “natural number” is 2, and “z” when “natural

u toPol [Action][Vector][toPol]

Function: Returns an equivalent polar form [ r ∠  ].

Syntax: toPol (Mat [,natural number] [ ) ]

• This command can be used with a 1 × 2 or 2 × 1 matrix only.

• This command returns “

• This command returns a polar form when you omit “natural number”.

Example: To transform the rectangular form [1, 2] into its equivalent polar

form

r” when “natural number” is 1, and “  ” when “natural number” is 2.

u toSph [Action][Vector][toSph]

Function: Returns an equivalent spherical form [ ρ ∠  ∠φ].

Syntax: toSph (Mat [,natural number] [ ) ]

• This command can be used with a 1 × 3 or 3 × 1 matrix only.

• This command returns “ number” is 3.

• This command returns a spherical form when you omit “natural number”.

” when “natural number” is 1, “  ” when “natural number” is 2, and “φ” when “natural

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Example: To transform the rectangular form [1, 1, 1] into its equivalent

spherical form (in the Radian mode)

u toCyl [Action][Vector][toCyl]

Function: Returns an equivalent cylindrical form [ r ∠ z ].

Syntax: toCyl (Mat [,natural number] [ ) ]

• This command can be used with a 1 × 3 or 3 × 1 matrix only.

• This command returns “ number” is 3.

• This command returns a cylindrical form when you omit “natural number”.

Example: To transform the rectangular form [1, 1, 1] into an equivalent

cylindrical form (in the Radian mode)

r” when “natural number” is 1, “  ” when “natural number” is 2, and “z” when “natural

Using the Equation/Inequality Submenu

The [Equation/Inequality] submenu contains commands that are related to equations and inequalities.

u solve [Action][Equation/Inequality][solve]

Function: Returns the solution of an equation or inequality.

)

Syntax 1: solve(Exp/Eq/Ineq [,variable] [

• “

x ” is the default when you omit “[,variable]”.

]

Example: To solve

Syntax 2: solve(Exp/Eq/Ineq,variable[, value, lower limit, upper limit] [

• “value” is an initially estimated value.

• This command is valid only for equations and  expressions when “value” and the items following it are included. In that case, this command returns an approximate value.

• A true value is returned when you omit “value” and the items following it. When, however, a true value cannot be obtained, an approximate value is returned for equations only based on the assumption that value = 0, lower limit = –

Syntax 3: solve({Exp-1/Eq-1, ..., Exp-N/Eq-N}, {variable-1, ..., variable-N} [

• When “Exp” is the first argument, the equation Exp = 0 is presumed.

Example: To solve simultaneous linear equations 3

You also could input the simultaneous equations shown in this example using the soft keyboard # key. The following shows the required input syntax.

Exp-1/Eq-1

Exp-N/Eq-N variable-1, ..., variable-N

• The following shows the required key operation to input this example using the # key.

#dX+eY=fccX-dY=-ieX,Yw

ax + b = 0 for x

∞, and upper limit = ∞.

)

]

x + 4 y = 5, 2 x – 3 y = –8

)

]

• To input simultaneous equations with three or more unknowns, tap the # key when the cursor is in the Exp-N/Eq-N input field. Each tap of # will add one more line for input of an equation.

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Syntax 4: You can solve for the relationship between two points, straight lines, planes, or spheres by entering

a vector equation inside the solve( command. Here we will present four typical syntaxes for solving a vector equation using the solve( command.

In the syntaxes below, Vct-1 through Vct-6 are column vectors with three (or two) elements, and

t, u and v are parameters.

solve(Vct-1 +

• If the right side of the equation (= Vct-3) is omitted in the above syntax, it is assumed that all of the elements on the right side are 0 vectors.

solve(Vct-1 + solve(Vct-1 + solve(Vct-1 +

variable-4})

• Variables (variable 1 through variable 4) can be input into the elements of each vector (Vct-1 through Vct-6) in the above four syntaxes to solve for those variables.

s * Vct-2 [= Vct-3, {variable-1}])

s * Vct-2 = Vct-3 + t * Vct-4, {variable-1, variable-2}) s * Vct-2 + t * Vct-3 = Vct-4 – u * Vct-5, {variable-1, variable-2, variable-3}) s * Vct-2 + t * Vct-3 = Vct-4 – u * Vct-5 + v * Vct-6, {variable-1, variable-2, variable-3,

0234 To prove whether point P (5, 7, 9) and point Q (5, 7, 8) each exist on straight line

orientation vector (4, 5, 6) that passes through point A (1, 2, 3)

l, which is an

Note

For the solution, the solve function returns an expression or value for the expression (Exp/Eq) input as its argument. The message “More solutions may exist” will appear on the display when a value is returned as the solution, because there may be multiple solutions.

The solve function can return a maximum of 10 solutions in the case of values.

Example: To solve cos (

(Angle unit setting: Deg)

x ) = 0.5 for x (initial value: 0)

u dSolve [Action][Equation/Inequality][dSolve]

Function: Solves first, second or third order ordinary differential equations, or a system of first order

differential equations.

Syntax: dSolve(Eq, independent variable, dependent variable [, initial condition-1, initial condition-2][, initial

condition-3, initial condition-4][, initial condition-5, initial condition-6] [ ) ] dSolve({Eq-1, Eq-2}, independent variable, {dependent variable-1, dependent variable-2} [, initial

condition-1, initial condition-2, initial condition-3, initial condition-4] [ ) ]

• If you omit the initial conditions, the solution will include arbitrary constants.

• Input all initial conditions equations using the syntax Var = Exp. Any initial condition that uses any other syntax will be ignored.

Example: To solve a differential equation

Example: To solve the system of first order differential equations

independent variable, “ y ” and “ z ” are the dependent variables, and the initial conditions are y = 3 when x = 0, and z = '2 – 3 when x = 0

y ’ = x , where y = 1 when x = 0

y ’ = y + z , z ’ = y – z , where “ x ” is the

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u rewrite [Action][Equation/Inequality][rewrite]

Function: Moves the right side elements of an equation or inequality to the left side.

Syntax: rewrite(Eq/Ineq/List [ ) ]

Example: To move the right side elements of

x + 3 = 5 x – x

to the left side

u exchange [Action][Equation/Inequality][exchange]

Function: Swaps the right-side and left-side elements of an equation or inequality.

Syntax: exchange(Eq/Ineq/List [ ) ]

Example: To swap the left-side and right-side elements of 3 > 5

x – 2 y

u eliminate [Action][Equation/Inequality][eliminate]

Function: Solves one equation with respect to a variable, and then replaces the same variable in another

expression with the obtained result.

Syntax: eliminate(Eq/Ineq/List-1, variable, Eq-2 [ ) ]

Example: To transform

y = 2 x + 3 to x =, and substitute the result into

2 x + 3 y = 5

u absExpand [Action][Equation/Inequality][absExpand]

Function: Divides an absolute value expression into formulas without absolute value.

)

Syntax: absExpand(Eq/Ineq [ Example: To remove the absolute value from ⎜2

]

x – 3 ⎜ = 9

u andConnect [Action][Equation/Inequality][andConnect]

Function: Combines two equations or inequalities into a single expression.

Syntax: andConnect(Eq/Ineq-1, Eq/Ineq-2 [ ) ]

Example: To rewrite

x > –1 and x < 3 into a single inequality

u getRight [Action][Equation/Inequality][getRight]

Function: Extracts the right-side elements of an equation or inequality.

Syntax: getRight(Eq/Ineq/List [ ) ]

Example: To extract the right side elements of

y = 2 x

+ 3 x + 5

u getLeft [Action][Equation/Inequality][getLeft]

Function: Extracts the left-side elements of an equation or inequality.

Syntax: getLeft(Eq/Ineq/List [ ) ]

Example: To extract the left side elements of

y = 2 x

+ 3 x + 5

u and [Action][Equation/Inequality][Logic][and]

Function: Returns the result of the logical AND of two expressions.

Syntax: Exp/Eq/Ineq/List-1 and Exp/Eq/Ineq/List-2

Example: To obtain the result of the logical AND of

> 1 and x < 0

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u or [Action][Equation/Inequality][Logic][or]

Function: Returns the result of the logical OR of two expressions.

Syntax: Exp/Eq/Ineq/List-1 or Exp/Eq/Ineq/List-2

Example: To obtain the result of the logical OR of

x = 3 or x > 2

u xor [Action][Equation/Inequality][Logic][xor]

Function: Returns the logical exclusive OR of two expressions.

Syntax: Exp/Eq/Ineq/List-1 xor Exp/Eq/Ineq/List-2

Example: To obtain the logical exclusive OR of

x < 2 xor x < 3

u not [Action][Equation/Inequality][Logic][not]

Function: Returns the logical NOT of an expression.

Syntax: not(Exp/Eq/Ineq/List [ ) ]

Example: To obtain the logical NOT of

x = 1

Using the Assistant Submenu

The [Assistant] submenu contains four commands related to the Assistant mode.

Note that the following commands are valid in the Assistant mode only. For more information on the Assistant mode see “Assistant Mode and Algebra Mode” on page 47.

u arrange [Action][Assistant][arrange]

Function: Collects like terms and arranges them in descending order, starting with the term that contains the

smallest coefficient.

Syntax: arrange (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To arrange 2

x + 3 – 5 x + 8 y in the sequence of its variables

u replace [Action][Assistant][replace]

Function: Replaces the variable in an expression, equation or inequality with the value assigned to a variable

using the “store” command.

Syntax: replace (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List/Mat [ ) ]

Example: To replace

is assigned to s

s in the expression 3x + 2s, when the expression 2x + 1

u invert [Action][Assistant][invert]

Function: Inverts two variables in an expression.

Syntax: invert (Exp/Eq/Ineq/List [,variable-1, variable-2] [ ) ]

•

x and y are inverted when variables are not specified.

Example: To invert x and y in the expression 2 x = y

u Clear_a_z

Function: Clears all single-character variable names (a–z and A–Z) in the

current folder.

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Using the Distribution/Inv.Dist Submenu

The [Distribution/Inv.Dist] submenu includes functions related to each type of statistical calculation distribution probability. The functions on this submenu perform the same calculations as the Distribution commands that are available in the Statistics application and the Main, eActivity, and Program applications. For information about the numeric expressions used in calculations, see “Distributions” on page 151. For information about the meanings of the variables used in the syntaxes of the functions presented in this section, and the system variables that store the values obtained as calculation results, see “Input and Output Terms” on page 154.

Specifying Arguments within the Distribution Function

You can specify either values or list data for any of the arguments within the Distribution function. The normPDf function (page 85) syntax (normPDf( x ,  ,  )) that returns normal probability density can be used to perform the calculations shown below. The “Number Format” setting is “Fix 2” for all calculation results.

normPDf(1, 1, 0) = 0.24

normPDf({1, 2}, 1, 0) = {0.24, 0.05}

normPDf(1, {1, 2}, 0) = {0.24, 0.18}

normPDf({1, 2},{1, 2}, 0) = {0.24, 0.12}

normPDf({1, 2},{1, 2},{1, 0}) = {0.40, 0.12}

The following explains how to specify list data in arguments and how calculation results are output.

(a) Specifying list data for a single argument

• Basically, you can specify any list you like, but the each of the elements in the list must be in accordance

with the conditions required by the argument of the function being used.

• Calculation is performed on each element within the list and results are output as shown below.

x , { 

normPDf( = {<normPDf(

,  2},  )

x , 

,  ) calculation result>, <normPDf( x ,  2,  ) calculation result>}

(b) Specifying list data for multiple arguments

• In this case, all of the lists must have the same number of elements. Otherwise an Invalid Dimension error

will occur.

• Calculation is performed on each element within the list and results are output as shown below.

normPDf({ = {<normPDf(

, x 2}, {  1,  2},  )

,  1,  ) calculation results>, <normPDf( x 2,  2,  ) calculation results>}

Assignment of List Data Calculation Results to Variables

Using the list data in the argument of the Distribution function causes calculation results to be output as list data, which is assigned as-is to the “ans” variable. In addition to the “ans” variable, calculations that use the Distribution function causes calculation results also to be assigned to certain system variables. For example, the normal probability density variable returned by normPDf is assigned to system variable variable as a calculation result.

In the distribution function explanations below, the names of the functions to which calculation results are assigned are shown under “Calculation Result Output”.

prob . Only the last element of the list data will be assigned to a system

u normPDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Continuous][normPDf]

Function: Returns the normal probability density for a specified value.

x [,

Syntax: normPDf(

• When

and μ are skipped, σ = 1 and μ = 0 are used.

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the normal probability density when x = 37.5,

= 2, μ = 35

, μ)]

prob

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u normCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Continuous][normCDf]

Function: Returns the cumulative probability of a normal distribution between a lower bound and an upper

bound.

Syntax: normCDf(lower value, upper value[,

• When

and μ are skipped, σ = 1 and μ = 0 are used.

, μ)]

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the normal probability density when lower bound

value = −

∞, upper bound value = 36,

prob , z Low, z Up

= 2, μ = 35

u invNormCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Inverse][invNormCDf]

Function: Returns the boundary value(s) of a normal cumulative distribution probability for specified values.

Syntax: invNormCDf([tail setting, ]area value[,σ , μ)]

• When

• “tail setting” displays the probability value tail specification, and Left, Right, or Center can be specified. Enter

• When one argument is omitted (resulting in three arguments), Tail=Left.

• When two arguments are omitted (resulting in two arguments), Tail=Left,

• When three arguments are omitted (resulting in one argument), Tail=Left,

• When “tail setting” is Center, the lower bound value is returned.

Calculation Result Output:

and μ are skipped, σ = 1 and μ = 0 are used.

the following values or letters to specify:

Left: −1, “L”, or “l” Center: 0, “C”, or “c” Right: 1, “R”, or “r”

When input is skipped, “Left” is used.

InvN, x2InvN

=0.

=1, μ =0.

Example: To determine the upper bound value when tail setting = Left, area

value = 0.7,

= 2, μ = 35

u tPDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Continuous][tPDf]

Function: Returns the Student’s t probability density for a specified value.

Syntax: tPDf(x, df [ ) ]

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the Student’s t probability density when x = 2, df = 5

prob

u tCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Continuous][tCDf]

Function: Returns the cumulative probability of a Student’s t distribution between a lower bound and an upper

bound.

Syntax: tCDf(lower value, upper value,

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the Student’s

lower value = 1.5, upper value = ∞, df = 18

prob, tLow, tUp

df [ ) ]

t distribution probability when

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u invTCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Inverse][invTCDf]

Function: Returns the lower bound value of a Student’s t cumulative distribution probability for specified

values.

Syntax: invTCDf(

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the lower bound value when

prob, df [ ) ]

xInv

prob = 0.0754752,

df = 18

u chiPDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Continuous][chiPDf]

Function: Returns the χ2 probability density for specified values.

Syntax: chiPDf(

Calculation Result Output: Example: To determine the χ2 probability density when x = 2, df = 4

x, df [ ) ]

prob

u chiCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Continuous][chiCDf]

Function: Returns the cumulative probability of a χ2 distribution between a lower bound and an upper bound.

Syntax: chiCDf(lower value, upper value,

Calculation Result Output: Example: To determine the χ2 probability when lower value = 2.7,

upper value = ∞, df = 4

prob

df [ ) ]

u invChiCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Inverse][invChiCDf]

Function: Returns the lower bound value of a χ2 cumulative distribution probability for specified values.

Syntax: invChiCDf(

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the lower bound value when prob = 0.6092146, df = 4

prob, df [ ) ]

xInv

u fPDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Continuous][fPDf]

Function: Returns the F probability density for a specified value.

Syntax: fPDf(

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the F probability density when x = 1.5, n : df = 24,

x , n : df , d : df [ ) ]

prob

d : df = 19

u fCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Continuous][fCDf]

Function: Returns the cumulative probability of an F distribution between a lower bound and an upper bound.

Syntax: fCDf(lower value, upper value,

Calculation Result Output: prob

Example: To determine the F distribution probability when lower value = 1.5,

upper value = ∞, n : df = 24, d : df = 19

n : df , d : df [ ) ]

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u invFCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Inverse][invFCDf]

Function: Returns the lower bound value of an F cumulative distribution probability for specified values.

Syntax: invFCDf(

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the lower bound value when

d : df = 19

prob , n : df , d : df [ ) ]

x Inv

prob = 0.1852, n : df = 24,

u binomialPDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Discrete][binomialPDf]

Function: Returns the probability in a binomial distribution that the success will occur on a specified trial.

Syntax: binomialPDf(

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the binomial probability when x = 5, numtrial value = 3,

pos = 0.63

x , numtrial value, pos [ ) ]

prob

u binomialCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Discrete][binomialCDf]

Function: Returns the cumulative probability in a binomial distribution that the success will occur between

specified lower value and upper value.

Syntax: binomialCDf(lower value, upper value, numtrial value,

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the binomial cumulative probability when lower value

= 2, upper value = 5, numtrial value = 3, pos = 0.63

prob

pos [ ) ]

u invBinomialCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Inverse][invBinomialCDf]

Function: Returns the minimum number of trials of a binomial cumulative probability distribution for specified

values.

Syntax: invBinomialCDf(

Calculation Result Output:

prob , numtrial value, pos [ ) ]

x Inv, ½ x Inv

Important!

When executing the invBinomialCDf, invPoissonCDf, invGeoCDf, or invHypergeoCDf function, the ClassPad uses the specified prob value and the value that is one less the prob value minimum number of significant digits (½ prob value) to calculate minimum number of trials values. The results are assigned to the system variables xInv (calculation result using prob ) and ½ xInv (calculation result using ½ prob ). The function always returns the xInv value only. However, when the xInv and ½ xInv values are different, the warning message shown nearby appears showing both values.

The calculation results of the function are integers. Accuracy may be reduced when the first argument has 10 or more digits. Note that even a slight difference in calculation accuracy affects calculation results. If a warning message appears, check the displayed values.

Example: To determine the minimum number of trials when

numtrial value = 5, pos = 0.63

prob = 0.609,

u poissonPDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Discrete][poissonPDf]

Function: Returns the probability in a Poisson distribution that the success will occur on a specified trial.

Syntax: poissonPDf(

Calculation Result Output: prob

Example: To determine the Poisson probability when x = 10,  = 6

x ,  [ ) ]

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u poissonCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Discrete][poissonCDf]

Function: Returns the cumulative probability in a Poisson distribution that the success will occur between

specified lower value and upper value.

Syntax: poissonCDf(lower value, upper value,  [ ) ]

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the Poisson cumulative probability when lower

value = 2, upper value = 3,  = 2.26

prob

u invPoissonCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Inverse][invPoissonCDf]

Function: Returns the minimum number of trials of a Poisson cumulative probability distribution for specified

values.

Syntax: invPoissonCDf(

Calculation Result Output:

prob ,  [ ) ]

x Inv, ½ x Inv

Important!

See “Important!” under “invBinomialCDf” on page 88.

Example: To determine the minimum number of trials when prob = 0.8074,

 = 2.26

u geoPDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Discrete][geoPDf]

Function: Returns the probability in a geometric distribution that the success will occur on a specified trial.

Syntax: geoPDf(

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the geometric probability when x = 6, pos = 0.4

x , pos [ ) ]

prob

u geoCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Discrete][geoCDf]

Function: Returns the cumulative probability in a geometric distribution that the success will occur between

specified lower value and upper value.

Syntax: geoCDf(lower value, upper value,

Calculation Result Output:

Example: To determine the geometric probability when lower value = 2,

upper value = 3, pos = 0.5

prob

pos [ ) ]

u invGeoCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Inverse][invGeoCDf]

Function: Returns the minimum number of trials of a geometric cumulative probability distribution for specified

values.

Syntax: invGeoCDf(

Calculation Result Output:

prob , pos [ ) ]

x Inv, ½ x Inv

Important!

See “Important!” under “invBinomialCDf” on page 88.

Example: To determine the minimum number of trials when

prob = 0.875,

pos = 0.5

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u hypergeoPDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Discrete][hypergeoPDf]

Function: Returns the probability in a hypergeometric distribution that the success will occur on a specified

trial.

Syntax: hypergeoPDf(

Calculation Result Output:

Example: Determine the hypergeometric probability when x = 1, n = 5,

M = 10, N = 20.

x , n , M , N [ ) ]

prob

u hypergeoCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Discrete][hypergeoCDf]

Function: Returns the cumulative probability in a hypergeometric distribution that the success will occur

between specified lower value and upper value.

Syntax: hypergeoCDf(lower value, upper value,

Calculation Result Output:

Example: Determine the hypergeometric cumulative distribution when lower

value = 0, upper value = 1, n = 5, M = 10, N = 20.

prob

n , M , N [ ) ]

u invHypergeoCDf [Action][Distribution/Inv.Dist][Inverse][invHypergeoCDf]

Function: Returns the minimum number of trials of a hypergeometric cumulative distribution for specified

values.

Syntax: invHypergeoCDf(

Calculation Result Output:

prob , n , M , N [ ) ]

x Inv, ½ x Inv

Important!

See “Important!” under “invBinomialCDf” on page 88.

Example: To determine the minimum number of trials when prob = 0.3, n = 5,

M = 10, N = 20

Using the Financial Submenu

The [Financial] submenu contains commands that are related to financial calculations.

For information about the functions included in this submenu, see “11-4 Financial Calculation Functions”.

Using the Command Submenu

u Define

Function 1: Defines function and registers it with Graph Editor.

Syntax 1: Define{

r1() − r100()} = <expression>

Example: To define the function

Graph Editor

Function 2: Creates a user-defined function.

For more information, see “12-3 User-defined Functions”.

y1(x) − y100(x) ; x1(y) − x100(y) ; yt1(t) − yt100(t) ; xt1(t) − xt100(t) ;

y = sin(x) and assign it to line “y3” of the

u DispStat

Function: Displays previous statistical calculation results.

For more information, see “DispStat” on page 209 and the examples 1208 through 1210 under “Including Statistical Graphing and Calculation Functions in a Program” on page 225.

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u Clear_a_z

Function: Clears all single-character variables.

For more information, see “Clear_a_z” on page 84.

u DelVar

Function: Deletes a specified variable.

For more information, see “DelVar” on page 208.

u Clear All Variables

Function: Clear variables that contain numbers, list and matrices.

2-8 Using the Interactive Menu

The [Interactive] menu includes most of the commands that are on the [Action] menu. Selecting a command on the [Action] menu will simply input the command.

With the [Interactive] menu, you drag the stylus across existing input in the work area and then select a command. This encloses the highlighted expression with the command and opens a dialog box if more arguments are needed. When you select an [Interactive] menu item without highlighting an expression first, a dialog box will open prompting you for the necessary arguments.

Tip

• Operation of the following [Interactive] menu commands is identical to the same commands on the [Action] menu. For information about using these commands, see “2-7 Using the Action Menu”. [Transformation], [Advanced], [Calculation], [Complex], [List]-[Create], [List]-[Statistics], [List]-[Calculation], [Matrix]- [Create], [Matrix]-[Calculation], [Matrix]-[Row&Column], [Vector], [Equation/Inequality], [Assistant], [Distribution/Inv.Dist], [Financial], Define

• The “DispStat”, “Clear_a_z,” and “DelVar” commands of the [Action] menu’s [Command] submenu are not included on the [Interactive] menu.

Interactive Menu Example

[Interactive] menu operations come in handy in the following cases.

• When you want to use a command on an expression you are calculating

• When you want to use a command that requires multiple arguments

0235 To factorize the expression

0236 To obtain the definite integral of

– 3 x 2 + 3 x – 1

+ 2 x , 1 s x s 2

Using the “apply” Command

The “apply” command is included on the [Interactive] menu only. You can use this command to execute only a specific part of an expression and display its result.

0237 To calculate the result of diff(sin(

the expression

Note: This example assumes that your ClassPad is configured with the following mode settings:

Algebra, Complex, Radian, Descending Order.

x ), x ) × cos( x ) + sin( x ) × diff(cos( x ), x ), and then calculate only part of

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2-9 Using the Main Application in Combination with

Other Applications

You can access the windows of other ClassPad applications from the Main application and perform copy, paste, drag and drop, and other operations between them.

Tip

• Copying data that includes color information from another application and pasting it into the Main application will cause the color information to be disregarded, and the pasted data will become black. This is also true when dragging data from another application to the Main application.

• Copying data in the Main application and pasting it into another application will cause the pasted data to be displayed in accordance with the other application’s color settings. This is also true when dragging data from the Main application to another application.

Using Another Application’s Window

u To open another application’s window

1. Tap the right most toolbar down arrow button.

• This displays a palette of application icons.

Graph Editor 3D Graph

Graph

3D Graph Editor

Conics Graph

Differential Equation Editor

Numeric Solver

Geometry Spreadsheet Stat Editor Conics Editor Probability Financial Verify Sequence Editor

2. Tap the button that corresponds to the window you want to display.

• This causes the window that corresponds to the button you tap to appear in the lower window.

u To close another application’s window

1. Tap anywhere inside of the window you would like to close.

2. Tap the C button in the upper right corner, or tap O and then [Close].

• The Main application work area expands to fill the entire display.

Tip

• Even if you used the icon panel r icon to expand the lower window to fill the entire display, tapping O and then [Close] closes it and returns to the work area window.

• Nothing happens if you tap O and then [Close] while the work area window is active.

u To copy an expression in the work area and paste it into the Graph Editor window

0238 To copy “ x 2 – 1” in the work area and paste it into the Graph Editor window

• For more information about the Graph Editor window, see Chapter 3.

u To graph a function by dragging it from the work area to the Graph window

0239 To graph the expression “ x 2 – 1”, which has already been input into the work area

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• As can be seen in this example, a graph can be drawn by dropping an expression in the form of f ( x ) into the

Graph window.

• When dropping a formula into the 3D Graph window instead of the Graph window, the formula must be in

f ( x, y) (such as x^2+y^2).

form

Using the Stat Editor Window

You can use the Stat Editor window to create new LIST variables and edit existing LIST variables. You can also use the Stat Editor window to specify a LIST variable’s name and display its contents.

u To use a LIST variable with data input using Stat Editor to perform a calculation in the work

area

0240 To input data into “list1” and “list2” using Stat Editor, and then perform the calculation list1+list2 in the

work area

• list1 through list6 are LIST type system variables. For more information, see “Main Memory Data Types” (page 28).

• For information about inputting and editing list data using the Stat Editor, see Chapter 7.

u To use Stat Editor to recall a LIST variable created in the work area

0241 Continuing from example 0240 , to use Stat Editor to recall list variable “test”, which was created in the

work area

Using the Geometry Window

When there is a Geometry window on the display, you can drag values and expressions to the Geometry window to draw the graph or figure of the value or expression. You can also drag a figure from the Geometry window to the work area, which displays the corresponding expression or value.

u To drag an expression from the work area to the Geometry window

0242 To input the expression x2/52 + y2/22 = 1 in the work area, and then drag it to the Geometry window

Tip: The following table shows the types of expressions you can drop into the Geometry window. When the expression is

not recognized, Geometry displays it as text.

Dropping this into the Geometry window: Displays this:

Linear equation in

Equation of circle in

Equation of ellipse in

Equation of hyperbola in

2-dimensional vector (2 rows × 1 column format) A point

Equation

2 ×

y = f ( x)

n matrix, n t 3

x and y

n × 2 matrix, n t 3

An infinite line

A circle

An ellipse

A hyperbola

A curve

A polygon (each column represents a vertex of the polygon)

An open polygon

u To drag a figure from the Geometry window to the work area

0243 To drag a point, circle, point and its image from the Geometry window to the work area

• For details about Geometry window operations, see Chapter 8.

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Tip: The following shows what happens when you drag a figure from the Geometry window to the work area.

Dropping this into the work area: Displays this:

Point Coordinates as a vector (2 × 1 matrix)

Line Equation of the line

Vector An ordered pair (head of vector assuming the tail is at the origin)

Circle, Arc, Ellipse, Function, or Curve Corresponding equation

Polygon

Open Polygon (Created by Animation)

Line Pair Simultaneous equations for the pair

A point and its image under a transformation Matrix expression for the transformation

2 ×

n matrix

n × 2 matrix

2-10 Using Verify

Verify provides you with a powerful tool to check whether your numeric or algebraic manipulations are correct. Verify will assist you in simplifying an expression by verifying whether or not the expression you entered is equivalent to your original expression. If it is, you will get a pleasant response; if not, you will need to correct your mistake before continuing.

u To start up Verify

1. On the work area window, tap the right most toolbar down arrow button.

2. On the icon palette that appears, tap W.

Left-side expression

Right-side expression

u Verify window menus and buttons

• Clear the Verify window ............................................................................... File - New, Edit - Clear All or O

• Open or save a file ............................................................................................File - Open, File - Save or {

• Specify the complex number calculation range for Verify ........................................................................... T

• Specify the real number calculation range for Verify ..................................................................................Y

• Specify the positive real number calculation range for Verify .....................................................................U

• Verify the equation starting from the first line ..............................................................................................!

• Verify the equation starting from the current line ........................................................................................"

0244 To factor 50 completely

0245 Continuing from example 0244 , to rewrite

+ 1 in factored form

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2-11 Using Probability

You can use Probability to simulate the following.

• The die faces that will appear when a single die is thrown a specified number of times (1 Die)

• The sum of the data of dice faces that will appear when a pair of dice is thrown a specified number of times (2

Dice +)

• The product of the data of dice faces that will appear when a pair of dice is thrown a specified number of

times (2 Dice ½)

• When any number of balls labeled A, B, C, D, E, and F are placed into a box, data about how many times

each ball will be drawn within a specified number of draws (Container)

You can specify any integer from 1 to 20 as the number of die faces.

Probability window

(Trial information and result)

Probability dialog box

u To start up Probability

1. On the work area window, tap the right most toolbar down arrow button.

2. On the icon palette that appears, tap P. This will display an initial Probability dialog box.

u Probability window menus and buttons

• Clear the Probability window (and display the Probability dialog box) ......... File - New, Edit - Clear All or O

• Display the Probability dialog box and try the probability emulation

(the trial result will be added to the end of the current file) ...............................................Edit - Add or P

• Open or save a file ............................................................................................File - Open, File - Save or {

• Delete the currently selected trial data ......................................................................................... Edit - Delete

• Show the selected result as a frequency distribution table (in matrix form) ....................Display - Distribution

• Show the selected result as sample data (in list form) ................................................. Display - Sample Data

0246 To obtain the sum data when a two six-sided die are thrown 50 times

0247 After putting 10 A-balls, 20 B-balls, and 30 C-balls into a box, determine how many times each type of

ball will be drawn when there is a total of 50 draws. Each time a ball is drawn, it should be replaced into the box before the next draw.

Tip: Under initial default settings, trial results are shown as a frequency distribution table in matrix form. Selecting

distribution table results and selecting [Sample Data] on the [Display] menu will change them to sample data in list form. Conversely, selecting sample data results and selecting [Distribution] on the [Display] menu will change them to distribution table results.

Distribution table (matrix form)

Sample data (list form)

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2-12 Running a Program in the Main Application

You can run a program in the Main application or the eActivity application.

Syntax: Folder name\Program name(parameter)

• You do not need to specify the folder name if the program you want to run is in the current folder. If you leave

ClassPad configured with its initial default settings, the current folder for both the Program application and the Main application is the “main” folder, so you normally do not need to specify a folder name.

• Unless you change it, the current folder of the eActivity application is the “eAct” folder, so you always need

to specify the folder name. If you want to run a program that is in the “main” folder, input “main\Program name(parameter)”.

Important!

If the program command “Pause” is used in a program, it is ignored when the program is called from Main or eActivity.

Program Main application eActivity application

0248 To run the program named OCTA that we created and stored under “Creating a Program” (page 197) from

the Main application, and determine the surface area and volume of a regular octahedron with a side length of 20 cm

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Chapter 3: Graph & Table Application

The Graph & Table application allows you to input and graph rectangular coordinate equations (or inequalities), polar coordinate equations, and parametric expressions. After you graph an expression, you can perform various graph-based analytical operations, such as determining the points of intersection of two graphs, point of inflection, and definite integral for a particular range of a parabola or other figure.

When you start up the Graph & Table application, two windows appear on the display: 1 the Graph Editor window and 2 the Graph window.

• A Graph Editor sheet can contain up to 20 functions. You can have up

to 100 functions stored in the Graph Editor at one time. Functions stored in the Graph Editor can be graphed on the Graph window.

• You can also use a function on the Graph Editor window to generate a

number table or a summary table. Number tables and summary tables are displayed in a Table window.

• The Graph window and Table window have a message box along the

bottom that can display expressions and values, or they can be used for input and editing.

Message box

Graph & Table Application-Specific Menus and Buttons

Graph Editor window

• Open batch saved data in the Graph Editor window ............................................. File - Open Graph Memory

• Save all of the expressions on the Graph Editor window .......................................File - Save Graph Memory

• Select the entire expression you are editing ........................................................................... Edit - Select All

• Clear all of the expressions from the Graph Editor window ...................................................... Edit - Clear All

• Input a rectangular coordinate type function ...................................................................Type -

• Input a polar coordinate type function .............................................................................Type -

• Input a parametric function ......................................................................................Type - ParamType or g

• Input an

• Input a rectangular coordinate type inequality

• Input an

• Input two functions in a list and shade between them .............................................Type - ShadeType or y

• Start modifying multiple graphs (Dynamic Modify, page 115) ............................... a - Dynamic Graph or 4

x equality ...........................................................................................................Type - x=Type or h

............................................... Type - Inequality -

y>Type, y<Type, ytType, ysType or j, l, ', X

x inequality ...................... Type - Inequality - x>Type, x<Type, xtType, xsType or k, ;, Z, C

y=Type or d

r=Type or f

• Display the Draw Shade dialog box (page 101) ....................................................................a - Draw Shade

• Use a built-in function template for graphing ................................................................................ a - Built-In

• Delete all of the expressions on the active sheet ......................................................a - Sheet - Clear Sheet

• Return the active sheet name to its initial default ..................................................a - Sheet - Default Name

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• Graph the selected function(s) ....................................................................................................................$

• Generate a summary table for the selected function ..................................................................................4

• Display the View Window dialog box to configure Graph window settings ................................................. 6

• Display the Table Input dialog box for configuring settings .........................................................................8

• Generate a table for the selected function .................................................................................................. #

Graph window

• Clear all of the Graph window contents .................................................................................... Edit - Clear All

• Perform a zoom operation (page 105) ....................................................................................................Zoom

• Display the coordinates at a particular point on a graph ..............................................Analysis - Trace or =

• Insert a point, a graphic, or text into an existing graph (page 112) ...................................... Analysis - Sketch

• Perform a G-Solve operation (page 114) ........................................................................... Analysis - G-Solve

• Modify a graph by changing the value of a parameter ..........................................................Analysis - Modify

• Open the image of a graph ................................................................................................. a - Open Picture

• Save a graph as image data ................................................................................................ a - Save Picture

• Clear the image of a graph ..................................................................................................a - Clear Picture

• Adjust the lightness of the graph screen background image placed

by the “Open Picture” command ........................................................................................... a - Fade I/O

• Start modifying multiple graphs (Dynamic Modify, page 115) ............................... a - Dynamic Graph or 4

• Display the Draw Shade dialog box ......................................................................................a - Draw Shade

• Re-draw a graph ......................................................................................................................... a - ReDraw

• Make the Graph Editor window active ........................................................................................................!

• Generate a number table for an existing graph ..........................................................................................#

• Display the Table Input dialog box for configuring settings .........................................................................8

• Generate a summary table for an existing graph ........................................................................................4

Table window

• Clear all of the Table window contents ..................................................................................... Edit - Clear All

• Delete a row from a table .........................................................................................................T-Fact - Delete

• Insert a row into a table ............................................................................................................. T-Fact - Insert

• Add a row after the currently selected row ..................................................................................T-Fact - Add

• Draw a connect type graph using a generated table ..............................................Graph - G-Connect or $

• Draw a plot type graph using a generated table ............................................................ Graph - G-Plot or !

• Save the contents of a table to a list .....................................................................................a - Table to List

• Re-generate a table based on current table settings ..................................................................a - ReTable

• Delete the displayed table .................................................................................................... a - Delete Table

• Move the pointer to the location on a graph that corresponds

to the value selected in a table .....................................................................................................a - Link

• Make the Graph Editor window active ........................................................................................................!

• Display the Table Input dialog box for configuring settings .........................................................................8

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3-1 Storing Functions

Use the Graph Editor window to store a Graph & Table application function. This section covers Graph Editor operations, and explains how to store functions.

Using Graph Editor Sheets

The Graph Editor window has five tabbed sheets named Sheet 1 through Sheet 5, each of which can contain up to 20 functions. You can graph up to 20 functions simultaneously, as long as all of the functions are on the same sheet.

The table below explains Graph Editor sheet operations.

To do this: Do this:

Select a sheet Tap the tab of the sheet you want to select. The currently selected sheet is the

“active” sheet.

Rename a sheet Tap the tab of the active sheet. On the dialog box that appears, enter up to 8

bytes for the sheet name, and then tap [OK].

Return the active sheet name to its initial default

Initialize a Sheet

Initialize all the Sheets Tap [Edit], and then [Clear All]. In response to the confirmation dialog box that

Tap a, [Sheet], and then [Default Name].

Tap a, [Sheet], and then [Clear Sheet]. This clears all of the active sheet functions and renames the sheet to its default name.

appears, tap [OK]. This clears all of the expressions from the Graph Editor window and returns the sheet names to their initial default names (Sheet 1 through Sheet 5).

Storing a Function

To input an expression, tap a blank line on the Graph Editor window and then perform the operations described below.

To input this type of expression:

Rectangular coordinate expression (

Polar coordinate expression

Parametric expressions 1. Tap [Type] - [ParamType].

y = f(x))

Do this:

1. Tap [Type] - [

2. Input an expression (such as: 2

contains variable x and then press E.

1. Tap [Type] - [

2. Input an expression (such as: 5sin(3)) that contains variable

2. In the

xt =, yt = lines, input expressions that

each contain t (such as: 3sin(t), 3cos(t)), and then press E.

y=Type].

r=Type].

 and then press E.

– 3) that

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To input this type of expression:

Do this:

x equality 1. Tap [Type] - [x=Type].

2. Input an expression that includes variable

y inequality

(left side y type)

x inequality

(left side x type)

Shade Type See “Shading the Region Bounded by Two Expressions” (page 101).

1. Tap [Type], [Inequality], and then tap one of the following:

y>Type], [y<Type], [ytType], [ysType].

[

2. Input an expression that includes variable

1. Tap [Type], [Inequality], and then tap one of the following:

x>Type], [x<Type], [xtType], [xsType].

[

2. Input an expression that includes variable

y and then press E.

x and then press E.

y and then press E.

Tip: You can change the equality/inequality sign of an x-type (x=, x>, x<, xt, xs) or y-type (y=, y>, y<, yt, ys, Shade

Type) expression after you input it. Simply tap the current equality/inequality sign. On the Type dialog box that appears, select the sign you want and then tap [OK].

Graphing a Stored Function

You can select multiple functions and graph them simultaneously, as long as all of the functions are on the same sheet. You can turn graphing of each function on or off, and even specify the line style and color to be used for each function.

u To graph a specified function

1. Tap the tab of the sheet that contains the functions you want to graph to make it active.

2. Select the check boxes of all the functions you want to graph, and clear the check boxes of all the functions you do not want to graph.

3. You can tap the current line style and color to specify another style, if you want.

• See “To specify the graph line style and color” below.

4. Tap $ to graph.

u To specify the graph line style and color

1. Tap the style area next to the function whose line style and color you want to specify. This displays the Style Settings dialog box.

Style area

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